CEU eTD Collection

Politically ActiveWomeninthe In partial fulfillment of therequirementsfor thedegreeof Masters of Arts Supervisor: ProfessorYaroslavHrytsak Second Reader:ProfessorAndreaPeto Central European University Maryana Kolinchak History Department Budapest, Hungary 1988-1991 2007 Ukrainian IndependenceMovement,

1 CEU eTD Collection accordance with such instructions may notbe ma may beobtained from the librarian. This page must form apart of any such copies made. Further copies made in only inaccordance with theinst Copyright in ofthis thetext thesisrests thewith Author. ructions given by the Author and lodgedand the Author ructions givenby de without the written permission ofthe Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may bemade

in the Central European Library.Details 2 CEU eTD Collection

To mysister,NatalyaLuciw,forbeingrolemodel

3 CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION Because IwasaWomeninPolitics CHAPTER Women andPolitics CHAPTER Women intheReestablishmentof CHAPTER CHAPTER The Opposition CHAPTER The TraditionofResistance CHAPTER INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT Contents

Women intheResurgenceof HE 40 THREE TWO 9 ONE SIX SIX 76 58 FIVE 48 FOUR

93 88 24 4 2 1

the GreekCatholicChurch NationalandReligious Identity CEU eTD Collection define asakeyelement thatguidedUkrainetowards independence. Furthermore, theyperceivethemselves aswome making processbecausetheyfeelthat wome as men. nineintervieweesperceivewomen The politicians thanmale, theiractive participation elevates them tothesame levelof achievements contributing tothemobilization ofthemovement. bringing theUkrainiannational identity anditsvalues from theprivate sphere tothepublic, national movement wascentrali disclosed. active women, anuntoldversionofwomen’s pa involvement inthemovement. Seventeenyearsla people. Theroleofwomen becomes visiblethroughthisapproacha day toefforts of resistance,initiation a as oneconsistingofprominent leaders,greatev portrays amaledominated politicalstruggle.This Abstract The concentrationisontheWestern Ukrainian The currenthistoriographyoftheUk zed. Western Ukrainianwomen playedamajor rolein nd organization of eventsandmobilization of rainian IndependenceMovement, 1988-1991 n possessadifferentunderstandingthanmen. ents andimmense achievements withtheoneof rticipation inthenational movement is n bringingethicsintopol as anessentialpartof as ter, throughthememories ofninepolitically thesisconfrontsthehistoryofmovement While there weresignificantly fewer female city ofLvivbecausethisiswherethe nd illustratesfemale thepoliticaldecision itics, andthisthey 1 CEU eTD Collection George Sorosformaking itallpossible. their understandingandhelp thank my sisterNatalyaLuciw,my dearfriendTiffany andmy Hammond habibiEricLanefor A specialthankyoutomyparentsfortheirencouragement andsupport.Also,Iwouldliketo recollections. Iappreciatetheirgenui I am gratefulto allth Yaroslav Hrytsakforhismuch neededcomprehensive advice. project, andfortheircommentssupport.Secondly,Iwouldlike First, IwouldliketothankProfessorAndreaPetoandOksanaKisforhelpingme realizethis Acknowledgments e intervieweeswhotookth in proofreadingandeditingth ne dedicationtoUkraine’sprosperity.

e time outoftheirbusysc e text.Last butnotleast to thankProfessor hedules tosharetheir 2 CEU eTD Collection

3 CEU eTD Collection territories that became Lviv Ukraine, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and after 1939 became part of the Ukrainian SSR. According to

Ukraine economy, basicgoods,and lackoffoodand the dissatisfaction were the 1 Gorbachev’s policiesofglasnost movement. the forefronttoreveala contributions onthelocal level willbe created. Also, their achievements willbebrought into picture oftheirunderstanding contributed tothecollapseofth awakening throughouttheUkrainianSSRand,togetherwith otheroppositional movements, Ukrainian national, religious a western partofthecountrywasahotbed the surrounding regions asafocusofmy studi better understandingofthemovement from afemale’s perceived themselves andtheindependencemove stories ofninepoliticallyactivewomen, w independence movement seventeenyears afterit Introduction a historically,nationallyandre I thewill use term, In thelate1980s, theUkrainian publicb This thesis willexamine howwomen re volume 5(1993), “In Soviet terminology ‘Western Ukraine’ designated the historical or geographic 1 , thediscontentwasmore deeplyfeltbecaus Western Ukraine oblast, Ivano-Frankivske oblast, Ternopil obl ffect theyhadonthemonumental Chernobyl nuclearaccident,wa

nd democraticrevival.Itin ligiously consciouspeople.The ( e Sovietregime. From thememori themovement andtheirperc Zakhidna Ukraina Zakhidna (1985) andperestroika(1987). of anti-Communistopposition intheform of ho representasmallsample ofhowwomen the politicalinstabilityinMoscow. es becauseinthelate1980s thisoutermost member theirroleintheUkrainian ecame dissatisfiedwithanddistrustful of ), when speaking of the territory that had been part of the occurred.Thiswillbe done throughthe ment inLviv. Thetexthopestopresenta e oftheSovietizatio perspective.IchosethecityofLvivand spired andheadedanational r inAfghanistan,declining historyoftheindependence ast, Volhynia oblast,and Rivneoblast.” eption oftheirownworkand linguistic, cultural, religious, Othercontributingfactorsto es ofninefemale activistsa n andRussificationof Encyclopedia of InWestern 4 CEU eTD Collection August 24 worker movement inindustrializedeastern were successful inmobilizing thepublic and, prisoners, and cultural intellectuals, primarily demanding complete independence.Rukh’sleadersh fostered therightkindofsetti perestroika. However,themate by BohdanNahaylo(1999), carefullyan Change, Changewithout Movement to Independence this topic. Themost appropriate and politicalleaders.IntheCentralEuropean among otherprominent men, arenationallymemoria Levko Lukyanenko,IvanDrach,DmytroPavl politicians wholedit.Contemporaryheroesof many publicationsonRukh andspecifically theUkrainian intelligentsia, the dissidents andthe building onaterritorythatisdi is studiedbyscholarsandpolicymakers. Itis ecology andsovereigntyfrom thecentralized organizations, which,atfirst,onlysoughtth Movement of Ukraine(NarodnyiRukhUkrajiny). demands from therestof Ukrainecreate traditional andnational revivalinthewestern The processtowardsUkraine’sindependenceiscommemorated inna th 1991. by TarasKuzioandAndrewWilson (1994),Ukraine:Movementwithout ng in1990forRukhtotakeona vided linguistically,hist rialization ofactivism anddete case studiesonthemovement, suchas by MartaDyczok(2000) and d apopularmovement knownasRukh-People’s alyze theactivero Ukraine, achievedUkraine’sindependenceon e revivaloftheUkrainianculture,economy, with thesupportofNationalCommunistsand Soviet ruleinMosc University’slibraryth ychko, MykhailoHoryn,andBohdanHoryn regions, alongwiththeeconomic andsocial banding inWestern UkraineandKyiv.They themovement, suchasVyacheslavChornovil, seen asanexampleofthebeginningsnation Rukhunifieddifferentgroupsand lized withprideandilluminated ascultural ip consistedofdissidents,formerpolitical orically andculturally.Therehavebeen les ofthesemen democratically politicalform rioration oftheSovietsystem ow underthebannerof The UkrainianResurgence ere aredozensof bookson Ukraine: Perestroika . However,women tional historyand

5 CEU eTD Collection the previoushistoriograp selection of interviewees, butrather touseinterviewsasasource for stories thatwere untold by of allwomen inUkraine.Thereforetheaim of small sample of intellectual andpoliticallyactiv The secondpointthatthereadershouldbeaware ofisthattheintervie of bothhistoryandhistoricalmemory, andon This ishowtheyperceivethemovement andtheirrolelookingbackin women time haveseentheresultsoftheirworkandhad toreevaluateandreconsidertheirrole. movement isrecalledthroughthe gaining independence. women’s standpoint,whichwillshed some lightontheimportant role women trulyplayedin activities. The movement willbe reconsidered from intellectual andnationally oriented be discussed;whatwerethey informing, organizingand mobilizing people.Als identity, adream ofabetterfutureforone’schildren,andthedailyeffortseducating, picture ofeverydayissues thepublicfaced,conc the perceptionofnine female interviewees.Itwilldoso throughpainting acomprehensive being thewivesofpoliticalleaders.Thisthes movement asagender,andthosefewwhodid general conclusioncanbedrawnthatwomen di political activists(insome cases activists. Currenthistoriogra are barelymentioned; aname ortwo aredr Three thingsshouldalwaysbe hy. Thethirdthingthereader should phy revealsthattherewerenofe and howdidtheytransmit them withtheexceptionofIrynaKal memories oftheinterviewees seventeenyearslater.These kept in mind whilereadingthis kept in opped insecondarypositions aswivesofthe is hopestoconfrontth events andhowthese areremembered. myworkwasnottomake arepresentative were notmentioned orrecognizedexceptfor d notpartakeinthenationalindependence e women intheLvivregionandevenmoreso erns ofmorality, aneedtopreserve one’s o, thepoliticalviewsofinterviewees will male counterparts tothemale into their civicandpolitical beconsciousofisthatthese ynets). From thesesources,a e historyofRukhthrough thesis.First isthatthe wees representavery history. Thisisastudy 6 CEU eTD Collection

chooses, toattributemeaning totheexperi involves in-depthinterviewing. historian CharlesMorris 3 2 projects, organizationofcultural, The interviewees’activism consisted ofscholarlyworks,samizdat publications, charitable them resided inthecity whiletwowerefrom Sa during the late1980s.Allofthewomenhadclose national activism. supportive husbands and families; thus, theycould ta rest werefromLviv Western Ukraine:onewas from Ivano-Frankivsk were bornandraisedinCherkasy famous dissident,politicalprisonerandleading military unitsintheLviv region,inaddition in theeducational sphere. Iinterviewedajourna depth interviewsIconductedenab questions, althoughattimes Ireceived answersto women are religiouslyandnationall explained bytheauthorof Ibid., 6. 6. Ibid., 4. Yow, The intervieweeswereallhighly educated Theintervieweesvaryinprofessions,ag This isaprojectbasedon Oblast sey asatapedmemoir, typedtran Recording OralHistory:APracticalGuideforSocialScientist. . In1990,theiragesrangedfrom 35to57yearsold.Allhad

2 Iapproachedeachinterviewee withaseriesofopen-ended oralhistorymethodology, wh religiousandpoliticalmeetings Oblast led me “to give thesubjectleew y conservativeintheiroutlook. (province), CentralUkraine, ences underdiscussion,a to alsohavingthe opportunity tointerviewa politician, Iryna Kalynets. Two of the womenpolitician, IrynaKalynets.Twoofthe mbir andTruskavets,townsintheLviv Oblast. e andbackground,althoughfourofthem work list, apoet,doctorand Oblast andwere orbecame nationallyconscious yet unaskedquestions.Asaresult,thein- ties withthe eventsinLvivbecausesevenof ke the riskoflosingtheirjobsdue totheir , onewasfrom Volyn script andresearchmethod that ich isdefinedbyanoral , initiation andleadership of ay toansweras(heor)she nd toinjecttopics,” andtherestwerefrom a former directorof Oblast andthe

3 as

7 CEU eTD Collection women’s perceptionofthemovement. on because,afterallthis time, th independence movement isreconstructedparticular confronted inthisessayexclus their standpoint willberepresented intheth described. Duetothenationalandreligiousco influential rolewomen’s groupsplayedinthemovement’s success. interviewees weremembers. Thus,their activis (Compassion) andSouizUkrainok(theUkrainia raion Administration) orVerkhovnaRada(Parliament), andonewaselec women wereelected toeither Soviet regime many among other countless things.With the organizations, mobilization ofthepublicandconfr (district within an The textisnotinchronologicalorder The thesiswillconcentrate ontwowomen’s oblast Miska Rada ). ively basedonwhattheinterview ese issuesremain memorable and (CityCouncil), esis. Onlycertaineventsand problems willbe nor istheindependencemovement fully nservative natureof m throughthese organizationswillhighlight the n Women’s Union), ofwhichsome ofthe ontation of theproblemsandpressuresof ly onthetopicsintervieweeselaborated organizations, Marian Society Myloserdia Oblasna Rada (Province creation ofRukh,sixthe ees spokeaboutthemost. The are thereforeimportant inthe ted asanadministrator ofa the interviewees, purely 8 CEU eTD Collection to quotarequirements, women couldnotach politically. Despitebeing allowedinto some higherlevelpositionsinthe workplacemostlydue maternal helphoweverfailedtopromote which likelywasunsharedwiththeirhusba of families. Afterworkinglonghourstheyw created fortheliberatedwomen. Theyworkedfu exist, thereforetherewasnoneedforthedisc The Communist Partyclaimed tohaveliberat image ofaSovietpersonadidnotcorrespondwith professionalism andpatriotism fortheSovietUn prior totheindependencemovement. Western Ukraineinordertoprovidethecontextwhich specifically concentratingonthehistoricalbackgroundofculturalandreligious traditionsin a political movement towardsindependence. This uncompromisable mix causingwomen toseekchangethatlaunchedacultural,atfirst,andthen women from therestof therepublic.Thefu Western Ukraine,thusmaking theexperience Communist regime andthetraditi between threerealities:theSovietpropagandized publicentity,the in acompletely differentsituationfromtherest Public lifewaspropagatedbyCommunistdoctr In thelate1980s,women inLvivandthesurroundingwesternregionsfoundthemselves onal Ukrainian private life. The latteridentifier isspecific to The Tradition ofResistance The Tradition women asagroupeconomically, sociallyand nds. Thegovernment providedwomen with sion ofthethreevaluesystems broughtonan ieve atoprankingposition becauseof the CHAPTER ONE ussion ofit.Inreality,adoubleburdenwas ed women; onpaperge ould come home toasecondshiftofhousework, of thesewomendifferentincomparison to of thewomen inUkraine. Theywerecaught ion neededtobedisplayed.Thiselevated ll time andwereheldresponsibleforthecare chapter willexplore thethree value systems, therealityofdaily *

ine inwhichinternationalism, atheism, interviewees foundthemselves discrepancies ofthe nder oppressiondidnot life thatwomen faced. 9 CEU eTD Collection Ukraine. However, Iwilluse these worrying aboutfindingfood,clothinga in reality,women spentcountlesshoursinqueue on aperceptionthatthestatewasgenerouslysu and mothers. Thisfurther handicapped thefemalepopulationbecausegovernmentinsisted reversed itsoriginal attempts toliberate wome women equaltomen inallfields.Underthe ties andslackattitudeto because ashe stated“many ofourproblems…are partiallycausedbytheweakeningof family 5 4 character ofLviv,GaliciaandWestern Ukraine comprehend thisrole abrief history of theregion willbegiven thatexplains thespecial the preservers of religious andcultural traditions intheprivate sphere.In ordertobetter economic crisiscouldbesolvedifwomen were goods shortagesinthelate1980s.Secretary services, childcare,andfoodmanaging fields. in theiroftenmanual laborandfeminized occupa implemented glassceilingnorcouldeasilytake were historically accustomed toresistingintegra incorporated intothe SovietUniononly after World War II.Ukrainiansintheseterritories Lviv, Ivano-FrankivskandTernopil,onceknown as the easternpartofHabsburgGalicia,were those regionswereboundtobenationallyandre The thesis’ concentration is on Lviv and the Lviv Provin theLviv and is Lviv on concentration thesis’ The Gorbachev, 102. The thirdreality that existed,peculiar toth The stagnationandthefailure family responsibilities” termsinterchangeablyth becauseof of theSovieteconomy created chronicfood andbasic nd healthcarefortheirchildren. guise ofgenderequalit General MikhailGorbachevsuggestedthatthe n and triedtohelpwomenn and become betterwives to“returntheir pplying womenwithalltheirneeds.Although, 5 an activepoliticalrole. 4 ce, which is in eastern is isineastern Galicia that ce, which part of Western tion tothevarious people thatgoverned them. , andwhynationallyconsciouswomen from ligiously conservative. s waitingtogetasmall shareofbreadand duetothecommunist attempts tomake tions intheagricultura e westernregions,wasth e historical context. Today, in purely womanly missions”purely womanly y, theCommunistParty Theywereunderpaid l, manufacturing, social The westernregionsof e roleofwomen as 10 CEU eTD Collection explains thecontextthesewome Themselves: WomeninUkrainianCommunityLife, 1884-1939 events, althoughwithoutthecommunities’ andself-acknowledgement. In Feminists Despite status ofUkrainianpeasants reading rooms, libraries,lecturesandconcerts, education. Itemphasized politicalandculturalorganizations,suchas communityinstitutions, name soughttospreadenlightenme suggested, Prosvita (Enlightenment), foundedin1868byReve societies, andbasedthemonwesternmodels. highly civilized society.Theycreated various class of Ukrainian intellectuals looked toward to promote Ukrainiansasaseparatena secular intelligentsia developed andwastheone parishioners asadistinctivepe acknowledged thesuperiorityof reforms, theclergyofGreekCatholicC individuals became Polonized inorder to beaccep uncultivated/backward villages. Although,ma a peasant classtheywereabletopreserve This waspossiblebecause ofthesocio-economic positionWestern Ukrainians maintained. As

Galicia is used it implies the eastern Galicia. eastern Ukrainian the it impliespart the of historical Galicia isused eastern Ukraine, Galicia issimplyreferredto as independent for emancipation from thestrictures of society, pieces: feminism, socialism andm nationalism, the In nor interested woman in issues… were they These women, coming from clericalfamilies, di Wives anddaughtersofpriestspartookinthei and bringnationalcohesion. ople ratherthanapeasantclass. n understoodthemselves in. the Roman Catholic Pope,were tionality inthesecondhalfof19 their religiousandculturaltraditionsinthe hurch, whichheldonto Oneof thelargest Ukrainian societies was nt throughcommunityself-helpprograms and Vienna andtheWest fo Ukrainian women concentrated on expanding the institutions, such ascultural andeducational odernity. While West European womenstrove European odernity. WhileWest to raisetheeducationan ny prominent Ukrainianfamilies andsuccessful scussed neither women’s rights or emancipation, to cultivatetheUkrainianpeasantculture and their view, life was aseries ofinterlocking ted into higher society. DuetoAustrian Halychyna rend StepanKachala.Prosvita,asthe r roleasdailyorganizersofeducational (Galicia). Therefore, when theterm From theclerical families a , MarthaBohachevsky-Chomiak the firsttodi Orthodox practicesand r amodeltocondition d thussocial-economic th century.Thenew stinguish their 11

CEU eTD Collection 7 6 totalitarian ideologies.” democratic, openorganizationwhichopposed,clear intolerance, politicaldifferentiation,andideologicalincompatibility, thewomen maintaineda political interestamong thepersecuted.Bohach Habsburg andestablisheddiscriminatory policiesag character. Inthelate19 at nationalpromotion andsovereignty,even aspirations wereplacedabovewo thinking appearedthroughouttheSouizUkra health, peasantco-operation,finances,day-care trade skills,householdaffairsto The unionestablished various educational courses for thepeasants varying from literature, branches inthecitiesbutmost and theimprovement ofUkrainianwomen’s economi thus thelivesofUkrainianwomen. Itsmain socio-economic backgroundtoworktogetherfor class struggle,foralmost twentyyearstheor while most of its members werecompromised of Union’s leadersandorganizers came from theintelligentsia andtheeducated middle class, Union), whichalteredthesocial The largestandthemost influentialorgani Numerous women’s organizations Ibid., 155. Bohachevsky-Chomiak, 56. role of women in society. 7 th InthiscontextGalician women we century,Polishgentrygainedauto 6

of itsprogressivework wasdoneinthevillagepeasantcircles. basiceconomics andprovidedsupportivereliefefforts,public , economic andpoliticallifeof men’s issues.Alloftheorga prosperedespeciallyduring zation wasSouizUkrainok(UkrainianWomen’s though theUniondidnothaveapolitical ganization unitedallwomen regardlessoftheir goals werecivicenlightenment,highereducation inok’s existence,a evsky-Chomiak observes“Inaneraofgrowing centers andculturaldevelopment. Feminist peasantwomen. Atatime and ofanational the betteringofUkrainiancommunity and ly andarticulately,allauthoritarian ainst Ukrainians, whichinturn raised great c welfare.Itwasstructured with main nomous ruleofGaliciaunderthe re varyofextremere political groups Ukrainians inGalicia. The nization’s activitieswere aimed the interWorldWars period. lthough, overallnational 12 CEU eTD Collection doubly anathema.” “the averageWestern Ukrainian identified co sociallyco 1930s politics,Galicianwomen were 10 9 8 political outlookofanentiregenerationwestern Ukrainians.” article onOUNinEncyclopediaofUkrainesugges times evenfascist.OUN’smembership consistedmostly ofyoungpeopleand students.The national ideals,althoughinternal independence strugglefrom 1917-1920.OUNem party andcondemned sociala and accepted violenceasmeans toreachtheirgoal Army, theNazisandSovietsonallfronts. state onethnicUkrainianterr UPAstruggl Insurgence Army (UPA).OUNand by theOrganizationofUkrainianNationalists (OUN) anditsmilitary branch,theUkrainian generation, became attractedtotheidealsofna and destruction.Inretali ideology thatwasconnotedwithcommunistbeca of theStalin’s regime acrosstheborder intheUkrainian SSR.Therefore, theyrejected all and thepopulistmovement intheRussianEmpi atheism, thedisintegrationof Bohachevsky-Chomiak continuestoexplainthat Ibid., 213. 77. Ibid., Yurkevich Yurkevich In the1930s,anationalmovement fullydeve 9 Western Ukrainianshavewitnesse ation tocommunism, many wome itory, andduringWorld War IIf nd liberalfactionsblaming th the family andrunawaychildren.” the family

conflicts andsplitscausedit mmunism withRussia,whichmade communist OUN sawtheirstruggleasanationalrevolution tionalism, whichweresweeping the region. re duetoitsconnotat nservative. Bohachevsky-Chomiak continues, “theyidentified socialism withterrorism, ed fortheestablishment ofaunitednation use theysaw itasameans of Russification . Itdefined itself asamovement notasa phasized itsUkrainiancharacterand ts, “The OUN can be saidtohaveshaped the ts, “TheOUNcanbe loped inWestern Ukraine,whichwasled d thepurgesandman-made famine em for thefailure of the n, especiallyoftheyounger ought againstthePolishHome to havevariousideologies,at 8 10 Inregardsto1920sand Manyyoungwomen ion withterrorism. 13 CEU eTD Collection parish theyattended.Greek Cat themselves bythevillagetheyinhabited,la Western Ukrainianwomenhadwiththenationa the leadingintellectualwomen, wh socialized in. Therewas adifference of a national movement thantheiryoung than bygenderdiscrimination. Polish restrictedcontext asmen, andtheywere Ukrainian society.Bohachevsky-Chomiak expl placed greater value ontheneedofanindependentnationand sawitasaliberationof the unsatisfactory formany SouizUkrainokmembers. women limited were todomesticity. The times, becausenationalismopposedliberalism, th equals andhonoredaspotentialmothers whowoul national organizationandtheSouizUkrainokwas supported andeventookpartinOUNUPA. bearers ofchildrenwhowouldassurethefuture thenation. continued totakeontheprimary independent statecontinued tobeplacedabove 1980s therewasstillnationalandgenderdiscri these women tonationalism andwomen’s attitude is intricateandcannotbeeasilysummarized. Ho

