Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers
Glossary on forest genetic resources
(English version)
Based on the work of Renate Prüller
IUFRO Secretariat, SilvaVoc
Revised September 2003
Forest Resources Division Working Paper FGR/42 Forestry Department FAO, Rome, Italy Disclaimer
The Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers report on issues addressed in the work programme of FAO. These working papers do not reflect any official position of FAO or IUFRO. Please refer to the FAO website (www.fao.org/forestry) for official information.
The purpose of these papers is to provide early information on on-going activities and programmes, and to stimulate discussion.
Comments and feedback are welcome.
For further information please contact: Mr. Pierre Sigaud, Forestry Officer (Forest Genetic Resources) Forest Resources Development Service Forest Resources Division, Forestry Department FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla I-00100 Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
The present paper is the result of a collaboration work between FAO’s Forestry Department, IUFRO’s Task Force on Forest Genetic Resources, and IUFRO’s SilvaVoc Terminology project. This revised edition of the English version will be updated regularly and posted on line with the electronic glossary at http:// iufro.boku.ac.at/silvavoc/glossary/. The glossary is available in English, French, German and Spanish.
For quotation: FAO (2002). Glossary on forest genetic resources (English version). Forest Genetic Resources Working Papers, Working Paper FGR/39E, Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished). Glossary on forest genetic resources
CONTENTS
User’s Guide 3
Terms and Definitions 1 adaptation 5 20 reproductive material 59 1.1 adaptability 6 21 species 59 1.2 adaptedness 7 21.1 forest tree species 61 2 biological diversity 8 21.2 (forest tree) popu- 2.1 agrobiodiversity 12 lation 62 2.2 forest biological 15 22 trait 63 diversity 23 tree breeding 64 3 biotechnology 16 24 tree improvement 65 3.1 genetic engineering 18 24.1 domestication 66 3.2 genetic marker 20 24.2 plus tree 68 4 (genetic) conservation 22 25 vegetative propagation 69 4.1 in situ conservation 25 25.1 micropropagation 70 4.2 ex situ conservation 27 25.2 macropropagation 71 5 evolution 28 25.3 clone/cloning 72 5.1 genetic drift 29 5.2 gene flow 30 Biological aspects 5.3 selection 31 26 alien species 74 6 genetic pollution 32 27 exotic species 75 7 genetic diversity 33 28 indicator species 76 8 genetic variation 35 29 introduced species 76 9 genetic resources 36 30 invasive species 77 9.1 value of genetic 31 invasive alien species 79 resources 38 32 keystone species 83 10 management of 33 native species 84 genetic resources 40 34 naturalized species 85 11 genome 41 35 weed/weediness 85 11.1 gene 42 11.2 allele 43 References 87 12 genotype 44 13 gene pool 46 14 germplasm 47 15 genetic system 49 16 reprodutive system 49 16.1 mating system 50 16.2 outcrossing 50 16.3 pollination 51 17 phenotype 52 18 progeny 53 19 provenance 54 19.1 land race 56 19.2 hybridization 57 19.3 introgression 58
1 Glossary on forest genetic resources
USER’S GUIDE ______
Objectives
At its Tenth Session, held at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome in September 1997, the Panel of Experts on Forest Gene Resources recommended „that FAO and IUFRO, in collaboration with other relevant institutes, review and help revise and update existing terminology in the forest genetic resources field, concentrating initially on a core set of basic terms and concepts“.
The development of this document has been undertaken as a follow-up to the recommendation of the Panel. The Glossary has been produced in collaboration between the Forest Resources Development Service of FAO, the newly created IUFRO Task Force on Forest Genetic Resources and IUFRO’s SilvaVoc terminology project.
Its main purpose is to provide an overview of the current variety of definitions1 and of terms2 applying to concepts3 frequently used in the field of forest genetic resources. The objective of the glossary is not only to record established and widely accepted definitions of some common terms, but also to show the way and the sense some professions, organizations or countries use the terms. Instead of providing one single definition, the terminology4 will aim at providing, for a given key term, various definitions and meaning developed by various groups for their specific scope and objectives. It should reflect the diversity of users and their complementary approaches, and incorporate their definitions or explanations, in addition to providing standard, universal definitions.
At the present stage this compilation is therefore circulated among scientists and organizations active in the field of forest genetic resources development to generate additional input of ‚in-house‘ definitions. It will then serve as a basis to further develop a final document on Forest Genetic Resources terminology.
General organisation
The concepts defined here were selected by FAO in agreement with the IUFRO Task Force on Forest Genetic Resources and SilvaVoc. The definitions were taken from printed and on-line documents available to the compilers. Sources are mentioned under References.
1 Definition: Statement which describes a concept and permits its differentiation from other concepts within a system of concepts. 2 Term: Designation of a defined concept in a special language by a linguistic expression. A term may consist of one or more words or even contain symbols. 3 Concept: A unit of thought constituted through abstraction on the basis of properties common to a set of objects. Concepts are not bound to particular languages. They are, however, influenced by the social or cultural background. 4 Terminology: Structured set of concepts and their representation in a specific subject field. (Source: ISO 1087:1990 International standard: Terminology-Vocabulary)
2 Glossary on forest genetic resources
This document consists of 66 key terms arranged in mixed alphabetical/ systematic order. The systematic order reflects the generic concepts and sub-concepts. The generic concepts are listed in alphabetical order.
Key terms are English terms which were selected by the compilers to represent the concepts to be defined, e.g. „biological diversity“. Most key terms correspond to one or several entry terms in English, German, French and Spanish. In this document, entry terms are defined as alternative designations of concepts, for example „genetic marker“ or „marqueur génétique“ or designations of sub-concepts, for example „DNA marker“.
This implies that entry terms under a given key term are not necessarily exact synonyms, as key terms may refer to quite broad concepts. For example, the English entry terms „tree improvement“ and „tree breeding“ cannot always be used synonymously. Obviously, such discrepancies are even more pronounced between languages.
For the sake of simplicity for the user, entry terms such as „genetic marker“, „molecular marker“ and „DNA marker“ are all to be found under the key term „genetic marker“, rather than being listed separately.
Entry and key terms in English, French, German and Spanish are listed in a single alphabetical index.
Acknowledgment
An excellent source of inspiration for the production of this document was given in the working document on Indicators for Forest Biodiversity in Europe: Proposal for terms and definitions, prepared by M. Kaennel Dobbertin, WSL Switzerland.
Special thanks go to all those who have assisted with their comments, definitions and suggestions.
Call for participation
The selection of definitions presented here is of course non-exhaustive and arbitrary, as these definitions were collected only from printed and on- line documents available to the compilers.
Terms and/or definitions are currently given mainly in English, French, German and Spanish. It is planned to progressively cover all working languages of FAO and IUFRO (including Arabic and Chinese) with possible incorporation of equivalent terms in Russian. Contributions in languages mentioned above are encouraged and welcome and will be acknowledged. Please address your contributions to Mr. Pierre Sigaud, FAO (e- mail: [email protected]) or to Ms. Renate Prüller, IUFRO Secretariat, SilvaVoc (e-mail: [email protected]).
3 Glossary on forest genetic resources
4 Glossary on forest genetic resources
1 adaptation
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The process of change in structure and/or function that makes an 2 biological diversity organism or a population better suited to survive in an environment. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Adaptation may be achieved by phenotypic tuning to prevailing envi- 2.2 forest biodiversity ronmental conditions, or through evolutionary changes of genetic 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering structure at the population level. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. EUFORGEN. IPBRI. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution See also adaptability 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection French -> adaptation 6 genetic pollution Spanish -> adaptación 7 genetic diversity German -> Anpassung 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources Other definitions: 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome adaptation (L. ad, to + aptare, to fit) 11.1 gene Adjustment of a population to changed environment over generations, associated (at least in 11.2 allele part) with genetic changes resulting from selection imposed by the changed environment. 12 genotype 13 gene pool Not acclimatization. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 16 reproductive system Technology Paper No. 7. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination adaptation 17 phenotype A measure of the fitness of the genetic group – either individuals or parts of individuals, or as 18 progeny groups – to one or several conditions of its environments. Frequently used to mean the 19 provenance 19.1 land race process of becoming suited in form or function to new or different environmental conditions. 19.2 hybridization (Adaptation is the process of becoming adapted). 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (English/Arabic). International Board for Plant 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Genetic Resources. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait adaptation 23 tree breeding A change on the part of the individual or the population which results in better survival or 24 tree improvement growth. The process of change. The changed structure or function. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement. FAO 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning adaptation 26 alien species (1) The process of evolutionary (genetic) adjustments fitting individuals or groups to their 27 exotic species environment. Also the changed structure or function itself. (2) A tree’s performance over a full 28 indicator species 29 introduced species rotation in a new environment. (see adapted, land race, evolution, mutation) 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/ 32 keystone species FAO Regional Project, 1994. 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
5 Glossary on forest genetic resources
1.1 adaptability
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The potential or ability of a population to adapt to changes in the 2.1 agricultural biodiversity environmental conditions through changes of its genetic structure. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. EUFORGEN. IPBRI. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation see also adaptation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> adaptabilité 5.2 gene flow spanish -> adaptabilidad 5.3 selection german -> Anpassungsfähigkeit 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Other definitions: resources 10 management of genetic resources adaptability 11 genome (1) The process of evolutionary (genetic) adjustments fitting individuals or groups to their 11.1 gene environment. Also the changed structure or function itself. 11.2 allele 12 genotype (2) A tree’s performance over a full rotation in a new environment. (see adapted, land race, 13 gene pool evolution, mutation, natural selection). 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing adaptability 16.3 pollination Adaptability means that a population has genetic variation allowing it to adapt to future 17 phenotype environmental conditions. These new environmental conditions may relate to climate, 18 progeny soils, new silvicultural techniques, or quality requirements. 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: Savolainen, O. 1995 In: New Approaches to Breeding, IUFRO World Congress, Finland 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material adaptability 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Refers to the degree to which adjustments are possible in practices, processes, or struc- 21.2 (f. tree) population tures of systems to projected or actual changes of climate. Adaptation can be spontaneous 22 trait or planned, and be carried out in response to or in anticipation of changes in conditions. 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Resources for the future. Glossary of Terms and Concepts. http://www.rff.org/glossary.htm 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation adaptability 25.1 micropropagation The ability of a plant to adapt to different environmental conditions, by modifications in 25.2 macropropagation physiological responses. 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resurces Terms (English/Arabic). International Board for Plant 28 indicator species Genetic Resources 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
6 Glossary on forest genetic resources
1.2 adaptedness
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The state of being adapted that allows a population to survive, reproduce 2.1 agricultural biodiversity and permanently exist in certain conditions of the environment. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Source: Koski, V. et al. Euforgen. IPBRI 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation see also adaptability 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection german -> Angepaßtheit 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Other definitions: resources 10 management of genetic resources adapted 11 genome Refers to how well trees are physiologically suited for high survival, good growth, and 11.1 gene resistance to pests and adverse environments. For exotics it refers to how well the trees 11.2 allele 12 genotype will perform in their new environment. (see adaptation, land type.) 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/ 15 genetic system FAO Regional Project on Improved Productivity of Man-Made Forests Through Application of 16 reproductive system Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation. FAO, 1994. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
7 Glossary on forest genetic resources
2 biological diversity
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The variability among living organisms from all sources including, 2 biological diversity inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the 2.1 agricultural biodiversity ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity 2.2 forest biodiversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: The Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. UNEP 1992 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation syn biodiversity 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow french -> diversité biologique 5.3 selection spanish -> diversidad biológica 6 genetic pollution german > biologische Diversität 7 genetic diversity - 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Other definitions: resources 10 management of genetic resources biological diversity or biodiversity 11 genome is the total variability within all the living organisms and the ecological complexes they 11.1 gene inhabit. Biodiversity has three levels - ecosystem, species and genetic diversity - reflected 11.2 allele 12 genotype in the number of different species, the different combination of species and the different 13 gene pool combinations of genes within each species. 5-10 million species are estimated to exist, and 14 germplasm many of them have millions of genetically distinct individuals. About 1.7 million species 15 genetic system have been described worldwide with flowering plants constituting 14% of this total. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system Diversity within species is the main concern of genetic resources programmes and the key 16.2 outcrossing to the survival of species in nature in the long term. Drastic reductions in biodiversity are 16.3 pollination not a new phenomenon in nature. What is new is the scale on which the erosion of 17 phenotype biodiversity is occuring. Reduction of diversity will have serious and irreversible conse- 18 progeny 19 provenance quences for human welfare. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: IPGRI. 1993. Diversity of Development. The Strategy of the International Plant Genetic 19.3 introgression Resources Institute. 20 reproductive material 21 species biological diversity 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population = biodiversity 22 trait The variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecological complexes of 23 tree breeding which they are part; this includes: Ecosystem diversity: the variety and frequency of 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication different ecosystems. Species diversity: the frequency and diversity of different species. 24.2 plus tree Genetic diversity: the frequency and diversity of different genes and/or genomes. It 25 vegetative propagation includes the variation within a population and between populations. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 26 alien species 27 exotic species biological diversity 28 indicator species The full range of genetic diversity (species, subspecies, and distinct biological 29 introduced species 30 invasive species populations of plants and animals) as well as the full variety of ecosystems in which the 31 invasive alien species plants and animals occur. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Koski, V.; Skroppa, T.; Paule, L.; Turok, J. 1997. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation 34 naturalized species of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). EUFORGEN. IPGRI 35 weed/weediness
8 Glossary on forest genetic resources
biological diversity 1 adaptation The variety and complexity of species that are present and that interact in an ecosystem, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness plus the relative abundance of each. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Temperate Forest Foundation. Glossary.USA. http://forestinfo.org/Glossary 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology biological diversity or “biodiversity” 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker is the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region. The wealth of life on earth 4 (genetic) conservation today is the product of hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Over the 4.1 in situ conservation course of time, human cultures have emerged and adapted to the local environment, 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution discovering, using, and altering local biotic resources. Many areas that now seem „natural“ 5.1 genetic drift bear the marks of millennia of human habitation, crop cultivation, and resource harvesting. 5.2 gene flow The domestication and breeding of local varieties of crops and livestock have further 5.3 selection shaped biodiversity. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Biodiversity can be divided into hierarchical categories – genes, species, ecosystems, and 8 genetic variation culture – that describe quite different aspects of living systems and that scientists measure 9 genetic resources in different ways. 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: World Resources Institute (WRI). “What is Biological Diversity”. 10 management of genetic http://www.wri.org/biodiv/biodiv.html resources 11 genome 11.1 gene biodiversity (biological diversity) 11.2 allele The variety, distribution, and abundance of different plants, animals and microorganisms, 12 genotype the ecological functions and processes they perform, and the genetic diversity they 13 gene pool contain at local, regional or landscape levels of analysis. Biodiversity has five principal 14 germplasm 15 genetic system components: (1) genetic diversity (the genetic complement of all living things); (2) taxo- 16 reproductive system nomic diversity (the variety of organisms); (3) ecosystem diversity (the three dimensional 16.1 mating system structures on the earth‘s surface, including the organisms themselves); (4) functions or 16.2 outcrossing ecological services (what organisms and ecosystems do for each other, their immediate 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype surroundings, and for the ecosphere as a whole (i.e. processes and connectedness 18 progeny through time and space); and (5) the abiotic matrix within which the above exists (the uni- 19 provenance ty of the soil, water, air, and organisms, with each interdependent on the continued 19.1 land race existence of the other). 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Dunster, J.&K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 21 species 21.1 forest tree species biodiversity 21.2 (f. tree) population The wide diversity and interrelatedness of earth organisms based on genetic and environ- 22 trait 23 tree breeding mental factors. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Annotated Dictionary. 24.2 plus tree http://gophisb.biochem.vt.edu/resources/glossary.html 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation biodiversity 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 1. The variety and abundance of life forms, processes, functions, and structures of plants, 26 alien species animals, and other living organisms, including the relative complexity of species, 27 exotic species comunities, gene pools, and ecosystems at spatial scales that range from local through 28 indicator species syn 29 introduced species regional to global – : biological diversity 2. An index of richness in a community, 30 invasive species ecosystem, or landscape and the relative abundance of these species – note 1. There are 31 invasive alien species commonly five levels of biodiversity: (a) genetic diversity, referring to the genetic vari- 32 keystone species ation within a species; (b) species diversity, referring to the variety of species in an area; 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
9 Glossary on forest genetic resources
(c) community or ecosystem diversity, referring to the variety of communities or ecosys- 1 adaptation tems in an area; (d) landscape diversity, referring to the variety of ecosystems across a 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness landscape; and (e) regional diversity, referring to the variety of species, communities, 2 biological diversity ecosystems, or landscapes within a specific geographic region – note 2. Each level of 2.1 agricultural biodiversity biodiversity has three components: (a) compositional diversity or the number of parts or 2.2 forest biodiversity elements within a system, indicated by such measures as the number of species, genes, 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering communities, or ecosystems; (b) structural diversity or the variety of patterns or organiza- 3.2 genetic marker tions within a system, such as habitat structure, population structure, or species morphol- 4 (genetic) conservation ogy; and (c) functional diversity or the number of ecological processes within a system, 4.1 in situ conservation such as disturbance regimes, roles played by species within a community, and nutrient 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution cycling within a forest. 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Source: Helms, J. (ed.). 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. USA 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity biodiversity 8 genetic variation The variety of life on Earth and the natural patterns it forms, including all species of life and 9 genetic resources the genes that each individual contains, as the critical inter-relationships or „eco-systems“ 9.1 value of genetic which those species form. resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: BIOTECanada. What is Biotechnology? Glossary. http://www.biotech.ca/EN/what_glossary.html 11 genome 11.1 gene biodiversity 11.2 allele 12 genotype Biodiversity is the property of living systems of being distinct, that is, different, unlike. The 13 gene pool word is a contraction of Biological Diversity, i.e. the diversity of living beings. Life comes 14 germplasm in an almost infinite variety of fascinating and enchanting forms, from microsopically small 15 genetic system unicellular species to giant whales and elephants. In turn, species are formed by different 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system kinds of populations, these by different kinds of individuals, and these by different types 16.2 outcrossing of organs, tissues, cells, and genes. Diversity surround us, engulfs us, and not only in the 16.3 pollination living world. The inanimate world is also highly diverse. The rare, the peculiar, is to en- 17 phenotype counter living beings that are identical. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Solbrig, O.T. et al. 1992: Biodiversity and Global Change. International Union of Biological 19.2 hybridization Sciences (IUBS) 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material biodiversity (biological diversity) 21 species 21.1 forest tree species The variety and variability (both in numbers and frequency) of the organisms and the 21.2 (f. tree) population genetic variability within each species. The term can be used to describe a particular site, 22 trait a general habitat type, a small or large geographic region, or (less correctly) the genetic 23 tree breeding diversity of a particular species or population. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Maynard, C., 1996: Forest Genetics Glossary. SUNY College. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/ 25 vegetative propagation GENE_GLOSSERY.html 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation biodiversity 25.3. clone/cloning Biodiversity is the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region. (…) Biodiversity 26 alien species 27 exotic species can be divided into three hierarchical categories – genes, species, and ecosystems – that 28 indicator species describe quite different aspects of living systems and that scientists measure in different 29 introduced species ways: genetic diversity (…), species diversity (…), ecosystem diversity (…). 30 invasive species Besides ecosystem diversity, many other expressions of biodiversity can be important. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species These include the relative abundance of species, the age structure of populations, the 33 native species pattern of communities in a region, changes in community composition and structure over 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
10 Glossary on forest genetic resources
time, and even such ecological processes as predation, parasitism, and mutualism. More 1 adaptation generally, to meet specific management or policy goals, it is often important to examine not 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness only compositional diversity – genes, species, and ecosystems – but also diversity in 2 biological diversity ecosystem structure and function. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Source: WRI, IUCN, UNEP, 1992. Global biodiversity strategy: guidelines for action to save, study, and 3 biotechnology use earth‘s biotic wealth sustainably and equitably. 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation biodiversity 4.1 in situ conservation Diversity of the biotic components of ecosystems at the levels of organization, such as 4.2 ex situ conservation genes, species, populations, communities (e.g. tree community or forest ecosystem) and 5 evolution regions (landscape ecosystems, biogeographic units) … Biodiversity is more than, but 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow includes, species richness. It denotes the entirety of the life-forms in a system at any level. 5.3 selection At a-level in forestry it denotes, as dominance diversity, the pattern of mixture of species 6 genetic pollution within a community (evenness or unevenness of mixture) in terms of their contribution to 7 genetic diversity the number of individuals or biomass of the community: at b-level it denotes the patterns 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources of between-community diversity within a geographic unit at the scale of landscapes; at 9.1 value of genetic d-level it denotes differences at larger regional scale. Biodiversity at a-level and b-levels resources are crucially important elements of sustainable forest conservation and management. 10 management of genetic Biodiversity determines structural diversity and organizational complexity, and is the key resources 11 genome to ecological and economic self-sustainability and sustainability of forest management. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Bruenig, E.F. Conservation and Management of Tropical Rainforests. An Integrated Approach 12 genotype to Sustainability. Glossary. CAB International. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm biodiversity (biological diversity) 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system The diversity of plants, animals, and other living organisms in all their forms and levels of 16.1 mating system organization, including genes, species, ecosystems, and the evolutionary and functional 16.2 outcrossing processes that link them. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: Forest Service British Columbia. 1997. Glossary of Forestry Terms. Canada 19 provenance http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization biodiversity 19.3 introgression 1. Biological diversity: all the varied forms of plants, animals and micro-organisms (Cooper, 20 reproductive material 21 species 1992). 2. The measure of the variation in genes, species and ecosystems diversity, species 21.1 forest tree species diversity and ecosystem diversity (McNeeley, 1993). 3. Made up of all species of plants 21.2 (f. tree) population and animals, their genetic material and the ecosystems of which they are a part (Harvesting 22 trait Nature‘s Diversity). … 5. The variety and variability of living organisms and the ecological 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement complexes in which they occur; the variety of the world‘s species, including their genetic 24.1 domestication diversity and assemblages they form (W.V. Reid and K.R. Miller, 1989). 6. Refers to the 24.2 plus tree variety of life-forms and in a specific ecosystem (R. E. Segovia, 1995). 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation Source: SRDP. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa, Canada. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species biological diversity 27 exotic species denotes the variety of life forms, the ecological roles they perform and the genetic diversity 28 indicator species they contain (Wilcox, 1984). 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Source: FAO. 1993. Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management. Principles and 32 keystone species concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
11 Glossary on forest genetic resources
2.1 agricultural biodiversity
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn agricultural biological diversity 2 biological diversity agrobiodiversity 2.1 agricult. biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Agricultural biodiversity, sometimes called ‘agrobiodiversity’ encom- 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering passes the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organ- 3.2 genetic marker isms which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-eco- 4 (genetic) conservation system, its structure and processes for, and in support of, food pro- 4.1 in situ conservation duction and food security. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: FAO/CBD. Workshop 1998 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity french -> agrobiodiversité 8 genetic variation spanish -> agrobiodiversidad 9 genetic resources german -> Agrobiodiversität 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome Other definitions: 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype agrobiodiversity 13 gene pool The variety and variability of animal, plant and microbial organisms on earth that are 14 germplasm important to food and agriculture. It is an important sub-set of biodiversity as it is the 15 genetic system basis of food security. It includes all the species used directly or indirectly for food and 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system agriculture: human nutrition, feed for domestic animals, and the provision of essential raw 16.2 outcrossing materials and services such as fibre, fertiliser, fuel and pharmaceuticals. It covers, inter 16.3 pollination alia, crop varieties, including forage and fodder plants and trees, animal breeds, including 17 phenotype fish, molluscs, bird species and insects, as well as fungi, yeasts and micro-organisms such 18 progeny 19 provenance as algae and diverse bacteria. 19.1 land race Agricultural biodiversity has been further described as including: 19.2 hybridization - harvested crop varieties, livestock breeds, fish species and non-domesticated (‚wild‘) 19.3 introgression resources within field, forest, rangeland and aquatic ecosystems; 20 reproductive material 21 species - non-harvested species within production ecosystems that support food provision, 21.1 forest tree species including soil micro-organisms, pollinators, green manures, biocontrol organisms and so 21.2 (f. tree) population forth; and 22 trait - non-harvested species in the wider environment that support food production 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement ecosystems, (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic) including landraces, ‚wild‘ relatives 24.1 domestication of crops and livestock, environmental plants such as windbreaks for soil erosion control, 24.2 plus tree etc. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: FAO, 1999 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species agrobiodiversity 27 exotic species Agrobiodiversity is a fundamental feature of farming systems around the world. It encom- 28 indicator species 29 introduced species passes many types of biological resources tied to agriculture (see conceptual view of 30 invasive species agrobiodiversity), including: 31 invasive alien species - genetic resources – the essential living materials of plants and animals; 32 keystone species - edible plants and crops, including traditional varieties, cultivars, hybrids, and other 33 native species 34 naturalized species genetic material developed by breeders; and 35 weed/weediness - livestock (small and large, lineal breeds or thoroughbreds) and freshwater fish;
