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The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad

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The Brhadaranyaka Upanishad TTHHEE BBṚṚHHAADDĀĀRARAṆṆYYAAKKAA UUPPAANNIIṢṢHHAADD By Sri Swami Krishnananda CONTENTS • INVOCATORY PRAYER • PREFACE • INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I • First Brahmana o The Universe as a Sacrificial Horse • Second Brahmana o The Creation of the Universe • Third Brahmana o The Superiority of the Vital Force Among All Functions • Fourth Brahmana o Creation from the Universal Self • Fifth Brahmana o Prajapati's Production of the World as Food for Himself CHAPTER II • Fourth Brahmana o The Conversation of Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi on the Absolute Self • Fifth Brahmana o Madhu-Vidya: The Honey Doctrine • Sixth Brahmana o The Line of Teachers and Pupils CHAPTER III • First Brahmana o Sacrificial Worship and its Rewards • Second Brahmana o The Man in Bondage and His Future at Death • Third Brahmana o The Resort of the Performers of the Horse Sacrifice • Fourth Brahmana o The Unknowability of Brahman • Fifth Brahmana o Renunciation, the Way to Know Brahman • Sixth Brahmana o Brahman, the Universal Ground • Seventh Brahmana o The Nature of the Inner Controller • Eighth Brahmana o The Unqualified Brahman • Ninth Brahmana o Many Gods and One Brahman o Eight Different Persons and their Corresponding Deities o Five Directions in Space, Their Deities and Supports o The Self o Man Compared to a Tree CHAPTER IV • First Brahmana o Inadequate Definitions of Brahman • Second Brahmana o Concerning the Soul • Third Brahmana o The Light of Man is the Self o The Different States of the Self o The Self in Dream and Deep Sleep o The Self at Death • Fourth Brahmana o The Soul of the Unrealised after Death • Fifth Brahmana o The Supreme Self and the Supreme Love CHAPTER V • First Brahmana o Brahman, the Inexhaustible • Second Brahmana o The Three Principal Virtues • Third Brahmana o Brahman as the Heart • Fourth Brahmana o Brahman as the True or the Real • Fifth Brahmana o The Real Explained • Sixth Brahmana o The Divine Person • Seventh Brahmana o Brahman as Lightning • Eighth Brahmana o The Veda Symbolised as a Cow • Ninth Brahmana o The Universal Fire • Tenth Brahmana o The Course after Death • Eleventh Brahmana o The Supreme Austerities • Twelfth Brahmana o The via media of Attitude • Thirteenth Brahmana o Meditation on the Life-Breath • Fourteenth Brahmana o The Sacred Gayatri Prayer • Fifteenth Brahmana o Prayer to the Sun by a Dying Person CHAPTER I (CONTINUED) AND CHAPTER II (CONTINUED) • CHAPTER I (CONTINUED) o Fifth Brahmana (Continued) The Threefold Creation The Self Identified with the Sixteenfold Prajapati, the Time Spirit The Three Worlds and the Means of Winning Them A Father's Benediction and Transmission of Charge The Unfailing Vital Force o Sixth Brahmana The Threefold Character of the Universe • CHAPTER II (CONTINUED) o First Brahmana A Progressive Definition of Brahman o Second Brahmana The Vital Force Embodied in a Person o Third Brahmana The Two Forms of Reality RECAPITULATION AND NOTES • RECAPITULATION o Chapter I - The Absolute and the Universe o Chapter II - The Supreme Goal of Life o Chapter III - Divine Immanence and the Correlativity of all Things o Chapter IV - The Inner Reality o Chapter V - Principles of Meditation o Chapter VI - The Spiritual and the Temporal o Conclusion • NOTES C INVOCATORY PRAYER Ōm pūrṇam adah, pūrṇam idam, pūrṇāt pūrṇam udacyate; pūrṇasya pūrṇam ādāya pūrṇam evāvasisyate. Ōm Śāntih! Śāntih! Śāntih! That is Full; this is full. From the Full does the Full proceed. After the coming of the Full from the full, the Full alone remains. Om. Peace! Peace! Peace! The Bṛhadaraṇyaka Upaniṣhad by Swami Krishnananda 2 PREFACE The Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣhad, or the great forest of knowledge, as the significance of this title would suggest, is a veritable mine of wisdom, with its Six Chapters touching upon the internal meaning of almost every phase of human life. The word ‘Upaniṣhad’ is supposed to connote a secret instruction or a hidden doctrine, secret and hidden in the sense that it purports to reveal the invisible background or reality behind the visible forms of temporal existence. It is evident that things are not what they seem. And the Upaniṣhad is a record of the unfolding of the mystery that lies behind phenomena. The subject of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣhad rises into a crescendo of importance, heightening its encompassing gamut of theme after theme, right from the very commencement until the conclusion of the Fourth Section of the First Chapter, rising in its pitch at this stage somewhat like the Ultimate Revelation at the level of the Eleventh Chapter of the Bhagavadgītā, which blossoms gradually through its earlier chapters. Literally as a wide-ranging forest, one can discover in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣhad new visions through its different sections or cantos, and perhaps we can find in it anything anywhere. However, since the student might well feel more at home