Prior todevelopingnationalconsciousness, 11 holics sawthemselves asabri Theoldergenerationofwomen roles ofmothers, thekeepers o wereverycriticalofOUN. er counterpartsbecauseofa ttitudes betweentheuneducatedpeasantwomen and irony innationalideologytowards women was nguage theyspokeandbytheGreekCatholic mination againstwomen. Thestruggleforan more angeredbynationaldiscrimination rather women’s concerns.Women wereassignedand l movement inthefirsthalfof20 ains thatyoungwomen grewupinthesame However,therelationshipbetween wever, thereareparallelsintherelationof e roleofpotentialmothers wasexploited and towardsnationalism inthe1980s.Inlate However,countlessnumber ofthemstill complex. Attimes, women weretreatedas d insurethefutureofanation,andatother peasants from Easter dge betweenWestern Catholicism of thenationalhearthand Themultilayeredrelationship different contexttheywere held different attitudes tothe n Galicia identified identified n Galicia th century 14

CEU eTD Collection 11 as alanguage altogether. TheCommunistParty Russian Empirewasmore successfulinoutlawi development oftheUkrainianlanguageevenw language ofthepeasants.InAustro-Hunga Ukrainian languagewasregardedaseithera future. Many nationalitiesrelyonlanguageto the SovietUnionhashad longhistoricalroots Soviet times theChurchexistedabroadandin the GreekCatholic Churchmeant aremoval of elimination ofonewasdevastatingbecause itha traditions are extremely interlocked withtheGreek Catholicreligi Moscovy OrthodoxChurch.Thiswasatragedyfor Church wasliquidated,itspriestswereeliminated Slavic people.When theSovietsgainedpow to preserveanddevelopitsowntraditions,leadin subordination towhichmeant Russification.Therefore,theGreek Roman Catholic Church,whichpromised directions andeventho two powerfulcongregations.TheGreekCatholic and EasternOrthodoxy,althoughtheywereanisolatedgrouplookeddownuponbythe why Galicianwomen conservativeChristianviewsatth held and deepremotevillages.Thepersecutionofth Bohachevsky-Chomiak, 221. The issueoftheUkrainianlanguageunderPo ugh itidentifiedwithbothsides,at Polonization andtheMoscovyOrthodoxChurch dialect ofPolishorRussianandthelower er overthewesternregions,GreekCatholic and willcontinue topresent problems inthe the underground,inse legitimize themselves asseparatepeople. The rian Empire therewassomeroom forthe ith Polishattemptstosuppressit;whilethe half of theUkrainian identity. Duringthe ng publicusesofUkrainiananddisregardingit e GreekCatholicChurchisoneofthereasons ndicapped theother.Thus theliquidation of first promoted theUkrainianlanguage inorder g itsparishioners toidentifyasadifferent Churchwasconstantlypulledintodifferent as aclassanditsproper Western Ukrainiansbecausetheircultural lish domination, theRussianEmpire and the same time itretaliated from the e endofthe1980s. ous holidays, andthe CatholicChurchattempted cret privacyofhomes ty turned over tothe 15

CEU eTD Collection histories. cultured. century RussianliteratureandtheMoscowdialect, whichwasregardedasthemost highly should beimproved.” recommendations onhow thelocalpress,especia as animportant centerof politicalworkamong themasses,’ anditmade specific local party organizations committed ‘amajor error inunderestimating theroleofnewspaper and distinguishingitfromtherestof there amount ofUkrainian-lan the regionwhichSovietUnionacquiredin West Belorussia:Historical then from therestofUkrainianSSR. AccordingtoRomanSzporluk’s,“West Ukraineand Communist Party’sapproachto wereforms ofmanipulation usedtopromote 13 12 Ukrainians felt soattachedto rule inwestern regions and later regal atte creating a“bourgeoisnationalist”la intensely forcedRussianinor above ethnicdivisions.There its long-termplansweretopromote Russian,andtounitetheproletariansociety onelanguage, to counteractthepoliciesofRussi were burned, traditional Kobzari Oral historians who would travel from village to village singing folk songs of Ukrainian legends, heroes and travel heroes to village and legends, from would songs Ukrainian of who village folk Oralhistorians singing Bilaniuk, 17. There werevariousattemptsmade tos 12 TheKremlin sawathreatinthepromotion ofnationallanguagesintheUSSRand 14 ThelackofRussianimposed in guage press,thereforefurthers Tradition, SocialCo theirnativelanguage. der tocentralizepower. Ukrainianlinguistswereaccusedof

was adrivetopromotethecorrectform ofRussianbasedon19 the nationallanguageinWest 13 an imperialism andgainsupportfrom thepeople.However, eliminated asaclass,and nguage. UnderStali mpts madetoimpose itexplainswhyWestern public. TheCommunistPa Russian astheworldlanguage.However, Russian uppress theUkrainianlanguageandpromote 1944continuedtoproduceanoverwhelming mmunication, andLinguisticAssimilation,” lly theUkrainian-language Lvivdailypaper, upporting itsUkrainian-speakingpublic thebeginningstagesofCommunist n, Ukrainian literature the cultural elite purged. All ern Ukrainianregionsdiffered rty “declared that the anddictionaries 16 th

CEU eTD Collection towards averyfamous 19 their interest.Theauthorof everyday basiccommunication andinthevillages. adapted tousingRussian.However,Ukrainiancontinuedthriveinth while othersforwork-relatedreasonsandpers correspondence. Manyfeltupsetthat of thecontext,butalsobecausetherewaspre embrace Russianwerenot onlyfrus Russian waspromoted inallinstitutions.Therefore,thelate1980speoplewhodidnot schools weretaughtinRussian.TheUkrain 17 16 15 14 only learntospeakattwoyearsofage. mandatory to teachherthree-year-old toddlers governing institutions. AnannyataUkrainian-sp The pushforRussianwasalsoinflictedatthemo gave severalpersonalexamples ofthepressure to Russian inLviv. Aninterviewee,MariaChumarna, whoisajournalist, Bilaniuk, 4. Kolinchak. with Valentyna Interview with Chumarna. Interview 110. Szporluk, On differentoccasionsthe early 1980s,I was pressured to speak Russian at a for Ukrainian Partynewspaper AsaCommunist literature… the journalist Russian in taught my literature, wasless ofUkrainian by from income As ateacher fifteenpercent who those the symbolic significance symbolic significance the of this literaryfigure. mobilized unofficially the people with, ways which inin competition and to, in response pollicies tsarist imperialism. The acceptability of Shevchen of acceptability The tsarist imperialism. birthday, while at other times he was officially celebrated as achampion of those oppressed by by Russia. In earlier years people had been arrested for organizing a celebration of Shevchenko’s since many of his works highlight Russian-Ukrainian conflicts and decry Ukraine’s oppression …the potentially dangerous fact that Shevchenko’s birthday was being publicly recognized at all, th centuryUkrainianpoet,TarasShevchenko’sbirthday. Contested Tongues Communist Partypromoted Ukrainizaitionwhen itserved trated thattheir nativelanguage theirlanguagedeterioratedto 16 InLviv,aboutonefour ian languagewaspurposelydegradedwhile ssure thatitshould notbeused indaily onal gains,especially Russian twiceaweek,whileonaverage toddlers gives anexampleof work even though we published in Ukrainian. in wepublished though even work 17 st elementary levels,notjusthighbusinessor p administrators placedon theuseofRussian. eaking daycare centerrecallsthatitwas ko was reinterpreted in was ko reinterpreted th ofdaycarecentersand couldnotbeusedbecause suchapatheticexistence, the Partiesattitudes in theurbansetting, shifting Soviet official Soviet shifting e privacyofhomes, on a poetandaneducator, 15 17

CEU eTD Collection of Ukraine.Ittookextensive ideologicalconditioning,deportations a people whosedream nationstatewasnotachie ofa into the Ukrainian Socialist Republic, theyacquired areligiously andnationally conscious cultural, linguistic andreligious changes. Ther the Ukrainians inLvivapart from therestof 19 18 Russian, andthebulkofremaining province whichwasalsounderPoland,“wasabout 66percentUkrainia geographer, V.Kubijovyc,in1933thepopulationofGaliciaandVolhynia,anorthwest territory fellundertherule of itsinhabitants.Thewesternterritories were cultural tradition.Howe Ukrainians savoredtheperiods other handexperiencedacomplete re population intheUkrainianSSRincreas even afterethnicRussiansimmigrated to the HolocaustanddeportationofPoles, that wasabolished. Communist ideologyinvolved,and Ibid., 271. 111. Szporluk, Historical roots,religious Data indicates that whilein Ukraine asa whole Furthermore, demographics reveal the peculi at all, and reduced considerably their share of the total population. total share of the their considerably reduced at all,and increased Russians years the intercensal hardly thethirty cityin and region Lviv in the declined, of within share Ukrainians hascorrespondingly significantly,the republic while very and ver, theyunderstoodwellthelimita oftheSovietUnion.According

when theSovietregime promot identification, linguisticdevel 33 percentwasPolishandJewish.” that atanytime whatwaspr versal. AccordingtoSzporluk, ed from 16.94percentto22.04percent. the area.Between1959and1989Russian western regionswerehomogeneously Ukrainian, Ukrainians. Theywereaccustomed toresisting efore, whenthe Soviets homogeneously ethnicUkrainianwhenthe the number ofRussians ved althoughtheywereunitedwiththerest arity oftheregionandnationaloutlook to theestimates ofanUkrainian tions ofthoseactivities,the 20 ed theirnativelanguageand opment anddemographics set aised couldturntosomething since 1959 has increasedsince 1959has nd repressiontogain 18 annexed EasternGalicia n, lessthan1percent AfterWWII,dueto 19 Lvivonthe 18 CEU eTD Collection Eastern Front. Front. Eastern 24 23 22 21 20 deportation ofparentsandtheloss members participatinginorsupportingtheUPAandoflosspropertyduringcollectivization, the Ukrainianpeoplewerediscu Five of theinterviewees grewupinfamilies wh worked oncommunist ideologyinpreschools,explains, Moscal they defined, “Banderafamilies” Many oftheintervieweesspokewhereth ideals, andshapedtheirconservativeoutlookin doors. Thesuppression ofreligious andnatio religion andtraditions intheirhomes. Thiswa Soviet ideologyandsawtheirdutyasproperUkrainianmothers topreservethelanguage, brought onchangesthattheyhavehoped forandthattheyfullyembraced. repression onlyfosteredtheirdesireforani control of theseregions. However,thementality connotation meaning extreme nationalist. nationalist. extreme meaning connotation Interview with Yasnyska with Yasnyska Interview the on Russians the that fought armedforces theAustro-Hungarian of Part Riflemen's song. Sich Ukrainian Derogatory term forachauvinistic Russian From Stefan Bandera, a 20 Ibid. 22 Chervona Kalyna was anorm my forme as to my lullabies such hear mother-in-law son, to singing in villages saved were Traditions suffered. we how them through but I understood about singing were they whom not know I did songs. through during the day and came outat night… I can’t sayth Siberia. My uncle who had ties with UPA hid between two walls in my grandmother’s house my alltheir familyproperty lost collectivization During my suffered. the suppression of causefamily the because to was I devoted Due tothehistoricalbackgroundof region, many Galicianwomen rejectedthe inflictedontheirrelatives.Yaroslava 23 ... th 24 century western Ukrainian nationalist. The Soviet regimegave the term anegative ssed intheprivacyofhome. Therewastalk of family 21 inwhichthere wasnoforgiveness for the unjustpains the of human rights.IrynaKalyne ndependent Ukraine.Thusformany thelate1980s eir patriotism camefrom. Manycame from,as nal freedoms women conditioned tosavorthose s alldoneonlyinclosecirclesbehindclosed and one maternal grandparent were deported to Yasnyska, apedagogue,whointhe1980s ere theatrocities inflicted onlovedones andon the late1980s,inretaliationtoCommunism. of Eastern Galiciansdidnotchange butthe and at and home. carols... There It were political is wastoldto me it but was felt, especially ts recalls “Inschool allthat Hey, U Luzi 19

CEU eTD Collection independence movement. Sheexplains, found outthetruthaboutherfather’sinvol made famine andotheratrocities.While,a until thelate1980sthatherparents werewilling to One oftheintervieweesfrom cen the hatredtowards interviewees, whogrewupoutsideofGalicia, 26 25 folklore andfolk music, whichincorporat patriotism. Thosewhogrewup communist regime ratherthannational ideology. brainwashed bycommunistideology, weremo Those womenwhodidnotcome from“Bandera families” and who,astheyviewtoday,were was most sacred wasdefiledbutth who heldnomenklatura status,befriended aGree system, ledcompletely differentlivesinprivat national andreligiousspirit.Manyofthein home shelteredindividualsfrom subsuming village, than theywerelikely that personwasraisedinaUkrainianhousehold Interview with Chumarna. Interview Kaplun. Regardless whetheranindividua ofthis. about any herchildren, tellus, did him.not She UPA members. My mother saw him dyeing in our front yard but they did not let her go near films to forbidden showing and him killed for delivering states. records KGB agents his death father. He told memy that fathercooperated In 1989, at one of my book readings, aman came upto me and told me the truth about my Moscal wasfeltathome throughcomments,actionsandespeciallysongs. toresistRussification andembrace theirUkrainianidentity.The

in villagesweremoreknowledg tral UkrainespokeofanidealSovietchildhoodanditwasnot en athome explainedinwhispers.” l wasoppressedorprosperedintheSovietsystem, if ed many politicalandnationalelements. vement with OUNduringthepeakof contemporary Ukrainianpoet,MariaChumarna terviewees, whoheldhi to communist ideologywhilecherishingthe with OUN... My father did not commit suicide like like suicide commit with OUN... did not My father said thatitwasnotout e. EvensuchindividualsasViraLyaskovska, re likelytoembrace thetruthabout or spendsummersinhishergrandparent’s k Catholicpriestswhoprovided herwithold Admitting thetruth, however, ledtoaform of tell herthe longfearedtruthofthe man- 26 eable inUkrainiantraditions, gh positionsintheold right discussedalthough 25 Twoofthe 20 CEU eTD Collection refused toinform onwhatweretheir students’ ri outside churchonSundays andreligiousholiday Hentosh andRostyslavaFedakrecall into school so theywouldnothaveEaster breakfa repressed inthepublicsphere.On history andthecelebrationofUkrainianGreekCa in thedualmorality.At home Ukrainianism wa Three ofthemmentioned theirconcernsoverho many Ukrainianmothers, conditionedtheirchildren Galician women. asmothers in Therefore, struggle inWesternUkraine;thus,shapingthereligiousandna of Christianfaith andthe Ukrainianmoralwasinflictedonthem duetothehistoricallynational the small privatesphereofhome. Theroletora saved, cherishedandpromoted. importance oftruthandsawallthatwasUkrain consciousness, theinterviewees allsawitastheexposureoftruth.Theyemphasized seen asthe hearth ofthehome. Thereforeitwa possible insidethehome. Inapatriarchalsoci holidays inheraunt’svillage.Inthelate baptized byaGreekCatholicprie Yasnyska, whomonitored thete husband shecompletely memorized theencyclopedia.Anotherexample isofYaroslava Ukrainian Encyclopedias andliteratureof The onlyformoftrueandideologicallyfr achings ofCommunistideolo st outsidethecity limits a religiousdayssuchasEaster thatasassistant professors theywereinstructedtostand 1980s, regardlessofhow theundergroundmovement. Alongwithher the late1970sand1980s, ety women dominated theprivatelifeandwere s theirdutytoprovideth ian assomething sacredthatneededtobe s maintained throughar ise theirchildren inaccordance withthevalues w difficultitwasfortheirchildrengrowingup ghts. Teacherswhowerenotas secure in their s toseewhichstudentsattended. Theyoutright ee preservationofUkrainianidentitywas st withtheirfamilies. tholic holidays.All inthesame mannerastheywereraised. nd attendedchurchonreligious gy, andyethadherchildren tional conservativeoutlookof , childrenwereaskedtocome one came tonational the interviewees,like this wasignoredand t, literature,songs, Interviewees, Oksana e abolished context in 21 CEU eTD Collection another andsaysomething different.” 28 27 perceptions, Sovietversus national, women b Ukrainian cultureinsidetheprivatesphereofhom religious base.DuetoSovietizationand Lviv women weremore nationallypatriotica the SovietUnionfrom itsforming stages.The demographic experiencethanthosefrom thepa World War II.Thewomenfrom thisareahadadifferenthistorical,re historical development ofEasternGalicia,wh surrounding regionsfromtherestof thewomen action inthefailingSovietsystem. to thepreservationofreligiousandnationaltrad in jeopardy.” and admitted tothetraditional home practiceswhile others knew thatthey placedtheirfamilies confused them,learningonethingathome, anotheratschool.Sometimes theyweretoo young over thedual morality their children hadtogrowupin.Maria Chumarna explains “this holidays orsungnationalsongs.Shestates“t children had tofill out surveys of whethertheyattended church, prayedat home, celebrated where nooneknewthemortotheir remote villages. Rostyslava Fedakspoke of howher refused tolistenandbroughttheirchildreninside positions wereforced tostandoutside of church

Interview with Chumarna Interview with Fedak. Interview In conclusion, itwasthe thirdperception th 28 Itwastheconcernofmothersover

27 Manyofthewomen interviewedexpressedconcern Russification, women became thepreserversof nd hadsuchastrongcultural,linguisticand ecame concerned withthemorality oftheir he poorchildrenhad ich fellunderSoviet/Moscow’s ruleonlyduring historical resistance of rts thathavebeenunde itions insidethehome thatledwomen totake in theUkrainianSSR.Thiswasdueto and notallow childrentoenter.Some parents whileotherswenttodifferent neighborhoods e. Furthermore, livin at differentiatedwomen inLvivandthe future of theirchil to doonething,think Galiciaexplainswhy ligious, linguisticand r theTsaristRussiaand g inthecontradicting dren, anditwasdue 22 CEU eTD Collection children, causingthem toseekchange.

23 CEU eTD Collection cultural revivalinwhich adissidentmovement situation improvedeconomically, politically, and especiallyculturally. Ukraine experienced a described. different organizationsthatformed betw be discussed andexamples willbe givenofe used towageabattleagainstS their nationalcause.This chapterwillexamin how dissidentsandformerpoliticalprisonersused Gorbachev’s reform policies topromote will also concentrate onthebeginning of theinde they wereconditioned by them, tookpartinth outside communistideology.Many struggle isimportantbecausemost ofitis methods andtechniquestoadvocatefor sim national communists.The1960sdissidentsle power bemusement incentralizedMoscow,th the movement wassuccessfulin1991anddifferentfrom thepreviousonesisbecauseof the publicwereable tomobilizeanopposition m conditions andactivism, thesame dissidentsal throughout the1970sand1980s,withaconcentrati in the1960s.Itwilllookatitsdevelopment, ai The roadtowardsindependencewaslaidou This chapter willbriefly analyzethedissident oviet propaganda.Furthermore, f of theintervieweeswereexpos een 1987and1989theiractivitieswillbe The Opposition centered ontheUkrainia ilar aims. Theunderstandingofthedissident CHAPTER TWO fforts toeliminate itamongst thepublic.Lastly, d themovement usingidenticalarguments, e public’sparticipat e themethods Ukrainian culturalintelligentsia eir development andrealization.Thischapter ong withculturalintelligentsia andsupport of ms, tacticsandconstantrepressionasitevolved arose demanding civilrigh ovement inthelate1980s. Themajor reasons pendence movement inLviv.Itwillexamine * on women dissidents.Duetotheright t afterStalin’sdeath, whenUkraine’s movement inUkrainethatgained ground ear oftheSovietauthoritywill ion andthesupportof n intellectualthought ed toindependentthinking; ts andnational self- 24 CEU eTD Collection in thedissidentmovement ofthe Brezhneveraan Ukraine: Perestroikato Independence bypassed alotoftheRussian-speakingUkrainians where UkrainianwasspokenandRussificationwas resisted.Consequently,theinformation exclusively inUkrainian, thesamizdat wasr focused onthenationalrepressionthroughhistori also usedarticlesandlettersofprotes samizdat became acommontoolforUkrainiandissi Shestydesiatnyky. 1965 therewasthefirstwaveorrepressionsfollowedbyarrestsofsome ofthe of Ukraine’seconomy, hesuppresseddifferentfo who replacedShelestwithShcherbytsky.Althou essay. However,thisshort-livednationalre Soviet Union towardsthe national question inhisfamous ‘Internationalism orRussification?’ saw itsrevivalandusageinpublic.In1965,writer Ivan Dziubareevaluatesthepoliciesof their positions asamean nomenklatura. Manyofthedissidents hadsuccessf artists andmusicians,whowereculturalintellectualsevensupportedbytheUkrainian contributed totheoppositionm rule withintheUSSR.Aliterary generation known as for civilrightsandpubliclyque Russification andrestoretheirnationalcultur UnliketheRussiansamizdat,Ukrainiansamizdat hadanarrower theme, which Undertheguidance ofUkraine’sFirst Secret Consequently, theirworkwaspublished s toachieve theirgoals. ovement. Itwascomposedovement. of stioned thesystem,pointingout t, writingopenlyabouttherepression. , “Western Ukrainealwaysplayedadisproportionate role naissance wasbroughttoanendunderBrezhnev, ead primarily bypeoplefrom thewesternregions e throughliberatingtheregime. Theyadvocate Shestydesiatnyky’s gh Shcherbytskymaintained thebestinterests rms ofculturalandnatio d astheleading initial base for thenational cal, culturalandpolitic . AccordingtoKuzioandWilson, authorsof ul careerswithinthe Sovietsystem andused dents tospreadinformation. Thedissidents ary, PetroShelest, theUkrainian language Shestydesiatnyky in theWest andthecirculationof publicists,historians,poets, its faultsandinjustices. main aims weretoresist (the sixtiesactivists) al articles.Written nal expressions.In 25 CEU eTD Collection time, hencenotdistinguishing the nationalproblem. Thehuman rightsmovement those from andsouthernUkrainepursu eastern dissidents from Western Ukraineconcentrated mo Ukraine. Anotherreasonthenationalstruggle 1960s, 1970sandlaterinthelate1980s,Russifica in themovement wasmorefeasible inLvivrath national traditionofwesternregions,whereRussi 29 camps. However,thestrugglec dissidents were arrested for“anti-Sovietagita informal groupsandorganizations,harasse issues. inhabitants ofLvivweremore likelytoresi city. the newcomersyieldedtoRussificationwhilein mass migration of ethnic Ukrainianfrom villages to becoming moreUkrainizied whilethe restof the Russia, Ukraine,andtheBreakupofSovietUnion, Republic’s cities.However,throughethno-dem urbanization. EthnicUkrainiansmade upth revival underGorbachev.” Kuzio &Wilson, 54. 30 Szporluk’spointreestablishe The Communist PartyofUkraine(CPU) contro AnotherfactorthatdistinguishedLvivfrom 29 Thelanguageusedtopublish

it asdistinctlyUkrainian. ontinued throughthewritten wor d thefactthatunlikeeastern st Russification andtoincline towardsnational e majorityofthepopulationinmost ofthe tion andpropaganda” ed human rights withoutnecessarilyfocusingon d dissidents.In1965,many activeUkrainian was basedinthewestern er thananyothermajor ographic trendsfrom Lvivonthecontrary they Ukrainizied the cities more Russified.Thiswasduetothe fication waslessimpenetrable, explainswhy tion couldnotpenetrate re onnationalandreligiousliberationwhile resembled the movement atthe inRussia citiesafter World War II.Inmost cities, most Ukrainiancitieswasthenatureof most Roman Szporlukreveal lled thepress,prohibi samizdats andtheunbreakable d. In1970,samizdat beganto and southernUkrainiancities, 1959-1989, theauthorof Ukrainian city.Inthe sent tolaborprison regions isbecausethe the identityWestern ted thecreationof s that Lvivwas 26 CEU eTD Collection government’s policies. grandparents didnotcorrespondwiththeSovietdepiction,whichalso the Communist.People’spersonalmemories a eventsweremanipul UPA,andcertain as OUNand This challengedSoviethistoryinwhichUkrain historiography wasusedtodemand 30 of thekurkulclassandrapid industrializationbr evidence, which provedthattheUkrainiannatio promote theircause.ItbeganwithStalinist pointing outMoscow’srepeated illegal drugs. harassed bytheKGB,andarrestedfornonsensicala eliminate the senseof Ukrainian identity. InLv public, tookplaceonagrand scale.Russification Ukrainians losttheirjobs.Surveillanceandmo The secondwaveofarrestswasfollowedby authorities tookrepressive prisoners, Ukrainianhistory,poetr contained information onnationalissues,the movement’s progress,repression,political Viacheslav Chornovil.Mostof release aperiodicalcalled Szporluk, 305. Szporluk, Ukrainian intellectualsusedcriticism and Ukrainian national intellectuals attempted tolegitimize Ukrainian sovereignty by measures against the Ukrainsky Visnyk oppressionofUkrainiansan its issuesif notallwere producedinLviv.TheHerald y andliterarycriticism among ma an independentstateinthefr crimes thatamounted toexcessiveamounts of (Ukrainian Herald)edited mass searches, andhundredsoffreethinking nd thosethatwere passedonfrom their ian nationalistwereportrayedasvillains,such nitoring ofindividuals, ought onthedestruction iv, thosesuspectedofpoliticalagitationwere nality wassuppressed.The Sovietelimination opposition fortheirundergroundpublications reevaluation ofSoviet in western regionsincreasedinorder to ated whileotherscompletely eliminated by nd fabricatedcrimes, suchasforrapeor d theirculture. National amework oftheSovietUnion. ny othertopics.The Soviet changedalongwith bythefamous activist both secretandopenly historiographyto of peasantlife,which . 27