12 Glossary on forest genetic resources
- soil organisms vital to soil fertility, structure, quality, and soil health; 1 adaptation - naturally occurring insects, bacteria, and fungi that control insect pests and diseases 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness of domesticated plants and animals; 2 biological diversity - agroecosystem components and types (polycultural/monocultural, small/large scale, 2.1 agricult. biodiversity rainfed/irrigated, etc.) indispensable for nutrient cycling, stability, and productivity; 2.2 forest biodiversity and 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering - „wild“ resources (species and elements) of natural habitats and landscapes that can 3.2 genetic marker provide services (for example, pest control and ecosystem stability) to agriculture. 4 (genetic) conservation Agrobiodiversity therefore includes not only a wide variety of species, but also the many 4.1 in situ conservation ways in which farmers can exploit biological diversity to produce and manage crops, land, 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution water, insects, and biota. 5.1 genetic drift The concept also includes habitats and species outside of farming systems that benefit 5.2 gene flow agriculture and enhance ecosystem functions. One example is a source of host plants for 5.3 selection natural enemies and predators of agricultural pests. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: WRI, 1997. Agrobiodiversity as a Basis for Production and Survival. http://www.wri.org/sustag/ 9 genetic resources lba-01b.html 9.1 value of genetic resources agrobiodiversity 10 management of genetic In the context of mountain areas, agrobiodiversity is the fundamental basis of agriculture resources 11 genome and the overall economic system. It is the source of the resiliency and regeneration 11.1 gene necessary for the sustainability of agricultural systems. The self-sufficiency of local 11.2 allele mountain farming communities depends on agrobiodiversity. Considering the proportion 12 genotype of the earth occupied by farming systems, agrobiodiversity is a global asset. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: ICIMOD. http://www.icimod.org.sg/Publications/newsletter/manag.html 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system agricultural biodiversity 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Although the term „agricultural biodiversity“ is relatively new – it has come into wide use 17 phenotype in recent years as evidenced by bibliographic references – the concept itself is quite old. It 18 progeny is the result of the careful selection and inventive developments of farmers, herders and 19 provenance fishers over millenia. Agricultural biodiversity is a sub-set of biodiversity. It is a creation of 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization humankind whose food and livelihood security depend on the sustained management of 19.3 introgression those diverse biological resources that are important for food and agriculture. Agricultural 20 reproductive material biodiversity, also known as agrobiodiversity or the genetic resources for food and agricul- 21 species ture, includes: 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population · Harvested crop varieties, livestock breeds, fish species and non-domesticated (‚wild‘) 22 trait resources within field, forest, rangeland and in aquatic ecosystems; 23 tree breeding · Non-harvested species within production ecosystems that support food provision, 24 tree improvement including soil micro-biota, pollinators and so on; and 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree · Non-harvested species in the wider environment that support food production 25 vegetative propagation ecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic ecosystems). 25.1 micropropagation Agricultural biodiversity results from the interaction between the environment, genetic 25.2 macropropagation resources and the management systems and practices used by culturally diverse peoples 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species resulting in the different ways land and water resources are used for production. It thus 27 exotic species encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms which are 28 indicator species necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-ecosystem, its structure and processes for, 29 introduced species and in support of, food production and food security (FAO, 1999). 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: UKabc. Sustaining Agricultural Biodiversity. UK Food Group. http://www.ukabc.org/ukabc3.htm 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
13 Glossary on forest genetic resources
agricultural biodiversity 1 adaptation The variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms used directly or 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness indirectly for food and agriculture (including, in the FAO definition, crops, livestock, 2 biological diversity forestry and fisheries). It comprises the diversity of genetic resources (varieties, breeds, 2.1 agricult. biodiversity etc.) and species used for food, fodder, fibre, fuel and pharmaceuticals. It also includes the 2.2 forest biodiversity diversity of non-harvested species that support production (e.g. soil micro-organisms, 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering predators, pollinators and so on) and those in the wider environment that support agro- 3.2 genetic marker ecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic), as well as the diversity of the agro- 4 (genetic) conservation ecosystems themselves. 4.1 in situ conservation It has also been defined as: 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution Agricultural biodiversity encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and 5.1 genetic drift micro-organisms which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-ecosystem, its 5.2 gene flow structure and processes for, and in support of, food production and food security. (FAO, 5.3 selection 1999) 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: UKabc. Sustaining Agricultural Biodiversity. UK Food Group. http://www.ukabc.org/ukabc3.htm 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic agricultural biodiversity or agrobiodiversity resources 10 management of genetic Agricultural biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of animals, plants, and micro- resources organisms on earth that are important to food and agriculture which result from the 11 genome interaction between the environment, genetic resources and the management systems and 11.1 gene practices used by people. It takes into account not only genetic, species and agro- 11.2 allele 12 genotype ecosystem diversity and the different ways land and water resources are used for produc- 13 gene pool tion, but also cultural diversity, which influences human interactions at all levels. It has 14 germplasm spatial, temporal and scale dimensions. It comprises the diversity of genetic resources 15 genetic system (varieties, breeds, etc.) and species used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system (including, in the FAO definition, crops, livestock, forestry and fisheries) for the produc- 16.2 outcrossing tion of food, fodder, fibre, fuel and pharmaceuticals, etc.) and those in the wider environ- 16.3 pollination ment that support agro-ecosystems (agricultural, pastoral, forest and aquatic), as well as 17 phenotype the diversity of the agro-ecosystems themselves. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: International Technical Workshop organised jointly by the FAO and the Secretariat of the 19.2 hybridization Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBC), with the support of the Government of the Netherlands 19.3 introgression www.fao.org/sd/epdirect/Epre0063.htm 20 reproductive material 21 species agricultural biodiversity 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Agricultural biodiversity encompasses the variety and variability of plants, animals and 22 trait micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain 23 tree breeding key functions in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes for, and in support of, 24 tree improvement food production and food security. Many people say that local knowledge and culture are 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree also integral parts of agricultural biodiversity, because it is the human activity of agricul- 25 vegetative propagation ture which conserves this biodiversity through sustainable use. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Cromwell, E. Cooper, D.; Mulvany, P. 1999. Agricultural Biodiversity and Livelihoods: issues 25.3. clone/cloning and entry points: Paper for DFID Linking policy and Practice in Biodiversity project (LPPB), ODI, 26 alien species 27 exotic species FAO, ITDG 28 indicator species 29 introduced species agrobiodiversity 30 invasive species Agrobiodiversity consists of a rich basket of resources – ranging from varieties of crops 31 invasive alien species and livestock, to beneficial insects, microscopic organisms, and genetic materials – that 32 keystone species 33 native species make up healthy soils and enable production of nutritious food. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: Thrupp, L.A. 1998. Cultivating Diversity: Agrobiodiversity and Food Security. WRI. http:// www.wri.org/press/agrobiod.html
14 Glossary on forest genetic resources
2.2 forest biological diversity
Reference Definition 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The variability among living organisms and the ecological processes 2.1 agricultural biodiversity of which they are part; this includes diversity of living in forests 2.2 forest biodiversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Forest 4 (genetic) conservation Biological Diversity, 2001 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> biodiversité forestière 5.2 gene flow spanish -> biodiversidad forestal 5.3 selection german -> forstbiologische Diversität 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 3 biotechnology 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Reference Definition: 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Any technological application that uses biological systems, living 15 genetic system organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or 16 reproductive system processes for specific use. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: The Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. UNEP 1992 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance french -> biotechnologie 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization spanish -> biotecnología 19.3 introgression german -> Biotechnologie 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Other definitions: 22 trait 23 tree breeding biotechnology 24 tree improvement The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree biological agents to provide goods and services. Biotechnology comprises any technique 25 vegetative propagation that uses living organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals or to 25.1 micropropagation develop microorganisms for specific purposes. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note Nr. 46. Danida 27 exotic species 28 indicator species biotechnology 29 introduced species Any technique that uses living organisms (or part of organisms) to make or modify 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species products, to improve plants or animals, or to develop micro-organisms for specific uses. 32 keystone species It refers to the technological application of biological processes, including a number of 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
15 Glossary on forest genetic resources
individual techniques such as recombinant DNA-molecule manipulation, protein en- 1 adaptation gineering, cell fusion, nucleotide synthesis, monoclonal antibody use and production, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness product recovery, and unique fermentation techniques, e.g. biocatalysis using immobi- 2 biological diversity lized enzymes. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology Source: IBPGR (comp.), 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Italy. 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker biotechnology 4 (genetic) conservation The collection of industrial processes that involve the use of biological systems. For some 4.1 in situ conservation industries, these processes involve the use of genetically engineered micro-organisms. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection biotechnology 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity The application of science and engineering in the direct or indirect use of living organisms, 8 genetic variation or parts of organisms, in their natural or modified forms. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: Canadian Forest Service. Science Branch. 1998. Ontario KIA 0E4. [email protected] 10 management of genetic resources biotechnology 11 genome The scientific manipulation of living organisms, especially at the molecular genetic level, to 11.1 gene produce useful products. Gene splicing and use of recombinant DNA (rDNA) are major 11.2 allele 12 genotype techniques used. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Annotated Dictionary. http:// 15 genetic system gophisb.biochem.vt.edu/resources/glossary.htm 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system biotechnology 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination The industrial use of living organisms or biological techniques developed through basic 17 phenotype research. Biotechnology products include antibiotics, insulin, interferon, recombinant 18 progeny DNA, and techniques such as waste recycling. Much older forms of biotechnology in- 19 provenance clude breadmaking, cheesemaking and brewing wine and beer. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Source: BioTech Resources. Indiana University. Life Science Dictionary. 20 reproductive material http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/Search/dict-search.html 21 species 21.1 forest tree species biotechnology 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 1. Any technique that uses living organisms, or parts of organisms, to make or modify 23 tree breeding products, to improve plants or animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses 24 tree improvement (OTA-U.S. Congress, 1988). 2. Dubbed as the technology of life by altering the genetic 24.1 domestication make-up of living organisms through tissue culture, cloning existing cells, DNA changing 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation and genetic engineering (Pecs, K. 1993) 3. The application of scientific and engineering 25.1 micropropagation principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and 25.2 macropropagation services (Reinjtjes et al., 1993). 4. Assists the conservation of plant and animal genetic 25.3. clone/cloning resources through: new methods for collecting and storing genes (as seed and tissue 26 alien species 27 exotic species culture), detection and elimination of diseases in genebank collections; identification of 28 indicator species useful genes; improvement techniques for long-term storage; and safer and more efficient 29 introduced species distribution of germplasms to users (Harvesting Nature‘s Diversity). 5. The use of advance 30 invasive species genetic techniques to construct novel microbial and plant strains and obtain site-directed 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species mutants ot improve the quantity and quality of products (Mc Graw-Hill Dictionary of 33 native species Scientific and Technical Terms). 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa, Canada
16 Glossary on forest genetic resources
biotechnology 1 adaptation … can be broadly defined as „using living organisms or their products for commercial 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness purposes.“ As such, biotechnology has been practiced by human society since the begin- 2 biological diversity ning of recorded history in such activities as baking bread, brewing alcoholic beverages, or 2.1 agricultural biodiversity breeding food crops or domestic animals. 2.2 forest biodiversity A narrower and more specific definition of biotechnology is „the commercial application of 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering living organisms or their products, which involves the deliberate manipulation of their DNA 3.2 genetic marker molecules“ …. This definition implies a set of laboratory techniques developed within the 4 (genetic) conservation last 20 years that have been responsible for the tremendous scientific and commercial 4.1 in situ conservation interest in biotechnology, the founding of many new companies, and the redirection of 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution research efforts and financial resources among established companies and universities. 5.1 genetic drift These laboratory techniques provide scientists with a spectacular vision of the design and 5.2 gene flow function of living organisms, and provide technologists in many fields with the tools to 5.3 selection implement exciting commercial applications. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: Iowas State University. Principles of Biotechnology. (Bio-1). 9 genetic resources http://www.nal.usda.gov/Bic/Education_res/iastate.info/bio1.html 9.1 value of genetic resources biotechnology 10 management of genetic The use of current technologies such as DNA technologies for the modification and resources 11 genome improvement of biological systems. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: BIOTECanada. What is Biotechnology? Glossary. http://www.biotechCa/EN/hat_glossary.html. 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm biotechnology 15 genetic system Development of products by a biological process. Production may be carried out by using 16 reproductive system intact organisms (e.g., yeasts and bacteria) or by using natural substances (e.g., enzymes) 16.1 mating system from organisms. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Côté, M. (ed.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
17 Glossary on forest genetic resources
3.1 genetic engineering
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness All modern molecular biology techniques used to isolate, manipulate 2 biological diversity and transfer genes from one organism to another. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity One such method is using recombinant DNA. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation french -> génie génétique 4.1 in situ conservation spanish -> ingeniería genética 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution german -> Gentechnik 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Other definitions: 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation genetic engineering 9 genetic resources Genetic manipulations, by which an individual, having a new combination of inherited 9.1 value of genetic properties, is established. resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: Ayad, W.G. 1980. A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms. AGP: IBPGR/80/11. Rome 11 genome 11.1 gene genetic engineering 11.2 allele 12 genotype The directed genetic modification of an individual organism to have a new heritable trait 13 gene pool by splicing a specific gene into the individual‘s geonomic DNA sequence. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: Helms, J. (ed). 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing genetic engineering 16.3 pollination An all-inclusive term to cover all laboratory or industrial techniques used to alter the 17 phenotype genetic machinery of organisms so that they can subsequently synthesize increased yields 18 progeny 19 provenance of compounds already in their repertoire, or form entirely new compounds, adapt to 19.1 land race drastically changed environments, etc. Often, the techniques involve manipulating genes 19.2 hybridization in ways that bypass normal sexual or asexual transmission. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D. 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population genetic engineering 22 trait The manipulation of an organism‘s genetic endowment by introducing or eliminating 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement specific genes through modern molecular biology techniques. A broad definition of genetic 24.1 domestication engineering also includes selective breeding and other means of artifical selection. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Annotated Dictionary. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation http://gophisb.biochem.vt.edu/resources/glossary.html 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species genetic engineering 27 exotic species The use of in vitro techniques to manipulate the genes of an organism or their expression, 28 indicator species i.e. to produce DNA containing new combinations of genes or gene sequences. The Ti 29 introduced species 30 invasive species plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is often used as a vector for transferring genetic 31 invasive alien species information from a donor organism to a recipient cell devoid of such material. 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: IBPGR (comp.) 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 35 weed/weediness
18 Glossary on forest genetic resources
genetic engineering 1 adaptation The process of changing the genetic makeup of one organism by transferring DNA from 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness another organism. Also known as Recombinant DNA technology. This could also include 2 biological diversity modification of genes. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology Source: BIOTECanada. What is biotechnology? Glossary. http://www.biotech.Ca/EN/what_glossary.htm 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker genetic engineering(recombinant DNA technology) 4 (genetic) conservation The isolation of useful genes from a donor organism or tissue and their incorporation into 4.1 in situ conservation an organism that does not normally possess them. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection genetic engineering 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 1. The manipulation of the information flow of a biological system that is performed by the 8 genetic variation genetic structure of an organism. This manipulation is accomplished by regulating or 9 genetic resources altering the genes (Training on planning and implementing ecological programmes for 9.1 value of genetic production and rural development). 2. The international production of new genes and resources 10 management of genetic alteration of genomes by the substitution or addition of new genetic material (Mc Graw- resources Hill Dictionary of scientific and technical terms). 3. Techniques used by scientists to 11 genome transfer genes from one organism to another. One such method is using recombinant DNA 11.1 gene (D.A. Posey and G. Dutfield). 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms relevant to: Sustainable Agriculture, Seed Production and 14 germplasm Handling Technology, Genetic Conservation, Agroforestry, Indigenous Knowledge Systems Development 15 genetic system and Related Fields and Issues. Ottawa, Canada 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system genetic engineering 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Techniques used to isolate, manipulate and transfer genes. 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: FAO. Biotechnology in forest tree improvement. FAO 118 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression genetic engineering 20 reproductive material Artificial selection of cultigens to increase species efficiency for food production. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: •umer-Linder, 1979. M. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ecological studies 3, 22 trait Uppsala 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
19 Glossary on forest genetic resources
3.2 genetic marker
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn gene marker 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity A gene or group of genes used to identify an individual or a cell that 2.2 forest biodiversity carries it, or as a probe to mark a nucleus, chromosome, or locus. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Genetic markers can be classified as biochemical markers 4 (genetic) conservation (e.g. isozymes) and molecular markers (e.g. DNA markers). 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> marqueur génétique 5.2 gene flow spanish -> marcador genético 5.3 selection german -> Genmarker 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic genetic marker resources Any allele used as an experimental probe to mark a nucleus, chromosome or a gene. 11 genome Genetic markers can be classified as Biochemical markers (e.g. isozymes) and Molecular 11.1 gene markers (e.g. DNA markers). 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 14 germplasm 15 genetic system genetic marker 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system A mutation in a gene of known location and effect, which facilitates the analysis of its 16.2 outcrossing inheritance or that of a linked gene. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: IBPGR (comp.) 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race genetic marker 19.2 hybridization An inheritable character easily discerned and used for identification of an individual and 19.3 introgression for genetic mapping. 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Côté, M. (ed.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des Ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Les 21.2 (f. tree) population Presses de l’Université Laval. Canada. 22 trait 23 tree breeding genetic marker 24 tree improvement A gene or group of genes used to „mark“ or track the action of microbes. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Annotated Dictionary. http://gophisb.biochem.vt.edu/resources/lossary.html 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation genetic marker 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species A gene, whose phenotypic expression is usually easily discerned, used to identify an 27 exotic species individual or a cell that carries it, or as a probe to mark a nucleus, chromosome, or locus. 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D. 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Fifth edition. Oxford University 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Press 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
20 Glossary on forest genetic resources
genetic marker 1 adaptation A genetic factor that can be identified and thus acts to determine the presence of genes or 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness traits linked with but not easily identified. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: BIOTECanada. What is Biotechnology? Glossary. http://www.biotech.ca/EN/hat_glossary.html 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering genetic marker 3.2 genetic marker A segment of DNA with an identifiable physical location on a chromosome and whose 4 (genetic) conservation inheritance can be followed. A marker can be a gene, or it can be some section of DNA 4.1 in situ conservation with no known function. Because DNA segments that lie near each other on a chromo- 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution some tend to be inherited together, markers are often used as indirect ways of tracking 5.1 genetic drift the inheritance pattern of a gene that has not yet been identified, but whose approximate 5.2 gene flow location is known. 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Source: Nussbaum, R. Glossary. National Human Genome Research Institute’s Laboratory of Genetic 8 genetic variation Disease Research. http://wwww.nhgri.nih.gov/DIR/VIP/Glossary/pub_glossary.cgi/ 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic genetic marker (gene marker) resources Any genetically controlled phenotypic difference used in genetic analysis, particularly in 10 management of genetic resources the detection of genetic recombination events. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Archaeology.Info. Glossary. http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/glossaryg.htm 11.2 allele 12 genotype genetic marker 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Any region used as an experimental probe to mark a nucleus, chromosome, gene, or DNA 15 genetic system region. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Klopfenstein, N. B. et al. 1997. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-97. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype genetic marker 18 progeny Any genetically controlled phenotypic difference used in genetic analysis, or, more 19 provenance specifically, any gene difference used in the detection of recombination events (genetic 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization recombination) in order to facilitate recognition of a novel (recombinant) genotype by 19.3 introgression its particular phenotypic expression. 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: Boudreault-Lapointe. 1988. Plant Biotechnology Vocabulary. Terminology Bulletin 180. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Canada 22 trait 23 tree breeding biomarker 24 tree improvement The variation, induced by a substance foreign to the body, in cellular or biochemical 24.1 domestication components or processes, structures, or functions that is measurable in a biological 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation system or sample. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Dunster, J.& K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species DNA marker 27 exotic species 28 indicator species A distinctive segment of DNA. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
21 Glossary on forest genetic resources
4 (genetic) conservation
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn gene conservation 2 biological diversity genetic resource conservation 2.1 agricultural biodiversity gene pool conservation 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering The collection, maintenance, storage and sustainable management 3.2 genetic marker of genetic resources aimed at ensuring their continued existence, 4 (genetic) conservation evolution and availability for future generations. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> conservation (génétique) 5.2 gene flow spanish -> conservación (genética) 5.3 selection german -> (genetische) Erhaltung 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic genetic conservation resources The collection, maintenance and preservation of intra- and inter specific variation, 11 genome e.g. a representative sample of the genetic variation of a particular species. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: IBPGR. 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 13 gene pool 14 germplasm genetic conservation 15 genetic system 1. The wise and sustainable management of natural resources with objectives being 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system human survival and development (J. Burley, Abstracts). 2. The management of human use 16.2 outcrossing of genetic resources so that they may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present 16.3 pollination generation, while maintaining their potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future 17 phenotype generations (Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management: Principles 18 progeny 19 provenance and Concepts). 3. Collection, maintenance, and preservation of all segments of germplasm 19.1 land race in a crop species and its wild relatives (T.T. Chang, 1976). 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms relevant to: Ottawa 21 species 21.1 forest tree species gene(tic) conservation 21.2 (f. tree) population All activities including, e.g. collecting, maintenance, storage, management, protection 22 trait and regeneration, aimed at ensuring the continued existence, evolution and availability 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement of genetic resources; in situ and ex situ. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation of Norway spruce (Picea 25 vegetative propagation abies (L.) Karst.). EUFORGEN. IPGRI 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning gene conservation 26 alien species Protecting and maintaining the genetic variation of a species in order to keep a genetic 27 exotic species resource for future research and improvement. 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
22 Glossary on forest genetic resources