through teachings presented in the form of a well-tended garden rather than a thick jungle of information, the arrangement of the lectures, which form the substance of this book, is patterned to follow a logical ascent of subjects, keeping aside matters of a secondary character or importance to a later consideration as a sort of a sequel, so that the thread of the narration of similar themes is maintained without breaking the same with an interruption by some other subject which is not very relevant to the contemplation on hand. Thus, these lectures follow a procedure as detailed below. There is a continuity from the beginning of the Upaniṣhad till the Fifth Section of the First Chapter. Then, the trend of the lectures proceeds directly therefrom to the Fourth Section of the Second Chapter, and thence to the end of the Fifth Chapter. The left-out sections of the First Chapter and the beginning three sections of the Second Chapter are then touched upon after the description of the Fifth Chapter is over. Also, in these discourses, a study of the Sixth Chapter of this Upaniṣhad, though very interesting and even important as an esoteric teaching on certain essential aspects of human life considered as necessary steps towards the higher fulfilment, is omitted altogether, since one would feel that this part of the Upaniṣhad is not going to fit into the normal course of present-day human thinking. The First Section of the Sixth Chapter is concerning the importance of the Prāṇa and the functions of the different sense-organs; and the essentials of this subject have already been considered elsewhere in this work. Thus, this is not repeated again as a fresh study. The Second Section of the Sixth Chapter concerns the narration of the famous Panchāgni-Vidyā, which occurs also in the Chhāndogya Upaniṣhad. Since an entirely new publication, known as Vaiśhvānara-Vidyā, expounded by the author, includes this subject, and is available to the public as a separate treatise, the same is not discussed again in the present work. The Third and the Fourth Sections of the Sixth The Bṛhadaraṇyaka Upaniṣhad by Swami Krishnananda 3 Chapter relate to certain mystic rituals performed in connection with attainment of material prosperity and the living of a family life. The same are not taken up here for study, as their significance cannot be understood by a mere reading for oneself without proper personal initiation and the requisite spiritual background. The entire series of these lectures being, as usual, an unpremeditated, on-the-spot speaking by the author, the conversational tone has been maintained to keep up the intimate touch, which, we feel, would make this highly indigestible topic more digestible. Though the author himself has touched up the manuscript of the First and Second Chapters, the other three Chapters were edited by his disciples, as his feeble eyesight would not permit him to go through this portion of the manuscript of the lectures. Thus, the reader might discover a little difference in these sections, rather unavoidably. A study of this book would be found easier if it is taken up side by side with any standard edition of the Upaniṣhad, preferably containing the original Sanskrit text with an intelligible translation, inasmuch as the lectures constitute a widespread exposition of the in-depth intentions of the teachings, rather than a translation or just an annotation of the text. We have a firm hope that this unique publication will serve as a standard guide to everyone who aspires to delve into the profundities of this superb scripture. 23rd January, 1983. —THE DIVINE LIFE SOCIETY The Bṛhadaraṇyaka Upaniṣhad by Swami Krishnananda 4 INTRODUCTION In all principles which guide human life, there are two aspects known as the ‘exoteric’ and the ‘esoteric’. The formal routine of daily life is mostly guided by what we call the exoteric principles which have a working value and a validity within the realm of human action. In this sense, we may say that the values which are called exoteric are relative, inasmuch as every activity in human life is relative to circumstances. Hence, they do not have eternal value, and they will not be valid persistently under every condition in the vicissitudes of time. This principle which is exoteric, by which what we mean is the outward relative principle of life, becomes, tentatively, the guiding line of action, notwithstanding the fact that even this relative principle of exoteric life changes itself according to the subsidiary changes with which human life has to adjust itself. For instance, human history in its totality can be regarded as a process of exoteric value; but within this exoteric relativity of human history, there are internal changes and subsidiary modifications, calling for further adjustments, internally, as can be observed through the march of history. We adjust ourselves from day to day in different ways. Every day we may have to call for a new mode of adjustment in our practical life, suited to the changing conditions of different days, though all days are guided by the exoteric principles throughout the history of the cosmos.
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