CEU eTD Collection spent theirlongandsometimes renewed sentences charges orArticle62of the Criminal Code( members, lowinnumber, werecarefullymon (UHG) toadvocatefordemocratization, todefend attention totheirnationalcausebypl than theneedforanationalstruggle.The Ukrainian dissidents managed tobringmore recognition becausetheglobalcommunity betterunderstood theissue ofhuman rightsrather turned todefendinghumanrights.Inthiscont traditions and history.Their attempts wereco mass supportfortheirpoliticalpurpose. that were inflicted bySoviet policies wasane on Moscow’sSovietruleforthe All these events werecausedbySovietpolicies a churches: theUkrainianCatho legitimacy becauseofconstant persecution estimated sixmillion victims. Thereligiousreviva Some have categorizedthisunfortunateeventasagenocidethatclaimed thelivesofan artificially createdfamine, Russification, andthecreationofperf migrated toindustrialcitieswheretheywe thousands ofthemost successfulfarmers. Th embodied Ukrainianculture.nationalandculturalelite In November1976,Ukrainiandissidentses The dissidentmovement firstaimed fornationa Holodomor lic ChurchandtheUkrainian Autocephalous OrthodoxChurch. catastrophes thattheyendured. acing itinthehuman rightsframework. ect Sovietworkers.Anotherhi , whichoccurredin1932-1933duetoSovietpolicies.

re more exposedtoSovietpropaganda, and brutal oppressionofUkrainiannational “anti-Soviet agitationand propaganda”).They e Sovietsleftpoor peasants ofwhommany itored andby1981wereallarrestedunderfalse ffective toolusedbythenationaliststoachieve mpletely suppressed;th ext, theirbattlegainedgreater international nd therefore,Ukrainiansplacedresponsibility l inthelate1980s,cont human rightsandresistRussification.Its tablished theUkrainianHelsinkiGroup in prisons,laborcamps, psychiatric hospitals l rightsinregardstolanguage,cultural The surfacingofbrutalevents was purgedalongwith storical atrocity isStalin’s erefore thedissidents ributed tohistorical 28 CEU eTD Collection women, Nina Strokata,Ir organizations leaderwasthe70-year-oldOksa members intheUkrainianHelsinkiGroup. One ofitstwofoundingmembers andlaterthe leaders ofthenationalmovement. Therewasasma prisons. Thosewhosurvivedreturnedtocont dissidents suchasOleksaTykhyi,VasylStus 32 31 only 16percentoftheactivists. biographies of dissidents, outof whichonly19 activists. Anonlinevirtual museum, Even considering thisform of work,women role inthegroup’sfunctions. example, Rudenko(Kaplun),wife of Raisa also weresecret informants betweenthepol supporters whodidtheeverydaywork oftypin looking deeperintothefunctionsofgroup, or exile.Some weremurdered andothersdied when most ofitsmembers wereimprisoned. through theworkofwives,sisters,mothers andfriendsthatUHG wasabletofunctioneven

“Dissidents: Rudenko (Kaplun), Raisa Panasivna.” “TheGroup Ukrainian Helsinki Theimprisoned dissidentscontinuedw thoseimprisoned. to help and arrest. It was necessary that somebody should remain at liberty in order to pass on information Mykola Rudenko believed that this would help the “permanent secretary” of the UHG ward off her husband’s arrest. Her name was not listed among the founding members of the UHG. till up by Raisa Rudenko werealltyped and other documents, repressed, had been who patriots Memorandum thefirst documents, preparatory All yna Senyk,StefaniaShabat .”

The UkrainianWeekly Nevertheless, their role should 32 Dissident Movement inUkraine UHG’s founderMykolaRudenko,playedamajor itical prisoners,samizdat andtheWest. For still rankedlowinnumbers compared tomale Dissident Movement in Ukraine inue theirmissions andlaterbecame prominent and ValeriiMarchenkoperishedintheGulag na Meshko.Outof33members onlyfivewere g, printing,anddistributingsamizdats. They it isapparentthatthereweremany female in prisonduetotheterr are female; this means thatwomen constituted ith theirmission behindcellwalls,despite , the Credo of unity, the lists of Ukrainian Ukrainian listsof of the Credo unity, , the , December30, 1979, No.296,Vol.LXXXVI. ll percentageofofficiallyregisteredfemale ura andOksanaPopovych. not bedisregardedasitwas , composed120 ible conditions.Famous

31 However, 29 CEU eTD Collection political policies.Theofficials hopedtoachie change. Thus,thepublic’sconsciousnessneeded to administration suspectedthattheymight enc public tospeak freely of theStalinist crimes committed against them. Gorbachev’s order toenforceperestroika,Gorbachevintr rising prices,foodandbasicgoodsshortages,theoveralldec Soviet economy, wasGorbachev’ssolutionto decrease ofpoliticallegitimacy oftheCommunist rule.Perestroika,arestructuringofthe predecessors. Hisgreatest challengeswereec struggling tosurviveandmaintain morale wh causes inthesame manner asbefore due totheirexperiencesinthe ones. Theregime wasnotassevere,andthediss provided conditionsinwhichtheirlaterattempts serving theirterms, theycontinuedthesame wo treatment. Thus,whentheseindividualswere samizdat. Theyalsousedcollectiveandindi officials. Their writingsweresmuggled out their nations.Indefenseofrightsthey from eachother, discussed andformulated thei the Balticstates.Theprison became and aform ofendurance schooling. Theprisoners learned pressure. Theprisoncamps werefilled withcivil rights activists from otherrepublics suchas http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142679029 http://khpg.org/archive/en/index.php?id=1142679029 When Gorbachevcame topowerin1985,he political prisoncamps.Theywere butthistime thepublicresponded. oduced glasnost,“openne wrote statements, petitions ounter publicresistancetotheproposedrapid vidual hungerstrikesinprotestsoftheirill of thelaborcampsand onomic stagnationfrom theBrezhneveraand ile undergoingintenseps ve thisbyrelaxingcensorship. Glasnostwas Brezhnev’s stagnation,whichcontributedto freed withGorbachev’s reform policiesorafter r thoughts, andplannedfurtheractionto liberate rk asbeforetheir arre idents weremorepreparedandmuch stronger, proved tobemore successfulthantheirfirst be formulated inthesame directionastheir inherited alloftheproblemshis ableto actively promote their line instandardofliving.In printed abroadandin sts. Thelate1980s ss,” whichallowed the ychological andphysical andletterstoleading 30

CEU eTD Collection Lviv. However,thesegroupsanddissidents of groupsandorganizationsadvocatingthereviva Russia andother republicsbecauseof Shcherbyts USSR. The scrutinizationsincludedLeninism,theRevol freedom ofspeechledtocompre the publicwouldconstrainitself toStalinist and eventuallyturnedtocri flow ofinformation ofcrimes committed bythe Soviet stateagainstitspeoplewasenormous nationally consciouspublic,thusfu to useglasnostfortheirnationalcausewhichbr these reformpoliciestookonanadverseformat in openness wasusedtoinitiateprogressinthest coercion forimplementation ofitspolicies. working valuestocarryoutperestroika.Prio implemented inordertolegitimize theSovietrule to basicworkasacashier because the KGBwa year foranypoliticalmovement. Atthattime political activistandadeputyin glasnost specificallytopromote theircause.IrynaKalynets,aformal returned home, andalongwithvariousdissidents, which preventedthem from flourishing.Inthe The glasnostpolicywasfullyimplemented in The glasnost policyfailedataiding thepro ticism government.Gorbachev’sadministration thoughtthat ofthe theUkrainianparliament, spoke hensive criticism ofthemodern Sovietgovernment aswell. rther weakening thefrailsystem. crimes andotherminor criticisms, butthenew were harassedbyShch In contrast,Gorbachev’sapproachofpublic r tothis,the Soviet ru she wasreleasedfrom prisonandwas confined ructurally deficientSovietUnion.However, second halfof1980s,many politicalprisoners s concernedaboutthepower and influenceshe ought onadditionalmistrust ution of1917andthecolonialnature ky’s neo-Stalinistrule. civilrightsact andtocreateamore trustingpublicwithnew l ofUkrainianlanguageandculturebasedin Lviv.TheUkrainiancultural elite wereable cess of economic restructuringbecausethe Ukraineabitlater(1988-1989)thanin ivists, andnationalistsused of1987asstillarestricted le dependedonterrorand erbytsky’s government, politicalprisoner,a There wereahandful intheregime anda 31 CEU eTD Collection 34 33 were lesslikely tobeafraid of historical literature.Thosewhoweremore expos their contacttopoliticalpris truth andjusticeoverwhelmed thei All theotherintervieweesbasedinLviv insisted and adeputyofLviv’sOblasnaRada(Provi realized thatthiswastheirtime andopportunity existed among former politicalprisoners,dissiden while lesseningthefearofsystem’s retributions. suppression ofallthatwasUkrainian,thusbr Ukrainian intellectuals organize Written wordscontinued tobedissident’s greatest toolandasource ofinformation. The Kalynets recalls, would gainifsheweretohaveahigherpos Interview with Hamyk. Interview with Kalynets. Interview were published. published. were organized and released a journal called sametime atthe Osadshyn, Mykhail poet, and specific. Ourfriend something toworkon started was born. However, God was giving me achance and I had to take it. of my life was not turned off and it would have been possible for them to return me to where I family (UPA supporters who were deported) and wh it scarythen. you was not lieifI I would told Glasnost allowedpeopletofinallysaywhatwasheldbackfor decades.Fearnolonger the of afraid were people read them. Theywere meant tobroaden the ci during Gorbachev’s perestroika Bolsheviks in 1939/1941… It was necessary to memories which were erased by theCommunists art,crafts,ar Ukrainian develop aboutcurrentth wrote problemsdifferent twist. We samvydav ofarticle I hundreds this time During published

(samizdat) journal, journal, (samizdat) 33 oners, otherdissidents,andexpos Visnyk

whatthesystem mightdototh d varioussamizdats inordertoinform publicofthe the Yevshan Zilly. Yevshan chitecture, folk and literature, and we also wrote about lost about literature,and we alsowrote and folk chitecture, because the more there were the more likely thepublic would r fear.Itappearsthattheir understanding offearvaried upon and also one journalwas notableto capture everything. We Kafedra Kafedra ition thathertalents nce Administration), recalls how shefelt. oadening thepublic’sknowledge andparticipation Unlike the Unlike It wasveryscary. Knowing history the of my rcle of conscious and active Ukrainians. Some s. At the end of 1987 we started to publish a topublish westarted 1987 s. end of At the have asmany samizdats published as possible in which abolished literature and criticalessays and literature abolished in which tobringonchange.OreslavaHamyk, adoctor thatalthoughitwasascarytime, theirsenseof ed toorparticipatedinthenationalstruggle such as the destruction of Ukrainians by the such asthedestruction ts andthe Ukrainianintellectual elite. They at facedus such as the need to preserve and ere I was born.The light from thatchapter Ukrainian Visnyk em, especiallythosewomen who ure tosamizdat andforbidden would normally demand. 34 it had a little bit ofa alittlebit it had 32 CEU eTD Collection public. people heldback.Thefirststepinmobilizi The leadingintellectuals wantedtoawaken thepub system andthereforedidnotwant Hamyk. repressed andservednineyear 35 before suppression.She begantotestthe be broughtonifunited,andsecondtofindout Kalynets, herprojectswere specificallystaged system. Thiswasdonethroughsimple meetings Othermethods usedofshowingthepublicthat because theybelieved inapopularmovement wa their positions, thustheirlivelihood. Therewere might reverseitspoliciesatanyti were alreadypunishedbythesyst by stating“at that time there wa what shebelievedwasherduty,Kalynetscoul political prisoncamps. e Therefore,whenHamyk for itssanatoriums, whileKalynetsisaleadingactivistfrom Lvivwhohadspentmany yearsin how theauthoritieswouldrespondtoyouractions Hamyk’s aboveresponsewithIrynaKalynet’sre for spreadingnationalideasandtext.Thistendenc Interview with Kalynets. Interview Fear continuedtoexistamongthecommonfol

s inpoliticalprisoncamps, sh s nofear,therewas onlywork.” me ashistoryhastaughtthem,a em fortheiractivism, relations politicalchangesthatwoulddi limits assoonshewasreleasedfrom her ng themovement wastoeducateandawakenthe d notunderstandthequestion.Shedismissed it the extenttowhichthesemeeting couldgoon in ordertofirstshow , ceremonies andprayers.Inthecaseof alsothosewhoweresu sponse tothequestion“Wereyounotafraidof s topubliclyquestionandconfronttheold ?” Hamyk isfrom asmall touristcity known xpressed fearbutdecidedtotakeachanceon y isvisibleifoneweretocompare Oreslava lic, toshed theirfear, tosayall those things k. Theywereafraidthatthesystem therewerepeoplewil e hadnothingtolooseunlike 35 withpoliticalagitators,and sturb theircomfortablelives. Kalynetshadalreadybeen nd theywereafraidofloosing people thatchangecould ccessful intheSoviet ling totakearisk 33 CEU eTD Collection 37 36 Kalynets recalls thefirst meetings. situation intheUSSR.Followingtheirlead,Ukrainian activists began totesttheirlimits. common causes,Ukrainiansrecei actively workingontheBalticPopular Fronts. worlds.” bypassed herroleinthemoveme her achievements andthechangesth Unfortunately, historiographydismissed herwork movement andattimes moresuccessful inconfrontingproblems thanhermale peers. speak thetruth,andquickwittoresolvedifficu someone whostoodoutamong herp Kalynets asapolitical activist andlater,asa small-scale meetings tookon. first patriotic andanticommunist gain momentum andoccurredmore often,regardlessof theinflicted obstacles. These werethe questioned andattempts weremade tosuppressit Bohdan IhorAntonovych,aUkrainianpoet,inOc imprisonment, asearly as theendof1987. Ibid. Ibid. At thetime, friendsandfellowinmates ofUkrainianformer politicalprisoners,were likethat. topeople totalk was able I sang with Iamthat us. stood and and us, lucky of talk, they thejoined end our In intentions. instructed their to them.comewith us them near spoketo Itold not and the boys approached other distinguished speakers and guests. I decided to resolve the problem by myself; I meeting. On the agenda that evening we had programme. The KGB sent young boys, about twenty Antonovych once again. We planned everything ou In early1988, near the Fedorov monument, we held a public meeting in the city center to honor 37

nt, shecalmly responds“ofcourse,weliveinaman’s meetings. IrynaKalynetsgaveanexample oftheform these ved many oftheBaltic’spub ey broughtonintheinterview.Tofactthathistorians 36 eers forherdetermination, brav She organizedamass serviceonthegraveof Ukrainian parliament deputy,perceivedherselfas a famous performer,Victor Morozov,poets and lt situations. Shewasaleading figure inthe Keeping incontactand . However,littleprojectslikethosebeganto tober of1987.Itwassuspiciouslywatched, in themovement andsheherselfhighlighted t in the open and secretive and were not of the open t inthe ortwentyoneyears of age, todisperse the lications andunderstoodthe ery, hardwork,abilityto supporting eachother’s 34 CEU eTD Collection people inoppositiontothehighlyconservativeCPU.” UHU sawitself“asanunofficial 39 38 Weekl called theUkrainian Association for theIndependent Creative Intelligentsia. groups. In1987,Kalynetsandherhusbandf othergroupsthus demands by commanded Chornovil, LevkoLukianenko,andtheHorynbrothe their government andfunctione the most radicalgroupsatthetime. Intheoryitaimed toencouragethemassesparticipatein became aUnion(UHU),comprised mostlyofform religious revival.Themost recognizableone predominately concentratedinWestern Ukrain meetings. measures wouldnotbetakenagainstthem ifthey fear. With each meeting the sizeofthecrow and meagerness, althoughasillust These firstmeetings may seem insignificant inth

Kuzio &Wilson, 68. Ibid. y, aNorthAmerican newspaperreported, Tovarystvo Ukrainskoii Movy Questions were asked mostly by me but the end result was that people feltthemselves mostlymefree. was Questions wereasked by thepeople result that end but positions. administrative high who held persons notable other and (Vovko) Secretary Party the greatly during this time because the FrankoPlaza was much bigger. There were monument. This was one of the first meetings… people wanted to come;the second meeting on Stefanika Sreet. The Ukrainian Association of Independent Cr ofIndependent Association Ukrainian The Other famous culturalorganizationsinLv From 1987small unofficialgroups,league

The KGB did not allow us to have it there so we held it near the Ivan Franko it the Ivan soweheld near allow itthere The KGB not to us have did

d asaunionforhuman rights (The Ukrainian Language Society) were to meet in aclub on popular frontwiththeintenti rated abovetheyplayedamajo of his tieswithscholars andstudents. We invitedintellectuals, earningUHUanextremist reputation. d grewbecausepeoplerealizedthatextreme wastheUkrainianHelsinkiGroupwhichin1988 ounded anorganizationforUkrainianwriters eative Intelligentsia (UANTI) was created to (UANTI)wascreated Intelligentsia eative e, inadvocationof alot of people. Ivan Makar helped me out e wholescheme ofthemovement intheirsize weretolistenorevenparticipate inthe iv werebasedonwr s, unionsandorganizationsevolved, er politicalprisonersa rs, alwaysstayedone stepaheadofthe 39 UHU’sleaders,such asViacheslav groups. Althoughinpractice, on ofunitingabroadrange r roleinsheddingthepublic’s cultural, languageand iters’ unionandyouth nd representedoneof The Ukrainian 38 35 CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 to nationalandpoliticalresurgence.Therewas Members oftheseorganizations we Oreslava Hamykrecalls, and communitywork,withspecialattention continuation ofthe19 the micro-nationalism level.Anotherpopular hunger forgreaterfreedom.” violated sovereignty. Micro-nationalism acco practice, incontrast tothe wrote onthegroup,explains,“theLionSocietys Christmas theater,andHaivky churches. The LionSocietyalsoundertook Culture andIntellect.” spring of1987inLvivwiththemotto “TheRe founders. Ayouthorganization, The newspaperlistsIrynaKalynetsasamember Kenney, 306. 306. Kenney, Kuzio &Wilson, 68. 1987: A Look Back: Human Rights and Glasnost in the USSR. early October. early October. in sometime founded life,wasapparently andpublic into Ukraine'scultural glasnost injecting second informal group to have been formed in Ukraine by Ukrainian dissidents concerned with promote the development of Ukrainian culture outs could become future leaders. all in estab organized were andgroups all spheres languages and renewal of Ukrainian gymnasiums, schools and daycare centers. Prosvita entered torenew wanted These people positions/careers. high held who intellectuals gather work…Prosvita for political preparation was Prosvita that then Truskavets. understood Prosvita in We initiating partin anactive Itook and My husband

literary critic Ivan Svitlychny, poet Iryna Senyk and Mr.Chornovil. and poet Iryna Senyk Svitlychny, literary criticIvan in Rudenko (now Mykola poet Osadchy, Mykhailo pris political former membership includes The th 41 centurysocietymentioned inchapte Itplacedgreateffortonrenova macro-nationalism offorbiddenholidays,bannedwriters,and 42

, ritualspringfolksongsand Inthebeginning,most oftheorganizationsinLvivworkedon 43 Tovarystvo Leva re wellawarethatthecultural in revivingculturaltraditionssuchas on promoting theUkrainianlanguage.Doctor organizationwasProsvita,whicha mplished the same goals,awakeningpeople’s oners: poet Ihor Kalynets, writer and poet poet and writer Kalynets, Ihor poet oners: vival ofaUkrainianSovereignStatethrough also theAssociationofUkrainianLanguage , althoughsheisnotrecognizedasoneofthe lishments. It sought to find active people that Ukrainian traditions; to promote the Ukrainian topromote the Ukrainian traditions; Ukrainian earched forthemicro-nationalism ofeveryday (TheLionSociety) came intoexistenceinthe ide Ukraine'sofficialcu the West), literary critic Yevhen Sverstiuk, Sverstiuk, the West), literarycriticYevhen ting theLychakivskyicemetery and dances. PadraicKenney,who r one.Itconcentratedoncultural 40

and socialrevivalwould lead ltural structure.ltural This Vertep , 36 CEU eTD Collection 45 44 43 state.” culture; tobringupnewgenera and directcreativeforcestothepromotiona goals were“touniteUkrainianwomenforrebirt joined. Sapelyaktraveledopeningupbranchesinvariouscitiesandvill Souiz UkrainokwithOksanaSapelyakastheir starting awomen’s organizationwithOlhaHoryn dissidents, whowereimprisonedinthe1970s,a pedagogue. TheKGBconstantlymonitored Sapelyak which isdiscussedinchapterone.Theinitiator oftheorganizationwasOksana Sapelyak,a Union) wasthesuccessor oftheinterwarwomen’s organizationbased worked alongsidethem SouizUkrainokmemb as interviewees wereeithermember under thecommunistregime andbuildingmonume “Memorial” whichconcentratedonproperlyreve belonging toit.Therewaslivememory” older women alivewhoparticipatedintheUnion, orwomen remembered theirmothers Souiz UkrainokandIreadallofit.wasca archives inordertodoresearch decided togointotheacademic fieldof not holdontoadecentjob becauseof heraffilia “General Information” with Sapelyak. Interview with Hamyk. Interview 45 Nationalrevivalcontinue Lviv Branch of Souiz Ukrainok tion ofUkrainianyouthcapable on the Soviet woman. “There, Istumbled ontheSovietwoman. “There, onthematerial about s oftheseorganizations,tookpa d tosteamrollthroughthea research; shewasgrantedaccesstouncensored 44 Sapelyakexplains.Shediscussedtheideaof ught upbyitandtheiridea…Therewerestill nd popularizationofnati . head. Itbecame an nd forhernationalistice h ofwomen democratic movement; toinspire tion withnationaldissidents. Therefore, she ers. SouizUkrainok(theUkrainianWomen’s aling the tragedies thatbefell onUkrainians and shortlyafter thirty nts forthosethatperished.Mostofthe forherassociation dvocation, demonstrations, dvocation, demonstrations, of building new democratic of buildingnewdemocratic rt inthegroups’activitiesor instant hitandhundreds onal ideas,ourhistory, in westernUkraine, ages. Theorganizations xpressions. Shecould members established with thecircleof 37