gene conservation 1 adaptation A sound gene conservation means that the methods selected ensure that the objectives 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness are fulfilled while taking the genetic knowledge into account. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering gene conservation 3.2 genetic marker Any action to maintain an individual gene (phenotpye) in a population. A term to be 4 (genetic) conservation avoided in favor of the term gene pool (or genetic resource) conservation (Nienstaedt, 4.1 in situ conservation 1980). 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: USDA Forest Service. 1980. A Glossary of Terms for Forest Tree Improvement Workshop. 5.2 gene flow Sacramento, California 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution gene pool conservation (genetic resource conservation) 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Any action that insures the maintenance and wise use of the evolutionary potential of the 9 genetic resources population (Nienstaedt, 1980). 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: USDA Forest Service. 1980. A Glossary of Terms for Forest Tree Improvement 10 management of genetic resources Workshop. Sacramento, California 11 genome 11.1 gene conservation 11.2 allele The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustain- 12 genotype 13 gene pool able benefit to present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and 14 germplasm aspirations of future generations: Thus conservation is positive, embracing preservation, 15 genetic system maintenance, sustainable utilization, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environ- 16 reproductive system ment 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: IUCN/WWF/UNEP. 1981. Conservation Strategy 17 phenotype 18 progeny conservation 19 provenance 19.1 land race of a resource is best defined as the actions and policies that assure its continued availabil- 19.2 hybridization ity and existence. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: FAO. 1989. Plant Genetic Resources. Conceptual framework. FAO. Rome 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population conservation 22 trait 1. Protection of plant and animal habitat 2. The management of a renewable natural 23 tree breeding resource with the objective of sustaining its productivity in perpetuity while providing for 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication human use compatible with sustainability of the resource – note for a forest this may 24.2 plus tree include managed, periodic cutting and removal of trees followed by regeneration conser- 25 vegetative propagation vation 3. The process or means of achieving recovery of viable populations. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 26 alien species 27 exotic species conservation 28 indicator species 1. The management or control of human use of resources (biotic and abiotic) and activities 29 introduced species 30 invasive species on the planet, in an attempt to restore, enhance, protect, and sustain the quality and 31 invasive alien species quantity of a desired mix of species and ecosystem conditions and processes for present 32 keystone species and future generations. 2. The process or means of achieving and maintaining conserva- 33 native species tion objectives. Conservation is explicitly concerned with the temporal distribution of use; 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
23 Glossary on forest genetic resources
that is, carefully considered use now so that some (more, less, or the same amount) will still 1 adaptation exist for use later on. The use in question could be consumptive (harvesting of a resource) 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness or non-consumptive (retention of ecological reserves). There are many varied definitions of 2 biological diversity conservation in different fields. Most encompass the notion of judicious use by humans 2.1 agricultural biodiversity over time, which in some instances may mean no use at all or use that serves to enhance, 2.2 forest biodiversity rather than deplete, resources. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Dunster, J.& K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution In forestry, the wise use of natural renewable resources. A key idea for understanding 5.1 genetic drift “conservation” is “use” by people. 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution Source: Fletcher, R. et al. 1994. Glossary of Woodland Words. Oregon State University 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation conservation 9 genetic resources The human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to 9.1 value of genetic present generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of resources 10 management of genetic future generations, and includes the preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, resources restoration and enhancement of the environment. Modern conservation theory incorpo- 11 genome rates the notion that what is to be conserved is not so much the physical state of an 11.1 gene ecological system as the ecological processes by which that state is created and main- 11.2 allele 12 genotype tained (Australia, Resource Assessment Commission 1991). Conservation applies both to 13 gene pool forests designated for harvesting and to forests designated as ecological reserves, 14 germplasm although the management goals are different (Maini and Carlisle 1974). 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system Source: Aird, P. L. Conservation of the Sustainable Development of Forests worldwide: A Compendium 16.2 outcrossing of Concepts and Terms. The Forestry Chronicle Vol. 70, No. 6, 1994. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype conservation 18 progeny …. is seen as the antithesis of use and in this kind of conflict often conservation and 19 provenance breeding are seen as mutually exclusive. As long as forests and their genes are assumed 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization as fixed resources, both genetic and management issues will be solved along a one- 19.3 introgression dimensional axis of production versus conservation. On the other hand, if we view 20 reproductive material resources as multidimensional with many options for productivity and conservation, a 21 species more rational solution may be possible. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement conservation 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree The management of human use of organisms or ecosystems to ensure such use is sustain- 25 vegetative propagation able. Besides Sustainable Use, conservation includes Protection, Maintenance, Rehabilita- 25.1 micropropagation tion, Restoration, and Enhancement of populations and ecosystems. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: IUCN, UNEP, WWF, 1991: Caring for the Earth. A Strategy for Sustainable Living. 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species conservation 29 introduced species Judicious case and management of nature and natural resources for the benefit of human 30 invasive species society and for ethical reasons. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: UNEP. 1995. Global Biodiversity Assessment. Annex 6, Glossary 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
24 Glossary on forest genetic resources
4.1 in situ conservation
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn in-situ conservation 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their 3.1 genetic engineering natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated 3.2 genetic marker species, in the surroundings where they have developed their 4 (genetic) conservation distinctive properties. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution Source: The Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. UNEP 1992 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection french -> conservation in situ 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity spanish -> conservación in situ 8 genetic variation german -> in-situ-Erhaltung 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Other definitions: resources 11 genome in situ conservation 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Retention, conservation, and propagation of germ plasm resources on the site as a means 12 genotype of continuing the organism or ecosystem in its original habitat or location. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system in situ conservation 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Conservation of genetic resources ‚on site‘, in the natural and original population, on the 17 phenotype site formerly occupied by that population, or on the site where genetic resources of a 18 progeny particular population developed their distinctive properties. Although usually applied to 19 provenance stands regenerated naturally, the in situ conservation may include artificial regeneration 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization whenever planting or sowing is done without conscious selection and in the same area 19.3 introgression where the reproductive material was collected. 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation. EUFORGEN. IPGRI 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait in situ conservation 23 tree breeding Conservation in natural stands. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: FAO. Biotechnology in forest tree improvement. FAO 118 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation in-situ conservation 25.2 macropropagation 1. Literally ‚on site‘. Until recently, it was narrowly used to describe conservation of 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species genetic resources in their natural surroundings, normally protected from human interfer- 27 exotic species ence. However, it is increasingly used to designate conservation on the farm, where genetic 28 indicator species resources are developed, bred and maintained (Cooper et al., 1992). 2. The conservation of 29 introduced species ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species of species in their natural surroundings. In the case of domesticated or cultivated species, 32 keystone species such as crops, conservation in the surroundings where those populations have developed 33 native species their distinctive properties (De Boef, et al., 1993). 3. Maintains plants and animals in their 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
25 Glossary on forest genetic resources
original habitats or in traditional farming systems. Allows evolutionary processes to 1 adaptation continue so that plant populations can adapt to changing environmental and human needs 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness (IBPGRI calendar). 4. Conservation of genetic resources of target species ‚on-site‘, within 2 biological diversity the natural original ecosystem in which they occur, or on the site formerly occupied by that 2.1 agricultural biodiversity ecosystem. Although most frequently applied to populations regenerated naturally, in-situ 2.2 forest biodiversity conservation may include artificial regeneration whenever planting or sowing is done 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering without conscious selection and in the same area where the seed or other reproductive 3.2 genetic marker materials were collected (Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest: Principles 4 (genetic) conservation and Concepts). 5. Maintains plants and animals in their original habitats. It is appropriate 4.1 in situ conservation for many wild species, including relatives of crops and particularly trees, for which no 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution adequate ex situ methods are available. It also preserves evolutionary processes and has 5.1 genetic drift low direct costs (Diversity for Development: The Strategy of the IPGRI). 6. A conserva- 5.2 gene flow tion method that attempts to preserve the genetic integrity of gene resources by conserv- 5.3 selection ing them within the evolutionary dynamic ecosystems of their original habitat or natural 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity environment (W.V. Reid and K.R. Miller, 1989). 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa, Canada. 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic in situ gene conservation resources Protection of the genetic variation of a species at its native sites, e.g. by establishing 11 genome forest reserves. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 13 gene pool 14 germplasm in situ 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system On site; within the natural habitat 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Helms, J.A. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny in-situ 19 provenance At its native place. Ant. Ex-situ. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 20 reproductive material 21 species in situ 21.1 forest tree species Refers to performing assays or manipulations with intact tissues. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Annotated Dictionary. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
26 Glossary on forest genetic resources
4.2 ex situ conservation
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn ex-situ conservation 2 biological diversity ex situ gene conservation 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity The conservation of components of biological diversity outside their 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering natural habitats. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: The Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. UNEP 1992 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution french -> ex situ conservation 5.1 genetic drift spanish -> conservación ex situ 5.2 gene flow german -> ex-situ-Erhaltung 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources ex situ conservation 9.1 value of genetic Transfer of organisms (plant or animal) from one site (e.g., in the wild) to another site (e.g. resources 10 management of genetic seed banks, zoos), for the purpose of maintenance or breeding as a means of conserving resources the organisms. 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Dunster, J.& K 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 12 genotype 13 gene pool ex situ conservation 14 germplasm Any conservation method that entails removal of individual plants or propagating material 15 genetic system (seed, pollen, tissue) from its site of natural occurrence, i.e. conservation „off-site“ in gene 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system banks as seed, tissue or pollen; in plantations; or in other live collections, such as ex situ 16.2 outcrossing conservation stands. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: FAO. 1993. FAO Forestry Paper 107. Rome 19 provenance 19.1 land race ex situ conservation 19.2 hybridization Conservation of genetic resources that entails removal of individuals or reproductive 19.3 introgression material from its site of natural (original) occurrence, i.e. conservation ‚off site‘. 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. EUFORGEN. IPGRI 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait ex-situ conservation 23 tree breeding The conservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats; in 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication the case of genetic plant resources, this may be in genebanks, or in other live collections. 24.2 plus tree It is used to indicate conservation in genebanks (De Boef, et al., 1993). …5. A conservation 25 vegetative propagation method that entails the removal of germplasms resources (seed, pollen, sperm, individual 25.1 micropropagation organisms) from their original habitat or natural environment (W.V. Reid and K.R. Miller). 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa, Canada. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species ex situ gene conservation 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Protection of the genetic variation of a species outside its native site e.g. established 31 invasive alien species plantations. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
27 Glossary on forest genetic resources
5 evolution
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn evolutionary processes 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity The changes in genetic constitution of a population or group of 2.2 forest biodiversity populations in successive generations. Particularly long-term changes 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering accompanying ecotype, race, subspecies, genus, and family formation. 3.2 genetic marker The causative processes include mutation, recombination, drift, 4 (genetic) conservation isolation, and natural selection. Evolution has no determined endpoint. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> évolution 5.2 gene flow spanish -> evolución 5.3 selection german -> Evolution 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic evolution resources The stepwise development (or extinction) of biological groups, as a result of natural 11 genome selection and increase of hereditary variants in the population. A small proportion of 11.1 gene individuals with a particular non-favourable genetic mark up may survive in a large popu- 11.2 allele 12 genotype lation. Through sucessive generations, change in the environment or a new environment 13 gene pool to which the organisms have migrated may favour the survival and reproduction of the 14 germplasm aberrant individuals with a consequent increase of their genes in the population. The 15 genetic system causative processes include mutation, recombination, drift, isolation, 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system and natural selection. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance evolution 19.1 land race A cumulative genetic change in a population of organisms related by descent, over time. 19.2 hybridization It is typically the result of natural selection but can also be due to random genetic drift. 19.3 introgression Evolution has no determined endpoint. 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Dunster, J.& K 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait evolution 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Long-time changes in gene frequency and phenotypic characteristics of a population 24.1 domestication or group of populations. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation Source: Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Michigan State University. New York 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning evolution 26 alien species The changes in genetic constitution of a group in successive generations. Particularly 27 exotic species long-time changes accompanying ecotype, race, subspecies, species, genus, and family 28 indicator species 29 introduced species formation. 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Source: FAO. Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
28 Glossary on forest genetic resources
evolution 1 adaptation The process of cumulative change in response to changing environmental conditions. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The theory that species have changed in response to natural selection. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: •umer-Linder, M. 1979. Environmental World-List; Swedish University of Agricultural 2.2 forest biodiversity Sciences. Uppsala 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker evolution 4 (genetic) conservation 1) The change in life over time by adaptation, variation, over-reproduction, and differ- 4.1 in situ conservation ential survival/reproduction, a process referred to by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace 4.2 ex situ conservation as natural selection. 2) Descent with modification. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Source: On-Line Biology Book: Glossary 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic 5.1 genetic drift resources 11 genome 11.1 gene Reference Definition: 11.2 allele 12 genotype syn random drift 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Random change in allele frequencies in a population from one 16 reproductive system generation to the next because of small population size. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: Schmidt, L. 1997 Tree Improvement Glossary. Danida 17 phenotype 18 progeny french -> dérive génétique 19 provenance spanish -> deriva genética 19.1 land race german genetische Drift 19.2 hybridization -> 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Other definitions: 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait genetic drift 23 tree breeding Change in allele frequency from one generation to another within a population, due to the 24 tree improvement sampling of finite numbers of genes that is inevitable in all finite-sized populations. The 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree smaller the population, the greater the genetic drift, with the result that some alleles are 25 vegetative propagation lost, and genetic diversity is reduced. Thus minimization of genetic drift is an important 25.1 micropropagation consideration for conservation of genetic resources. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 26 alien species 27 exotic species Technology Paper No. 7. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 28 indicator species 29 introduced species genetic drift 30 invasive species The random change of the occurance of a particular gene in a population; genetic drift is 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species thought to be one cause of speciation when a group of organisms is separated from its 33 native species parent population. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: Schlindwein, B. Hypermedia Glossary of Genetic Terms. http://www.weihenstephan.de/~schlind/
29 Glossary on forest genetic resources
6 gene flow
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn geneflow 2 biological diversity migration [~] 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity The movement of genes by pollen (dispersal of gametes), seeds 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering (through zygotes) and plants from one population to another. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> flux de gènes 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution spanish -> flujo de genes 5.1 genetic drift german -> Genfluß 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources gene flow 9.1 value of genetic Passage of genes from one population to another (also called gene migration). resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 11 genome 11.1 gene gene flow 11.2 allele 12 genotype The exchange of genetic traits between populations by movement of individuals, 13 gene pool gametes, or spores. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: Dunster, J.& K 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing geneflow 16.3 pollination The exchange of genetic material between populations due to the dispersal of gametes 17 phenotype (through pollen) and zygotes (through seeds). 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Koski, V.; Skroppa, T.; Paule, L. Wolf, H.; Turok, J.; 1997 Technical guidelines for genetic 19.2 hybridization conservation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material gene flow 21 species 21.1 forest tree species The spread of genes through crossing. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait Source: Wright, J. W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Michigan State University. N.Y, 1976 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication gene flow 24.2 plus tree The exchange of genes (in one or both directions) at a low rate between two populations, 25 vegetative propagation due to the dispersal of gamentes or of individuals from one population to another, also 25.1 micropropagation called migration. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: Ayala, F.J.; Kiger, J. A. Modern Genetics: University of California, Davis 27 exotic species 28 indicator species gene flow 29 introduced species 30 invasive species The consequence of crossfertilization between members of a species that results in the 31 invasive alien species spread of alleles across and between populations. 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 35 weed/weediness
30 Glossary on forest genetic resources
migration 1 adaptation Movement of genes by pollen, seeds or plants from one population (emigration) into 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness another population (immigration) of the same species. Migration contribute to altering 2 biological diversity the gene frequencies of the offspring compared to the parent generation. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.3 selection 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Reference definition: 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Any process, natural or artificial, which permits a change in the 9 genetic resources genetic structure of populations in succeeding generations. 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome french -> sélection 11.1 gene spanish -> selección 11.2 allele 12 genotype german -> Selektion 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Other definitions: 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing selection 16.3 pollination Often synonymous with artificial selection, which is the choice by the breeder of indivi- 17 phenotype duals for propagation from a larger population. Artificial selection may be for one or more 18 progeny 19 provenance desired characters or properties. It may be based on the tree itself (phenotypic), or on the 19.1 land race progeny of the tree or its other relatives (genotypic). 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 21 species 21.1 forest tree species selection 21.2 (f. tree) population Choosing individual trees or populations with desirable characters to obtain genetic 22 trait improvement. 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary. 24.2 plus tree http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/GENE_GLOSSERY.html 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation selection 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning There are two forms of selection. Natural selection is the differential reproduction and 26 alien species survival of individuals, such that poorly adapted offspring do not continue in the popula- 27 exotic species tion. Artificial selection occurs when human manipulations yield specific traits deemed 28 indicator species desirable, such as hunting, prevent or eliminate individuals from reproducing, thus 29 introduced species 30 invasive species suppressing or eradicating a particular trait. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International. 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
31 Glossary on forest genetic resources
selection 1 adaptation Placing organisms under conditions where the growth of those with a particular genotype 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness will be favored. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: BioTech Life Science Dictionary. BioTechResources and Indiana University 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering selection 3.2 genetic marker Choosing individuals with desired qualities to serve as parents for the next generation. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation Source: Côté, M. 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Univ. Laval. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift selection 5.2 gene flow The choosing of individuals or populations with specified desirable characters to improve 5.3 selection or alter the average genotype of the population or populations. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: FAO. Genetics of forest tree improvement 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 6 genetic pollution 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Reference Definition: 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype french -> pollution génétique 18 progeny 19 provenance spanish -> polución genética 19.1 land race german -> genetische Verunreinigung 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Other definitions: 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population genetic pollution 22 trait Uncontrolled spread of genetic information (frequently referring to transgenes) into the 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement genomes of organisms in which such genes are not present in nature. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 25 vegetative propagation Technology Paper No. 7. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species genetic pollution 27 exotic species Uncontrolled escape of genetic information (frequently refering to products of genetic 28 indicator species engineering) into the genomes of organisms in the environment where those genes never 29 introduced species 30 invasive species existed before. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Searchable Biotechnology Dictionary. University of Minnesota. http://www.plpa.agri.umn.edu/ 33 native species scag1500/definitions.html 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
32 Glossary on forest genetic resources
7 genetic diversity
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The genetic variability within a population or a species. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Is one aspect of -> biological diversity. Genetic diversity can be 2.2 forest biodiversity assessed at three levels: (a) diversity within breeding populations, 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering (b) diversity between breeding populations; and (c) diversity within 3.2 genetic marker the species. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution french -> diversité génétique 5.1 genetic drift spanish -> diversidad genética 5.2 gene flow german -> genetische Diversität 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Other definitions: 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic genetic diversity resources 10 management of genetic The genetic variability within a population or a species, usually assessed at three levels: resources (a) within breeding populations, (b) between breeding populations, and (c) within species. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool genetic diversity 14 germplasm The genetic variability within a population or a species. The number and relative abun- 15 genetic system dance of alleles. This is the foundation of all diversity, and loss of genetic diversity within 16 reproductive system species is increasingly recognized as an important and largely undocumented problem, at 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing least as serious as loss of entire species. Genetic diversity can be assessed at three levels: 16.3 pollination (1) diversity within breeding populations; (2) diversity between breeding populations 17 phenotype within any one geographic area; and (3) diversity within the species. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Dunster, J.& K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression genetic diversity 20 reproductive material The condition of being genetically different and variable. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: Ayad, W.G. 1980. A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms. AGP: IBPGR/80/11. 22 trait 23 tree breeding genetic diversity 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication … 3. Refers to the range of variability (for specific characters) among representative plants 24.2 plus tree or seeds of a genetically pure seedlot. It describes the homogeneity or heterogeneity of 25 vegetative propagation seeds and ultimate plants composing a variety. On a broader scale, the term may also be 25.1 micropropagation used to describe the diversity of varieties growing in a given area .. 5. Variation or differ- 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning ences within the genes of an offspring; variations can be visible, such as color, height or 26 alien species shape, or invisible like taste, resistance to pests and diseases. Makes it possible to pro- 27 exotic species duce new breeds of crops or animals and allow them to adapt to changing conditions 28 indicator species (soils, climate, different management practices or agricultural uses) .. 7. Existing condition 29 introduced species 30 invasive species of being genetically different. 8. The total range of genetic differences displayed by plants 31 invasive alien species of the same species. 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa. Canada 35 weed/weediness
33 Glossary on forest genetic resources
genetic diversity 1 adaptation … refers to the variation of genes within species. This covers distinct populations of the 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness same species (such as the thousand of traditional rice varieties in India) or genetic varia- 2 biological diversity tion within a population (which is very high among Indian rhinos, for example, and very 2.1 agricultural biodiversity low among cheetahs). Until recently, measurements of genetic diversity were applied 2.2 forest biodiversity mainly to domesticated species and populations held in zoos or botanic gardens, but 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering increasingly the techniques are being applied to wild species. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: WRI. “What is Biological Diversity”. http://www.wri.org/biodiv.html 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation genetic diversity 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift General concept: the amount of genotypic variability in a population. Quantitative defini- 5.2 gene flow tion: the number of different alleles per loci and the proportion of loci with more than one 5.3 selection allele in a species or population. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: Maynard, C., 1996: Forest Genetics Glossary. SUNY College. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic genetic diversity resources is one aspect of biological diversity. … Genetic diversity occurs at gene level (the molecu- 10 management of genetic lar level), the individual level, the population level, the species level, and the ecosystem resources 11 genome level. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: FAO. 1989. Plant Genetic Resources. Conceptual framework 12 genotype 13 gene pool genetic diversity 14 germplasm 15 genetic system The variety and frequency of different genes and/or genetic stocks. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system Source: IUCN, UNEP, WWF; 1991: Caring for the Earth. A Strategy for Sustainable Living. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination genetic diversity 17 phenotype 18 progeny In ecology, the number of species or other taxa in a particular ecological unit. 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material genetic diversity 21 species The range of a genepool; the amount of genetic variation present in a population or 21.1 forest tree species species as a consequence of its evolutionary pathways. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding Source: IBPGR (comp.). 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication genetic diversity 24.2 plus tree The measure of genetic variation present in a population as a consequence of its evolu- 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation tion. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. EUFORGEN. IPGRI 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species genetic diversity (genetic variability) 29 introduced species The formation of individuals differing in genotype, or the presence of genotypically 30 invasive species different individuals, in contrast to environmentally induced differences which, as a rule, 31 invasive alien species cause only temporary, nonheritable changes to the phenotype (Rieger et al., 1968) 32 keystone species 33 native species These terms are also used to imply the maintenance of the gene pool. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: USDA Forest Service. 1980. A Glossary of Terms for Forest Tree Improvement Workshop.
34 Glossary on forest genetic resources
8 genetic variation
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species. 2 biological diversity Genetic variation is brought about by a change in genes, as distinct 2.1 agricultural biodiversity from differences due to environmental factors. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker french -> variation génétique 4 (genetic) conservation spanish -> variación genética 4.1 in situ conservation german -> genetische Variation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Other definitions: 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity genetic variation 8 genetic variation The occurrence of genetic variants (alleles, genes or genotypes). Genetic variation is 9 genetic resources brought about by a change in genes, as distinct from differences due to environmental 9.1 value of genetic factors. resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: Koski, V. et al. 1997. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation of Norway spruce (Picea 11 genome abies (L.) Karst.). EUFORGEN. IPGRI 11.1 gene 11.2 allele genetic variation 12 genotype 13 gene pool Genetic diversity or variation is not explicitly defined in the Convention. Genetic variation 14 germplasm includes genetic differences between species and within species. The genetic diversity of 15 genetic system a species can be divided into inter-population diversity and intra-population diversity, and 16 reproductive system further into the diversity within an individual expressed by differences between alleles in 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing the two chromosomes of diploid organisms (degree of individual heterozygosity). 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Graudal, L. et al. 1997. Technical Note 48. Danida Forest Seed Centre 18 progeny 19 provenance genetic variation 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Variation due to the contribution of segregating genes and gene interactions. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Ayad, W.G. 1980. Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources IBPGR Secretariat. AGP: IBPGR/80/11 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population variation 22 trait The occurrence of differences among individuals of the same species attributable to 23 tree breeding differences in their genetic composition or the environment in which they were raised – 24 tree improvement note quantitative differences in a given trait are assessed by their variance. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters (SAF) 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation variation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Differences in form or function between individuals or populations or species. Variations 27 exotic species may or may not be heritable and are caused by both genetic and environmental factors. 28 indicator species Natural variation is that which occurs spontaneously. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Source: IBPGR (comp.) 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
35 Glossary on forest genetic resources
variation 1 adaptation Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness population. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Hagedorn, S. A. An Annotated Dictionary. http://gophisb.biochem.vt.edu/resources/glossary.htm 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering variation 3.2 genetic marker Difference in performance and characters of individuals due to internal and external 4 (genetic) conservation factors. In a natural population the phenotypic variation is the product of developmental, 4.1 in situ conservation environmental and genetic variation. In trials, sampling variation and experimental error 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution make up the residual variation. 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity geographic variation 8 genetic variation The phenotypic differences among native trees growing in different portions of a species’ 9 genetic resources range. If the differences are largely genetic rather than environmental, the variation is 9.1 value of genetic usually specified as racial, ecotypical, or clinal. resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: Schmidt, L. Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. UNDP/FAO (RAS/91/004). 11 genome 11.1 gene phenotypic variation 11.2 allele 12 genotype The total biological variation of a given character. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: Ayad, W.G. 1980. Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms. IBPGR. AGP:IBPGR/80/11 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 9 genetic resources 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Reference Definition: 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species syn gene resources 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Genetic material of actual of potential value. 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Source: The Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. UNEP 1992 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation french -> ressources génétiques 25.1 micropropagation spanish -> recursos genéticos 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning german -> genetische Ressourcen 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species Other definitions: 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species genetic resource 32 keystone species Genetic resources are the heritable characteristics of a plant or animal of real or potential 33 native species benefit to people. The term includes modern cultivars and breeds; traditional cultivars and 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
36 Glossary on forest genetic resources
breeds; special genetic stocks (breeding lines, mutants, etc); wild relatives of domesticated 1 adaptation species; and genetic variants of wild resource species. A ‚wild genetic resource‘ is the wild 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness relative of a plant or animal that is already known to be of economic importance. The 2 biological diversity reasons for conserving such a resource include the provision of direct and indirect 2.1 agricultural biodiversity economic benefits. However, the conserved genetic material must be made available to the 2.2 forest biodiversity people who require it to improve the productivity, quality, or pest resistance of utilized 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering plants or animals. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution genetic resources 5.1 genetic drift Genetic resources are the genes, stored as germplasm (seeds, tubers or other reproductive 5.2 gene flow parts of plants), that can be used to develop new crops and crop varieties or to protect 5.3 selection existing crops from pests, diseases or environmental stresses. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: American Genetic Resources Alliance, 1998. What are Genetic Resources? http://www.amgra.org/ 9 genetic resources grbkgrd.htm 9.1 value of genetic resources genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 1. In a strict sense, the physical germplasm (hereditary materials) which carries the genetic 11 genome characteristics of life forms. In a broad sense, technologies and social and environmental 11.1 gene systems through which germplasm is a cash-economic resources (Cooper et al., 1992) 2. 11.2 allele Plant and animal stock with distinct inheritable characteristics of (potential) use within an 12 genotype 13 gene pool agroecosystem (Reinjtjes et al., 1993). … 4. Germplasm that includes the entire array of 14 germplasm cultivars in the crop species, related wild species in the genus, and hybrids between the 15 genetic system wild and cultivated species (T.T. Chang, 1976). 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa. Canada 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype genetic resources 18 progeny Germplasm of plants, animals, or other organisms, containing useful characters of actual 19 provenance 19.1 land race or potential value. In a domesticated species, it is the sum of all the genetic combinations 19.2 hybridization produced in the process of evolution. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: IBPGR (comp.). 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population genetic resources 22 trait The economic, scientific or social value of the heritable materials contained within and 23 tree breeding between species. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Kemp, R.H. 1993. Principles and concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation genetic resources 25.2 macropropagation In the same way that the term forest resources refers to te usefulness of the forests for 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species the production of timber or other products for human benefit, the term genetic resouces 27 exotic species implies that elements of the genetic variability of the trees and other plants and animals 28 indicator species will be used to meet human needs and objectives. … The other important aspect of the 29 introduced species genetic resources of natural forests, especially the tropical forests, is their great diversity, 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species and this range of variation provides the basis for selection and improvement of the 32 keystone species products and other benefits to meet future needs, so far as they can be foreseen. 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Kemp, R.H. Principles and concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107 35 weed/weediness
37 Glossary on forest genetic resources
genetic resource 1 adaptation When genetic diversity can be used for plant domestication and improvement, diversity 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness found in the original plant material is considered a genetic resource. Plant genetic re- 2 biological diversity sources thus refers to the economic, scientific or societal value of the heritable materials 2.1 agricultural biodiversity contained within and among species. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Source: FAO. 1989. Conceptual framework 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation gene resource (genetic resource) 4.1 in situ conservation The total genetic information encoded in the sum total of the genes in all the populations 4.2 ex situ conservation of a species. Thus it is the sum of the genetic information in the gene pools of the species. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Where interbreeding species overlap the species complex may represent the gene resource 5.2 gene flow (Nienstaedt, 1980). 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution Source: USDA Forest Service. 1980. A Glossary of Terms for Forest Tree Improvement Workshop. 7 genetic diversity Sacramento, California 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome 9.1 value of genetic ressources 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Reference Definition: 13 gene pool 14 germplasm The recent focus on genetic resources has been directed toward the 15 genetic system direct economic value of the resource, and this one focus has been 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system echoed in the access and benefit-sharing provisions of the Convention 16.2 outcrossing on Biological Diversity. However, the scope of the benefits of maintain- 16.3 pollination ing genetic resources is much wider and includes the value of biological 17 phenotype diversity to native peoples in social and cultural contexts, and to eco- 18 progeny 19 provenance system functioning. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: CIFOR, 2000. Why Genetic Resources Management Matters. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species french -> valeur de ressources génétiques 21.2 (f. tree) population spanish -> valor de recursos genéticos 22 trait german -> Wert von Genessourcen 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Other definitions: 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation values of genetic resources 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation The values we derive from plant genetic resources are generally associated with the 25.3. clone/cloning different levels of organization and diversity that exist in nature, from ecosystems to 26 alien species species, populations, individuals and genes. In considering the conservation of plant 27 exotic species genetic resources it is necessary to clearly specify objectives aimed at. This is of utmost 28 indicator species 29 introduced species importance, as it is possible to conserve an ecosystem and still lose specific species; and 30 invasive species to conserve a species and lose genetically distinct populations, or genes which may be of 31 invasive alien species value in adaptation and future improvement of the species (Wilcox, 1982). 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Plant Genetic Resources. Conceptual framework. Food and Agricultural Organization of the 35 weed/weediness United Nations. Rome, 1989. p. 19
38 Glossary on forest genetic resources
value of genetic resources 1 adaptation One strand of literature argues that genetic resources are priceless in an economic sense 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness and supports the conservation of biodiversity as a moral and ethical issue and as a matter 2 biological diversity of long-term sustainability of human life. A second theme emerges from a more utilitarian 2.1 agricultural biodiversity claim: biodiversity should be preserved, it is argued, because it can confer benefits to 2.2 forest biodiversity humans. This can be characterized as the utilitarian view of genetic resources. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Ex situ collections of plant genetic resources: conceptual framework and empirical approaches. 4 (genetic) conservation http://www.bdt.fat.org.br/publicacoes/padct/bio/cap6/doucon.html 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation value of genetic variation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift The value of genetic variation can be expressed as an ecological, economical or ethical 5.2 gene flow value. In practice, however, it is difficult to determine whether a specific genetic variant of 5.3 selection a species will be of future value. Hence, within species it is difficult to separate the “re- 6 genetic pollution source” from the rest of the variation and in reality it is impossible to distinguish between 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation genetic resources and genetic variation. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Source: Graudal, L.; Kjaer, E.; Thomsen, A. and Larsen, A.B. Planning national programmes for resources conservation of forest genetic resources. Technical Note 48. December 1997. Danida Forest Seed Centre 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome use values and option values 11.1 gene Economists recognise two main types of value: use values and non-use (existence) values. 11.2 allele Use values may be further sub-divided into those available for known and immediate uses 12 genotype option values 13 gene pool and those which might become available in the future ( ). While the direct use 14 germplasm value of the genetic diversity in the forests can best be measured in respect of the few 15 genetic system most marketable species the option value of species not currently in demand may be quite 16 reproductive system high. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management. Principles and concepts. FAO 17 phenotype Forestry Paper 107. FAO. Rome, 1993. 18 progeny 19 provenance value of genetic resources 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Biological scientists argue that almost all genetic resources are potentially valuable and 19.3 introgression hence should be conserved (e.g. Wilson, 1988). It is assumed that all genetic material has 20 reproductive material potential value, because the future technologies and environmental conditions are not 21 species known (Mc Neely et al., 1990). Consequently, the future value of existing genetic resources 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population cannot be determined at present. Additionally, there are arguments defining the value of 22 trait genetic resources purely from an environmental-ethical point of view (e.g. Busch et al., 23 tree breeding 1989; Oldfield, 1989; Shiva, 1991). On the other hand, based on anthropocentric aims, 24 tree improvement genetic resources are only considered to be valued to the extent that they serve (or may 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree in future serve) the human race. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation Source: Virchov, D. Economic Value of Genetic Resources: An Agenda for Research. ZEF Bonn. In: 25.2 macropropagation AgBiotechNet 1999, Vol. 1 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species value of genetic resources 27 exotic species While non economists tend to attribute “existence” value to genetic resources, economists 28 indicator species 29 introduced species tend to emphasise their “use” value, i.e. their capacity to perform a given task and 30 invasive species therefore produce utility. From this it follows that the value of a specific genetic resource 31 invasive alien species depends, also, upon the existence of other genetic resources able to perform the same or 32 keystone species similar task, or from the existence of the same resource in an other species or varitety. 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: Evenson, R.; Santaniello, V.: The Economic Value of Plant Genetic Resources for Agriculture. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 495. http://www.actahort.org/books/495/495_48.htm
39 Glossary on forest genetic resources
10 management of genetic resources
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker french -> aménagement des ressources génétiques 4 (genetic) conservation spanish -> gestión de los recursos genéticos 4.1 in situ conservation german -> Genressourcen-Management 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Other definitions: 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity management of genetic resources 8 genetic variation The management of forest genetic resources to ensure at the same time their conserva- 9 genetic resources tion, improvement and sustainable use is a complex challenge. Fortunately, when simple 9.1 value of genetic basic principles are applied, the production of goods and services is generally com-patible resources 10 management of genetic with the genetic conservation and development of a given forest tree species. resources 11 genome Source: FAO Forestry. Conseration and Management of Forest Genetic Resoures. 11.1 gene http://www.fao.org/FORESTRY/FOR/FORM/FOGENRES/homepage/Insitu-e.stm 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool genetic resource management 14 germplasm Higher plant, microbial and insect germplasm should be acquired and safeguarded through 15 genetic system the expansion of genebanks or in situ preserves for long-term accessibility. The genetic 16 reproductive system content of acquired germplasm should be characterized to insure broad-spectrum genetic 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing variability while minimizing genetic redundancy. The agricultural potential of unimproved 16.3 pollination germplasm must be assessed. 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: USDA Agricultural Research Service. Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics 19 provenance and Genetic Improvement. Program Component Definitions. http://www.nps.ars.usda.gov/programs/ 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization programs.htm?npnumber=301&docid=791 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material sustainable forest management 21 species ….. The term can only be precisely defined in terms of the management objectives of a 21.1 forest tree species particular forest, however, it should always incorporate the principles of sustainable 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait development, to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future 23 tree breeding generations to meet their own needs. It there-fore has essential objectives in common with 24 tree improvement the conservation of genetic resources. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: FAO. Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management. Principles and concepts. 25.1 micropropagation FAO Forestry Paper 107. Rome, 1993. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning genetic resources management 26 alien species Effective conservation and management of genetic resources in agriculture are key factors 27 exotic species in achieving long term and sustainable food security. They are highly important for 28 indicator species 29 introduced species poverty reduction, since an estimated 85 - 90 % of the worlds poor rely on biological 30 invasive species products to meet their basic needs, i.e. food, fuel , medicine, shelter and transportation. 31 invasive alien species Additionally, in the wake of globalisation and increased privatisation, agricultural genetic 32 keystone species resources have become a highly political issue and in some cases this poses a serious 33 native species 34 naturalized species threat to their continued use for the improved well being of poor people. 35 weed/weediness
Source: http://ecart.iao.florence.it/capstat/grmfr.htm
40 Glossary on forest genetic resources
11 genome
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity The genetic material inherited from either parent. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker french -> génome 4 (genetic) conservation spanish -> genoma 4.1 in situ conservation german -> Genom 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Other definitions: 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution genome 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation All the genes of a living organism. Its complete set of chromosomes (DNA), with their 9 genetic resources associated genes. 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: Forest Genetics Council. BC, Canada. http://www.fgcouncil.bc.ca/framdocs.htm 10 management of genetic resources genome 11 genome 11.1 gene 1 the genetic complement of an individual. 2 all of the DNA sequences in a single (ha- 11.2 allele ploid) set of chromosomes. The genetic material inherited from either parent. 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: Dunster, J.& K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 14 germplasm 15 genetic system genome 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 1. The set of genes carried by an individual. 2. The set of genes shared by members of a 16.2 outcrossing reproductive unit such as a population or species. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: On-Line Biology Book: Glossary 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race genome 19.2 hybridization The total complement of genes contained in a cell or virus; commonly used to refer to all 19.3 introgression genes present in 1 complete set of chromosomes in eukaryotes. 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Klopfenstein, N. et al. 1997. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-297 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait genome 23 tree breeding A complete haploid set of chromosomes as found in a gamete. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1997. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation genome 25.2 macropropagation The genetic content of a cell or virus; in eukaryotes, it sometimes refers to only one 25.3. clone/cloning complete (haploid) chromosome set. 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species Source: Ayala, F.J./Kiger, J. A.; Modern Genetics, University of California, Davis 29 introduced species 30 invasive species genetic makeup 31 invasive alien species Total genetic content of an individual or species (also called genome). 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
41 Glossary on forest genetic resources
11.1 gene
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The basic unit of heredity transmitted from generation to 2.1 agricultural biodiversity generation during sexual or asexual reproduction. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker see also trait 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> gène 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution spanisch -> gen 5.1 genetic drift german -> Gen 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources gene 9.1 value of genetic The unit of heredity transmitted from generation to generation during sexual or asexual resources 10 management of genetic reproduction. More generally, the term is used in relation to the transmission and inherit- resources ance of particular identifiable traits. The simplest gene consists of a segment of nucleic 11 genome acid that encodes an individual protein or RNA. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 13 gene pool Technology Paper No. 7 http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 14 germplasm 15 genetic system gene 16 reproductive system The smallest transmissible unit of genetic material (basic unit of heredity) consistently 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing associated with a single primary genetic effect – Note Genes are ultramicroscopic and act 16.3 pollination as if linearly arranged at field places (loci) on a chromosome transmitted in the gametes 17 phenotype from parent to offspring, governing the transmission and development of a hereditary 18 progeny character. 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: Helms, J. (1998) The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters (SAF). 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material gene 21 species 21.1 forest tree species The basic unit of inheritance. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait Source: McGraw-Hill. Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. Fifth Edition. 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
42 Glossary on forest genetic resources
11.2 allele
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn allelomorph 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity One of several alternative forms of a gene occupying the same 2.2 forest biodiversity locus on a particular chromosome. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> allèle 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution spanish -> alelo 5.1 genetic drift german -> Allel 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources allele 9.1 value of genetic One of an alternate form of a gene, located in a certain position (locus) on a particular resources 10 management of genetic chromosome or linkage group. When the alternates exceed two, the alleles form a multiple resources allelic series. 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (English/Arabic). IBPGR. 12 genotype 13 gene pool allele 14 germplasm One of an array of genes possible at a certain position (locus) on a given chromosome. 15 genetic system Alternative (Mendelian) effects on the same character are produced by different alleles, 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system e.g., as met in green or albino seedlings. If the array contains more than two genes, the 16.2 outcrossing genes are called multiple alleles. Multiple alleles arise by repeated mutations of a gene, 16.3 pollination each with different effects. No more than two alleles can be present in a given diploid 17 phenotype organism. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/ 19.2 hybridization FAO Regional Project 1994. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material allele, allelomorph 21 species 21.1 forest tree species One of a pair or series of genes located at the same locus in homologous chromosomes 21.2 (f. tree) population and controlling the same character, or one of a pair of characters which are governed by 22 trait allelomorphic genes and are alternative to each other in inheritance. Many allelomorphic 23 tree breeding genes can be present simultaneously in a population but only two allelomorphic genes of 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication the same series can be present simultaneously in a diploid organism. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement. FAO 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning allele (s.c.) (cytogenetics) 26 alien species = allelomorph 27 exotic species Either of a pair or series (-> multiple alleles) of alternative, contrasting Mendelian 28 indicator species characters (as met e.g. in green or albino seedlings) that are controlled by genes occurring 29 introduced species 30 invasive species at the same locus in homologous chromosomes. Note: Where such characters exhibit the 31 invasive alien species dominant-recessive relationship, the dominant gene controls the character when both of 32 keystone species the pair are present (see dominant character, recessive character). 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness Source: Ford-Robertson, F.C. Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Society of American Foresters, FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forestry Bibliography and Terminology. 1971.