CEU eTD Collection aims, especiallywhenthemovement gained varies publicationstheorganizationsreleased. 48 47 46 note thatUkrainianintellectuals members wantedtopublishcookingr periodical because “thereweredisagreements ove women intheSovietsociety.Shortlyafterindependence,Chumarna resignedfrom the historical memories, renewal of culturaltrad recalls. Asinmost ofthe Oksana Sapelyakaskedherfriend,awell-esta periodical to battletheheav organizations werearmed withindependentandself-sufficient newspapers,articleand lobbing, protests, samizdat andother activitie organization, Iagreedandnamed the journal Ukrainka(UkrainianWoman)” Chumarna toorganizeandeditanewspaperforSouizUkrainok.“Ilikedtheideaofsuchan Ibid. with Chumarna. Interview Movements inthe USSR. National and A Look Back: 1988: Human Rights Ukraine. in journal focuses on the movement for religious ri Hel, of theCommittee forthe Defense ofthe Right Chris The Lviv, in journal The fourth unofficial the artsin gene on SSR,and focus Ukrainian activities members of and toUANTI of created works who publicizehail from the the allover as cultural journal, serves new literaryand chief editor the of formercritic and prisoner political (UANTI),M Independentof Creative Intelligentsia was firstissue of publis Kafedra the In January, et apoet, Iryna StasivKalynnets, by isedited and fall 1987 the of in publication commenced actually Yevshan-Zillia The journal movements seeking to speed up theprocess ofdemocratization. threeThe cover the attemptnew to publications this appeared journals three new majorindependent UHU'sofficialpress the organ, Ukrainian Herald, toThe in tothe group…. In co-opted addition Herald would be the UHG's official press organ and that the journal's editorial board had been this reactiv step of The first current Ukrainian cultural, literary and artistic life in artisticlifein Lviv. literaryand cultural, Ukrainian current 46 publications atthe time, Ukrai ily propagandizedCPU media.

ization was the December 1987announcement thatthe Ukrainian led thestruggleandpublic hnographer and cultural rights advo rights cultural and hnographer ecipes andembroideringtechniques.” itions andliterature, andontheproblems facing ground, andwheneveryonewascomfortableto ral, past and present, all the over and present, ral, past republic. s ofthegrowingopposition groups. Mostofthe blished contemporary Uk hed undertheaegis of the Ukrainian Association tian Voice, appeared in January. Edited by Ivan Ivan Edited by inJanuary. appeared Voice, tian ghts, especially the Ukrainian Catholic Church, Church, Catholic Ukrainian especially the ghts, socio-political, cultural and religious aspects of aspectsof and religious cultural socio-political, r whatkind ofmateri s of Believers and the Church in Ukraine, the the in Ukraine, the Church s and of Believers ykhailo Osadchy, a 51-year-old poet, literary poet, a 51-year-old Osadchy, ykhailo year in the cityofLviv. yearinthe western Ukrainian nka concentratedonprohibited The Ukrainian Weekly did notnecessarilysupporttheir cate. It focuses primarily on focuses primarily cate. It al toinclude.Some rainian poet,Maria 48 47 Itisimportant to Chumarna , summarizes 38 CEU eTD Collection 49 religious andcivicinclinationsas along withothers,thatifwe the Sovietpropaganda.OksanaSapelyakrecalls researched knowledgetochallengetheregime. It first emerged withhistoricalandculturalin propagate theirgoalsandtakeupleadershippositions.However,itwastheculturalelitewhich movement became apopularmovement inLviv. national and democratic establishment inthe fu varies organizationsworkingonculturalrevival aimed beginning of atonlyaUkrainian-speakingpublic.The the movement wasformed by of theculturally andnationally oriented sami educating the public.The foundation ofthemovement used independentpressasamajor toolin be successfulthistime around.Formerpoliticalpr conditions intheSovietUnionhadbeguntochange the politicalprisonersandpubl struggle, whilealmost allofthedissidentswe dissidents.However,mostfamous female wo successful because theywereableto transfer attempts Interview with Sapelyak. Interview In conclusion,themovement inthelate started andended withasmall circle of intellectuals, whiletheir lastattempt was spoke thetruthitwouldsetus

thatofthedissidentsin1960s ic aswelltheWest. Due,toGorbachev’sreforms, the fighting thecommunistpropagandizedmedia and formation. Theywereequippedwithlong zdat, whichwaspublishedinUkrainian,thus the struggleontomasses. Therewerevery re imprisoned,bybeinganintermediary between men playedavital roleinmaintaining the ture. Thechapterrevealedhowthedissident 1980s hadthesame combination ofnational, on themicro levelwiththeintentions of a “Itwasaperiod ofromanticism. Ithought, wasabattleof Ukrainian intellectuals against isoners, dissidents,and andthetime wasrightforthemovement to wasspecificallylaidoutinLvivbecause free, thatthingswouldhappen.” . However,oppositions’ cultural inte lligentsia 49 39 CEU eTD Collection 50 taught theirchildrentopray a and framed themselves intothekeepersofhom denomination wasacknowledgedandsecretlypractic Church wasauthorizedtofunction.Theme were undisclosedGreekCatholic were intenselyconditionedtobecome atheist. deported. The restoftheUkrainianGreekCath after EasternGaliciawasannexed;bishops,prie women’s activism isoverlookedintheme she perceivestheroleofsocietyseventeen the information onthewomen’s group willbederived from herinterviewtodemonstrate how of themovement. Kalynetswasthe initiator an work ofMarianSociety Myloserdia (Compassion) retaliate againstCommunism. Throughexamples of theindependencemovement. Thischapterwillexamine theChristianbasetheyusedto is important because itwill revealhow women Catholic Churchfrom itscatacomb existenceinto starting withalettertoPope JohnPaulII. existence with206bishops,priests,nuns,monks Kuzio &Wilson, 74. In August1987,theUkrainianCatholic In thischaptertheroleof women willbe examined intheresurgence of the Greek Women intheResurgenceof nd toattendchurch:whether it

priestsinRussianOrthodox

50 mory oftheindependencemovement. CHAPTER THREE TheChurchhadbeenliquidatedbytheSoviets mory ofones’grandparent’sandparent’s The Churchthereforeexistedunderground;there years later. Thechapter willthen reveal why Churchemerged fromitsunderground e, andthuspreserversofreligion.Women brought Christianbrought conservatism intothepolitics d keymember oftheMarianSociety,thusall olics “united” withth sts anddevotedbelieverswereimprisoned or , andbelieverstoadvoc anationalChurchinWesternUkraine.This taken fromIrynaKalynet’sinterviewandthe willbe reevaluated and placedinthecontext * theGreekCatholic Church ed athome. Galicianwomen framed were would betheofficialOrthodox parishes sinceonlytheOrthodox e RussianOrthodoxand ate foritslegalization, 40 CEU eTD Collection 52 51 only toaccept itwithinmyself a true nationalchurch.Iwent toaGreekCatholic Volyn, whosaid,“From myarchivalresearch,IrealizedthattheGreekCatholicChurchis It isthesamechurch.” Orthodox from centralUkrainewhomarried aGreek families embracedtheGreekCatholic faith.Fo the Republic.Eventhosewomen whowere not originallyfromLvivand Orthodox this wasadifferentexperienceforWesternUk advocated for reestablishing national andChristianmoralofthefamily. Acco Galicians overpropertyandrights.Regardle Catholic ChurchandUkrainianAutocephalous Church orthe clandestine GreekCatholic;al Church. Furthermore, theUkrainianAutocepha to Galicianswhilemost ofthepopulationinUkrainianSSR belongedtotheOrthodox tension andconflictsoverprope between thetwoUkrainianchurches inthewe of theGreekCatholicChurch Autocephalous Orthodox Church.Lyaskovska and Sapelyak’sacceptance andunderstanding convert anddenythatthereis two examples revealhowfarthesewomen wentto Greek Catholic Churchwasdeeplynestedinth Interview with Sapelyak. Interview with Lyaskovska. Interview 51 AnothercaseisofOksanaSapelyakfrom apredominantly Orthodox the Church.Onceagain,asinbeginningof20 adifferencebetweentheGreek occurredduringatime when

rty andparishioners.TheGreek nd Iwouldbecome GreekCatholic.” though later thereestablishment of theGreek ss, women felt responsibleformaintaining the stern regions; their resurgence causedgreat rainian women incomparison tootherwomen in Orthodox Churchcausedgreatconflictbetween e Ukrainiannational identity of Galicia. The r example, ViraLyaskovska, adeputyandan lous OrthodoxChurchalsoemerged inLviv priest toconvertandhetoldme thatIneed rdingly, inthelate198 embrace thenationalidentity,aseventryto Catholic, explains“Igotobothchurches. there wasalot of animosity CatholicandtheUkrainian Catholic Churchwasexclusive 52 Forthesewomen, the 0s theywholeheartedly th century, 41 CEU eTD Collection try tofightwithwomen. Itisahardoption. suppression ofthefirstattempts either intenselywatchedordispersed.The ties, demonstrates howstronglyhandinth 53 cause andworked hardonvariouspublic projec Society functionedwellasasmall groupbecause TheMarianSocietywasverysmall; itconsis It wasneverformally register historical events.Theseeven rallies toreestablish the GreekCatholic Churc meetings neartheIvanFranko statue,prayersin most ofitsactivities concentrated on thechurch’s meetings. Thegroupwasstructured which shebelongedto,initiate Thefirstanti-Communist mass ralliesbecam years 1988to1989.Kalynetsalongwithawoma and Galicia,withnumerous supporters.Therise women empowered themselves withtheirgender inpolitics. moresuggest thatwomen were protective mother. Thesetwoconstructionsof of astrongnewwoman whilethenationalWester intellectual womenmore rationalthan intellectua the interview, Kalynetsseemed toplacegreater Interview with Kalynets. Interview ts wereplannedwithoutauthor ed norexpandedinmembership.

d, organized,advertisedandle difficult tofightwith.Chapte difficult to holdpoliticalmeetings. Ka onthreepillarsoftheGreekCatholicChurch,therefore Marian Societywas formed inresponsetothe h, andralliestocelebra strong woman might havecausedKalynetsto e churchesworkedalongwithnationalism. ts. Theythoughtupofdifferent tacticsto value onthe strength ofwomen. Sheperceived memory ofnationalfigures,poetryevenings, oftwonationalchur l men. Sovietsocietypromoted The theimage not easytofightwithwomen.” n’s groupcalledMarian revival.Itsendeavorsvariedinscopefrom n Ukraineproducedtheperceptionofastrong all members wereextremely dedicatedtothe e aneverydayrealityinLviv betweenthe ted of onlyuptotwelvemembers atmost. ity’s permission andtherefore d most oftheseralliesand r sixwillfurtherdiscusshow lynets reminiscences “letthem Kalynets explainedthatthe ches, withoutMoscow te forbidden Ukrainian Society Myloserdia, 53 Throughout 42 CEU eTD Collection 57 56 55 54 state in1919onJanuary22 events thattookplacewas inLv mass invariousvillagesacrossthewester washeld There wasapublicpushforthereemergence of very awareoftheoddsagains Moscowwasnotreadytoacceptsuchreligiousactivism ofnationalCatholicism. It hoped todealwiththeonlylawfulRussianOr was themost important moment ofouractivism.” and accumulate enoughpublic support toreestablis Catholic action.TheMarianSoci powers were unwillingto takepart inthosepr The MarianSocietycontinuedtoorganizesuch were stillimpossibleinpublic. Kalynets agitate fortheircauseandbri Interview with Kalynets. Interview activist and human rights physicist, dissident nuclear eminent Soviet an Ibid. Ibid. back. it back. theIt to thus was. be will prove And most difficult.” Church and his response was “R severa asked We with him nightfall. talked till Minister of Religion in the USSR. He was a very interesting person; Stefa Shabatura and I Earlier thatyear, there was a huge Memorial 22 January meetings. On political said at those been have would say aprayerthat coverallthat would I figured if we could meet every month than it would be for a prayer, a big prayer. We would Andrei Sakharov was a prayerand everyone knew whomwas itfor. There something. say to someone for were waiting who agents KGB with was covered cemetery entire the speeches; oriented nationally al or there were no politic sure We made priests. Hel we withIvan were ableto and my direction over the graves of thousands who were murdered by the Bolsheviks. On the 26 nd (1988),Marian Society at 56 organized it. There I met with many Imetwith it.There organized nd . Thousandsgatheredforanauthorizedgathering, celebratedby ng thepublictogether.In1988, t them. Kalynetsrecounts,

iv to mark theUkrainian Inde ety sawitasameans tobringt ussia will go with everythinggo with ussia will Lychakivskyi cemeterycautious explains hersolution totheproblem, conference in Moscow to ayers, therefore itbecame asolelyGreek thodox Church.Leading l concerning questions about the Greek Catholic airthe prayer service public prayersinLviv.The officialOrthodox the GreekCatholicChurch. 54 55 n regions.However,oneofthefirstgreatest h theChurch.Kalynetsexpressesthat “this prominent people, one of which which was the one of people, prominent 57 accept giving youyour church pendence Dayoftheshort-lived political andnationalmeetings ogether GreekCatholicpriests led by Greek Catholic Catholic led Greek by which I was invited. Iwasinvited. which ly helda prayerservice female activistswere th of June, under June,under of 43 CEU eTD Collection would gather.Kalynetscontinues, produce speakerswhowouldtalkaboutthe crowd inLviv.Therewas justaneedfor depicts thatmeeting, 60 59 58 Through outalltheinterviews,it priests oftheUkrainianCatholicChurc Catholic Church. Under Communist it belonged to the Russian Orthodox Patriarchal Orthodox the Russian to itbelonged Communist Under Church. Catholic

Ibid. with Kalynets. Interview baroque-rococo cathedral that inthe 19 fliers, glued them to poles and that was everything. People came. announcements, wrote Society it? how Marian we to tellof did isthere alone…. What was not things. me told those I metropolitan allof itwasimpossible formeto organize that Ukrainian She continues to explain asif she herself wa April 9 independence… peoplecried… There weannounced ournext meeting, whichto was beheldon for praying already 1989, were we of beginning the and justice. In independence Ukraine’s music stopped. After the mass for Ukraine’s unification, Chornovil asked for a prayer for wires.“Right the them cut to music inthe way. wastooask and liturgy a loud and the Thus, few teenage I approach boys Our Greek Catholic priests changed their robes and started mass from the balcony… However, Protestant and official Orthodox chur coordinating such ameeting. invitedWe every one to join us, people of all confessions. was ofMarian Society secret;wemadethat Ukraine. unity in itknown did this do We not with speeches, and we had secret priests who were going to hold Greek Catholic prayers for the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church… We had a megaphone, we had presenters ready the of situation the tostudy that were who January inLviv from Moscow observers KGB therewere that tooccur. knew make not alltheir sureitwould We strength they be held used to Svoboda, We receivedGr help fromthe Helsinki great organizers, said. We did not tell them to disperse and they remained. we,the to everything tostay. listened They people asking out fliers and passing around walked luck toour However, meetings. for political telling them thattheyneed to go home because at 10:00 a.m. asusual but at 12:00 p.m. Their (Orthodox) priests walked amongst the people our guys were taken away. It was hard to start the prayer because the Orthodox mass did not end going mad. He allowed Moscow journalist to film usfrom his apartments, while cameras from my enemyNikodim, tillthis dayMetropolitan who remembers greatest vain, mynamein was biggest assembly of people that St George’s Ca more music in. It drew liturgy was It wasthe people already the there unbelievable. crowd but back to them. Even those who did not hear the invitations on the radio showed up. There was a cathedral thatwas was the – thought people were given heard they liturgy shocked, George’s… and chills there was afreezing th , a day for Taras Shevchenko. a newspaper that everyone read. When they

away” they respond. They just everyone heard church bells. All of a sudden frombells. All ofasudden St. church heard everyone becomes clearthattherewasne th and 20 chesdid not respond.Imagine, 22 h, infrontofSt.George's Cathedral th initiating andorganizingthesemeeting, andto century served as the mother mother the as served century suppression andrightstofreedom, andpeople s amazed byallthatwas accomplished “once, a the people stood firm… the people Society The Marian oup and a public invitationwaspublishedin themass was overandthat this was nota place thedral ever witnessed… ever thedral (officials) found out th out found (officials) climbed the pole, cutitand the 60 ver aproblem a ofgathering 59

nd The Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodox The churchthe of Ukrainian Greek of January in Lviv Lviv in January of at such a rally was 58 inLviv.Kalynets 44 CEU eTD Collection 62 61 she retaliated, andsentencedto10daysinjail.” George's Cathedral, against RussianOrthodoxMetropo published “Mrs.KalynetswastriedonMarch9-10 up chargesagainstKalynetsandBohdan be difficulttobringacaseandfindadequate criminal charges.TheOrthodoxNikodim brought former politicalprisoners itwas Organizersofsuchmeetings wereprosecute for alleged“administrative terror,”which include Kalynets gavevariousexamples Ukrainian Weekly. deserves orwouldprefer.Thesocietyisonl participation intheindependencemovement does notagreewithreality.Kalynetsisrec Because weliveinananti-feminist worldandUkraineisstill Muslim…” Kalynetsperception will nothear aboutitnorme, even independence movement, Ihavenotcome across the revivalofChurch.Iexplainedto

Interview with Kalynets. Interview 1989 : A LOOK BACK, Ukraine: human rights, vox populi they did not let people in, a mass of our supporters gathered outside. ( Roman the for Pope Patriarchal, we sayloudly instead Russian the wrote people should that littleleaflets typewriterswewrote on church, court datewasbeginningthe at a big of religious fast… prepared We the people that for dayin On January 26th we were taken to court. Horyn joked about wanting to see me in prison… This laughs ). The court process took two days, and it was acircus. They asked us stupid questions;

all ajokebecausetheyknewit of the society’sinitiativeand of the litan Nikodim duringaJanuary Horynfordisturbingthepeace. though, theyallknow theroleIplayed.Why? her thatinallmy readingontheUkrainian ognized forherroleasdissidentand y mentioned intheNorthAmerican newspaper, , althoughitmight notbetothedegreeshe that said when Nikodim was to pray for The wasto Nikodim pray saidwhen that d finesand10to15daysprisonterms. Tothe such asociety.Herreplywas“Yes,andyou on chargesofallegedlyyellingobscenities d fortheiractivities;theywereconvicted 61 Kalynetsrecountstheeventsandhow leadership inthemovement for was aperiod inwhichitwould 62 22 moleben infrontofSt. The UkrainianWeekly the 45

CEU eTD Collection 64 63 Lviv in1989.Kalynetsgivesanexample, blindly. KGBagentsevenresortedforherhelp more visible inthenext chapter.Shealso she wasskillfulatusingvisual From Kalynetsrecalledthemovement, theway public demanded herreleasebutitwas notenoughto Kalynets wasfoundguiltyandsecretlytransported memory andpointofview.Kalynetstestifies, Easter baskets.Onemust keepinmind thatthis Greek CatholicChurch.Kalynets term.