43 Glossary on forest genetic resources
12 genotype
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The genetic constitution of an organism as distinguished from its 2 biological diversity appearance or phentoype. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Also the gene classification of this constitution expressed in a 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering formula. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> génotype 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution/evolutionary spanish -> genotipo processes german -> Genotyp 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution Other definitions: 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation genotype 9 genetic resources (1) An individual’s hereditary constitution, with or without phenotypic expression of the 9.1 value of genetic resources one or more charcaters it underlies. Also the gene classification of this constitution ex- 10 management of genetic pressed in a formula. The genotype is determined chiefly from performance of progeny resources and other relatives. It interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype. (2) Indi- 11 genome vidual(s) characterized by a certain genetic constitution. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 13 gene pool 14 germplasm genotype 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system The genetic make up of an organism, this being the sum total of all the genetic information 16.1 mating system in the organism. In analysis of the genetic constitution of a few gene loci, the genotype is 16.2 outcrossing all the characteristics on the chromosome, even if they are not expressed in the phenotype. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 19 provenance 19.1 land race genotype 19.2 hybridization Genetic constitution of an individual tree possessing a particular set of alleles (i.e. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material different forms of genes which may occupy the same position on a chromosome). 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation. Euforgen. IPGRI 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding genotype 24 tree improvement (1) The entire genetic constitution, expressed or latent, of an organism. (2) The genetic 24.1 domestication constitution of an individual with respect to a few genes under consideration. (3) A group 24.2 plus tree of organisms having similar genetic constitution. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Wright, J. W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Michigan State University. New York 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species genotype 27 exotic species 28 indicator species The genetic (alleleic) makeup of an organism with regard to an observed trait. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Source: On-Line Biology Book: Glossary 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
44 Glossary on forest genetic resources
genotype 1 adaptation Genetic constitution as contrasted with the characteristics manifested by the organism 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness (phenotype). 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: MacMillan, S. (comp.) 1980. Penguin Dictionary of Biology. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering genotype 3.2 genetic marker 1) An individual’s hereditary constitution, with or without penotypic expression of the one 4 (genetic) conservation or more characters it underlies. The genotype is determined chiefly from performance of 4.1 in situ conservation progeny and other relatives. It interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype. 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution/evolutionary 2) Individuals characterised by a certain genic constitution. processes 5.1 genetic drift Source: FAO. A guide to forest seed handling. Forestry 20/2 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection genotypes 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity The genetical potential of the tree when environmental factors are excluded, i.e. only 8 genetic variation determined by the genes of the tree. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: ITTO. Regional Centre for Forest Management Malaysia 10 management of genetic resources genotype 11 genome An individuals entire genetic or hereditary constitution, with or without phenotypic 11.1 gene expression. The genotype interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype. 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: ODA. Silvicultural Manual for the Solomon Islands, Solomon Island Forest Record N°6, ODA 14 germplasm Forestry Series N°1 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system genotype 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing The specific set of genes possessed by an individual, both expressed and recessive. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race genotype 19.2 hybridization This term may be used in a limited sense to describe the genetic constitution of an indi- 19.3 introgression vidual in terms of a few specific genes, or in a general sense to include the entire genetic 20 reproductive material constitution (expressed or latent) of an individual. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: FAO. Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement 22 trait 23 tree breeding genotype 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication The genetic constitution of an organism or virus as distinguished from its appearance or 24.2 plus tree phenotype; the allelic composition of 1 or more genes of interest. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Klopfenstein, N.B. et al. 1997. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-297 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
45 Glossary on forest genetic resources
13 genpool
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn genepool 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity The total genetic information present in a breeding population 2.2 forest biodiversity or species at one time. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker More often applied as a common term for all genes present in plant 4 (genetic) conservation or animal populations from specific regions, e.g. Amazonian forests. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution french -> réservoir de gènes 5.1 genetic drift spanish -> fondo de genes 5.2 gene flow german -> Genpool 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Other definitions: 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic gene pool resources 10 management of genetic The total genetic information possessed by the reproductive members of a population of resources sexually reproducing organisms. 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: FAO/UNEP. The methodology of conservation of forest genetic resources. Report pilot study. 12 genotype 13 gene pool gene pool 14 germplasm The total sum of all the genes and their alleles present in a breeding population or species 15 genetic system at one time. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype gene pool 18 progeny 19 provenance The total of all the genes of all breeding individuals available within a population at any 19.1 land race one time. 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 21 species 21.1 forest tree species gene pool 21.2 (f. tree) population All of the genes in a species, subspecies or interbreeding group of organisms. 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Source: Côté, M. (éd.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des Ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree gene pool 25 vegetative propagation Total number of genes/gene complexes in an organism’s population. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: MacMillan, S. 1980. Penguin Dictionary of Biology 26 alien species 27 exotic species gene pool 28 indicator species 29 introduced species The total of all the genes of a species. More often applied as a common term for all genes 30 invasive species present in plant or animal populations from specific regions, e.g. Amazonian forests. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: •umer-Linder, M. 1979. Ecological studies 3. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
46 Glossary on forest genetic resources
14 germplasm
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn germ plasm 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity The genetic material which forms the physical basis of heredity and 2.2 forest biodiversity which is transmitted from one generation to the next by means of the 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering germ cells. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Often synonymous with genetic material, when applied to plants it is 4.1 in situ conservation the name given to seed or other material from which plants are 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution propagated. 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection french -> matériel génétique 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity spanish -> plasma germinal 8 genetic variation german -> Keimplasma 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Other definitions: resources 11 genome germplasm 11.1 gene Within an individual or group, the collective hereditary material that is the physical basis 11.2 allele 12 genotype for inheritance; i.e. the genotype, with particular reference to its transmission to the next 13 gene pool generation. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing germplasm 16.3 pollination 1. Within an individual or group, the collective hereditary materials that are the physical 17 phenotype basis for inheritance; the hereditary stream 2. The genotype, with particular reference to 18 progeny its transmission to the next generation. 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material germplasm 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 1) The genetic material which forms the physical basis of heredity and which is transmitted 21.2 (f. tree) population from one generation to the next by means of the germ cells. 2) An individual or clone 22 trait representing a type, species or culture, that may be held in a repository for agronomic, 23 tree breeding historic or other reasons. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: IBPGR (comp.) 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary of Plant Genetic Resources 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation germ plasm 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning The genetic material of an individual organism contained in the seed, pollen, sperm, eggs, 26 alien species or embryos, which constitutes the heritable characteristics of the organism. The plasm is 27 exotic species stored in carefully controlled conditions for future breeding, genetic engineering, deriva- 28 indicator species tion of pharmacological products, or conservation of species. Germ plasm can be stored in 29 introduced species 30 invasive species seed banks, sperm banks, or gene banks. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
47 Glossary on forest genetic resources
germplasm 1 adaptation 1. The sum total of the genetic material in a plant: crop plants plus primitive cultivars, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness landraces, and wild and weedy relatives; also referred to as the wild species, genes from 2 biological diversity the wild, the world‘s gene pool of the plants, the genetic largess, the common heritage of 2.1 agricultural biodiversity mankind, plant genetic resources, the “public property” of the Third World countries/ 2.2 forest biodiversity industrial nations, the “primitive landraces”, of the south or the “elite commercial cultivar” 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering of the north (Pecs, 1993). … 5. Living substance of the cell nucleus that determines the 3.2 genetic marker hereditary properties of organisms and that transmits these properties from makeup of 4 (genetic) conservation organism (O.L. Justice and L.N. Bass, 1978). 6. Any plant genetic material used for plant 4.1 in situ conservation propagation and breeding, with emphasis on its genetic contents (N.P. Louwaars, 1994). 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 7. The genetic material, especially its specific molecular and chemical constitution, that 5.1 genetic drift comprises the physical basis of the inherited qualities of an organism (W.V. Reid and K.R. 5.2 gene flow Miller, 1993). 8. Often synonymous with „genetic material“, when applied to plants it is the 5.3 selection name given to seed or other material from which plants are propagated (IDRC 1985; D.A. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Posey and G. Dutfield, 1996). 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa 9.1 value of genetic resources germplasm 10 management of genetic The sum total of the genes and cytoplasmic factors governing inheritance. resources 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: FAO. Genetics of forest tree improvement 11.2 allele 12 genotype germplasm 13 gene pool 14 germplasm controls heritable traits of species represented in the gene pool. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: FAO. 1989. Plant Genetic Resources. Conceptual framework 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination genetic material 17 phenotype means any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functions of 18 progeny heredity. 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: UNEP. Convention on Biological Diversity. Article 2. June 1992 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material germ plasm 21 species = germplasm; genetic make-up 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population … of a population or individual organism; often used interchangeably with “gene pool”. 22 trait 23 tree breeding Source: Dermine, P. 1990. Vocabulary of Agriculture. Terminology Bulletin 197. Minister of Supply and 24 tree improvement Services Canada 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree germplasm 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation The hereditary material transmitted to offspring through the germ cells. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press. 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species germplasm 29 introduced species Genetic material. 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Ahuja, M.R. and Libby, W.J., 1993. Clonal Forestry II. Glossary. Springer Verlag 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
48 Glossary on forest genetic resources
15 genetic system
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity french -> système génétique 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering spanish -> sistema genético 3.2 genetic marker german -> genetisches System 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution Other definitions: 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 16 reproductive system 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Reference definition: resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system french -> système reproductif 16 reproductive system spanish -> sistema de reproducción 16.1 mating system german -> Fortpflanzungssystem 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Other definitions: 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
49 Glossary on forest genetic resources
16.1 mating system
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity syn mating design 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity The system whereby individuals of opposite sexual type are paired to 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering produce progeny. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical guidelines. Euforgen. IPGRI. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> dispositif de croisement 5.2 gene flow spanish -> sistema de cruzamiento 5.3 selection german -> Paarungssystem 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other Definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic mating design resources The pattern of pollinations set up between individuals. 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Helms, J. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 16.2 outcrossing 17 phenotype 18 progeny Reference definition: 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization syn outbreeding 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material A system of mating in which parents are less closely related to each 21 species other than would be the case if mating occurred at random. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population It is the most common mode of sexual reproduction of forest trees. 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement french -> croisement éloigné 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree spanish -> cruzamiento lejano 25 vegetative propagation german -> Kreuzung 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Other definitions: 27 exotic species 28 indicator species outcrossing 29 introduced species Matings (controlled or natural) among unrelated individuals. May also refer to a species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species that has specific barriers to selfing, or exhibits such inbreeding depression that inbred 32 keystone species individuals never reach maturity. 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/ 35 weed/weediness GENE_GLOSSERY.html
50 Glossary on forest genetic resources
outbreeding (=outcrossing) 1 adaptation The production of offspring by the fusion of distantly related gametes. Ant. Inbreeding. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity outbreeding 3 biotechnology The mating system in which mating events occur successfully between individuals that are 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker less cosely related than average pairs chosen from the population at random. It is the most 4 (genetic) conservation common mode of sexual reproduction of forest trees. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: Koski, V.; Skroppa, T.; Paule, L.; Wolf, H.; Turok, J. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation 5 evolution of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow outbreeding 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution A system of mating in which parents are less closely related to each other than would be the 7 genetic diversity case if mating occurred at random. 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Source: FAO. Genetics of forest tree improvement. resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype 16.3 pollination 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Reference definition: 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system The transfer of pollen from the male organ on the receptive part of a 16.2 outcrossing female organ. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance french -> pollinisation 19.1 land race spanish -> polinización 19.2 hybridization german -> Bestäubung 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Other definitions: 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding pollination 24 tree improvement The process in which pollen is transferred from an anther to a receptive stigma. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation pollination 25.3. clone/cloning Deposition of pollen on the receptive part of the female flower. In angiosperms this is the 26 alien species stigmatic surface, in gymnosperms the ovule tip. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species pollination 32 keystone species The transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma by a pollinating agent such as wind, 33 native species 34 naturalized species insects, birds, bats, or in a few cases the opening of the flower itself. 35 weed/weediness
Source: On-Line Biology Book: Glossary 51 Glossary on forest genetic resources
pollination 1 adaptation The transfer of pollen from the male organ, where it is formed, to the receptive region of a 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness female organ, e.g. from anther to stigma. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: BioTech Life Science Dictionary. Mirrored from Jim Croft’s Flora of Australia. 2.2 forest biodiversity BioTechResources and Indiana University 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering pollination 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation The placing of pollen on the receptive part of a female flower. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. East Lansing, Michigan. Academic Press. 5 evolution (AP) New York 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 17 phenotype 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Reference definition: resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele The observable appearance of an organism, as determined by environ- 12 genotype mental and genetic influences (in contrast to genotype). 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP-WCMC. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing see also genotpye 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny french -> phénotype 19 provenance spanish -> fenotipo 19.1 land race german -> Phänotyp 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Other definitions: 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population phenotype 22 trait 23 tree breeding The plant or character as we see it; state, description, or degree of expression of a charac- 24 tree improvement ter; the product of the interaction of the genes of an organism (genotype) with the envi- 24.1 domestication ronment. When the total character expressions of an individual are considered, the pheno- 24.2 plus tree type describes the individual. Similar phenotypes do not necessarily breed alike. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species phenotype 27 exotic species 28 indicator species The morphological, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, and other properties of an 29 introduced species organism that develop through the interaction of genes and environment. (see genotype) 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Source: Biodiversity Glossary of Terms. World Resources Institute. WRI. http://www.wri.org/biodiv/gbs- 32 keystone species glos.html 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
52 Glossary on forest genetic resources
phenotype 1 adaptation (Gr. phaneros, showing + type) The visible appearance or set of traits of an organism 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness resulting from the combined action of genotype and environment. cf genotype. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 2.2 forest biodiversity Technology Paper No. 7. ISBN 92-5-104369-8 http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/ 3 biotechnology X3910E00.htm 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation phenotype 4.1 in situ conservation An organism as observed, i.e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting 4.2 ex situ conservation from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Note: Identical phenotypes do 5 evolution not necessarily breed alike. 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Source: Ford-Robertson, F.C. Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Society 6 genetic pollution of American Foresters, FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forestry Bibliography and Terminology. 1971. 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources 18 progeny 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Reference definition: 12 genotype 13 gene pool syn descendants [~] 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system The offspring of a particular tree or a particular combination of one 16.1 mating system female and one male tree. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny french -> descendance 19 provenance spanish -> progenie 19.1 land race german -> Nachkommenschaft 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Other definitions: 21 species 21.1 forest tree species progeny 21.2 (f. tree) population The offspring resulting from sexual reproduction, or from one asexually reproducing 22 trait 23 tree breeding individual. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Dunster, J. &K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation progeny 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation The offspring of a particular tree or a combination of one female and one male tree. 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: Côté, M. (éd.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers. Les Presses de 27 exotic species l’Université Laval 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species progeny 31 invasive alien species Offspring; descendants of a particular mating or of a particular mate. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Koski, T.; Skroppa, T.; Paule, L. Wolf, H.; Turok, J.; 1997. Technical guidelines for genetic 34 naturalized species conservation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI. 35 weed/weediness
53 Glossary on forest genetic resources
19 provenance
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The original geographic source of seed, pollen, or propagules. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity In forestry literature the term is usually considered synonymous 2.2 forest biodiversity with “geographic origin”, and preferred to “origin”. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation french -> provenance 4.1 in situ conservation spanish -> procedencia 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution german -> Herkunft/Provenienz 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Other definitions: 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation provenance 9 genetic resources (1) The original geographic source of seed, pollen, or propagules. In forest tree breeding 9.1 value of genetic the term usually refers to the original native source of a population. When a population is resources 10 management of genetic removed from its sources and has grown elsewhere for a number of generations, it is resources referred to as a ‘land race’. (2) The place in which any stand of trees are growing. The 11 genome stand may be indigenous or non-indigenous. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Schmidt, L. Danida. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 13 gene pool 14 germplasm provenance 15 genetic system The region or geographical source where a plant or animal was originally found and is 16 reproductive system native, and where its genetic constitution has developed through natural selection in 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing between periods of glaciation. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Dunster, J.&K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 18 progeny 19 provenance provenance 19.1 land race For seeding material, the provenance is the harvest location; for plants, it is both the 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression harvest location and the location of the nursery. 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: The Habitat Restoration Group, BioTech Life Science Dictionary, BioTechResources 21.1 forest tree species and Indiana University 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait provenance 23 tree breeding It is the geographic location of a seed source. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: ITTO. Technical Guidelines for the Establishment and Management of Ex situ Conservation 25 vegetative propagation Stands of Tropical Timber Species. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation provenance 25.3. clone/cloning The geographic source or location to which plants are native and within which their 26 alien species genetic characteristics have been developed through natural selection, e.g. tree prov- 27 exotic species 28 indicator species enances. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Source: •umer-Linder, M. 1979. Environmental World-List; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 31 invasive alien species Uppsala 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
54 Glossary on forest genetic resources
provenance 1 adaptation The geographic origin of a population. Mostly (but not always in European usage) 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness the ultimate natural origin, implying where the population evolved prior to human 2 biological diversity intervention. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Source: http://www.fgcouncil.Bc.ca/framdocs.htm 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering provenance 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation The original geographic source of seed, pollen, or propagules. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: FAO.UNEP. The methodology of conservation of forest genetic resources. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift provenance 5.2 gene flow The original geographic source of seed or pollen (also see landrace and derived prov- 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution enance), or the place in which any stand of trees is growing. The stand may be indigenous 7 genetic diversity or exotic. 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: ODA. Silvicultural Manual for the Solomon Islands, Solomon Island Forest Record N°6, 9.1 value of genetic ODA Forestry Series N°1 resources 10 management of genetic provenance resources The place in which any stand of trees is growing. The stand may be autochthonous 11 genome 11.1 gene or non-autochthonous (see -> origin). 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation Euforgen. IPGRI 13 gene pool 14 germplasm provenance 15 genetic system The ultimate natural origin of a tree or group of trees. In forestry literature the term is 16 reproductive system usually considered synonymous with “geographic origin”, and preferred to “origin”, 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing which could mean “nursery of origin”, “seedhouse of origin”, or “method of propagation”. 16.3 pollination Sometimes used to denote the trees having a given place of origin. 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: Wright, J. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Department of Forestry Michigan State 19 provenance University. Academic Press. (AP) New York 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization provenance 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Fr. (provenience, L.) in European usage, the place where seeds were collected; in North 21 species America, synonymous with seed source. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait Source: SAETTEM 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
55 Glossary on forest genetic resources
19.1 land race
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity A population of individuals that have become adapted to a specific environ- 2.1 agricultural biodiversity ment in which it has been planted. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Source: Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/FAO Regional Project.1994. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution french -> rasse locale 5.1 genetic drift spanish -> raza local 5.2 gene flow german -> Landrasse 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Other definitions: 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic landraces resources 10 management of genetic A crop cultivar or animal breed that evolved with and has been genetically improved by resources traditional agriculturalists, but has not been influenced by modern breeding practices. 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Biodiversity Glossary of Terms. WRI. http://www.wri.org/biodiv/gbs-glos.html 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm landrace 15 genetic system Primitive or antique variety usually associated with traditional agriculture. Often highly 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system adapted to local conditions. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP/WCMC http://www.unep-wcmc.org/reception/ 17 phenotype glossary.htm 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race land race 19.2 hybridization A native crop that has been adapted to the environmental conditions of a locale over the 19.3 introgression course of many generations of seed-saving by local cultivators; in Spanish, razas criollas. 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: Glossary of critical terms. http://www.anthro.washington.edu/Faculty/Faculty%20Syllabi/ 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Anth469/glossary.htm 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
56 Glossary on forest genetic resources
19.2 hybridization
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The formation of a hybrid, i.e. the offspring of genetically distinctly 2.1 agricultural biodiversity different parents. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering The term is applied to the progeny from matings within species 3.2 genetic marker (intraspecific) as well as to those between species (interspecific). 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: adapted from Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Danida 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow french -> hybridation 5.3 selection spanish -> hibridización 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity german -> Hybridisierung 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Other definitions: resources 10 management of genetic resources hybrid (L. hybrida) 11 genome 1. The offspring of two parents that are genetically different. A cross between two geneti- 11.1 gene cally unlike individuals. 11.2 allele 12 genotype 2. A heteroduplex DNA or DNA-RNA molecule. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: FAO http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E11.htm#TopOfPage 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system hybridization 16.2 outcrossing The formation of a hybrid. In the context of DNA technology the formation of a double 16.3 pollination stranded molecule by complementary base pairing between two single stranded molecules. 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization hybridization 19.3 introgression 1. Interbreeding of species, races, varieties and so on, among plants or animals; a process 20 reproductive material 21 species of forming a hybrid by cross pollination of plants or by mating animals of different types. 21.1 forest tree species 2. The production of offspring of genetically different parents, normally from sexual 21.2 (f. tree) population reproduction, but also asexually by the fusion of protoplasts or by transformation. 22 trait 3. The pairing of two polynucleotide strands, often from different sources, by hydrogen 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement bonding between complementary nucleotides. 24.1 domestication See northern hybridization; Southern hybridization. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation Source: FAO http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E11.htm#TopOfPage 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
57 Glossary on forest genetic resources
19.3 introgression
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity The natural spread of genes of one species into another through the 2.1 agricultural biodiversity process of interspecific hybridization followed by successive 2.2 forest biodiversity backcrosses to the recurrent parent. The hybrid swarm is an 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering intermediate stage in the process. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution/evolutionary see also gene flow processes 5.1 genetic drift french -> introgression 5.2 gene flow spanish -> introgresión 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution german -> Introgression 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic introgression resources The introduction of new gene(s) into a population by crossing between two populations, 11 genome followed by repeated backcrossing to that population while retaining the new gene(s). 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 13 gene pool Technology Paper No. 7. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 14 germplasm 15 genetic system introgression (introgressive hybridization) 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system The natural spread of the gene(s) from one species or population to another through 16.2 outcrossing hybridization and successive backcrossing of the hybrids. A hybrid swarm may be a stage 16.3 pollination in the process. The outcome may vary from minor gene infiltration to coalescence of the 17 phenotype species. Introgression is principally similar to migration but occurs between species. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species The movement of genes from one population into another through hybridization followed 21.1 forest tree species by backcrossing. Usually refers to movement of genes from one species to another or 21.2 (f. tree) population among sub-species that have been geographically isolated then brought back together by 22 trait changes in 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/ 24.2 plus tree GENE_GLOSSERY.html 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation introgression (genetics) 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning = introgressive hybridization; ~ vicinism (obsolete) 26 alien species The natural spread of genes of one species into another through the process of 27 exotic species interspecific hybridization followed by successive backcrosses to the recurrent parents. 28 indicator species Note: (1) Each species may thereby become more variable and show certain characters of 29 introduced species 30 invasive species the other species. (2) The hybrid swarm marks a stage in the process. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Ford-Robertson, F.C. Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Society 33 native species of American Foresters, FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forestry Bibliography and Terminology. 1971. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
58 Glossary on forest genetic resources
20 reproductive material
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity All material produced by sexual and asexual means used for plant 2.1 agricultural biodiversity production. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker see also germplasm 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> matériel de reproduction 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution spanish -> materia de reproducción 5.1 genetic drift german -> Vermehrungsgut 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources reproductive material 9.1 value of genetic Seeds (cones, fruits and seeds) and vegetative parts of trees intended for the production resources 10 management of genetic of plants as well as plants raised by means of seeds or vegetative parts; also includes resources natural regeneration. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Koski, V. et al.: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) 11.2 allele 12 genotype Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI 13 gene pool 14 germplasm reproductive material 15 genetic system All plant tissue produced by sexual or asexual means used for production. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Côté, M. (ed.) Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Canada, 2000. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 21 species 20 reproductive material 21 species Reference definition: 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait A population or series of populations of organisms that are capable of 23 tree breeding interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other 24 tree improvement species. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Keystone Center 1991 25.1 micropropagation french -> espèce 25.2 macropropagation spanish -> especie 25.3. clone/cloning german -> Art 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Other definitions: 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species species 33 native species A population of organisms which are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions. 34 naturalized species A species represents a group of organisms which has evolved distinct inheritable features 35 weed/weediness
59 Glossary on forest genetic resources
and occupies unique geographical area. Species do not usually interbreed freely with 1 adaptation other species. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity species 3 biotechnology A group of individuals that have their major characteristics in common and (usually) 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker can only breed with each other. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation Source: Dunster, J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution/evolutionary species processes 5.1 genetic drift Groups of populations (which are groups of individuals living together that are separated 5.2 gene flow from other such groups) which can potentially interbreed or are actually interbreeding, 5.3 selection that can successfully produce viable, fertile offspring (without the help of human tech- 6 genetic pollution nology). 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: Mayr, E. 1969. In: BioTech Life Sience Dictionary, BioTechResources and Indiana University 9.1 value of genetic resources species 10 management of genetic It is a group of individuals of similar morphology that are able to breed with each other resources 11 genome but not with individuals from outside this group. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: ITTO. Technical Guidelines for the Establishment and Management of Ex situ Conservation 12 genotype Stands of Tropical Timber Species 13 gene pool 14 germplasm species 15 genetic system One or more populations, the individuals of which can interbreed, but which in nature 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system cannot exchange genes with members belonging to other species. The main category of 16.2 outcrossing taxonomic classification. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Burley, J. Wood, P.J. (comp.) 1976. A manual on species and provenance research with particular 18 progeny reference to the tropics. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 10, CFI, University of Oxford 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization species 19.3 introgression The unit of taxonomic classification in which genera are sub-divided. A group of similar 20 reproductive material individuals different from other similar arrays of individuals. In sexually reproducing 21 species organisms, the maximum inter-breeding group isolated from other species by barriers of 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population sterility or reproductive capacity. 22 trait 23 tree breeding Source: FAO/UNEP. The methodology of conservation of forest genetic resources. Report pilot study 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication species 24.2 plus tree A group of similar organisms, capable of interbreeding, and more or less distinctly different 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation in geographic range and/or morphological characteristics from other species in the same 25.2 macropropagation genus. 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Department of Forestry Michigan State 27 exotic species University. East Lansing, Michigan. Academic Press. (AP) New York 28 indicator species 29 introduced species species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species (ecol) The main category of taxonomic classification into which genera are subdivided, 32 keystone species comprising a group of similar interbreeding individuals sharing a common morphology, 33 native species physiology, and reproductive process. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
60 Glossary on forest genetic resources
(silv) A group of individuals that have their major characteristics in common, e.g. tree 1 adaptation species. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity Source: Côté, M. (éd.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Les 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Presses de l’Université Laval. Québec, Canada 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology species 3.1 genetic engineering The smallest unit of classification commonly used. Groups of interbreeding natural 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: •umer-Linder, M. 1979. Environmental World-List. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 5 evolution Ecological studies 3, Uppsala 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow species 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution Category of taxonomic classification below genus rank including individuals with similar 7 genetic diversity morphological characteristics and defined by breeding potential and gene flow. Inter- 8 genetic variation breeding occurs between individuals within a species resulting in gene flow to the next 9 genetic resources generation. Such interbreeding does not normally occur between individuals of different 9.1 value of genetic resources species. 10 management of genetic resources Source: SAETTEM 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 21.1 forest tree species 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Reference Definition: 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species french -> espèces forestières 21.1 forest tree species spanish -> especies forestales 21.2 (f. tree) population german -> Waldbaumarten 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Other definitions: 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation forest tree species 25.3. clone/cloning … Many forest tree species are characterized by inherently high levels of variation and 26 alien species extensive natural ranges. This high level of genetic variation is needed to ensure present- 27 exotic species day and future adaptability of the species as well as their continued evolution. It is also 28 indicator species 29 introduced species needed to maintain options and potential for improvement to meet changing end use 30 invasive species requirements and dynamically evolving environmental conditions. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: http://www.fao.org/forestry/FOR/FORM/FOGENRES/homepage/What-e.stm 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
61 Glossary on forest genetic resources
21.2 (forest tree) population
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness A group of individual trees living in the same area at the same time 2 biological diversity and sharing a common gene pool. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity (Statistics) In forest inventories, the population is usually a forested 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering area for which information is required. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation french -> population (d’arbres forestiers) 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution spanish -> población (de árboles forestales) 5.1 genetic drift german -> (Waldbaum-)Population 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Other definitions: 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources population 9.1 value of genetic Genetically, a group of similar individuals related by descent and so delimited in range by resources 10 management of genetic environmental or endogenous factors as to be considered a unit. In cross-bed organisms resources the population is often defined as the interbreeding group. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Schmidt, L. Tree Improvement Glossary, Technical Note 46 DANIDA Forest Seed Centre 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool population 14 germplasm A group of individual trees having some characteristics in common, either location, family 15 genetic system ancestry, or intended use. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/GENE_GLOSSERY.html 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype population 18 progeny The number of organisms of the same species inhabiting the same area, that potentially 19 provenance interbreed and share a common gene pool. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Source: Dunster J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International. 20 reproductive material 21 species population 21.1 forest tree species A (Mendelian) population is defined as a unit present under certain (environmental) 21.2 (f. tree) population conditions, composed of biological organisms which are able to reproduce sexually and 22 trait 23 tree breeding where every pair of individuals is enabled and allowed to have common ancestry over 24 tree improvement generations. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation. Euforgen. IPGRI 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation population 25.3. clone/cloning (1) Genetically, a group of individuals related by common descent and treated as a unit for 26 alien species convenience. There is no definite limit to the size or amount of variability contained within 27 exotic species a population, nor is there necessarily a connotation that populations differ by any set 28 indicator species 29 introduced species amount. (2) Statistically, a group of homogenous observations or the individuals on which 30 invasive species such observations were made. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. Department of Forestry Michigan State 33 native species University. East Lansing, Michigan. Academic Press. (AP) New York 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
62 Glossary on forest genetic resources
22 trait
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness A distinctive and usually variable feature, e.g. colour, size, per- 2 biological diversity formance, exhibited by all individuals or a group capable of being 2.1 agricultural biodiversity described or measured. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker french -> caractère 4 (genetic) conservation spanish -> carácter 4.1 in situ conservation german -> Merkmal 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Other definitions: 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection trait 6 genetic pollution A distinguishing characteristic or quality of an organism. 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: BIOTECanada. What is Biotechnology? http://www.biotech.ca/EN/what_glossary.html 9.1 value of genetic resources trait 10 management of genetic In genetics, a category within which alternate characteristics, such as height and eye resources 11 genome color, can be observed. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Militano’s Honors Biology. Fundamentals of Genetics. http://www.grulpages.com/mhbio/ch9.html 12 genotype 13 gene pool character (trait) 14 germplasm A distinctive but not necessarily invariable feature exhibited by all individuals of a group 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system and capable of being described or measured; e.g., size, straightness, form, and perform- 16.1 mating system ance. A character of a given individual will have a certain phentoype (state) as determined 16.2 outcrossing by the individual’s genotype and environment. Selection is based on characters. Desired 16.3 pollination characters for wood producing species can be fast growth and straightness, while un- 17 phenotype 18 progeny desired characters may be crookedness, low branching and susceptibility to deseases. 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression character 20 reproductive material 21 species A distinctive phenotypic expression exhibited by all individuals of a group, capable of 21.1 forest tree species being described and measured and determined by the individual’s genotype and environ- 21.2 (f. tree) population ment. 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation. Euforgen. IPGRI 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree character, characteristic 25 vegetative propagation The phenotypic result of the interaction of a gene or group of genes and the environment. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: FAO. Genetics of Forest Tree Improvement 26 alien species 27 exotic species character, characteristic 28 indicator species The detectable phenotypic expression of the action of a gene or group of genes. A trait. 29 introduced species A feature used to distinguish among individuals or populations. 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: FAO. Forest Genetics Glossary. 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
63 Glossary on forest genetic resources
(adaptive) traits 1 adaptation So, the effect of natural selection on the population will be either to increase the fre- 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness quency of beneficial (adaptive) traits, or decrease the frequency of detrimental (non- 2 biological diversity adaptive) traits. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity It is important that the effect of the environment may not be constant. As conditions 2.2 forest biodiversity change an adaptive trait may rapidly become non-adaptive. As they continue to change, 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering the trait may again become adaptive. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: Farabourgh, Ph. 2000. Biology Century. 100 Concepts of Biology. http://members.home.net/ 4.1 in situ conservation biologycentury/pages/ 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution quantitative trait 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow More common term for continuous trait; a trait that has a quantitative value (yield, IQ). 5.3 selection Quantitative traits are controlled by multiple genes, each segregating according to Men- 6 genetic pollution del’s laws. These traits can also be affected by the environment to varying degrees. 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Source: North Dakota State University. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ resources 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype 23 tree breeding 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Reference Definition: 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system The application of genetic principles and practices to develop improved 16.2 outcrossing trees. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race french -> amélioration génétique 19.2 hybridization spanish -> mejora genética 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material german -> Waldbaumzüchtung 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Other definitions: 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement breeding (forest tree b.) 24.1 domestication The application of genetic principles and practices to the development of individual 24.2 plus tree trees, varieties or populations more suited for the human needs. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Koski, V.; Skroppa, T.; Paule, L.; Wolf, H.; Turok, J. Technical guidelines for genetic 25.3. clone/cloning conservation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI 26 alien species 27 exotic species forest tree breeding 28 indicator species The genetic study of trees to solve some specific problem or to produce a specially 29 introduced species desired product. 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: Forestry Canada. 1992. Silvicultural Terms in Canada. Ottawa. 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
64 Glossary on forest genetic resources
forest tree breeding 1 adaptation The application of knowledge of genetics to developing improved trees. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity Source: Helms, J. A. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity forest tree breeding 3 biotechnology Practices applying knowledge of genetics to develop improved trees. Conventional tree 3.1 genetic engineering breeding is based on selection of individuals for certain desired characters and mating 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation these individuals to produce an improved population. Forest tree breeding may connote 4.1 in situ conservation breeding systems varying from harvesting seed from only the best sources (mass selec- 4.2 ex situ conservation tion) to sophisticated multi-phase, multigeneration programmes or controlled pollination. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution forest tree breeding 7 genetic diversity Applying knowledge of genetics to develop improved trees. In a narrow sense, the term 8 genetic variation refers to propagation by artificial pollination. Usually, however, it connotes breeding 9 genetic resources systems varying from harvesting seed from only the best sources (mass selection) to 9.1 value of genetic resources sophisticated multiphase, multigeneration programs of controlled pollination. 10 management of genetic resources Source: E.B. Snyder. 1972. Glossary for Forest Tree Improvement Workers. USDA- FS. 11 genome 11.1 gene breeding 11.2 allele 12 genotype The propagation and genetic manipulation by hybridization or deliberate self-crossing of 13 gene pool plants, for the purpose of selecting improved offspring. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR ) (comp.), 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary 16 reproductive system of Plant Genetic Resources. Italy 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 24 tree improvement 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Reference Definition: 21 species 21.1 forest tree species The application of genetics to produce trees or a source of seed to 21.2 (f. tree) population create trees with specific desirable traits based on their phenotypic 22 trait 23 tree breeding and genotypic characteristics. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Usually syonymous with -> tree breeding, but may refer to breeding 24.2 plus tree in combination with silvicultural practices. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation french -> amélioration générale des arbres forestiers 25.3. clone/cloning spanish -> mejora de árboles forestales 26 alien species german -> Waldbaumveredelung 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Other definitions: 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species tree improvement 32 keystone species 33 native species A misnomer for tree selection, evaluation and breeding for more desirable characteristics, 34 naturalized species such as faster growth, drought, disease or insect resistance. 35 weed/weediness
Source: Aird, P. L. (comp.) 1994. Compendium of Concepts and Terms. Forestry Chronicle Vol. 70 65 Glossary on forest genetic resources
forest tree improvement 1 adaptation The practice of tree breeding in combination with cultural practices – synonym forest 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness tree breeding 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Helms, J.A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology forest tree improvement 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 1 The application of genetics to produce trees or a source of seed to create trees with 4 (genetic) conservation specific desirable traits based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. In 4.1 in situ conservation some cases, the improved trees can be cloned by growing genetically identical trees from 4.2 ex situ conservation a limited source of germ plasm. 2 The improvement or enhancement of wood quality, 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift volume, and growth rates using a combination of genetic improvement and silvicultural 5.2 gene flow activities, such as fertilization and pruning. 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution Source: Dunster, J.&K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources forest tree improvement 9.1 value of genetic Usually synonymous with forest tree breeding, but may refer to tree breeding in com- resources bination with silvcultural practices and mass production of improved material. 10 management of genetic resources Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele forest tree improvement 12 genotype The application of genetic principles to the improvement and management of forest trees. 13 gene pool 14 germplasm Source: Maynard, C., 1996: Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/GENE_GLOSSERY.html 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system forest tree improvement 16.2 outcrossing The control of parentage combined with other silvicultural activities (such as site prepara- 16.3 pollination tion or fertilizing) to improve the overall yield and quality of products from forest lands. 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: Côté, M. (ed.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Canada 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 24.1 domestication 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding Reference Definition: 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication The process by which evolution has been influenced by humans to meet 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation their needs. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation french -> domestication 25.3. clone/cloning spanish -> domesticación 26 alien species 27 exotic species german -> Domestikation 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Other definitions: 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species domestication 33 native species To bring under human control; wild trees brought into cultivation in plantations become 34 naturalized species genetically altered over generations of selections. 35 weed/weediness
Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 66 Glossary on forest genetic resources
domestication 1 adaptation The genetic adaptation of plants to the cultivation environment through selection (N.P. 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness Louwaars, 1994). 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: SRD Project. 1996. Glossary of Terms. Ottawa, Canada. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology domestication 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker The evolution of plants or animals either naturally or through artificial selection, to forms 4 (genetic) conservation more useful to man, e.g. non-shattering seeds. These characteristics of domestication are 4.1 in situ conservation frequently absent in wild types of the organism and may constitute a negative genetic 4.2 ex situ conservation load for survival in the wild state. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Source: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR ) (comp.), 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary 5.3 selection of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity domestication 8 genetic variation The process by which a plant is introduced into cultivation by man. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources Source: Ayad, W.G. 1980. A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (in English and Arabic). IBPGR 10 management of genetic Secretariat resources 11 genome domesticate 11.1 gene The caring, cultivation, or taming of wild organisms to serve human needs. 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Dunster, J.&K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International 13 gene pool 14 germplasm 15 genetic system domesticate 16 reproductive system To care for, to cultivate, or to tame a wild organism to serve human needs. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Aird, P. L. (comp.) 1994. Compendium of Concepts and Terms. Forestry Chronicle Vol. 70 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny domesticated species 19 provenance Organisms that have been trained to live with or be of service to humans, include agricul- 19.1 land race tural plants, livestock, household pets, laboratory animals, and others. 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: King, R.C.; Stansfield, W.D.; 1997. A Dictionary of Genetics. Oxford University Press 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
67 Glossary on forest genetic resources
24.2 plus tree