Interview with Kalynets. Interview Traditional Easter bread. Also, translates Greek Catholic priests. Catholic He as Greek told himSaturdaythaton beforeEaster,we aregoingto have Easter our baskets blessed by Horyn edged me onthat I am upto something. I placed a serious of agendas in front Volkov. I Volkov gathers us for some sort of meeting. I showed up an hour late on purpose and Mykhailo of the Greek Catholic Church. It was something unique. Before that, the highest secretary the it impact tellyou them. moment. to that church organized Icannot listened illegal People the people, who were angry about the missing priests. They blocked major city roads. I asked the the Iasked city major roads. They blocked priests. missing aboutthe angry were who people, from two round-eyed KGB agents asking me to come and calm down the restless mass of At some point, two of our priests were late to a these meetings. The blessing of the Paska There are things that even words cannot describe with logic. People were used to showing up to The celebration ofEasterwas sort of talks,discussions. yet?” … He did not know how to respond. They were lost. They later invited us to have some attack the people whoare on their knees prayi approached me worried when a Volkov doanything. not priests.The KGB could illegal by blessed their baskets get came to People came from the afternoon to late evening non-stop to to bless non-stop lateevening cameto People fromafternoon the blessed by the Orthodox priests wanted to get them blessed again by the Greek Catholic priests. However, we were higher up onan open space. Plaza forthe blessings ofthe Eater baskets. They t Ch trees.The Orthodox allywith blossoming long announcements posted.People sh we informed the people. Radio Svoboda helps out. We managed to get huge amounts of our the stairs while Ruska Church plazaisatthe bo 64

elements asatooltochallenge ked where?saidthe Inear narrateshowshewasableto prayer was being held. I told him what was he going to owed up. Then I understood God’ Iunderstood Then up. owed into “Easter” (named after “Passover”) another monumental step in clearly dominated thecrowd,whichlistenedtoher 63 … I took me only a few phone calls and priests of of priests mecallsand took … I afew only phone ng. I asked “Haven’t you learned from history Even those whoalready had theirbaskets ttom. Why did I say that? Againsay ttom. Idon’tknow. WhydidI prayer meeting. I got this prayer meeting. this source Igot ofinformation through herconfidenceitbecame apparentthat isherconstructionofth in controllingtheconsiste urch guided their people to the Ruska Church Ruska the to people their guided urch hought we were going to go that same spot. to aprisonintownoutsideofLviv.The releaseherandsheha Porokhova of top isatthe Vezha , which

their baskets. The people her opponents.Thiswillbecome s works. The location isa location The s works. coordinate thebl the reestablishmentof the e events,onlyfrom her nt crowdsthatswept d toservehershort

essing ofthe do, do, 46 CEU eTD Collection 65 the publicremembers theactorsrather work ofrealizingthemeetings thatsetthestagefor men tocome onandperform. Intheend, possible ifnotforthewomen whoworkedbehindth the GreekCatholic priests,men, whoheldthepray Famous dissidentandactivistshelped outandmight evenhavedominated thespeeches. Itwas initiated thisapproachbutal abolished meetings, through prayer.Furthermor when theyweretoldtogohome bytheOrthodoxauthoritiesaftermass. demonstrated abovebyKalynets.They didnot public responded wellto themee this byattendingthesesortsofprayers,which Kalynets’recollectionsofth atmosphere ofLvivatthetime. Thepublic sides. intermediately betweenthemasses andtheSovi stop theroadblockadebyconfidentlypromising th Kalynets usedherabilitytocont Ibid. masses in the city that were not dispersed. were dispersed. citythat not the masses in werethe those first doors… Greek Catholic locked the mass outside hold the hill and on church did not even have to raise my voice… we decide thousand of themmoved to Mykhail Church… It was unbelievable how they listened to me. I ten around the people, and church our be it would future the in them that priests… I told the finding issue of this work on (KGBagents) they while Church Mykhail the tomove to people This wasallpossiblebecauseawomanlike so becauseawoman’s organizati

rol thecrowdas ameans toreachhergoals. Shewasableto tings sincetheyeagerlylist e fewofthemeetings give than thedirectorsandproducers. 65 was informed, peoplewantedchangeandshowed also hadnationalandpoliticalaspects.The et authorities.Sheknewhowtoworkboth disperse evenwhenwatchedbyKGBagentsor d we would meet everySunday near the closed e, thiswaspossible because notonlyawoman er service.However,itwouldnothavebeen e returnof achurch.Kalynetswasalsoan Kalynets foundanulteriorwaytothe e scenes. Itwastheir ideas andtheirhard ened totheorganizers as on arrangedtheprayermeeting. us abetterunderstandingofthe 47 CEU eTD Collection 67 66 Christmas or Christianity anditalsohasnationa Nicholas Daywiththeorphans.Thisisone their charityworkhadanationalandreligious projects includedeverythingfrom helpingtheho Myloserdia. TheSociety started with humanitarian workduetorestrictions; their community artist anddissident,othersformed humanitarian andculturalwork.IrynaKalyne they wouldgainandlaterdevelopintoanunman Thefirstattemptstoholdmeetings with authorities werenotwillingtotolerate such reestablished asenseofnationalidentity. and culturalactivitiestransformedintonationalpolitic Day, EasterandMother’s Day.Examplesfrom theinterviews willdemonstrate howreligious Souiz Ukrainoktriedtorevivea Thischapter willexamine thevarious communitaland cultural projects women embarked onandtheintentionsbehindthem. textwillconcentrateonthedifferentways The Women’s RolesintheReestablishment 19

Clause Santa Russian/Soviet th , andgivespresentstowellbeha provide uswith humanitarianmedicine,aid, which we distributedamong the orphanages. timethe Atthat our friendsacross west to able spiritual. to border were also be holiday this Ukrain time, eastern that during you know As We collected money andmade sure these children Did Moroz 66 butof“SaintNicholas”whoco

nd establishreligiousandculturalholidayssuchasSt. Nicholas l traditionsincorporated into ved children.Kalynetsexplains a small women’s groupcalledMarianSociety ofthemain religiousholidaysinEastern CHAPTER FOUR gatherings, unmistakably e didnotcelebrate those holidays… We wanted ts alongwithStefaniya Shabatura,anational aspect; forexample, theycelebratedSaint a nationaldirectionwere suppressed.The ageable force.Therefore, women turnedto meless totakingcareoforphans.However, of NationalandReligiousIdentity had a proper celebration of St. of Day. celebration Nicholas a had proper * mes downonhisbirthday,December al agitation,andrevealhowwomen it. Ithasnothingtodowith predicting themomentum 67 48 CEU eTD Collection returning Ukrainian traditions andreestablishing thereligious spiritwhich Sovietization traditions and non-Communistidentity. From the such acelebrationfrom aprivatesphereto Society initiatedthe transformation of aprivate Ukrainian nomenklatura presentedgiftstotheirchildrenon December 19 regime. ItwasaholidaythattheCommunist event; asaresult, Western Ukrainian families were abletocelebrate itunder theCommunist celebration asencouraged bytheGreekCatholic celebration ofSaintNicholas Orthodox populationbycoordinating, thus inawaythesewomenalsoinflictedGr There isacorrelation between Western Ukrainian traditions andtheGreek CatholicChurch, Russified andSovietizedUkrainiansinthecent in allofUkraine.Theytookituponthemselves to Lviv didnotonlywanttopromote thereligious first establish aspiritual holiday and thento The wayKalynetschronologizes thecharitable traditions on therest of Ukraine.Accord as SaintNicholasDay.However,atthesame time theyimposed specificWestern Ukrainian more ableanddetermined toenlightentherest felt culturallysuperiortothemore Russified amateur theaters. plays,somewere written which These of deeds. with an angels and the devils in appropriate masks and garb, which exhorted children to do good Catholic church encouraged the development of ritual plays and games depicting Saint Nicholas In Western Ukraine gifts were given to children on the eve of his feast day. The Ukrainian 68 Day toLvivwomen wasatrad as Kalynetsstated,“propercelebration.”Aproper ing toanonlineEncyclopedia of Ukraine, a publicspacerepresents eek Catholictraditionsuponapredominantly provide humanitarian work.Women activistsfrom easternregions,andthoughtofthemselves as government couldnotabol oftheUkrainiansbyestablishingholidayssuch ral andeasternregions activity reveals that itwasmoreimportant to family holidayintoapub by professional authors, were often staged authors, by professional by and nationalholidaysintheirregionsbutalso Church.SaintNicholasDaywasaprivate perspective oftheinterviewees, they were bringthisnationaland itionally Western Ukrainian asymbolofrooted of therepublic.They ish andevenWestern lic one.Themoveof th religious spirittothe . TheMarian 49 CEU eTD Collection 69 68 guided. Asdemonstrated byKalynets therewas thought toinstalleitheraChri and thattheirvalueswouldtakeover.Thr national deputies whileitwasastatement to Saint Nicholasintothegovernment organwould of policymakers. Conservativewomenmay have Theprojectseemed likemissionary workinbrin “for theparliament tof the celebrationofSaintNicholas Overthenextfewyears major effortswere celebrated onanationallevel.When Kalynets national valuesbutforthem itwasthespreadingofaform oftruth. embraced it. Thewomen were veryconsciousth Although, Yasnyska’soccupationco Communist ideologyinchildren’ rightful identity,anationaliden eliminated. They sawthisasapositive act,are Interview with Yasnyska. Interview Mushynka.

the by Protestants. over swiftly taken hospital. the children’s pastriesto St. Nicholas the tobring able their so we be together money would pulled Theyweretouched and deputies. parliament building our wheels were popped. Nevertheless, I pass out the St Nicholas to all the I ordered 425 dough baked Saint Nicholas pastries. By the time Iarrived with them to the Christian ideas. ideas wasspreading she, spreading national While we around involved. went actively becomes who Sister Volodymyra, a that sister Sundayschool, was opened one there and people that it is hard to explain. The underground Church had secret nuns that belonged to it, it happeninallschools, daycare centers and orphanages in our Party or not. I would never thi In December 1988 we thought torenew St. Nicholas eel thespiritual holiday.” stian oranationalmoralbywh tity. YaroslavaYasnyska, w toaseculargoverningbody. nk that so many people would react and help with it… We made s daycarecenters,explains ntradicted thecelebration 70 ough asimple actlikethistheMarianSociety pro-Communist deputiesth It was such happiness… This activity was activity This happiness… It wassuch became adeputyoftheparliament, shebrought turn tothe true Ukrainianholidaystherefore the resistance; thewheelsofautomobile that at theirtaskliesinspreadingChristian and ging religion,“thespirit,” cause positiveemotions toariseinsome pro- made toensureth supposed thatbringingtheChristianspiritof Day. It did not matter if one was in the matterin It didnotifonewas Day. raion ho monitored theteachingsof ich thepoliticianswouldbe of SaintNicholasDayshe Shedescribeshowshearranged . It wassuch a wave of at this holiday was at changeiscoming back into thehearts 69

50

CEU eTD Collection youth groupsformed inLvivsuchasTheLionSo ciety. Theybegantoworkonpurelycultural and evenpoliticalelements. Oldculturalsocietie Leaders, intellectualsandthepubl Since thefirstmeetings weredispersed,andat Catholic influences. When theinterv day revealsthatitwasfurtheradoptedasana 72 71 70 Inthewinterof1988 story ofthemovement progresses. holidays reappeared ineach interview; therefore national morale, whichtheSovietregime attemp reestablish thesereligious holidaysbecausethey though itisassociatedwith the practice adopted byChristianity. Therefore, UkrainianChristmas and Easteralso Christmas theater/play,and would getitoffschoolallovertheLviv the elections, weregisteredSain Oreslava Hamykdescribed to pushfor religious and traditional holidays tobecome nationallypublic holidays. Doctor prevent theproject.Also,becau affect thesepastrieswouldhaveontheparliamen was transportingthepastrieswerepopped.Ma Christmas in Eastern Christian Tradition (which covers (which Tradition Christmas Eastern Christian in with Hamyk. Interview with Kalynets. Interview , “wecontinuedtocelebrateUkrain pysanka 72 , vertepy religious one.Women organizations’primary taskswereto se theProtestants tookonthe c t NicholasDayandmade itano ic turnedtoculturaltradit , elaboratelydecoratedEaster egg. iewees wereelectedtodeputypositions (plural) tookthecentralrolein oblast havemany nationalelementssuchas pysnaka isdeeplyrootedin tional holiday,without tempts tostagenewoneswereimpossible. .” ybe thewomen knewwhattheyweredoing,the Ukraine) is celebrated according to the old church the to church old according iscelebrated Ukraine) sawitastherestoration ofreligious and 71 ted toerase. Thereestablishment of these this theme willintensify withexamples asthe t; therefore, therewere suchattempts made to s werereestablishedsuchasProsvita,andnew

ions, whichalsotookonnational ian traditional holidays.After oordination ofSaintNicholas fficial holiday sothechildren any connotationtoGreek therebirthoftraditions. Pysanka wasapagan national identity, even

their first taskwas vertep , 51

CEU eTD Collection shared identity therefore anawakening forbidden truth.Vertepy emotional whentheywitnessedthedear act. such atraditionprovedtobesuccessfulbecause beautiful work,andpeoplecriedwhentheysawthem 75 74 73 on themacro level. simple Ukrainiantraditions, thecu they managed toincorporate allthepoliticians.” scenario fora campaign ad.Itbecomes apparentinKal future opiniontowardspolitics.Thiscultu would takeontheform ofLeninorStalin.” criticize theSovietregime transformed intoapubliconetoresistSoviet times theytookonpoliticalconnotations.Once beginning of 1988,vertepy scene based onUkrainian folk village characters, andisfollowed byaseries of carols. Inthe traditions that accompanied thecelebrations. The They concentratedonthereestablishment ofreligiousholidaysbutmore soonUkrainian matters because theCommunistgovernment suppr calendar,January on 7 Ibid. with Kalynets. Interview with Chumarna. Interview The politicalaspectincorporatedinto vertep andtheycreatedanamazing show…Itwasbeforethe1990elections and th were abletoarouseemotion, aconnection,andfeelingofcommon . MariaChumarna, apoet,explains“theoriginal became acommonsightthroughout thewesternregions, andat ltural intelligentsia inLviv wa or reassurance ofa ynets’s interview,“In1989,Igaveyoungboysa ral tradition wastransformed intoapolitical 73 ization. Theywouldmock Communistleadersand “ vertepy They couldrelateandsawitasaform ofthe Vertepy astheabove quotesuggests,peoplebecame 75 again, afamilyandprivatetraditionwas Throughthemicro workoftherevival vertep essed allnationaland played avitalrolein , ” were critical towards thesystem, itwas 74 istraditionally aplayof thenativity Kalynetsdescribes.Therevivalof national identity. s abletogatherpublic support political activities. directingthepublic’s vertep villains 52

CEU eTD Collection 76 Doctor OreslavaHamyk recalls, share theirEasterfoodw members wouldstandoutsidechurcheswith brought Eastertothearmy. OnEasterSatu regarded thesoldiersastheirsons.Souiz Uk Conservativewomen inLvivsoughttorees moral intheirchildren.Thus,th question willbeelaboratedoninchapterfive. treatment ofUkrainiansoldiers Republic took ontheissue of thearmy; theywe mother tochoosebetweentwosons.” forces andnationalwhichsidewould an airforcebase,wasaskedbyasoldierifsi occasion, Rostyslava Fedak,asenior citizenwho became afulltime activistafterher speechin Conservative women perceivedthemselves asmoth By1989,Easterwasfullyundertakenbywo Souiz Ukrainok’sactivitieswasto other throughwordsandactions. battle betweendedicated CommunistsandUkrainian Their responsewaswhydon’tyouaskusthereisalsoadevil?” Society, recalls“theLionsSo Theauthoritieswatc attempt todeclare thisactivity Ibid. ith thesoldiersbyplacingwhatth hed theunveilingof ciety members werequestione

illegal.Kalynets,whoseda because itaffectedtheirsons. ey wereattractedtobringingch introducetraditiona 77 Women notjustfrom Lvivbutfromalloverthe rday, whilepeoplehadtheirbasketsblessed, des were takenbetweenUkrainianproSoviet she fighton.Herresponsewas “you’reaskinga huge empty basketsandsignsaskingpeopleto rainok heldanallbran re verysensitivetowardsthestationingand vertepy tablish asenseofUkrainianidentityand ers andthesoldiersastheirsons.Onone men’s organizations. Oneofthebiggest cultural elite.Theytriedtooutsmart each l Eastercelebrationsintothearmy. withsterneyes.Theymade every ughter wasamember Lion ofthe ey couldintheempty baskets. d abouttheangelsin Women’s responsestothearmy ange inthearmy becausethey ch wideauction,which 76 Itwasanintellectual vertep . 53 CEU eTD Collection homes andthefeelingofaholiday.” belonging fortheUkrainiansoldiers. DoctorOreslavaHamyk recalls able topenetratethemost rigidSovietinst 81 80 79 78 77 to theUkrainianidentitycannot elements wereincorporated into it.Mother’s Women inLvivtookonanotherextensiveta important tonotethatthisis the servicemen. traditions. Theactionwasrepeatedthefollowi other soldiers whodidnotfeelaconnection would learnfrom, yearnforandembrace such un-Russified householdsappreciatedthewomen’ soldiers didnotknowhowtor were mostly ethnicRussians.However,thewomen sawthisasapositiveaction keep inmind thatnotallsoldierswereUkra Once again,religiousand nationaltraditionswere Rostyslava FedakaSouizUkrainokmember, relatesasimilar story. Interview with Hamyk. Interview with Fedak. Interview Easter bread with Hamyk. Interview with Fedak. Interview came with us for the blessing. the blessing. usfor came with them ne in that traditional witheverything baskets where traditions could not not be could saved. There were traditions where some and sortofa risen” of“Jesus, There has stitches were fromdesign. eastern boys parts the We even had girls embroider traditional towels to cover the baskets. They were simple, afew extra portions for the soldiers. the for portions extra the tofillnext brought firstbut for years people The werealittlelost them. people year, home. People were very giving. We wrote a sign near a church and with huge baskets we waited We wanted for thesoldiers to feel some sort Easter baskets for the army baseswas onlya Soui extra bake to women asked we sponsors, found We not areligiousorna eact butthevillageboys be made. Theestablishment of 78 80 81 Onlythosefrom thevillagesandthosewhogrewupin itution, thearmy, andto inian andChristian,esp of a holiday, some warmth anda piece oftheir Day isnotevenahistoric ng yearwith astrongerpositive reactionfrom a lot a lot militarybases. of On Easterwebrought tional holiday,eventhough some ofthese z Ukrainok project with the help of priests. ofpriests. help the with project Ukrainok z s gestures.SouizUkrainokhopedthatthe eded to be blessed toa military base. Priests inflictedon asecularinstitution. Onemust pasky sk toestablishMother’sDay.Itis weretouched.Theyremembered their 79 (plural) and girls to paint suchaholidayisperfect reestablish asenseof ecially theofficerswho , “inthebeginning al tradition thus claims pysanky.

because itwas because 54

CEU eTD Collection issues. Astheirpredecessorsdid,they placed 83 82 Yaroslava Yasnyska describesthefirstMo home cityofSambir. TheconstructionofMother’sDaywas fi mothers and ofmany children.Rostyslava organizations hosted. why government officialsweresuspicious sounds likeasecularholiday,thanwhy didMosc level.” us andtookpartinfundingit. highly elevated.Itwasverynicebecausemany SouizUkrainokinitiatedMother’sDay. explains, “Moscownoticeditright reveals thelackoffeministthoughttheyhad movement wastoreestablishmorale intheat instead perceivedthemselves asnational because otherwise they would tryto reform theSovietexploited Women’s Day.However,they not seethemselvestransforming fromstrong example ofhow women perceivedthemselves Interview with Fedak. Interview with Sapelyak. Interview 82 mothers. these to all this clothes and brought collected found asponsors who would fund a bag of flour, a bag of sugar and a bag of oatmeal… we because of the economic crisis,buteveryone gave poverty. We allhadnothing extreme in those and children multiple of We aimed atmothers such thingsas and women’s perfume and money factories, collected and goods fromsponsors andpeople. Factoriesout gave We invited mothers ofnineormore toalocal children auditorium.Wewenttoall Once again,thesewomen Once knewtheconse

It wasnotveryeasytorenew awaywheninLvivforthe mothers whosemission intheindependence ther’s DayinherLviv neighborhood. of anyeventWestern Ukrainianwomen’s at thetime orany driv heist andcorruptCommuni Soviet women tostrongdemocratic women children’s mothers were children’s clothes. These the national cause abovethe feministcause. during theindependencemovement. Theydid OksanaSapelyak,theheadofunion, rst aimed atpovertystrickenwomen, single stores, factories,theate what they could: cans, pasta, rice etc… We ow protest? Theremustow protest? havebeenareason quences suchaholidaywouldbring.It Fedakdepictstheorganizationofitinher 83 it… Moscowprotestedonevery first time thisholiday wasso e topromote women’s rs etccooperatedwith st structure. This 55 CEU eTD Collection religious and cultural holidays because theysawitasreturning theUkrainian moral tothe national movement evolvedwomen tookonagreat 84 religious holidaysa Ukrainian identityto the MarianSocietyMyloserdiaandSouizUkra the firstmeetings ofpolitical saw themselves asmothers andkeepers ofnational andreligioustraditions.Therefore,when specifically atwomen whowouldbeableto Western Ukrainian womencouldnotacceptthat depiction ofwomen. Women’s Daywasaf Also, Women’s Dayisinternational andrunscontradictorytoward grow upwithanationalspirit.OnlyMother themselves asmartyrs ofthenationalstruggle,as Chumarna’s recollection oftheperformance reveals that the conservativewomen inLvivsaw landmark. ThepoetMariaChumarna recalls, Sapelyak managedtohostaMother’sDayc Besides thehumanitarian actions Interview with Yasnyska. Interview Women playedavitalroleinstrengthening they much suffered. how and women our on inflicted regime around with a candle. It was very emotional because I spoke of the devastation the Soviet forth between the choir and me on the dimmed light stage as the girl dressed in white walked work clothes read my poetry and between the intervals the choir would sing. It went back and together, with the choir and a friend’s daughter who was an actress… I dressed in my everyday auditorium entire The up. performers wereheld Oksana Sapelyak came running to me for help. The concert wasabout to begin but the first supportive husbands. We honored them. one room withelevenchildren.They probably never heardagood wordnor had extremely poor. Some weresopoorthat th nd traditions,suchas the public.Thiswasdonethroughth agitation wereabolished,women activists,suchasmembers of

, therewereactionsaimed forthegeneralpublic.Oksana vertepy, oncert intheLvivOperaHouse,acentral ’s Dayassociatedwomen withnationalism. situate themselves intheUkrainian identity. 84 ey slepton thefloor on haymattresses in inok, tookinitiativetoreturnthesenseof was filled. Quickly we managed toact an put wemanaged Quickly was filled. . TheMother’sDaycelebration wasaimed mothers whoriskeditall for theirchildren to filiated withamajo Saint NicholasDayandEaster.Asthe er roleindevelopi and growthofthemovement becausethey 85 e reestablishment ofnationaland s thenationalandChristian r Sovietholidayand ng andstandardizing 56 CEU eTD Collection 85 movement andlateranimportant Sovietized public.Theybelievethatthis Interview with Chumarna. Interview characteristic innationbuilding. moral wasthebaseneededforindependence 57

CEU eTD Collection into agenuinelysovereignrepubl economic, social,culturalandecolo The Rukhprogramme,inscope,“calledfo broad 86 of Perestroikain the officialstepstopublishadraftprogramme government’s severesuppression.OnFebruary different culturalandsocial the opposition’ssituationonmacr and theeducationsystem. politics. Furthermore, itwillex interviewees became politically were overwhelmingly electedtocityand seats intheUkrainianSupreme Council.In equality, andabetterhealth system. Rukh also freedom andreligion,th ofspeech prisoners andthelegalprosecutionoftheirpers and calledfor theformal recognition of Stalinist programme explainedthatthe Ukraine hadtherighttodetermine theirownde Nahaylo, 172. Nahaylo, Prior togetting intothe micro history of In theMarch1990elections,Rukh’sDemocra Literaturna Hazeta, organizations underone bannerof opposition failedbecause ofthe

state shouldworkforthepeople,andnotother wayaround, amine thechanges women brought involved andelected,whatmade successfulin them ic andalaw-governedstate.” e endofnomenklatura’s privile gical spheres,theaim ofwhichwastotransform Ukraine a weekly o level.Inthesummer of1988,thefirstattempts tounite Women andPolitics oblast Lviv andotherwestern CHAPTER FIVE fortheUkrainianPopularMovement inSupport emphasizedequalcitizen newspaperoftheWriters’ UnionofUkraine. councils.Thischapte ecutors. Itdemanded socialreforms suchas stiny andRukhwouldpromotetheserights.The 16, 1989,literati,supportedbydissidents,took the interviews, abrief summary willexplain crimes. Ithopedtosee r fundamental changesinthepolitical, * tic Blocwonaresp

86 Itstatedthatthepeopleof ges, endofcorruption, greater on, specifically inthearmy cities, Rukh’scandidates r willdiscusshowthe the releaseof political ship ofalltheethnic ectable amount of 58 CEU eTD Collection collective farmers. representatives 85%wereUkrainian,72%hadhighereducation,10%workersand2.5% 89 88 87 Democratic Blocinordertobringtheopposition demonstrations andopenletterstothepress.” propose new legislation,usepublic CPU of economic problems couldonlybesolvedthrough Ukrainian language,nationalcustomsandtouphol Ukraine lackingworkingclassassociation female. Ukraine. Outofallthede from Western Ukraine,35% from Central regi had greaterpopulationsthanthos present. 9 Jews,6Poles,Belarusians,2Armenians, congress 1,109electeddelegatesrepresented1,24 Kyiv from the8 Communist waybasedon minorities livingonUkrainianterritory.Atthesame Ibid. Kuzio &Wilson, 111. 217. Nahaylo, Ukraine: PerestroikatoIndependence, 90 , thegovernment andotherorganizations,bu In November1989Rukh,representingfortyindependentorganizations,formed a Against alloddsanddrastic 89 87 Thecongressrevealedthatamale dominate Itwasanunevenrepresentation th tothe10

88 Duetoheavyindustry,centraland legates, rangingbetweentheag Leninist principles. th ofSeptember1989.Itsmembership grewto280,000andatthe

e ofWestern Ukraine.However, pressure andinfluence,confer changes, Rukh formed andheld changes, Rukhformed explain thatRukhwantedto“co-operatewiththe characterized Rukh.Rukhsoughttorevive of therepublicbecauseamong theRukh and 7othernationalgroups 91 ons andonly15%from easternandsouthern struggle tothepoliticaltable.Therunningof 7 broadgroups;994Ukrainians,77Russians, political change.KuzioandWilson, authors d human rights.Delegatesbelievedthatthe t alsoputforwardcandidatesinelections, time, thefirstdraftpr d intelligentsiafrom WesternandCentral southeastern regionsoftheRepublic es of25and35,only10%were halfofthedelegateswere ences, publications,pickets, aninaugurationcongressin ’ representativeswere oposed todothisina 59 CEU eTD Collection 92 91 90 deputies ofeither second, political,phase;notinsu been maintained bythemintheprivatesphere identity of theirchildren. Theirmain goalwastopublicly revive thenational morale, whichhad since theysawthemselves asmothers, whosedut politics. The initialstage oftheindepende make macro changes.Onemay wonderhowwo This political phaseismoreimportant because of theindependencemovement fromitscultural institutional resour because “forthefirsttime, the retained itscontrolofeasternandsouthernUk Democratic BlocacquiredtotalcontrolofthreeWesternUk elected 373wereCommunist. system. TheDemocratic Blocmanaged toobt Supreme Council wasaturningpoint for therepublic because itwasacreation of amultiparty the mobilized opposition intheMarch 1990electionsforanewUkrainian Parliament–the memories basedontheoutcomes. mind thattheyhaveseentheresultsofthei these female deputiesperceivedthei Ibid., 125. Kuzio &Wilson, 112. Communist Party of Ukraine All oftheinterview The briefsummaryofRukhevolutionintoapo raion ces at its command.” its ces at , city, ees spokeoftheMarch1990electi oblast 92 opposition hadafoothold inthest Localelections wereheldatthesame timeandthe ch greatnumbers asmen, butsevenoftheinterviewees were r roleinpoliticsseventeenyear or Supreme council.The interviewswilldemonstrate how 93

nce movement hasbeenembraced byLvivwomen, r workandcanreevalua raine. ThiswastheendofCPU’smonopoly ain 25-30%oftheseats.Out442deputies itgavetheopposition thepowertoformally of thehome. Women alsoparticipatedinthe men fit intothemale dominated worldof revival stageintoitssecond,political,phase. y itwastopreserve th litical forcedemonstratesthetransition rainian provinces,whileCPU ons asaturningpointforthe ate, andsome control overthe te andconstructtheir s after.Onehastokeepin e religiousandnational 60

CEU eTD Collection 94 93 Sapelyak remembers, movement. Fourintervieweesexplainhowandw were ableto enterpolitics becauseof their visible involvement inthe firststageofthe were themost popularcandidates,andtheyalso meetings andrallies.Itisthesepeoplethey Hentosh’s abovedemonstration Hentosh, aneducator,recalls, who shouldberecommended forthe government. Inthe1989preparationforelections opposition. Rukhpromoted itsmembers ascandid they associatemen withpolitics.Thiswasadisadvantageforwomen. candidate wererecommendedbyRukhpeoplemore likely tovote forthemale because people aremorelikelytovoteformenthanwo However, Yaroslava Yasnyskabrought upagood either orbecauseitwasnotforacommuni Thus, whenpeopleranitwasagainstasimilar democraticcandidate. people wouldvoteforthem. However,Rukhreco the inadequate CPU.Forwomen thiswasaturni candidates because theybelieved Rukhwouldbeable tocarryoutthenecessaryreform, unlike Interview with Hentosh. with Hentosh. Interview Ibid., 126. Lviv inhabitantsbecame familiar withth the in newspaper the listswerepublished Prior toelection, Rukh was so great… so was Rukh influence. People just voted for the delegates the delegates for just voted People influence. Lviv inhabitants should vote vote for the national democratic people that Rukh recommended. There were lists of the people 94 for; no campaign was needed becauseRukh had such a huge reveals thatWestern Ukrainia raion st butaRukhrecommendedpro-democrat. , city, saw asfutureleaders.Thosewhospokeatrallies recommended in their districts. The strength of men.” Therefore,ifafemale andamale includedwomen. Mostoftheinterviewees e orators oftheceaseless anti-Communist oblast ng pointbecauseiftheirname wereonthelist , Rukhactivelyprepared listsofdelegates hy theyenteredtheworldofpolitics.Oksana mmended oneortwopeopleforeachpost. point; she said,“thereisabarrierbecause ates inalllevelsanddivisionsofthe andparliamentary elections.Oksana Viche , calling on the people to vote and and to vote the people , calling on ns eagerlyvotedforRukh’s Peoplewouldvotefor 61

CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 confront theCommunist educati Hentosh also regardsherself asthe candidate of perceived asthetruth.Hentosh remembers, understands hersuccessbecauseof abilityto problems. Hercivicinvolvement leftatradem deputy. Shestoodoutamongsthermale peerswithherspeechesandabilitytoresolve been avisibleoratorasshewasaskedtobe did notsetusfreefrom Sovietmode.” the not bringonchangesthatshehopedforinhero herself astellingthe truth. Late successful speeches.Sapelyakunderstandsthe that itwasnot herwhoinitiallywanted togo Sapelyak creditsher speechesforgettingelected Interview with Hentosh. with Hentosh. Interview Ibid. with Sapelyak. Interview charge did not appreciate. charge did meetings andconferences. I would always raise organization called an Iheaded higher positions… in people those with disagreed and up stood constantly I wasinjustice, Ifthere level of the deputies… on reallywork that could people active many I was recommended because of the Rukh branch in our college. Atthat tim Oksana Hentoshreasonsforenteringpolitics speech” and I said “no,that’s wh handy. Once a man toldme aftermy speech inwhat I saidcame myfaith and pretty my work in words Myeducational found stage. just on context and then gave aspeech. After all my be and the focus of the assembly orthe problems at hand. Thus, I first oriented myself in the me. I never prepared my speechesahead of ti them that it wasnot good for Ukraine to belong to the USSR. The KGB watched but did not touch Itold for independence. advocated Ukraine’s and me. truth invited the I told they and speeches currently named gave and the different conflicts I resolved. They asked me. I was chosen as the head of the Everyone knew me and I did nothave to run. I met withpeople onthe graves of heroes. That Lychakivskyi raion Profspilka Profspilka 97

r onsheexplainedthattellingth on system whentherewerediscrepancies. Laterinthe for ten years at our college. I was very active at pedagogue at I think”… Iwas electedtothe in Lviv. in 96 acandidateandwithout AccordingtoSapelyak’smemory, shemusthave 95 into politics; shewas askedbecause ofher speeches somehow the conflicts were resolved… I They remembered me fromthe various speeches I “wow, youturned that mebecause Inever knew ark onthepublicbecausetheyelectedher. success ofherspeeches because she perceived ffice. Sapelyakwasconvincedthat“thetruth is where people met onholidays.They heardmy very important and hard issues that people in truth andjustice.Shespoke of herabilityto standupand notbeafraidtotellwhatshe . Sheconstructsthehistoryinsuchamanner is similar toSapelyak’sstory,shealso raion e truthgotherelectedbutitdid into such asuccessful whothe audience would council where I lived. I where lived. council campaigning became a e, there were notthat 62 CEU eTD Collection 98 struggle startedforUkraine’sindepe in theSovietsystem. allotherfreedoms Also, werelimited. Sowhenin1988, thewaveofa explains, “Iwasborntodeporte must havestoodoutamongst herpeers. the past.ThestudentsandotherssawHentoshas according to thememories, thereispromotion of she explainedwithpride.Asaresult,He initiators ofherpolitical discriminatory reactiontheiractivismbrought Hentosh had astrongrelationship withher Rukh. Hentoshrecallsthecloserelationshipshehadwithstudents. Communist Partymembers, and the dissatisfactionofschool’sadministration, whichwaspredominantly composed of students pushedherintoit.Sh Therefore, sheunderstoodherabilitytosolelyc interview sheexplainedthatwassometime as thereasons forwhyshewaschosen asacandidate. Ibid. Doctor OreslavaHamyk haddi their rights. supported usually came tome after the director scolded them for consultation and understanding. I theystudents that The alsothreatened behavior continue… graduateand will not iftheir would accused me of stirring up national feelings in the the Rukhmeetings with them. Th all to went and the students with stillworked afew Some werescareduspedagogues of people but Hentosh remembers thatshedidnotinitia career.“They evenwent doorto 98

e hadsupportedtheRukhbranchincollegeshetaughtto d parents,andIalwaysknewth who discriminated againstth e director (her boss) constantlyboss) e director(her ndence, Ifeltrightawaythatin fferent reasonsforjoining ntosh herselfdidnotdo students becauseoftheircommon causeand on. Thus,sheperceivesthestudentsas s theonlyonewhostooduptobureaucracy. onfront theothersidean students. Students were called outtotheoffice awoman becauseofhercivicinvolvement in te thedecisionbutth aleader, andtoreceive thatrecognition she door tellingpeople tovote forme” ose studentswhopartookin threatened tofire me. He at my careerwouldnotadvance and forbeingelected.She much campaigning.Again, thatsphereIwouldbeable at herfriendsand d hersenseofjustice 63 CEU eTD Collection 100 99 ability toanswer questions trut She liststhisasoneofthemajor reasonswhyshewon.Thesecond reasonsheregardswasher other twocandidates.Shepromoted thesame cause Hamyk believesthatshewontheelectionsbecau speaks abouthercampaign, elections. Hamyk creditshersuccesstoabilitytellwhatshepercei Lviv; unliketheaboveinterviewees, shecampa officially registeredorganizati actively intheregionalheadqua She joinedRukhandopenedupabranchinthesa to realize myself.” personal gainsifanindependent her careercouldgrow.Shewas romanticized. ShejoinedRukhbecauseshesaw Hamyk wasnotassweptupintheopposition’ exposed toLviv’scultural intelligentsia that

Interview with Hamyk. Interview Ibid. think that is why people voted truth. for me. voted the is people Ispoke that why think colleague but my enemy. However, I continued to tell the same thing in my future speeches and I candidates said avery unpleasant thing in front of the audience. He said that he is not my Prosvita candidates joined me in one of my campaigns and when I spoke those words one of the enemies.Allofadvo not us were colleagues make one they platform,will not have and a mistak candidate that the two Itold other people position… questions that I remembered is why do doctors take bribes? I gave them examples of how others After my campaign speeches numerous questions were asked... I am adoctor and one of the I wasthe only woman running…. I wonin the se the Communist Party. Thus, whoever from Prosvita spoke first he or she would get all the votes. It was an intense struggle because from Prosvita there were three other candidates and many from As otherfemale politicians, Hamyk became knownforheractivism onthe local level. 99 Hamykisadoctorfrom atouristtownintheLviv

on ofRukh,asonethreecandida hfully. Hamyk givesanexample rters. Therefore,hername wasrecommended byProsvita,an the onlyoneofinterviewees Ukraine wastoberealized. formed theoppositionlike Sapelyakand Hentosh. cate againstthe corrupt system. Once the two s ideals; therefore, herreasons areless igned fulltime forhalfayearpriortothe cond round of elections se shewasnot confrontationalagainst the it asawaytocreatenewsystem inwhich nitarium sheworkedat.Shealso e if they choose either one of us because we one us because of either choose e ifthey s that ran against me against froms that and ran I all Prosvita asherrivalsdidbut 100 thatexpressedthehopeof tes fortheDistrictCouncilin because of my honest oblast. Shewasnotas did notdiscreditthem. ved asthetruth.She 64 CEU eTD Collection

102 101 movement whenvictorywaspredictable because was oneofthemany partymembers whoswitchedovertoRukhlater to thenewdemocratic andnationalforces.Itsh understood thepowerofopposition.Shewas a government officials,whoasaninsiderwasvery national characterofLvivandherselfbecame a here inLvivforsixteenandahalf Ukraine. Lyaskovskawasgreatlyinfluencedby difficult becauseofMoscow’scontrol.Shee Lyaskovska wassuccessfulintheSoviet system she switchedovertoRukh. already heldapolitically were visible becauseshe waselectedoverthetw people. UnlikeHentoshandSapelyak,Hamyk had Hamyk promotedherhonestyinpoliticalwork. Interview with Lyaskovska. Interview Ibid. understand. will honestly,people people the theywith me me. therefore speaks chose understood Ifone especially those that go through six years of schooling and one year of unpaid internship. People income, acomfortable have should see themallprofessions only doctors. Itold that they do them why asked I candy. want anyone’s like my candy and children for left money enough pay was and that I had two children to feed, clothes, and house. I told themthat I did not have even construction workers take ridiculous bribes. I honestly told people the truth. How low my dependedon Moscow justthrough work. of makeinone Lviv’s even policies. describe the Ican’t smallest muchhow alternation we to necessary documents allthe to Iflewfivecollect Lviv, to times then aday Moscow and to back and toKyiv to fromMoscow, there back then toKyiv me and travel to required work sometime Moscow. howmuch by Iknew we My insiderwere Asan politburo governed of independent…. time. time; along that Ifeltfor long that would Itwassomething Ukraine become Iknew that itsimplywe wasaand waited There wassomething wanted nationalismwave and of for a The most interesting exampleofawoman in 101 administrative positionintheSoviet

years andallthisUkrainianism.” 102

nvisioned greaterself-rul ould alsobetakenintoconsiderationthatshe national patriot.Lyaskovska wasoneofthose , althoughshe claims thatherworkwasmade Shesawherselfaswinningthetrustof o male candidates also her surroundingassheexplains“Ihavelived aware ofthesituationinSovietUnionand the entire Sovietinfrastructure was inthe product of theSovietsystem loyal butfelt to runforoffice,butherleadershipqualities politics isofViraLyaskovska becauseshe infrastructure. Sherecallswhy 103 in theindependence Shewassweptupinthe e intheindependent recommended byRykh. 65 CEU eTD Collection 103 them toenterpolitics.Hamyk wastheonlyone positions werealmost giventothem; itwasothers whosuggestedandlaid outthecarpet for campaigning forherdeputyposition,whileSapelyak framed inamoreunpredictableatmosphere DoctorHamykwasexposedtoasmaller circleofculturalin hometown outsideofLviv.Outallthein tell thetruth. All thewomenspokeofspecialcharacteristicsth everyone couldtaketheriskof everyone wasconditionedbydissidentliterature not willingtostandupforjustice.Unfortuna their senseoffairnessandhonestysawthemse because theytooktheriskofl therefore couldtaketherisk sacrifice their careers and totakeupcivicworkfulltime. Theyhadsupportive families, Communist administration, especial dissidents and cultural intelligentsia, and democratic nation.Twoofthem, interviewees advocatedtruthasameans tobattl national patriot. involvement in Rukhlesscredible, maybe more process ofcollapsing.Therefore, thismight Ibid. The fourabovecasesareexamples ofwhyandhowwomen enteredpolitics.The of loosingtheirjobs.They oosing theirjobsbyconfrontingofficials. Theyfullyreliedon loosingtheirjob,whichperhap Oksana SapelyakandHe ly intheacademic sphere.Bothwomenwerereadyto had experiencestanding . Shewastheonlyonewhospokeabout terviews, herdescripti make hertestimony ofhergenuineintent tely, bothofthem faile e thecorruptsystem andabaseforbuilding sobecausesheavidly insisted onbeing a whospokeabouthowan independentUkraine andintellectualwork,furthermore not ey possessed,theirboldnessandtheabilityto lves aboveotherswhoweretooafraidand andHentosh recollectionsconveythatthe perceived themselves honorable s wastheirfamily’s livelihood. up toandquestioning on ofthelate1980swas ntosh wereinthecircleof d torealizethatnot tellectuals inher 66

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two spheresbroughtmonumental changesth Ukrainian identity,andpushforthecreationof 104 the corruption onalllevels inthecurrent state. time. Theyknowtheoutcome Ukrainian ofthe in educationandarmy reconstruction.Throughe participated inthedecision-making Catholic ChurchandvotedtoreturnSaintGe Among otherchanges,inApril1990,theLvivCity named streetswererenamed ones.The toUkrainian taken weretheacceptance ofUkrainian symbols, su in thehands oftheoppositionafter reinstalling Ukrainianidentity a interviewees perceivedthattheirsens be, hernational consciousness iftheoppositio One wondersifLyaskovskawouldhaverisked only hadtomake aswitchtotheoppositionfront. would affectherlifepersonally.Lyaskovska, 1990: A Look Back: Ukraine in Transition Transition in A Look Back: 1990: Ukraine At thesame time, theinterviewees reflected ontheir political workthrough thelens of by vandals. smaller in the and towns Kolomyia west Chernivtsi, Ternopil, Lviv, the citiesofChervonohrad, the summer fallmonths in and throughout down As the flags went up in the spring the monuments of Vladimir Lenin, founder of Bolshevism, went capital. asfareastthe several Ukrainian smaller towns citiesand and many ofthe towns in Lviv Oblast, Ternopil, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kiev, and Zhytomyr and Lviv in buildings: their council the above and raised flag flag national Ukrainian blue-and-yellow Among their first acts, many of the new city and oblast councils voted to legalize the outlawed Once electedandinvolvedinpoliticsfull 104

nd moralinthepublic’sconscious their landslidevictory inWest process ofallthereforms. However,mostoftheirworklay e oftruthbroughtth at furtherpromoted opposition’spower. orge’s Cathedral toit.Women politicians n had notaccumulated power. Allfour anational army. Theirinvolvement inthese unlike theotherswasal Theyexpressedfeeling of failurebecausethey the switchandfollowed,whatsheclaimed to system andexpresseddeepdisappointment of time, women continuedtheirmission of ducation theysoughtto HerreasoningwassovereigntyforUkraine. ern regions,either lo by Council restored ch astheflagandtrident, andSoviet- Ukrainian Weekly em intopolitics. ern Ukraine.Thefirst steps ness. InLvivthepowerwas all therights cal official decreecal or ready inpolitics;she reported, reestablish asenseof of theGreek 67 CEU eTD Collection 1991 thedaycarecenters inour Yaroslava Yasnyska spokeofthereform inthe children’s daycarecentersinLviv.“In1990- the changesineducation, be takentoinsurethatthenewgenerationwoul curriculum. Educationwasperceivedasthesoci undermine theirperceptionofachi individuals awayfrom thepubliclyacceptableco education reforms. Today,theyvieweducationas understanding ofthesituationinUkraineexplai in thatindividual…Thenourna not setaSovietpersonfree.Itwilltakeyearsto many years tobreakitapart.” Sapelyak explains thatthere iscorruption because “the truth will Sapelyak ontheotherhandstated“theSoviet Ukrainian replacements forthem. Wecould should havedismissed them allthereandthen. in allbranches ofsociety whowereabletosu independent Ukraine.They blame thecontinua Hentosh andSapelyaksuggestedth were notabletocontrolandsuppressthecorrupt newcurriculums tothe adjust and tolearnUkrainian them months three gave sowe cause to our out who were devoted population speaking theRussian toleave want not did we gluebacktogether history.ourIt wasvery in which journals weprovided the textbooks, new for waited schools While written. were books administrators. The curriculum waschanged. The geography of Ukraine changed. New history received languageclassesandpeda In Lviv there were 47 Russian schools and after the reforms only seven were left… Teachers In 1990,criticaleducation reforms tookplace raion tion wouldtrulybedemocratic.” at thecorruptionofSovietsyst gogy/ psychology classes. We started celebratingEaster andChristmas. We the asked evement intheindependencemovement. have; thereweresomany talentedpeople…” Unionisahugemountainanditwilltakeus cceed afterindependence. Hentoshexplains “we interesting work. Teachers formed societies... We d haveaUkrainianidenti tion ofcorruptiononCommunistadministrators ns whytheintervieweesspokeofmoral and We wereafraidthatwewouldnotfindpro- reestablishinternal laws ion whentheyhadthechanceinbeginning. alization ofanewgenerationandstepshadto rruption. Furthermore, theircurrentviews ameans toreinstall “internallaws” toguide orienting towardsaUkrainiancentered fired alltheiconic Soviet Asaresult,theircurrent em prospered in acapitalistic . ty. Kalynetsrecalls orsome sortofmoral 105 68 CEU eTD Collection 107 106 105 hunger strikeinwhichHentos mission tofindjusticeforthestudents. punishment studentsreceivedforparticipation examples ofthecorruptionthattookplaceondiffer bureaucracy anditscorruptiondiscrimina experiencing demonstrations everyday.ShespokeaboutadeeplyrootedanddedicatedSoviet led aprivatebattleagainst thecollege’s admi traditions.” children tobring special holiday food a this astheonly waytoinsureaUkrainian future. because reforms hadagreaterinfluence ontheyounger generation.Women politicianssaw which teachers hadonly threemonths tolearn,wasanimportant stepinnation building and non-ethnicUkrainianpopulation.Thechange education administrators soughtswiftreforms. centers, beganpromoting Christianholidays.It 1990: A Look Back: Ukraine in Transition Transition Ukraine A Look in Back: 1990: with Yasnyska Interview with Kalynets. Interview nationalization of Communist Party property. on tocreateacommission and borders, militarythe republic's voluntary service beyond on ifthe multi-party elections and it,to 1991 results demand Parliamentthe in of vote passthe laws uphold the students' demands. The Supreme Soviet to the resolved Parliament in majority an overwhelming and as primeon October 17 minister and massi strikes hunger student to In capitulation followed. became thefocus of attention in The student camp ortent city at the front of the Lenin monument on October Revolution Square borders. the republic's beyond treaty, union a of new rejection property, Party Communistof the spring, inthe nationalization elections Masol, newPrime multi-party Minister of resignation the Parliament: in Council National the by similardemanded tothose demands On October 2 some 150 students from various Ukrainian cities declared a hunger strike on alist of Oksana Hentoshhadadifferentexperiencein 106 Yasnyska,whoafewyearsearlierwas h’s studentsparticipated. Kiev and throughoutthe republic nd explainedthemeanings behinddifferent The UkrainianWeekly nistration inside thewalls,whileLvivwas 107 tion againststudents.Hentoshgavemany in nationaldemonstrationsandonewoman’s and the return of all Ukrainian the soldiers return ofallUkrainian and from wasarapidturnaroundof It wasadifficulttime fortheRussianspeaking ve protests Mr. Masol submitted his resignation resignation his submitted Mr.Masol protests ve inLviv’sschools’curriculum andlanguage, voted to hold a referendum on confidence in confidence on areferendum to hold voted ent levels.Onethatwillbeexamined isthe regardstoeducation.Asalecturershe installing Communist during the dramatic eventsthat summarizes thestudents’ ideology.Women as ethics indaycare 69