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness A phenotypically superior but untested tree. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Not to be confused with ‘elite tree’. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker french -> arbre plus 4 (genetic) conservation spanish -> árbol plus 4.1 in situ conservation german -> Plusbaum 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow Other definitions: 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity plus tree 8 genetic variation A tree selected on the basis of its outstanding phenotype but not yet clonally or progeny 9 genetic resources tested. 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Source: Côté, M. Dictionnaire de la foresterie. Ordre des Ingenieurs forestiers du Québec. Les presses de resources l’Université Laval 11 genome 11.1 gene plus tree 11.2 allele A phenotpye judged (but not proved by test) to be unusually superior in some quality or 12 genotype quantity, e.g. exceptional growth rate, desirable growth habit, high wood density, excep- 13 gene pool 14 germplasm tional apparent resistance to disease and insect attack or to other adverse environmental 15 genetic system factors. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Nieuwenhuis, M. Terminology of Forest Management. IUFRO World Series 9-en. Vienna, 2000. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype plus 18 progeny Appearing distinctly superior ot the average. The term is used for describing phenotypes 19 provenance of both stands (plus stands) and single trees (plus trees). The superior character(s) should 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization be specified, i.e. plus for volume, quality, pest-resistance, or combination of characters. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population plus stand 22 trait A stand containing a preponderance of good phenotypes, not necessarily plus trees. 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation elite tree 25.1 micropropagation A phenotypically superior tree in a tree breeding programme. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Source: Zaid, A. et al. Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture. FAO Research and 27 exotic species Technology Paper 9. Rome, 2001. 28 indicator species 29 introduced species elite tree 30 invasive species One that has been shown by testing to be capable of producing progeny with superior (i.e. 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species more desired) qualities and is therefore of superior genotype. 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Nieuwenhuis, M. Terminology of Forest Management. IUFRO World Series 9-en. Vienna, 2000. 35 weed/weediness
68 Glossary on forest genetic resources
25 vegetative propagation
Reference Definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness The multiplication of plants by asexual means, as in budding, grafting, 2 biological diversity air layering. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Sometimes the term is used synonymously with asexual reproduction, 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering in which case it includes all forms of reproduction (other than 3.2 genetic marker partenogenesis) in which daughter individuals are produced without 4 (genetic) conservation the sexual processes of gamete and zygote formation. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift french -> multiplication végétative 5.2 gene flow spanish -> multiplicación vegetativa 5.3 selection german -> vegetative Vermehrung 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Other definitions: 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic vegetative propagation resources Propagation of a plant by asexual means, as in budding, dividing, grafting, rooting of 11 genome cuttings, and air-layering. Hereditary characteristics of the resulting clone (ramets) are 11.1 gene identical with those of the original plant (ortet). 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 14 germplasm 15 genetic system vegetative propagation 16 reproductive system The propagation of a plant by asexual means, as in budding, grafting, rooting, air layer- 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing ing, and tissue or cell culture – note the genotypes of the resulting ramets are identical 16.3 pollination to those of the original plant (ortet). 17 phenotype 18 progeny Source: Helms, J.A. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 19 provenance 19.1 land race vegetative propagation 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression The traditional methods of vegetative propagation (macropropagation) involve multipli- 20 reproductive material cation by rooted cuttings, grafting, rooted needle fascicles (in pines) and root suckers 21 species (aspen)…. see macropropagation 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6. University Sopron, IUFRO Vienna 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement vegetative propagation 24.1 domestication The propagation or multiplication of plants by asexual means. 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation Source: Klopfenstein, N. B. (ed.), 1997. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-297 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning vegetative reproduction 26 alien species The production of a new individual(s) by detachment of some part of the parent indivi- 27 exotic species dual, such as a gemma, rhizome, bulb, tuber or corm. Sometimes this term is used synony- 28 indicator species 29 introduced species mously with asexual reproduction, in which case it includes all forms of reproduction 30 invasive species (other than partenogenesis) in which daughter individuals are produced without the 31 invasive alien species sexual processes of gamete and zygote formation. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR ) (comp.), 1991. Elsevier’s Dictionary 34 naturalized species of Plant Genetic Resources. Rome, Italy 35 weed/weediness
69 Glossary on forest genetic resources
25.1 micropropagation
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability Vegetative propagation of plants by in-vitro technology producing 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity plantlets, micropropagules, or somatic embryos. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity The term often used synonymous with tissue culture. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation french -> micropropagation 4.1 in situ conservation spanish -> micropropagación 4.2 ex situ conservation german -> Mikropropagation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Other definitions: 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation micropropagation 9 genetic resources The in-vitro vegetative propagation of plants producing plantlets, micropropagules, or 9.1 value of genetic somatic embryos. resources 10 management of genetic resources Source: Helms, J.A. (ed.) 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters 11 genome 11.1 gene micropropagation 11.2 allele Production of plants from very small plant parts, tissues, or cells grown aseptically in a test 12 genotype 13 gene pool tube or other container where the environment and nutrition can be rigidly controlled. The 14 germplasm term often used synonymous with tissue culture. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing micropropagation 16.3 pollination in vitro 17 phenotype … that is, clonal propagation by technology, via organogenesis and somatic 18 progeny embryogenesis … 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6. Perspectives of Forest Genetics and Tree 19.2 hybridization Breeding in a Changing World. University of Sopron, IUFRO Secretariat Vienna 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material micropropagation 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Micropropagation (in vitro regeneration) of plants may be carried out by following at least 21.2 (f. tree) population one of the two pathways from the somatic tissues. One pathway involves organogenesis, 22 trait ….. the second pathway from somatic tissues may proceed via somatic embryogenesis. 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6. Perspectives of Forest Genetics and Tree 24.1 domestication Breeding in a Changing World. University of Sopron, IUFRO Secretariat Vienna 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation in vitro propagation 25.2 macropropagation micropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning The propagation of plants in a controlled, artificial environment, using plastic or glass 26 alien species 27 exotic species culture vessels, aseptic techniques and a defined growing medium. 28 indicator species The procedures used for in vitro propagation comprise: 1) the selection of suitable explants, 29 introduced species their sterilization and transfer to nutrient medium, 2) the proliferation of shoots 30 invasive species on multiplication medium and 3) transfer of shoots to a rooting (or storage) medium and 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species planting out. 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Boudreault-Lapointe, L. 1988. Plant Biotechnology Vocabulary. Terminology Bulletin 180 35 weed/weediness
70 Glossary on forest genetic resources
micropropagation 1 adaptation Refers to propagation in culture by axillary or adventitious means, a general term for 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness vegetative (asexual) in vitro propagation. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Klopfenstein, N. B/Chun, Young Woo/Kim, Mee-Sook/Raj Ahuja, M. (ed.), 1997. USDA Forest 2.2 forest biodiversity Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-297 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering tissue culture 3.2 genetic marker The growth of isolated plant cells or small pieces of tissue under controlled conditions in 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation a sterile growth medium. The medium is designed to meet the requirement of the tissue 4.2 ex situ conservation involved, e.g. by application of hormones and nutrients. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution tissue culture 7 genetic diversity A general term for aseptic cell, tissue, organ and protoplast culture. 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: Ahuja, M.R. and Libby, W.J., 1993. Clonal Forestry II. Glossary. Springer Verlag. 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic tissue culture resources The growth and maintenance of cells from higher organisms in vitro, outside the tissue 11 genome of which they are normally a part. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele Source: Boudreault-Lapointe, L. 1988. Plant Biotechnology Vocabulary. Terminology Bulletin 180. 12 genotype 13 gene pool Issued by the Translation Bureau, Terminology and Linguistic Services Branch 14 germplasm 15 genetic system tissue culture 16 reproductive system A technique for cultivation cells, tissues, or organs of plants in a sterile, synthetic medium; 16.1 mating system includes the tissues excised from a plant and the culture of pollen or seeds. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Maynard, C., 1996: Forest Genetics Glossary. SUNY College of Encironmental Science and 18 progeny Forestry. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/GENE_GLOSSERY.html 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species 25.2 macropropagation 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait Reference Definition: 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement Vegetative propagation from cuttings, air-layering, grafting or other 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree large plant part. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation As distinguished from -> micropropagation or tissue culture. 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species french -> macropropagation 27 exotic species spanish -> macropropagación 28 indicator species german -> Makropropagation 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species Other definitions: 32 keystone species 33 native species macropropagation 34 naturalized species Macropropagation from mature trees is generally difficult and usually employs grafting 35 weed/weediness older scions onto younger rootstocks for rejuvenation of the scion and subsequent propa-
71 Glossary on forest genetic resources
gation. The rejuvenation from mature trees may require serial grafting before vege-tative 1 adaptation propagation, and this can become labour intensive and time consuming. Further, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness by conventional methods of vegetative propagation, the number of plants that can be 2 biological diversity multiplied from selected trees in a growing season are often relatively small. The limiting 2.1 agricultural biodiversity factors for large scale macropropagation of selected material may be restricted availa- 2.2 forest biodiversity bility of improved genotypes as planting material, seasonal restrictions, and available 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering space. To overcome these and related problems, biotechnological approaches offer 3.2 genetic marker opportunities for not only mass cloning of elite gentopyes throughout the year, but also 4 (genetic) conservation for in vitro rejuvenation, and genetic manipulation of trees (Ahuja, 1988a, 1991a, 1993a). 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: Mátyás, C. (ed.) 1997. IUFRO World Series Vol. 6. Perspectives of Forest Genetics and Tree 5 evolution Breeding in a Changing World. University of Sopron, IUFRO Secretariat Vienna 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 25.3 clone/cloning 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Reference Definition: resources 11 genome A group of plants derived from a single individual by asexual 11.1 gene 11.2 allele reproduction and thus having identical genetic constitution. 12 genotype 13 gene pool Clones are named with non-Latin names preceded by the 14 germplasm abbreviation “cl”. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system french -> clone 16.2 outcrossing spanish -> clon 16.3 pollination german -> Klon 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance Other definitions: 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization clone 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material A population of genetically identical cells or individuals. Such a population is obtained by 21 species mitotic division or by asexual reproduction. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida 22 trait 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement clone 24.1 domestication 1. To propagate a plant asexually usually by grafting, rooting cuttings, tissue culture, or 24.2 plus tree apomictic seed. Except for an extremely low level of mutation, all plants from a clone are 25 vegetative propagation genetically identical. (This is the usage most common in agronomy, horticulture and 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation forestry.) (See ortet and ramet.) 2. To regenerate a whole plant from a single cell.(This 25.3. clone/cloning usage is common in tissue culture research.) 3. To identify and isolate a gene controlling a 26 alien species specific trait from an organism. (This usage is common in molecular biology.) 27 exotic species 4. A group of plants produced from cuttings, stump or root sprouts, tissue culture, or 28 indicator species 29 introduced species some other method that produces offspring genetically identical to the original plant. 30 invasive species Most commonly used in forestry to establish grafted seed orchards, but becoming more 31 invasive alien species common for commercial plantations. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Maynard, C. 1996: Forest Genetics Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/ 34 naturalized species GENE_GLOSSERY.html 35 weed/weediness
72 Glossary on forest genetic resources
clone 1 adaptation A population of individuals all originating asexually from the same single parent and, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness therefore, genetically identical. Clones are named with non-Latin names preceded by the 2 biological diversity abbreviation ‘cl’. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Dunster J. & K. 1996. Dictionary of Natural Resource Management. CAB International. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology clone 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker 1.A population of cells all descended from a single cell. 2. A number of copies of a DNA 4 (genetic) conservation fragment to be replicated by a phage or plasmid. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: BioTech Resources. BioTech Life Science Dictionary, BioTechResources and Indiana University 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow clone 5.3 selection Group of individuals (ramets) derived originally from a single ancestor individual (ortet) 6 genetic pollution by vegetative propagation (e.g. cuttings, grafts, layers) and thus having identical genetic 7 genetic diversity constitution. 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Source: Koski, V. et al. Technical guidelines for genetic conservation of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) resources Karst.). Euforgen. IPGRI 10 management of genetic resources clone 11 genome All plants (ramets) reproduced asexually from a common ancestor (ortet) and having ident- 11.1 gene ical genotypes. Named clones are given non-Latin names preceded by the abbreviation “cl.”. 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to Forest Genetics. East Lansing, Michigan. Academic Press. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system clone 16 reproductive system An individual or group of individuals reproduced asexually from a single organism, and 16.1 mating system therefore genetically identical to the parent/progenitor. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Côté, M. (ed.) 2000. Dictionary of Forestry. Ordre des Ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. Canada 18 progeny 19 provenance clone 19.1 land race A group of vegetatively propagated organisms consisting of an ortet and its ramets; 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression a cell line of single cell origin; a gene or piece of DNA replicated in a host bacterium; all 20 reproductive material definitions imply genetically identical material and reproduction by miotic division. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Source: Klopfenstein, Ahuja, M. (ed.) 1997. Micropropagation, Genetic Engineering, and Molecular 21.2 (f. tree) population Biology of Populus; USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-297 22 trait 23 tree breeding clone 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication A group of plants derived from a single individual (ortet) by asexual reproduction. 24.2 plus tree All members (ramets) of a clone have the same genotype and consequently tend to 25 vegetative propagation be uniform. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation Source: Snyder, E. B. (ed.) Glossary for Forest Tree Improvement Workers; published for the Society of 25.3. clone/cloning American Foresters by the Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species clone 29 introduced species Group of genetically identical plants produced by vegetatively propagating a single plant 30 invasive species over one or more vegetative generations; accomplished in woody plants by rooting stem 31 invasive alien species cuttings, budding, grafting, or air layering. 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: SAETTEM 35 weed/weediness
73 Glossary on forest genetic resources
26 alien species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity A species occurring in an area outside its historically known 2.1 agricultural biodiversity natural range as a result of intentional or accidental dispersal by 2.2 forest biodiversity human activities. Also known as introduced species. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP-WCMC. WRI 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution see also exotic species 5.1 genetic drift introduced species 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection french -> espèce étrangère 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity spanish -> especie extranjera 8 genetic variation german -> gebietsfremde Art 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic Other definitions: resources 11 genome alien species 11.1 gene “Alien species” (non-native, non-indigenous, foreign, exotic) means a species, subspe- 11.2 allele 12 genotype cies, or lower taxon occurring outside of its natural range (past or present) and dispersal 13 gene pool potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could not occupy without direct or 14 germplasm indirect introduction or care by humans) and includes any part, gametes or propagule of 15 genetic system such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: IUCN. 2000. IUCN Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss Caused by Alien Invasive 16.3 pollination Species. IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) – ISSG (Invasive Species Specialist Group), 2000. 17 phenotype 18 progeny alien species 19 provenance 19.1 land race “Alien species” (synonyms: non-native, non-indigenous, foreign, exotic): a species, 19.2 hybridization subspecies, or lower taxon introduced outside its normal past or present distribution; 19.3 introgression includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive 20 reproductive material and subsequently reproduce. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population Source: Working definitions used by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) (UNEP/CBD/ 22 trait SBSTTA/6/INF/5 Annex II.) 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement alien plant 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Alien plants, also known as exotic, non-native, or nonindigenous plants, are species 25 vegetative propagation intentionally or accidentally introduced by human activity into a region in which they did 25.1 micropropagation not evolve. Many alien species are well known and economically important in agriculture 25.2 macropropagation and horticulture, such as wheat, soybeans, and tulips. Alien species, whether plant or 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species animal, often do not become established outside of cultivation and, if they do, they 27 exotic species usually have few impacts on natural communities. 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Source: Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia. http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/invinfo.htm 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
74 Glossary on forest genetic resources
27 exotic species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn non-native 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity A species which is not native to the region in which it occurs. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms. IBPGR. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation see also alien species 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift introduced species 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution french -> espèce exotique 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation spanish -> especie exótica 9 genetic resources german -> exotische Art 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources Other definitions: 11 genome 11.1 gene exotic species 11.2 allele An organism that exists in the free state in an area but is not native to that area. Also refers 12 genotype 13 gene pool to animals from outside the country in which they are held in captive or free-ranging 14 germplasm populations. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP-WCMC. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/reception/ 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing glossary.htm 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype exotic (= non-native) 18 progeny A plant grown outside its natural range of distribution, e.g. teak in Africa. Ant. Indigenous. 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization Source: Schmidt, L. 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material exotic 21 species Broad definition: A non-native population introduced into a new area. Narrow definition: a 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population species introduced from another country. 22 trait 23 tree breeding Source: Maynard, C. 1996. Forest Genetics Glossary. http://www.esf.edu/course/cmaynard/ 24 tree improvement GENE_GLOSSERY.html 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree nonnative (= exotic) 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation A plant grown outside its natural range. Ant. Indigenous. (see indigenous, land race) 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/ 26 alien species FAO Regional Project, 1994. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species nonindigenous 30 invasive species Not existing or having not originated naturally in a particular region or environment 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species Source: TEACH Great Lakes. Glossary. In: Great Lakes Information Network (GLIN). http://www.great- 33 native species 34 naturalized species laeks.net/teach/glossary/ 35 weed/weediness
75 Glossary on forest genetic resources
28 indicator species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness A species whose status provides information on the overall condition 2 biological diversity of the ecosystem and of other species in that ecosystem. Species which 2.1 agricultural biodiversity flag changes in biotic or abiotic conditions. 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering They reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as 3.2 genetic marker well as aspects of community composition. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: Heywood,V.H., Watson, R.T. Global Biodiversity Assessment. UNEP. 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow french -> espèce indicatrice 5.3 selection spanish -> especie indicatora 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity german -> Weiserart 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Other definitions: resources 10 management of genetic resources indicator species 11 genome 1. Species, usually plants, used to indicate an ecological condition such as soil moisture 11.1 gene or nutrient regime that may not be directly measured. 2. A plant, animal, or microbial 11.2 allele 12 genotype species characteristic of, or that displays characteristic responses to, a specific site, 13 gene pool habitat, ecosystem, or environmental condition. 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Source: Côté, M. 2000. Dictionnaire de la foresterie. Ordre des Ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 29 introduced species 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Reference definition: 20 reproductive material 21 species An established species not native to the ecosystem, region or country. 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait see also alien species 23 tree breeding exotic species 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication french -> espèce introduite 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation spanish -> especie introducida 25.1 micropropagation german -> eingeführte Art 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species Other definitions: 28 indicator species 29 introduced species introduced species 30 invasive species A species occurring in an area outside of its historically known natural range as a result of 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species intentional or accidental dispersal by human activities. Also known as alien species. 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Biodiversity Glossary of Terms. World Resources Institute. http://www.wri.org/biodiv.html
76 Glossary on forest genetic resources
30 invasive species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness Invasive species are organisms (usually transported by humans) 2 biological diversity which successfully establish themselves in, and then overcome, 2.1 agricultural biodiversity otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Source: IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation see also invasive alien species 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution introduced species 5.1 genetic drift exotic species 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity french -> espèce envahissante 8 genetic variation spanish -> especie invasiva 9 genetic resources german -> invasive Art 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources Other definitions: 11 genome 11.1 gene invasive plant 11.2 allele 12 genotype An alien plant spreading naturally (without the direct assistance of people) in natural or 13 gene pool seminatural habitats, to produce a significant change in terms of compostion, structure or 14 germplasm ecosystem processes. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system Source: Cronk and Fuller 1995, Invasive Plants. 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination invasive species 17 phenotype An introduced species which invades natural habitats. 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race Source: Heywood,V.H., Watson, R.T. Global Biodiversity Assessment. UNEP 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression invasive species 20 reproductive material 21 species An “invasive species” is defined as a species that is 1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosys- 21.1 forest tree species tem under consideration and 2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic 21.2 (f. tree) population or environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 13112). 22 trait Invasive species can be plants, animals, and other organisms (e.g. microbes). Human 23 tree breeding 24 tree improvement actions are the primary means of invasive species introductions. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Invasivespecies.gov. A gateway to Federal and State invasive species activities and programs. 25 vegetative propagation National Agricultural Library for the National Invasive Species Council. http://www.invasivespecies.gov/ 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation invasive species 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species An invasive species is a species occurring as a result of human activities beyond its 27 exotic species accepted normal distribution and which threatens valued environmental, agricultural or 28 indicator species personal resources by the damage it causes. 29 introduced species Invasive species include: feral animals; introduced marine pests; weeds; diseases and 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species parasites; dieback caused by the root-rot fungus - Phytophthora cinnamomi; non-native 32 keystone species insects and other invertebrates; honeybees; european wasps 33 native species 34 naturalized species Source: Biodiversity. Invasive Species. Natural Heritage Trust. Environment Australia. http:// 35 weed/weediness www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/index.html
77 Glossary on forest genetic resources