CEU eTD Collection 108 the onlyonewhostoodup againstaninjusti shows awoman single-handedlytakeonanentire way shecouldbecause she feltthatthestudents we administrators weretough tofindreplacements fo education wasmuch hardertoreformbecause not supportedbytheiruniversities,withthe Hentosh experiencewithCommunistdominated higherinstituti Hentosh recallsthediscrimination againstthosestudentswhoparticipated Interview with Hentosh Interview wereinvestigat they they returned course… When who I knew very well. They were on their last se allof students to get alltheir participated; demands. Eleven they inKyiv,managed which strike in hunger instudent participated that in, there college I worked brotherhood At the was a student would not be able to graduate orreceive high ma students. was the final straw – Icould not work with Co outside laterand screamed atthem about how it it.Took pricefor the I truth to pay scared afterthat… justice and wanted and Iwaswilling they did not even want to give me the floor but I was a deputy andmade them. Everyone was so awaywith alone,I get this this, they will not leave three the or of yestheywilleat meus. Iam But, ifIam this.” but for one ready just I not would two to eatthe beable not they would than Isay truth said what is the and that up stood and coward apart and stamp you down.” Ireplied “yes, b sat withtheir heads down. My colleaguestoldme that“can’tyous still havealot of workahead of us. I guess this speechwas nota waste of time becauseeveryone way. we the corrupt Isaidthat in Soviet old It stillfunctioned aredemanding. people the outside university does not have a single reform, it does not even have a scent of national democracy, as conference explaining the injustice ingrades and threats against the students. And how the department and I was forced to leave... Later, I gave acontroversial speech at a pedagogue would be done to make sure I would leave. Th allow me to properly function in the college. They told me that I am dangerous and everything happened. From then on there were too many people and things set against me. They did not their own people through for the second review, all my efforts were a waste because nothing Another committee for review was established. The process took a long time, they managed to get movement. in theiractive the role for in thesewere Culture, students that of punished Kyiv happened everywhere. I was to make sure it stopped. I explained everything to Dzuba, Minister Kyiv’sseveral administrativeletter to departments. I told mind… him I my this, that drop will not w day hereceivedmorningthe 4…Thein next Iran the advisors agreedthatthis wasanexcellent jo since they were threatened…. At firstall Ihappen this would knew markhe deserved. than lower who were very active,in the spring were defendi tohelp Itried the cityparliament. in deputy scare people. They came tomewith 108

all of this, they trusted me andthought I could help them asa ce thatcouldhavebeeneasily overlooked. exception ofafewfacultymembers. Higher them with all my strength. Two boys, A-students, boys, A-students, Two allmystrength. them with ecause Iam alone,butifone ofyou was not a theRussianandpro-Sovietfaculty top they fell underneath Communist influence… this mmunists andcowards... Iwassadtoleave my ey cut the subjects that I was teaching fromthe b and deserves a 5 (A)… However, at the end of ill see to another board of evaluators and wrote a wrote and evaluators of board ill seeto another ng theirthesis. One ofthem receiveda 4(B) a rks for their hooliganism. mester of either the third of the fourth, final, final, mester fourth, the ofthe third either of to theto director’s office ed by the director and the director ed by r. Hentoshfoughttheadministration inevery had to tell them what tohad tellthemwhat I At really thought. first administration anditscorruptways.Shewas This form of injustice done to the students students to the done form injustice This of re cheatedoutofadeservedgrade.This on revealsthatstudentswere ee, they areabout to chew you threatened thatthey and gave him apieceof Allthis was done to inthehungerstrike. 70 CEU eTD Collection 109 only serveonUkrainian territories. Thegroupwa place pressure onthegovernment forthecreation ofanational army inwhichsoldiers wereto Army toovasttoconfront theproblem. Theyformed aCommittee of Soldiers’ Mothers to war inAfghanistanandtocleanupnuclearwast discrimination andabuses.Furthermore,Ukrain republics otherthantheonefrom whichtheyoriginatedthusmaking themmore proneto Mothers mobilized inresponseto before, womenweregreatlyaffectedbytheSovi oblast that theCommunistsystem triedtoremove. Hentosh useeducationasaform ofnationbuilding butmore soofreinstallingChristianvalues, interviewees continuetoworkintheeducat replacements for,therefore, making itthe most reform becausetheRussianandpro-Soviet facu government control.Hentoshspokeofthehighe grammar and secondaryschoolreform,whichwere childcare centers reveals thatthetransformati Hentosh persistedtotheenduntil that therewere those whowere in theprocessshelostherjob.However, much asshefoughtthecollege’sadministrators Ibid. haveChristianethicsbuild Women weretheoneswho primarily achieve The highertheeducation themore difficultit

“willing tostandupforjustice.” theharassment theirsonsexperienced.Soldiersservedin asecondadvisorywouldreevalua into theircurriculum duetoHentoshandYasnyska’swork. ional sphere.Today,Yasnyska,Sapelyakand on wasswiftandpainless. Currently, all publicdaycare centers in theLviv attempts showedherbraveryandothers difficultinstitutiontoreform. Mostofthe lty andtopadministrators weretoughtofind e atChernobyl.Women resisted. Herstruggleprovedunsuccessfuland ian soldiersweredisp et Army becausetheirsons servedinit. r levelinstitutionsasthemostdifficultto s basedinKyivanddidnot havenational, relativelymanageable becausethey relyon d reforms inthearmy. Asmentioned was toreform. Yasnyska’sexample of 109 te thestudent’swork.As atched totheunpopular Kalynetsspokeof perceived theSoviet 71 CEU eTD Collection 112 111 110 The connectionLyaskovska feltto this issue wa Lyaskovska facedgreatopposition from Moscow.Shedescribes, explains howitwashandled, it andhadto dealwithboth sides,the soldie It became an epidemicShe, asanadministrator, as Lyaskovskasuggested. wasconfrontedwith explains, taking place there.ViraLyaskovska, whoin1990 religious or cultural initiatives. Ibid. Ibid. with Lyaskovska. Interview feelings in order not to get an unpleasant reaction from them. options and left with nothing.” I had to be careful with these people and not fully express my history as a reasonable person. He leftand the in Union. demand togo fromdown in This bethis populations able way he would allthe Russi The will notchange. that we(I) result was to serve on boys want it. ifthese problem than itsownterritorywhat is the SSRhas takes place? The Ukrainian hazing problem is,wherethe beatings these boys received… Iasked him whyishe his chest because he was seen as a the harassment they went through. For example, one boy showed how his cross was branded on me showed and boystold These soldiers. Ukrainian young the doneto abuse the about examples desertedtheir other posts?I explained to himtheywhyescaped. Ihadtens, no hundredsof land. Why should Ukrainians not be able to serve on their homeland too? Is it because they conversation asked him where his sons serve? Why do they get to serve in Russia, on their own I met with ageneral from Moscow who came “to set things right” and in a calm and decent locate fundsto support them, and soldiers who returned back to serve on their homeland. I had to reregister them, regroup them, community groups supported me andasked the parliament not to call them asdeserters but as Thanks to their honor the boys were not sent back… The Lviv City Council and different officers, whoaccepted these Ukrainian soldiers into and officersin Lviv we boys notto these for away out to figure had We in order to come here. they owned everything in traded They and poor. abused, hungry toLviv. They returned escaped Ukraine from allover children later and boysfrom Lviv only itwas First, groups. entire with then physical. Perhaps, it was due to the nationalmovement in Lviv. One by one they returned and Many boysleft Russia,thearmy, because of Western Ukrainebecame asafehaven fordese base where those boys were to be trained as re thousandandto wehadfind other baseswheretheycould servetheirterms… 110 re ethnicRussianand refused tounde

find them aplaceto live… Sout Bandera Bandera said he will never return because he “came with rs and theSoviet military administration. She and a believer and they were not. I told him about the the they were not. I told about him and a and believer the abuses, not only psychologicalabuses, not the ones butalso serves… Their numbers increased to more than a Hetried to convince me otherwiseand theend s veryemotional because shewasawitness be identified as deserters… All the commanders commanders asdeserters… Allthe be identified ans should take anexample from usand embrace was placedincharge ofthemilitary units, theirownranks on theRepublic’s territory. not setting thingsright notsetting rters becauseofthedemocratic changes rstand… I was ableto find decent 112 h of Lvivthere was an army where thewhere rootof 111 72 CEU eTD Collection barracks. deportation ofsoldierstothefrontlinesawar was awoman. Lyaskovskawasemotionally i 114 113 oblast nutritious food. Lyaskovkawasresponsible forall attention tolittledetails, suchasif their bedswerecomfortableoriftheyprovidedwith needs betterbecauseasamother shewasableto Lyaskovska feltgreatconcernforthesoldiers. Ukrainian SSR passed.Lyaskovskadescribe October.” national conflict suchasArmenia and Azerbaij resolution on military service whichdemands that soldiers totheirhome territorywassocolossal Moscow’s policymakers andmore abletocajole them. herstrongbackgroundintheS Dueto whom thesoldiers told their grievances to,a Interview with Lyaskovska. Interview The Tenth Anniversary Of Ukraine’s Independence: Independence: a timeline. , andinaddition,shefeltmore boys the and I spoke with branches military me, supported listened and they women, Ifelta stood out of line. And that was the end of it… there were never any problems…I was the only line stepout of boysto the asked SoI volunteers. words because they didnotexpect toencounter werelost assome withThey battle sort Whogave of meathim the orders? grenades. the under into toshoot how know even not that do these young boys take to right him the Who gave had? promised to stand right in front of the helicopter and not let it take off. I asked him what right he tohave want listen any do problem.not I should meifthey have? themthey I told that take off… is willnot one anywhere.I going plane was The right asked I what who did was I? And this Iwas alive or neither battle…seeing dead. them into Itold meat; besend the out like to no arrive the boys were waiting to board the helicopter in the warm sun. They were about to be used Caucasus, Armenian war… That moment Ijump frommy desk into a helicopter… When we the in lines front soldiers forthe up 110 to pick flew in thatfrom a Moscow helicopter reported A General came flying into my office from Chernivc 113 However,Moscowcontinuedtoapplypr

responsibleforthewellbeing , examined were they nd shewasalsotheoneinpowerwhocouldhelp oviet ArmedForcesshewasfamiliar with s howshehandledtheconfrontation. nvolved inherwork from the preventing She thoughtshewasabletounderstandtheir nd understood as a mother… I went to all the toallthe asamother… Iwent understood nd an" bereturned toUkrainian territory by that inJuly1990the this. Their response was thatthese boys were to making suretheywerecomfortableintheir takecareofthem betterthanaman. Shepaid them. TheadvocationtoreturnallUkrainian that was voluntarily agreeing to do this. No one to one this. No do agreeing that was voluntarily Ukrainian soldiers serving "inregions of the formalities ofthemilitary intheLviv ning army atrai was unit. there He i, where essure regardless of theresolutions the slept what theyate… of thesoldiersbecauseshe parliament adopted “a 114 73 CEU eTD Collection 115 dissident anddeputy,soughttotake the resultsoftheirpolicies.Kalynetsalso that daybecausethewomen wereabletodemons their demonstrations. The effectonthedecisi Kalynets’s example illustrates howwomen achieved theirgoalsbyusingemotional symbols in independent Ukrainianarmy. Kalynets, territories. Inearly1991,there responsible forsavingthelivesofhundreds may haveencountered iftheyweretobeta the deserters. Shewasableto to provideUkrainiansoldiers.Lyaskovska military men. Hercontribution tothe independen to dothis.Women playedamonu ones toorganizeandstandoutside Soldiers’ Motherswereresponsibleforthedemo if Kalynetsistakenout of thepicture, it showsthatmen triedto takeresponsibility Interview with Kalynets. Interview Lyaskovska’s military work revealsawoman wh Mothers), she asked me what theycandoto help That night I got aphone call from LiudmylaTrukhmanova (head of Committee of Soldiers’ We knew that the next day the Communists would use all forms to block such a development. cause of anindependent army. helped our Itabsolutely they go outside… could how women, in theeyesofthose look go to huge influence on the parliament that day and anytime arguments would start. We would tell them to a had Later die. this This children Khmara and demonstration tofor I laughed. take tried credit do not they their want theparliamentthat and telling ribbon candles black women in holding black army. Thenext day, I can’t tell you… It was scar She said it would be done and asked if they could bring portraits of their sons who died in the next morning before the parliamentmeets inbl

rehabilitate them andkeepthemfrom therepercussions thatthey were disputesovertheissueof 115 mental roleintheestablishment ofanationalarmy, further the parliament building.Itis credit fortheinfluentialdemons that Liudmyla Trukhmanovaandthe Committee of a deputyinthepa ken backtothearmy.Lyaskovskawasalso notesinthedescriptionthatStepan Khmara, a of soldiersbykeepingthem onUkrainian for women’s accomplishment. Itisobvious,even on processoftheparliament wasmonumental managed tosmooth outacontroversialissueof ack headscarvescandlesand peacebranches. with … I asked them to show up at the parliament the the parliament atthe … Iasked them show up to nstration. They hadtheresources,were y, the entire front of the building was filled with wasfilled with the of building front y, the entire trate tothedecision-make ce movement liesin the service she was able o wasabletoconfrontthemost rigid rliament, relates whetherornottocreatean doubtful thataman toldthem tration. Ifthisisthecase,

rs intheparliament 74 CEU eTD Collection However, theirpoliticalinfluencewasindispensable. 116 Women numberedasmallpercentageofde demonstration topersuadetheparliament to repercussions. Kalynet’sexample revealshowwo how shewasabletoformally rehabilitateth with theproblem becausedesertersescapedto the same maternal feelings towardstheabusedso within the Republics territories andbetter treatme soldiers’ mothers thatpushed for anindepende involvement inthearmy reforms notnationali was problem onthemacro level,whileHentosh explai harder toreplace Sovietspecialists and scholar secondary educationwaseasierto rewriting historyandtransfor education and military reforms. Ineducationthey continued toestablishasenseofmorality andnationalidenti perceived that their ability totell the truthcause discrediting theSovietarmyand Kuzio &Wilson, 111.

In conclusion,theexamples from theinte ming Russiantaughtschoolsinto

destabilizing theSovietUnion. reform thanhighereducation puties andonlytenpercentofRukhmembers. em andsavethemfrom furtherabusesor vote forthecreationofanindependentarmy. nt army whichwouldguarantee military service s. Kalynetsreveals howsheapproachedthe Lviv forasafehaven.Lyaskovskadescribed d them toenter politics.In politicsthey rviews reveal that ldiers. However,theyweremore confronted nt oftheirsons.Wome ns herattemptsonthemicro level.Women’s triedtoestablish Ukrainian curriculum with men usedvisualelements intheiremotional stically based.Itwasjusttheconcernof

ty. Theyconcentratedon Ukrainian.Elementary and institutions becauseitwas conservative women n from Lvivalsofelt 116

75 CEU eTD Collection against becauseshewasawoman butatthesa Lyaskovska wasalsoeagertose honesty, senseoftruth,bravery,honorandinIr personality thatdifferentiatedthem from the Onehastotakeintoconsideration the pe and herexperience.Alltheinterviewees em women inthemale worldof politics. because she wasawoman. Thechapter willclos or women’s issues.Ihadtoposethequesti like motherhood wasexpressed.However,not perception ofthemselves aswomen inpolitics.In allthe interviews feminist characteristics minority of politicianstherefore the chapter honorable because she refusedtoworkinsuchanunjustcontext. Hentosh explained, college administration,mentioned inchapterfi politics. OksanaHentoshrecoll These arethe characteristics whichthey perc This chapter willreveal howwomen perceived

straw – I could not work with Communists and cowards... and screamed at them about how they fell underneath Communist influence… this was the final and I later topaythe forit. truth wasprice itoutside and Took justice willing Iwanted that… want to give me the floor but I was a deputy and made them. Everyone was so scared after At firsteven tellthemIreally not Ito what they thought. did this, had awaywith get will not they alone, this leave not Iwould me this.” willeat for ifIam yes they I amready one but just no truththey would Isayisthe than that what said down.” I replied “yes, because Iam alone,butif one of you was not acoward andstoodup My colleagues toldme that“can’tyou see,th Because I was a Women in Politics Because Iwas aWomeninPolitics ection ofhowshewastheonly t herselfapartfromothers. on whetheraninterview will concentrateonindividual interviewee’s phasized thepeculiar characteristicsoftheir eived tomake themsuccessfulaswomen in general publicortheaveragewomen: boldness, CHAPTER SIX ey are abouttochew youapart andstamp you me time sheworkedinthemale dominating ve, revealsthatsheunderstoodherselfmore one voluntarilyspokeofgenderdiscrimination yna Kalynets’sself-d rsonality ofeachinterviewee,her background ely examine the interviewees’ perception as t be able to eat the two or the three of three us. But, two or the to eatthe t able be * their gender inpolitics.Women werea 117

She didnotfeeldiscriminated one whoconfrontedthecorrupt ee feltdiscriminated escription, impudence. 76 CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 117 influential her thoughts might bebecauseshespoke foranentiregender. Shefeltmore half ofthepopulation;because ofthisshereceiv Sapelyak perceivedherselfasaminority inth isolated. OksanaSapelyak,aneducator andaformer citydeputy,explains, made uptenpercentofitsmembership, because theywerealsoaminority intheoppos politics. Furthermore, these women notonly by hermale colleagues. all. Lyaskovskaregardsthis everything. Sheperceiveshersel women may havecomplexes inamale dominat She definesherspecialcharacteri in thecustomarily male domain. Lyaskovskarecalls, military position.Therefore,shespoke ofher military sphere. Sheknew itwasuncommon for awoman toholdsuchahighbureaucratic Interview with Sapelyak. Interview Kuzio &Wilson, 111. with Lyaskovska. Interview with Hentosh. Interview Each intervieweethought herselfuniquebecause thatI altermywould unlikely itI knew, was and when know not that I did something was there if asked always I individual. explained; and when someone asks me foran explanation I have greater respect for that forittobe thatI Iask there not is something do know when completely different personality; I a have shewillbe respected. than everything that she understands show to complexes those have and does not something not know she does if or even isaprofessional a women it lead would than is sure ones if one work not of I feel thatit was my confidence thatcarried me for representing the opinion of women. I had to be careful of what I said. worry that they were not going tolisten me. Butfrom the other side I was more responsible listen to her. If there were 50 women and 50men, her words would not be heard. I did not th ofpoliticians 100 ifout citycouncil, the In

characteristic astheonethatma choice. Confidence wasneeded.choice. f unlikemost othersbecauseshedoesnotpretendtoknowit stic asconfidenceinoneswork. 119 therefore itisnowonder whythey felt themselves felt uncommonbecausetheywerewomenbut e parliament butatthesame time representing special characteristics th ition. IntheRukh’sinauguration women only ere is one woman than more people are likely to morepeople woman than ere isone ed workplaceandthereforepretendtoknow through. This confidence reflects on people and and people on reflects confidence This through. to bad my tobad results. in If I was confident work… ed more attention. Sape shemade uptheminority ofwomen in 118 de hersuccessfulandrespected Herquotesuggeststhatmost 120 at made her successful lyak wasawareofhow 77

CEU eTD Collection underpaid andmore receptivetofamily violence.Itwouldseem thataswomen theyhada liberties, lackofbasicgoods, workingextende Onemay wonderwhyfemale politicians did were electedtopower.Inthelate1980swo politics. eager totalkaboutvariousproj women didnotpayattentiontowomen’s issues However, allsaiditwaswhatthetimedema involvement inpolitics.Theyfeltguilty forno All oftheinterviewees Doctor Oreslava Hamyk, whoexpressed mother’s guilt, from theirchildrenbecauseofdemanding po concern over themorality of children and the celebration ofMothers’Day,Ly Notoneintervieweespokeofgenderdi recollection ofherpoliticalwork.The concen felt thattheirwordscarriedmore weightb they wereanylessimportant thanmen. Evenwi seriously. Women wereaminority important than thenext male deputydidbecause sheperceived herself to betaken more was a marvelous time thatcalledfor with them. There breakfast were many situations me for come tilllateafternoon hungry to homehave Mywaited and Easter expected. children mewait for atthe them. to Easterbreakfast have with base longer took than proceeding The theOne soldiers... time to Iremember my basket was awayand myI told to husband children th with went we church after Sunday Easter …On building watched my children. Those times demanded such sacrifices. times mysuch demanded watched Those children. building spoke abouthowmuch preciousfamily time wassacrificed,duetotheir ects theyorganizedinthelate1990stopromote womeninto askovska’s maternal understandingofsoldiers,andamothers’ inpolitics,although civic work. It was a beautiful ecause theyrepresented halfofthepopulation. men sufferedthemostunde nded, excusingtheir guilt. Nevertheless these interviewees’ own guiltfor takingtime away tration intheinterviewswasmotherhood; the d hours,secondshiftofhousehold chores, scrimination orwomen’s issueinher t having thetime tobetherefortheirchildren. like that and it broke my itbroke and that heart. However, it like besides thatofmotherhood, althoughtheywere th theexistenceofgenderdiscrimination they e priests to the military base to present the the to present base military the e prieststo litical careers.Hereisoneexample of not confront women’s issueswhenthey they didnothavethementality that time. frommy lady Asingle 121 r Communism; lackof 78 CEU eTD Collection 122 121 recalls, gender discrimination questionshegaveexamples, andhowwomen copedwithit.Kalynets political parliamentary proceedings. Therefore, Kalynetsregarded women astheid visual elements suchasflags, costumesand ones, andastheinitiatorsofre men wereonlyadoptingandprocessingthem th She contendsthatwomen weretheoneswho Kalynets perceivedherselfandthreeotherfemale recalls howsheperceived struggle. Hervisibility alsomade herapublic role intheindependence movement because Thefirst case thatwillbe considered is repressed andimprisoned forheractivism. Outof discrimination will better depict their lackof interests ongender issues. descriptions ofhowtheyperceivedthemselves result wouldexpresssome interestinpr better understandingoftheproblematic situati Interview with Kalynets Interview with Hamyk Interview Kalynets sawwomen powerfulparticipantsin as Bush’s visit. President yellowflag during, and blue first toplaceminiature flags ontheir parliamentary parliament. However, each time wechanged it up. We did something knew. Women were the weather here?” From standing up in protest, to hunger strikes, to costume change in the women’s part. That is what the deputies, not ours but the other side would say, “who makes the Yahivna and me. Practically, everything that was happing in the parliament was due to the Tania Zavoyska, Kateryna Skoryk, Larysa inthe parliament active women were four There women intheparliament. volutionary ideasandactions.Women weremore likelytouse omoting thewellbeingofwomen. Thebelow body languagetokeepthepa she stood inthe frontlinesoftheopposition were alwayscoming upwithnewideas,while on manyfoundthemselves females in,andasa ea makers andrulebreakersofconservative inpoliticsandtheirstandtowardsgender figure andadeputy intheparliament. Kalynets that ofIrynaKalynets,adissident,whowas rough. Kalynetsviewswomen asthecreative deputiesasamajor forceintheparliament. alltheintervieweesshe playedthe greatest 122 seat and we were the first ones to display the thegame ofpolitics.Inregardstothe rliament onitsfeet. 79

CEU eTD Collection therefore they completely wantedthem outof politics. politicians didnotwanttocompete withwo propagandized image ofastrongSovietwoma to dothesame ofworkasmen. amount Thisdouble standardexistsbe suggests thatmen discriminated againstwomen but politicians because theydidnotneed protecti the same timesomeone whotheyc 124 123 themselves anddisclaimed sexistaccusations.Attimes, Kalynetsevenstoopedtothe lowest deputies intheparliament didnottakegenderdiscrimination lightly.Theystoodupfor them stoppedridinghorseth whenthey Kalynet’sdescribeshowwomen deputieshandledthisdiscrimination. Sheexplains,“I confronted them thattheywereMuslims. KaterynaZavoyskagavethem heat.Shereminded Kalynets’s understandingofthe this wasridiculous,“acircusonastring,” they sawmen asweakerindividu that awoman couldbeminister. Female depu therefore did notwanttoacceptth Kalynets’s examples revealthatsome men Ibid. Ibid. them allday. women and could be pushed aside… Someparties were made up of only men. We laughed at the but samestill be to pull able load, be to women. protect should was Women for men glory It camps. thepolitical felt in was even minister. discrimination a This for abecome to woman maleitwas For some unacceptable in deputies politics. partake how should women about wrote discriminated… isanti-feminist. we laughed. It Ukraine was all media very funny. In the they a string. I laughed. Only Chornovil had respect had Chornovil a string. Ilaughed. Only women. For wascircus avoteifthey methis needed on take to party wanted Horyn’s Mykhailo

123

situation isthat menwomen saw als whowerenotabletoaccept em intotheirparties,whileothers couldnotfathomtheidea ould disregardifneedbe.Thiswasimpossiblewithfemale at iswhentheylosttheirmanhood…” regarded women inappropriateinpoliticsand nd somewhat funny,“welaughedatthem.” men whomay dotwiceasmuch workasmen on not couldtheybepushedaside.Kalynets ties felt themselves above thisdiscrimination; n, whoisabletodoeverything.Some for Otherwise, menus. our(the opposition’s) at thesame timeexpectedthem tobeable women in politics. Tothem as someonetoprotectbutat cause oftheCommunist 124 Female 80 CEU eTD Collection politics. Perhaps moral andbeinpolitics;orcanone? succeed inpolitics. However, Kalynets percep into considerationthatwomen might havehadto and arenotshameless, rudeandcrude,asKalynets is inhercontradictions.Wome 125 describe bickeringmale politicians.Furthermor discriminates againstwomen. Shetookthenegati babstvo, meaning thattheywerelikefighting Kalynets perceiveswomentobemore nobleindi explains whywomen betterpoliticians, were men atparliamentary proceedingand thenextsh Kalynets iscontradictory inheropinion, because complaining. Therefore,him herwasr offending appreciate thename-calling. However,inherwo to beproper,insteadshecouldstartaphysicalfightintheparliament because shedidnot Kalynets also playedthe dirtygame of politics. Unlikeother interviewees, shedidnot resolve the male deputies listentoyourideas”sheresponded, level ofconfrontingheropponents.Tothe Ibid. their children’s faithand future. church, toreligion, itall. started Women aredevoted Meetings were dissolved and thus there was prayer all this was led mostly by women, that Women shouldbein politics where there are mora in are Men politics fight me but the Communist held him back. responded, “ be quietjailbird.”Iturned around me I at himhe complaining, behind barked and who was sitting Babanski, Communist, Only iftheyeven tried not to listen, than

babstvo. babstvo.

n as she perceivesareresponsibleformoraln asshe issuesin politics Women understand household and understand responsibility. responsibility. understand and household understand Women they would get itinthe face. I once punched a 125 question, “althoughtherewasdiscrimination did old hags,whichreve

women aretheoneswhocandisplaymorality in and smacked him acrosstheface,he was about to tion iscontradictory becauseonecannot have e, herlackofunderstand e holdswomentoahigher moral level. She atonemoment sheisphysically attacking viduals thanmen. Shecallsmen inpolitics takeonthose characteristics tobeable to rds shedescribesthat“barked”ashim for ooted inhercrudebehaviortowardshim. l issues.Men just tryto outdo eachother. ve stereotypeofolderwomen anduseditto describedherselftobe als thatshealso ing ofgenderequality . Itshouldbetaken 81 CEU eTD Collection the same rights andopportunitiesasmen; According totheOxfordDictionary,feminism is reveals that Kalynetsasanintellectual does 128 127 126 makers. Lyaskovskaexplains, time. Shewastheonlywoman amongst hermale colleagues,officers,generalsandpolicy will beexplores isofViraLyaskovska, adeputy Christianity andnationalism havemo lack ofconcernforwomen’sissuesstems from herChristianandnationalconservatism. does notseeitasasolution toUkraine’s problem. Sheregards morality as asolution.Kalynets many postCommunist intellectualwomen shedoes She states,“in Ukraine,feminism willnot lack ofinterestinwomen’s issues. discriminates againstwomen, whichcanbepercei Kalynets isprobablybeingcompletely hone to herlackofknowledgeandunderstandingthat be duetotheUkrainiansociety’ feminist butIam anti-chauvinist.” games, Kalynets isaproductofhersociety.Sh

Interview with Kalynets. Interview “Feminism.” Ibid. was a woman. They enjoyed my presence, I was younger, leaner and looked after my after looked and leaner younger, I was my presence, enjoyed awoman. They was fact I the As a that liked womenmen ImilitaryI think never felt any forms discrimination. of Some interviewees sawapositiv Kalynets perceives Ukrainian women inpolitic Regardless ofwhetherwomen couldincorpor Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary-Search Online.

s negativeconnotation 126 Sheiskeenonstatingshe rality whilefeminism doesnot. e sideofbeingawoman inpolitics.Thenextcasethat thestruggletoachievethisaim.” change thesituation, onlymorality will.” st becausesheherself,asshownabove, not understandthetrue e plainlystated,“Iam notanti-man, Iamnota she deniesbeingfeminist. Ontheotherhand “thebeliefandaim th who wasinchargeofmilitary personal atthe ved asoneofthereasonsthatexplainsher not identifywithWesternfeminism. She ate moral intothetreacherous political s as acentralrole inrestoring morality. of theterm, “feminist.” However,it

is notafeminist.Thismight meaning oftheword. at women should have 127 Itmight bedue 128 As 82 CEU eTD Collection levels ofdecisionmaking. work withmilitarymen whoperhapswerenot perhaps werenecessary forawoman tobecome arguments through, butatthesame time she kne Lyaskovska embraced thestereotypeoffemini 129 behavior isexplainedby herge it asifamale deputymade asimilar mistake. side, becauseoftheattention,ifshewasto women aremorenoticeablewhichplaces greater valueonwhattheydo.However,theother Sapelyak hasamore neutralstan politics, Thethirdcase that willbeexamined isof Lviv her advantageshecontrolledrude she reliedonherphysicalapp Armed Forces.Insteadshe perceived beinga Lyaskovska didnotfeeldiscrimi Interview with Lyaskovska with Lyaskovska Interview raion andadeputyintheLvivCityCouncil.Sh respond... I sometimes hadto remind them not to behave rudely in front of alady. when a joke, appearance…tell Iknewto when interesting. because she is a woman. Itis not from so or thatastupid manner shesaid in behaved interpreted a womansame does it willbe the thing says and how she behaves. Because ifaman says more attention given to her, she is more under the control of others, she has to watch what she callsformore level more,of and who is an interest she therehigher noticed individual is interest, isa there But, attitudes. and negative same in the women way. cancallon positive and She more attention because she is more interesting. life. civic the istrue in and Awoman actor. calls ismorepolitical This than She interesting. way… For aactressexample in tothe negative film,more rather to pay attention islikely one Because I am awoman, people paidmore atten 130 earance tobeadmired. Lyaskovskausedherfemininitytowards

nder, unlikeman’s behaviorwhic nated against,beingoneof the fewwomen intheSoviet ce towardswomen inpolitics.Sh behaviorbyreminding menthat ciety but from nature that women are more make amistake peoplewouldnotsoeasilyoverlook woman worked towardsheradvantagebecause Her major pointisthatawoman’s unsatisfactory nity andwhenneededused ittoget her tion tome,a positiveor a notnecessarin ily accustomed todealingwithwomen high onsuch Awoman cancallonthe interest of both men to smile and when to critically and tofirmlyto criticallyand smilewhen and w howtobefirm. characteristics These successful inmilitary politics.Shehad to OksanaSapelyak,whowaselectedahead of something stupidhe will not be judged but if e recallshowsheperceivedhergenderin h isindividualized.When e canseefrom onesidethat they arespeakingtoalady. 129 83 CEU eTD Collection untouched byit. politicians. Theysawthemselves abovethe contributed theirspecialcharacte though theysurroundedthem. Theyperceivedth understanding ofdiscrimination didnotnecessarily 133 132 131 130 whether shefeltdiscriminated againstb against theirnationalitythangender.Th nation. They,liketheirforemo Anotherreasonwhywomen didnotfeeldiscriminated against isbecause theyfelt that they hadacommon causetodemolish Communism at thattime Ididnotfeeldiscrimi discrimination. OksanaHentoshrecalls“Therewere13female explaining whymost alack felt Women perceived themselvesusingtheirfeminin only recallthepositive.Sheexplains, asked torecallapositiveandnegativeexample of beingawoman inpolitics,Sapelyakcould

Interview with Hamyk. Interview with Hentosh. Interview Ibid. with Sapelyak. Interview remember. sideof Thiswasthe a positive signatures. example,being wellitishardto woman. A negative hard time saying no to me.Thus when, Igave a had Iwasawoman they because Maybe petition. a men sign to allthe Iasked deputies, the to home withthe children?” I always heardthis. stay should You children? your stayhome with you want to Do this? to do want you really “Do convin triedto officials) they (Communist hall, Of course, whento Ihadbring papersto registermyselfcandidate as a of Prosvitatheat city to askthem andI needed they teamwere fromnot u atticbecause church’s to itisvery removehard However, KGBsurveillance There achurch… the was a battle over 131 Oblasna Rada thers asmentioned inchapter of discrimination. Nevertheless ristics andtraits totheir succ nated againstbecauseofmy gender.” ecause ofhergender.Sheresponded, to decide on this.Before discrimination becausetheyfeltthemselves is confirmed byDoctorHamyk’s answerto 133 ce me otherwise. They asked questions such as. the speech everyonehad al nder mynder nor control was Kyiv. It waspointless emselves differentfrom otherwomen and ity totheiradvantage come from feelingitsconsequences, even andestablishanindependentdemocratic ess inpoliticsaswomen andas one, feltthediscrimination more deputies outof147.However, giving aspeech on this issue they understoodthattherewas ready voted with their their with voted ready 132 in politics,therefore Theinterviewees 84

CEU eTD Collection 136 135 134 reason whyshewasnotelectedandth She feltdiscriminated becauseshewas woman. one whodidnotsucceedtotheoffice from theMarch1990electionspastindependenceAugust1991. Chornovil dominated Lvivpolitics describes, ideas andright.Kalynetsrecalls, “Chornovil wastheonlydifferentone,” comes aman upas from whom genderdiscrimi Thefinalexplanationofwhywomen didnot Chornovil andthewayheconductedpolitica opposition’s work. and democratic stand,although,itwas theirtac opposition candidate.Thisrevealsthatshefelt Hamyk onlyfeltgenderdiscrimination from the Interview with Yasnyska. Interview with Hamyk. Interview with Kalynets. Interview people are more likely to vote for men than women. men than for to aremorevote likely people when abitof politics isinvolved but positions directorial the most women hold of institution orcultural education sphere. In educational the be.Womencontrol do should there like politics in genderequality isno There because itisdifficultforwomento In our The lastcase thatwillbe examined isof and Iam surethey remembered me… all We were very active. sessions atthose activerole an awomen. I took itwas thebeing timesofChornovil During good work, when he headed, he invited women to speak and always made sure we had our say. It ahigherlevel... on was in recognized theyvisible his should that be and women in politics situation changed, there were fewer women. I found that Chornovil understood the role of I was aman or a woman and especially during the times of Chornovil. After he went away the In Rukh I did not feel discriminated against. The leading members of Rukh did not care whether raion council

there were 70 deputies and only 5 or 6 ofthem were women. Why?

and alltheinterviewees work it is regarded to be men’s work…There isabarrierbecause itisregardedto work…There be men’s sheaimed for.Yasnyskarecalls, join politics. When Iran fo r eefwrwmni oiis ere werefewerwomen inpolitics. genderdiscrimination becauseofhernational tic tostopher from getting involved inthe nation wasnotfelt,andwho promoted women’s Yasnyskaviewsgenderdiscrimination asa Yaroslava Yasnyskabecauseshe wastheonly l proceedings. Ineachinterview Chornovil Communists whenshewasregisteringasan 136 feel discriminated againstisbecauseof 135 r citycouncilIdid not win. ed alongsidehim asdeputies 134 whileHamyk 85 CEU eTD Collection 138 137 rather thangenderequality. Some thought that genderdiscrimination exis positions. As,aresult they didnotfeeldiscriminated againsteventhough theyacknowledged population because oftheir specialcharacterist themselves asaminority inthesea ofmale po religion; thelasttworuncontradictory tofe was toopposeCommunism. OnebattlesCommunism withdemocracy, nationalism and approach women’s issuesisbecausetheywere the onesthatestablish and maintain guidel politics. Asaresult,according tothe intervie they representasidemen cannot.Moralitykeep The intervieweesunderstand Vira Lyaskovska alsopresents asimilar view, there ismore organization, stabilityandmorality.” Theintervieweesperceivedwomen’s role They viewedwomen asmorepracticalandmora Interview with Kalynets. Interview Ibid.

In conclusion, thereason whyLvivfema formally. than rather and understanding speaks with feeling she That fromintelligently. but them differently frommen. Men love this, they love see can female that and one logic; intuitions instinct, she feels/ has to because able not be would these male structures, a woman has her own mission, something only she can do and a man protection, that the process of I thathope mywork waseffe theirfuture. children’s faithand church, religion, to Women aredevoted itall. started that mostlywomen, by wasled allthis was there prayer thus wheremoral there are issues.Menjusttrytoou and inunderstand responsibility. Women should be household politics Women understand 139

the roleofwomenpoliticsas in

ted. Theirmain concernwas ctive… It was my strength, confidence, womanly intelligence and and intelligence womanly It confidence, ctive… was my strength, the army transitiontogo smoothly… A woman isnecessary in ines fordecisionmaking andbehavior. minism. Politically activewomen inLvivsaw that genderequalitywould naturallyfollow wees, women arethemoral inpolitics.They are liticians anddifferentfrom thegeneralfemale to listen to women when she speaks differently differently speaks she when listentowomen to ics thatpromoted them toadministrative the productsoftheirsoci le politiciansintheearly1990sdidnot l. Yasnyskastated,“… s resurfacingwhenthere tdo each other. Meetingswere dissolved and necessary inpolitics 138 137 Kalynetsexplains, democratic nationalliberation necessary in allbranches because for variousreasons. where there isawoman ety. Theirinitialgoal is talkofwomen in 86 CEU eTD Collection 139 their mother-like understanding democracy. Women alsoperceivedtheir rolein Interview with Lyaskovska. Interview and ethicalguidance. politics asnecessary and important becauseof 87

CEU eTD Collection identity inthe private sphere “bourgeoisie nationalism” repr the morality andspiritof language, culturaltraditionsandtheGreekCath private sphereoftheirhomes. Theidenti national struggle because, toalargeextent,th the SovietUnion.Western Ukrainianwomen, in had becausetheynotbeenundertherule of Ukrainians didnothavethesubordinatemental nation andhadatraditionof their model independentsoci offorming an Polish rule;asaresult,Ukra Republic’s regions.Western Ukrainehadbeen experience inWestern Ukrainethatproduced a of Ukraine.Theirunderstandingandmission of itwasrootedinLviv’shistorical contributed tothemovement’s overallsuccess. movement excludeswomen andtherefore,severely undermines abigpartofwhathad and women's participationinitarerevealed.Themainst through thememories ofninefemale politicians,abetterunderstandingofthemovement the Ukrainianindependencemovement. Al Conclusion This thesis presents oneperspective, th Under Communism, whenthe GreekCatholicChurchwasabolished and Women fromLvivapproachedthemovement a nationthathadnotyetcome tofruition. resisting assimilation andforeignregimes. Western inians from thisregionlookedtowardsWestern Europefor oftheirhomes. Theypres essed, manywomen continuedto ty inWesternUkrainewaspreservedthrough ety. They partookintheawakeningof most seventeenyears ey preserved the Ukrainianidentityinthe at ofpoliticallyact partoftheAustro-HungarianEmpire and ity toRussiathattherestofUkrainians theTsaristEmpire andthe firstyearsof different identityfrom therestof olic faith.Thesecomponents constructed thiscontext,playedamajor roleinthe differentlythanthosefromtherest erved cultural traditions through ream historiographyofthe maintain thisUkrainian ive women inLviv,on after independence, 88 CEU eTD Collection identity ofhome andmade itpublic.This traditions and holidaysintothepublic sphere.These tacticstookthepreserved Ukrainian women turnedtoculturalrenovationand building. identity asthefirstnecessarystage of th Lviv’s politicallyactivewomen perceived belonging toagroupofpeoplewiththesame because theysawitasaform ofanti-Soviet in Ukraine. nineteenth-century romantic nationalism iswh insisted onconcentrating theirefforts on could havedominated women' disintegration oftheSovietUnion,pressingi and fulltime careers further imprisoned theso-claimed liberated Sovietwoman. With the manual labor jobsandsecondshiftsofhouse the lackofcivilliberties,basicgoodsandfoodcontribu of identity.Inthelate1980s keepers ofthehearth.Theiran Galician women sawthemselves assupportivemo The historicalnationalresistanceandsevere religion inanatheistsocietyby the celebrationofholidayssuchasSaint Nich When thefirstattempts in1988forpolit Politically activewomen inLvivsoughtto women across theUkrainianSS s focus.Inspiteof th ti-Communist strugglewasrooted teaching theirchildren toattend churchand howtopray. e independencemovement andabasefornation reestablishing anatio community work,bringingprivatefamily wasdonethroughholidays, suchasSaint the establishment ofacommon national resistance, aunifying factor,andasenseof repressionswerepr hold work.Thedoublestandardoffamily ssues oftheeverydaystrugglearosethat olas' Day andwereable past hardshipsandsimilar aspirations. at separatedthem from therestofwomen ical opposition activism wererepressed, establishasenseof thers, preserversofabrokennationand is, Western Ukrainianwomen R sufferedgreatly.Besides nal identity. Their eserved insongs. intheirhistoricalsense ted totheirunderpaid to preserve their nationalidentity 89 CEU eTD Collection suggested, “women’s workinRukhwas perhap fact thatitwas significantly public perception.Onlytheperformance of such historical movements becauseitisdone supported themostly male nationaldissidents. its activistswereinprisoncamps wo because was abletofunction throughout and setthestageformale presentersasth most prayermeetings fortheresurgence of Society wasthemaindrivingforcebehind location andotherprograms. TheMarian distributions, announcements,phonecalls,invitationsofspeakers,establishment of actions andrealizingthemthrougheventplanni women’s organization,theMarianSociety,workedbehindscenesonproposing Soviet regime suppressedthefirstpolitical meetings women turnedtoprayer.Asmall practices ofplanning,organi projects. Thehistoryoftheindependence think tankofradicalideasandorganizers representation ascompared toLviv’s male politicians.It appears that women werethe movement was significantandirreplaceable regardless oftheirrelatively small installed fearfrom thepublicandenc holidays thathadChristianandculturalch Nicholas' Day,andtraditions,suchas The interviewees’ memories reveal th arranged bywomen. AsOksana zing, supportingandconsolidati thesecondhalfof20 ourage participationinthemovement. Vertepy ey hadinthepast.Theoppositionmovement of demonstrations and anti-Communist aracter wasmeant toshedtheCommunist movement wasreconsideredintheeveryday the GreekCatholicChurch.Women initiated men isrecognizedandvalueddespitethe at women’sroleintheindependence men werethelifelinesthatpromoted and on themicro levelandislargelykeptfrom . Inaddition,theestablishment ofprivate The workofwomen isundermined in ng, whichconsistedofwritingsamizdats, s liketheworkofants– invisible and th centuryeventhoughmost of ng themovement. Whenthe Kis, awomen’s historian, 90 CEU eTD Collection 140 politics duetotheir lownumbers andmale at the male politicians,although theiractiv belonging toanationalarmy thatwasnotye the reestablishment of cultural holidays pr army. Womenfrom LvivalsobroughttheUkra Republic’s territories.Her actionswere thefi Ukrainian desertersandrehabilitatedthem as Soviet Armed Forces.ALvivfemale politiciantook onthemilitary system inregards to they feltitwould protecttheirsons,soldiers, systems. Ukrainian women pushedforthefo Hentosh, bravelyattempted toconfrontthe socialization ofanentirege the army. ByinstallingUkrainianbasedcurr the population.Female politicians’workwas higher valueontheirpositions because theyperc themselves moreinfluentialthenmale politic of democratic forcesinpower,underthele one sourcethatmentions it,aNorthAmerican newspaper. undoubtedly thecatalystformajo The example oftheMarianSocietysupports anonymous, butmassive andimportant, and E-mail for Kis The intervieweesperceivedtheirrole inpol Female politicianshaveacknowledgedth neration, insuringaUkrainian future.Women, likeOksana

r historicaleventsofthe e workmade upfortheirscarcity. oviding anationalbaseofloyaltyand adership ofChornovil,many women regarded corrupt Communist basedadministrators and t formed. Womenwere Kis’statement; whiletheirworkwas without thatRukhwouldneversucceed.” iculum, theymanagedtoswiftlychangethe titudes, however,theysawthemselves as ians becauseof theirminority. Theyplaced from theabuses inflicted on them inthe rmation ofanindependentarmy because soldiers whohavetherighttoserveontheir rst stepsinthecreati concentrated onreforming educationand inian identity tothe eived themselves asrepresenting halfof at therewasgenderdiscrimination in itics asnecessary. Intheinitialstages movement, Icouldonlyfind on ofanindependent aminorityamongst Sovietized armywith 140 91

CEU eTD Collection major playersinanationalindependencestruggle. the generalhistoryofmovement andcont believed tosetUkrainiansfree Ukrainian women becausetheyheavily reliedonthiscultural moralitywhich was independence movement isdifferentfrom th movement couldbemobilized andanationconstructed.Lvivwomen’s perceptiononthe cultural weapontoresistCommunismandes predisposed privatenational reveals anothersideofitscomprehension. Politicallyactivewomen inLvivhada was giventowomen’s problems. secondary. Becauseofthis,untilUkraine Chornovil. Theirprimary concernwas nati rising abovetheseissuesanddidnotseem This studyofwomen’s perceptionofthei identity, whichtheybroughtin fromCommunist corruption. reached independence,virtuallynoattention to betoobotheredundertheleadershipof onal democracy withgenderissuesbecoming eir malecounterparts tablish abaseonwhichanindependent ributed totheunders r roleintheindependencemovement to thepublicandusedasa I hopethisthesisenriched andtherestof tanding ofwomen as 92 CEU eTD Collection • • • • • • • • • Bibliography

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Yasnyska, Yaroslava.Pers Sapelyak, Oksana.PersonalInterview.29March2007. Morhalenko, Ala.TelephoneInterview.10April2007. Lyaskovska, Vira.PersonalInterview.3April2007. Kolinchak, Valentyna.PersonalInterview.20May2007. Kalynets, Iryna.PersonalInterview.5April2007. Hentosh, Oksana.Personal PersonalInterview.4April2007. Hamyk, Oreslava. Fedak, Rostyslava.PersonalInterview.4April2007. Chumarna, Maria.PersonalInterview.23May2007. onal Interview.28March2007. Interview. 30March2007. 96