invasive species 1 adaptation Whether they are called invasive, nonnative, alien, exotic, or nonindigenous, introduced 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness species are those that evolved elsewhere and have been purposely or accidentally relo- 2 biological diversity cated. While some species have invaded habitats on their own (e.g., migrating wildlife, 2.1 agricultural biodiversity plants and animals rafting on floating debris), human exploration and colonization have 2.2 forest biodiversity dramatically increased the diversity and scale of invasions by exotic species. Introduced 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering species often find no natural enemies in their new habitat and therefore spread easily and 3.2 genetic marker quickly. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation Source: Ecological Society of America. Fact Sheet – Invasive Species. http://esa.sdsc.edu/inva3.htm 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift invasive species 5.2 gene flow Invasive species are organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully 5.3 selection establish themselves in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosys- 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity tems. Biologists are still trying to characterise this capability to invade in the hope that 8 genetic variation incipient invasions can be predicted and stopped. Factors may include: an organism has 9 genetic resources been relieved of the pressures of predators or parasites of its native country; being 9.1 value of genetic biologically “hardy”, for example, has short generations and a generalist diet; arriving in an resources 10 management of genetic ecosystem already disturbed by humans or some other factor. But whatever the causes, resources the consequences of such invasions – including alteration of habitat and disruption of 11 genome natural ecosystem processes – are often catastrophic for native species. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: IUCN/SSC (Species Survival Commission) Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). http:// 13 gene pool www.issg.org/ 14 germplasm 15 genetic system invasive species 16 reproductive system Invasive plants have become recognized in recent years as a major threat to the integrity of 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing natural areas. These species have the ability to invade natural systems and proliferate, 16.3 pollination often dominating a community to the detriment and sometimes the exclusion of native 17 phenotype species. Invasive species can alter natural ecological processes by reducing the 18 progeny interactions of many species to the interactions of only a few species. Introduced species 19 provenance 19.1 land race may compete directly with native species for nutrients, sunlight, and space, and indirectly 19.2 hybridization by altering the food web or physical environment. Invasive species may also prey on or 19.3 introgression hybridize with natives. Native species with limited population size or ecological range are 20 reproductive material particularly susceptible to displacement by aggressive exotic or translocated species. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species … Invasive Species Defined: Most invasive species are ecological pioneers and colonizers 21.2 (f. tree) population which, once introduced, quickly establish themselves in ecologically disturbed 22 trait communities. Invasive species typically displace native flora due to faster growth rates, 23 tree breeding efficient dispersal mechanisms, and tolerance of a wider range of conditions. Invasive 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication species often lack natural predators and diseases which control populations in their native 24.2 plus tree environments. As the diversity and populations of native plants decrease, so does the 25 vegetative propagation variety of habitats available for wildlife. 25.1 micropropagation For the purposes of this manual, invasive species are described as either exotic (alien), 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning translocated, or opportunistic. Exotics are primarily European and Asian species that have 26 alien species been intentionally or accidentally introduced to North America. Translocated species are 27 exotic species native North American species whose pre-settlement range either did not include 28 indicator species Wisconsin, or did not include certain areas of Wisconsin in which they are now a problem. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species Opportunistic species are native colonizers which can dominate certain natural 31 invasive alien species communities and decrease species diversity. 32 keystone species 33 native species Source: Wisconsin’s Invasive Plants. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. http:// 34 naturalized species www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/invasive/intro.htm
78 Glossary on forest genetic resources
invasive 1 adaptation tending to spread, infringe or encroach upon 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness 2 biological diversity Source: Glossary. Great Lakes Information Network (GLIN). http://www.great-laeks.net/teach/glossary/ 2.1 agricultural biodiversity invasive 2.2 forest biodiversity 3 biotechnology Any plant that grows aggressively enough to crowd out other plants. Usually, but not 3.1 genetic engineering always, applied to non-native species. 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation Source: Native Plants? Glossary of Terms. California Native Plant Society. http://www.cnps.org/activities/ 4.1 in situ conservation terms.htm 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift immigrant species 5.2 gene flow Species that migrate into an ecosystem or that are deliberately or accidentally introduced 5.3 selection into an ecosystem by humans. Some of these species are beneficial, whereas others can 6 genetic pollution take over and eliminate many native species. Compare with indicator species, keystone 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation species, and native species. 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic Source: Pidwirny, M. Glossary of Terms. Department of Geography, Okanagan, University College. resources www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/ 10 management of genetic resources 11 genome 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype 13 gene pool 31 invasive alien species 14 germplasm 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Reference definition: 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination short IAS 17 phenotype Alien species, which becomes established in natural or semi- 18 progeny natural ecosystems or habitat, is an agent of change, and threatens 19 provenance 19.1 land race native biological diversity. 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Source: IUCN. 2000. Guidelines for the Prevention of Biodiversity Loss 20 reproductive material Caused by Alien Invasive Species. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait see also invasive species 23 tree breeding alien species 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree french -> espèce exotique envahissante 25 vegetative propagation spanish -> especie exótica invasiva 25.1 micropropagation german -> invasive gebietsfremde Art 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species Other definitions: 27 exotic species 28 indicator species invasive alien species 29 introduced species Invasive alien species are species introduced deliberately or unintentionally outside their 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species natural habitats where they have the ability to establish themselves, invade, outcompete 32 keystone species natives and take over the new environments. They are widespread in the world and are 33 native species found in all categories of living organism and all types of ecosystems. They are known to 34 naturalized species
79 Glossary on forest genetic resources
affect biological diversity whether within or outside protected areas and influence ecosys- 1 adaptation tems, natural habitats and surrounding populations. Invasive alien species can cause 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness significant irreversible environmental and socio-economic damages at the genetic, species 2 biological diversity and ecosystem levels. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity Source: Council of Europe/UNEP: Second Intergovernmental Conference “Biodiversity in Europe”. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering Sixth Meeting of the Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy. 2002 3.2 genetic marker 4 (genetic) conservation alien invasive species 4.1 in situ conservation Different terms are used for alien species generally (non-indigenous, non-native, exotic, 4.2 ex situ conservation foreign, new) and for the subset that cause damage (pest, weed, harmful, injurious, 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift invasive, environmentally dangerous). There are marked differences in use of terms in 5.2 gene flow different sectors. Sanitary and phytosanitary instruments use “pest” and “weed” terminol- 5.3 selection ogy, backed by clear definitions, and do not distinguish by source or origin: this means 6 genetic pollution they also cover native pest. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) uses the 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation term ”quarantine pest” to distinguish by source and by level of damage. Multilateral 9 genetic resources environmental agreement (MEA) requirements usually refer to “alien” or “exotic” species 9.1 value of genetic (almost never defined) in combination with harm/invasiveness criteria to identify those resources species that should be subject to controls. This generally excludes native species that 10 management of genetic resources become invasive. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Council of Europe/UNEP: Second Intergovernmental Conference “Biodiversity in Europe”. 11.2 allele Sixth Meeting of the Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy. 2002 12 genotype 13 gene pool 14 germplasm invasive alien species 15 genetic system “Invasive alien species”: an alien species whose establishment and spread threaten 16 reproductive system ecosystems, habitats or species with economic or environmental harm. These are ad- 16.1 mating system dressed under Article 8(h) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB). 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Working definitions used by the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) (UNEP/CBD/ 18 progeny SBSTTA/6/INF/5 Annex II.) 19 provenance 19.1 land race invasive alien species 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Alien species are, with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, 20 reproductive material eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not 21 species native to that ecosystem.2 When they cause changes in ecosystems, displacing native 21.1 forest tree species organisms by predation or parasitism, by competition for space and nutrients or food, or 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait by alteration of habitats, alien species are considered to be invasive. When their impacts 23 tree breeding are beyond acceptable levels, resulting in environmental damage and economic and social 24 tree improvement losses, alien species become known as pests. In a more narrow classification, the 1997 24.1 domestication revised text of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPCC) defines a quarantine 24.2 plus tree 25 vegetative propagation pest as “a pest of potential economic importance of the area endangered thereby and not 25.1 micropropagation yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled. 25.2 macropropagation 2 Clinton, W.J. 1999. Executive Order 13112 of February 3, 1999. Invasive Species. 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species Source: North American Forest Commission. Item 6(b) of the Provisional Agenda. Alien Species Harmful 28 indicator species to North American Forests. FAO. FO:NAFC/2000/8(b) April 2000. 29 introduced species 30 invasive species invasive alien species 31 invasive alien species Invasive alien species are now acknowledged as one of the major threats to biodiversity, 32 keystone species 33 native species together with habitat loss and fragmentation. Furthermore, it is predicted that biological 34 naturalized species invasions will become the major engines of ecological disintegration in the future; this is 35 weed/weediness
80 Glossary on forest genetic resources
because of the increase spread of alien species, due to the greater mobility of human 1 adaptation population, rapidly growing transport technology, expanding tourism and travel activities, 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness and world-wide free trade (Cox 1999, Ruesink et al. 1995). 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Source: Council of Europe/UNEP: Second Intergovernmental Conference “Biodiversity in Europe”. 2.2 forest biodiversity Sixth Meeting of the Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy. 2002. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker invasive alien species 4 (genetic) conservation Invasive alien species (IAS) are non-native organisms that cause, or have the potential to 4.1 in situ conservation cause, harm to the environment, economies, or human health. Invasive alien species (IAS) 4.2 ex situ conservation are one of the most significant drivers of environmental change worldwide. They 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift contribute to social instability and economic hardship, placing constraints on sustainable 5.2 gene flow development, economic growth, and environmental conservation. The direct costs of IAS 5.3 selection to a single country can be in the billions of dollars annually. However, the costs to society 6 genetic pollution greatly exceed those that can be measured in currency. …. Failure to address the 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation underlying causes of biological invasion and mitigate the impacts of IAS will result in both 9 genetic resources losses and gains. We will, for example, lose numerous species, genetic resources, and 9.1 value of genetic quite possibly the entire concept of “protected” areas. Poverty, malnourishment, human resources migration, and disease epidemics will, on the other hand, increase. 10 management of genetic resources Thus far, national and international responses to the IAS problem have been insufficient 11 genome to counter their increasing toll on our natural resources and society. ….. Although the 11.1 gene prevention and control of IAS present scientific, political, and ethical challenges, the 11.2 allele problem can be dramatically reduced through concerted action. Stakeholders need to be 12 genotype 13 gene pool made aware of the problem and motivated to address it. Scientifically-sound information 14 germplasm and effective tools need to be provided to policy makers and resource managers so that 15 genetic system well-informed decisions can be enacted. Co-operative programmes need to be forged 16 reproductive system among governments and other institutions to enable the problem to be addressed in a 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing strategic, holistic, and timely manner. 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype Source: Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP). Department of Biological Sciences. Stanford 18 progeny University. http://jasper.stanford.edu/gisp/ 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization invasive alien plants 19.3 introgression Invasive alien plants, however, escape cultivation and become agricultural pests, infest 20 reproductive material lawns as weeds displace native plant species, reduce wildlife habitat, and alter ecosystem 21 species processes. Across the country and around the world, invasive alien plants and animals 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population have become one of the most serious threats to native species, natural communities, and 22 trait ecosystem processes. …. Invasive alien plants typically exhibit the following 23 tree breeding characteristics: 24 tree improvement - rapid growth and maturity 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree - prolific seed production 25 vegetative propagation - highly successful seed dispersal, germination and colonization 25.1 micropropagation - rampant vegetative spread 25.2 macropropagation - ability to out-compete native species 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species - high cost to remove or control. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species Source: Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia. http://www.dcr.state.va.us/dnh/invinfo.htm 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species invasive alien species 32 keystone species As commonly described, an invasive alien species is a species that is new to a region, and 33 native species has a negative impact on the new environment, either, ecologically, economically or 34 naturalized species socially. Invasives represent all taxonomic groups and originate from all continents. There 35 weed/weediness
81 Glossary on forest genetic resources
has been a massive mixing of biota globally driven by intercontinental commerce, and this 1 adaptation mixing has been both purposeful and accidental. It has led to biotic enrichment as well as 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness impoverishment. While only a small fraction of alien species have become invasive, these 2 biological diversity few have done enormous damage. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Invasive alien species represent a major disruption for all biotic systems including 2.2 forest biodiversity terrestrial and aquatic, managed and wild. Invaders can have enormous economic and 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering human health impacts as well as degrading many system properties that society values. 3.2 genetic marker Invasive alien species have altered evolutionary trajectories, disrupted community and 4 (genetic) conservation ecosystem processes, and caused large economic losses. There is a long list of ways that 4.1 in situ conservation invasives can threaten the goods and services provided by natural systems and upon 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution which society depends. Invasives can disrupt fire cycles, deplete water supplies, cause 5.1 genetic drift disease, decimate crops, forests and fisheries, impede navigation, clog water works, 5.2 gene flow destroy grazing lands, homes and gardens, eliminate species, and even cause noise 5.3 selection pollution. 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity Invasives pose special challenges for their control and eradication. Invasive 8 genetic variation microorganisms and insects, in particular, can quickly evolve responses to control efforts. 9 genetic resources Invaders alter and respond to community interactions in complex ways. As the global 9.1 value of genetic movement of people and goods increases, so too does the movement of potential invasive resources 10 management of genetic material. At the same time, other global changes — like climate change — mostly favor resources invasives. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Mooney, H. Stanford University. Invasive Alien Species: The Nature of the Problem. American 11.2 allele Association for the Advancement of Science. http://www.aaas.org/international/africa/invasives/ 12 genotype 13 gene pool mooney.shtml 14 germplasm 15 genetic system invasive non-native species 16 reproductive system Species of plants and animals that are not native (natural) to an area are known as: 16.1 mating system non-native species, introduced species, exotic species, non-indigenous species, alien 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination species, transplants, invasive species. 17 phenotype Established ecosystems have developed their own natural balance and controls over time, 18 progeny and the plants and animals within those systems find this balance suitable for survival, or 19 provenance they have been able to adapt in order to survive within those conditions. When non- 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization native species from other ecosystems are introduced, they can upset that balance and 19.3 introgression bring harm to the established plants and animals, and the whole ecosystem. Non-native 20 reproductive material species come from somewhere else and they are not natural to the ecosystem they have 21 species been introduced to. They may be harmless and beneficial in their natural surroundings, but 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population they can totally devastate different environments. When alien species enter into an 22 trait ecosystem, they can disrupt the natural balance, reduce biodiversity, degrade habitats, 23 tree breeding alter native genetic diversity, transmit exotic diseases to native species, and further 24 tree improvement jeopardize endangered plants and animals. When there are no established natural controls, 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree such as predators to keep the non-native harmful species in check, there can be a 25 vegetative propagation population explosion of the invasive non-native species causing an ecological 25.1 micropropagation catastrophe. 25.2 macropropagation Not all non-native species are invasive and harmful. But many can completely take over 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species and entirely change whole established ecosystems. These are the non-natives that invade 27 exotic species an established environment; therefore, they are invasive. 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Source: Invasive Non-Native Species. Eco-Pros. http://www.eco-pros.com/invasive_non- 30 invasive species native_species.htm 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
82 Glossary on forest genetic resources
32 keystone species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness A species whose loss from an ecosystem would cause a greater than 2 biological diversity average change in other species populations or ecosystems processes; 2.1 agricultural biodiversity species that have a disproportionately large effect on other species in a 2.2 forest biodiversity community. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Heywood,V.H., Watson, R.T. Global Biodiversity Assessment. 4 (genetic) conservation UNEP. 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift see also indicator species 5.2 gene flow native species 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution french -> espèce clé 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation spanish -> especie clave 9 genetic resources german -> Schlüsselart 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic resources Other definitions: 11 genome 11.1 gene keystone species 11.2 allele Species that interacts with a large number of other species in a community. Because of the 12 genotype 13 gene pool interactions, the removal of this species can cause widespread changes to community 14 germplasm structure. Compare with immigrant species; indicator species, and native species. 15 genetic system 16 reproductive system Source: Pidwirny, M. Glossary of Terms. Department of Geography, Okanagan, University College. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/ 16.3 pollination 17 phenotype keystone species 18 progeny A species that plays an important ecological role in determining the overall structure and 19 provenance dynamic relationships within a biotic community. A keystone species presence is essential 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization to the integrity and stability of a particular ecosystem. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material Source: Glossary of Forestry Terms. Government of British Columbia. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/ 21 species publctns/glossary/glossary.htm 21.1 forest tree species 21.2 (f. tree) population key species 22 trait 23 tree breeding A species which must, because of its importance, be considered in the management 24 tree improvement program. 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Côté, M. (éd.) 2000. Dictionnaire de la foresterie. Ordre des ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation keystone species 25.3. clone/cloning A species that plays a pivotal role in an ecosystem and upon which a large part of the 26 alien species community depends. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species Source: Reed F. Noss, Allen Y. Cooperrider (1994) Glossary of Conservation Terms. http://www.msu.edu/ 30 invasive species ~jaroszjo/greenway/glossary/glossary.htm 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
83 Glossary on forest genetic resources
33 native species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness syn indigenous 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural biodiversity Plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that occur naturally in 2.2 forest biodiversity a given area or region. 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP-WCMC. WRI. 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution french -> espèce indigène 5.1 genetic drift spanish -> especie indigena 5.2 gene flow german -> einheimische Art 5.3 selection 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation Other definitions: 9 genetic resources 9.1 value of genetic native species resources 10 management of genetic Species that normally exists and reproduces in a specific region of the Earth. Compare with resources immigrant species, indicator species, and keystone species. 11 genome 11.1 gene Source: Pidwirny, M. Glossary of Terms. Department of Geography, Okanagan, University College. 11.2 allele 12 genotype www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/ 13 gene pool 14 germplasm native 15 genetic system A plant or animal indigenous to a particular locality. 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing Source: Glossary of Biodiversity Terms. UNEP-WCMC. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/reception/ 16.3 pollination glossary.htm 17 phenotype 18 progeny native species 19 provenance A species which is a part of the original flora of the area. 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (English/Arabic). International Board for Plant 20 reproductive material Genetic Resources. 21 species 21.1 forest tree species indigenous, (indigenous species) 21.2 (f. tree) population Species native to the country or area. Ant. Nonnative or exotic. (see exotic, land race, 22 trait 23 tree breeding nonnative.) 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication Source: Glossary of Terms Used in Forest Tree Improvement. Field Manual No. 6 (RAS/91/004) UNDP/ 24.2 plus tree FAO Regional Project on Improved Productivity of Man-Made Forests Through Application of 25 vegetative propagation Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation. FAO, 1994. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning 26 alien species 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
84 Glossary on forest genetic resources
34 naturalized species
Reference definition: 1 adaptation 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness An intentionally or unintentionally introduced species that has 2 biological diversity adapted to and reproduces successfully in its new environment. 2.1 agricultural biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity french -> espèce naturalisée 3 biotechnology 3.1 genetic engineering spanish -> especie naturalisada 3.2 genetic marker german -> eingebürgerte Art 4 (genetic) conservation 4.1 in situ conservation 4.2 ex situ conservation 5 evolution Other definitions: 5.1 genetic drift 5.2 gene flow naturalization 5.3 selection A concept by which, after some time or generations, immigrants or their descendants are 6 genetic pollution 7 genetic diversity considered to be native. 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources Source: Glossary of Expressions in Biological Control. http://biocontrol.ifas.ufl.edu/glossary.htm 9.1 value of genetic resources 10 management of genetic naturalization resources Introduced and cultivated plants that have spread from the cultivated areas into the wild 11 genome where they spread and multiply by natural regeneration. Antonym: Domestication. 11.1 gene 11.2 allele 12 genotype Source: Schmidt, L., 1997. Tree Improvement Glossary. Technical Note 46. Danida Forest Seed Centre 13 gene pool 14 germplasm naturalized 15 genetic system Pertaining to a plant that was introduced but that is well established, acclimatized for 16 reproductive system several years, thus constituting an integral part of a region’s flora. 16.1 mating system 16.2 outcrossing 16.3 pollination Source: Côté, M. 2000. Dictionnaire de la foresterie. Ordre des Ingénieurs forestiers du Québec. 17 phenotype 18 progeny 19 provenance 19.1 land race 19.2 hybridization 19.3 introgression 35 weed/weediness 20 reproductive material 21 species 21.1 forest tree species Reference definition: 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait An aggressive, invasive, easily dispersed plant, one which commonly 23 tree breeding grows in cultivated ground to the detriment of a crop. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication 24.2 plus tree Source: Van Den Bosch, R. et al. An Introduction to Biological Control, 1982 25 vegetative propagation 25.1 micropropagation french -> mauvaise herbe 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning spanish -> mala hierba 26 alien species german -> Unkraut 27 exotic species 28 indicator species Other definitions: 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species weed 32 keystone species A plant growing where it is not wanted. Generally used to describe plants which colonize 33 native species readily, and can compete for resources with a planted crop. 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO
85 Glossary on forest genetic resources
weed 1 adaptation A plant which is adapted to disturbed or open habitats, it may have a particular ability to 1.1 adaptability 1.2 adaptedness take advantage of human disturbances. 2 biological diversity 2.1 agricultural Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (English/Arabic). IBPGR biodiversity 2.2 forest biodiversity weed 3 biotechnology Generally, the term weed is used to describe any plant that is unwanted and grows or 3.1 genetic engineering 3.2 genetic marker spreads aggressively. The term exotic weed describes an invasive unwanted non-native 4 (genetic) conservation plant. Terms such as invasive weed or noxious weed are used somewhat interchangeably to 4.1 in situ conservation refer to weeds that infest large areas or cause economic and ecological damage to an area. 4.2 ex situ conservation The term „noxious“ weed has legal ramifications in some states that maintain official lists of 5 evolution 5.1 genetic drift noxious weeds. What is considered a weed in one area may not be a weed in another. 5.2 gene flow 5.3 selection Source: How to Prevent the Spread of Noxious Weeds. Bureau of Land Management Environmental 6 genetic pollution Education Homepage. http://www.blm.gov/education/weed/whats_a_weed.htm 7 genetic diversity 8 genetic variation 9 genetic resources weed races 9.1 value of genetic Races of plants which are adapted to habitats disturbed by man. resources 10 management of genetic Source: A Glossary of Plant Genetic Resources Terms (English/Arabic). IBPGR resources 11 genome 11.1 gene weediness 11.2 allele The ability of a plant to colonize a disturbed habitat and compete with cultivated species. 12 genotype 13 gene pool Source: Zaid, A. et al. 1999. Glossary of biotechnology and genetic engineering. FAO Research and 14 germplasm 15 genetic system Technology Paper No. 7. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E00.htm 16 reproductive system 16.1 mating system weeding (silviculture) 16.2 outcrossing (1) (Cw part) Generally, a cultural operation eliminating or suppressing undesirable 16.3 pollination vegetation, mainly herbaceous, during the seedling stage of a forest crop and therefore 17 phenotype 18 progeny before the first cleaning, so as to reduce competition with the seedling stand. 19 provenance (2) (Cw) more particularly, to eliminate interfering (and largely herbaceous) vegetation, as 19.1 land race commonly in nursery beds. Cf. thinning out. 19.2 hybridization Note: if either (1) or (2) is done by chemicals, termed chemical weeding. 19.3 introgression 20 reproductive material 21 species Source: Ford-Robertson, F.C. Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Society 21.1 forest tree species of American Foresters, FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forestry Bibliography and Terminology. 1971. 21.2 (f. tree) population 22 trait weed tree (s.c.) (silviculture) 23 tree breeding (1) [Cw] Any tree of a species having little or no economic value on the site in question. 24 tree improvement 24.1 domestication (2) > wolf tree 24.2 plus tree A tree of little or no economic value, more particularly when menacing one or more desirable 25 vegetative propagation timber trees at any stage of development and therefore due for elimination from the crop. 25.1 micropropagation 25.2 macropropagation 25.3. clone/cloning Source: Ford-Robertson, F.C. Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products. Society 26 alien species of American Foresters, FAO/IUFRO Committee on Forestry Bibliography and Terminology. 1971. 27 exotic species 28 indicator species 29 introduced species 30 invasive species 31 invasive alien species 32 keystone species 33 native species 34 naturalized species 35 weed/weediness
86 Glossary on forest genetic resources
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