DOCSLIB.ORG

48V Mild Hybrid Systems Market Needs and Technical Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
48V Mild Hybrid Systems Market Needs and Technical Solutions 48V Mild Hybrid Systems Market Needs and Technical Solutions Ulf Stenzel AVL Engineering and Technology Content ° 48V Market Situation & Needs ° 48V Powertrain Technologies and Challenges ° AVL’s Project Examples AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 2 Content ° 48V Market Situation & Needs ° 48V Powertrain Technologies and Challenges ° AVL’s Project Examples AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 3 Mild Hybrids – Global Market Overview Global xEV Production 7,000,000 6,000,000 In 2020 (10-15)% of 5,000,000 global xEV production 4,000,000 are Mild Hybrids 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Vehicle Production[units] Vehicle 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year of Production Mild Hybrids , per Region Hybrid-Mild (incl. 48V) Hybrid-Full (incl. PHEV) EVs (incl. REEV) 800,000 700,000 600,000 Mild HEVs produced in NA in 2020 will most likely be dominated 500,000 by High Voltage Systems 400,000 300,000 200,000 In 2020 almost all Mild HEV’s Vehicle Production[units] Vehicle produced from European OEMs 100,000 are 48V Systems 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Year of Production South Asia North America Japan/Korea Greater China Europe Source: IHS Q3 2013 AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 4 EU Mild Hybrids – Market Overview Europe Mild Hybrids produced in Europe (of which 98% is 48V in 2020) Per Regional Sales per Segment per Vehicle Brand Price Class Rolls-Royce 400,000 400,000 400,000 Nissan Smart 350,000 E-Segment 350,000 Luxury 350,000 Porsche 300,000 300,000 Premium 300,000 BMW D-Segment Mid Ford 250,000 250,000 250,000 Peugeot C-Segment Entry 200,000 200,000 200,000 Citroen Audi B-Segment 150,000 150,000 150,000 Mercedes-Benz 100,000 100,000 100,000 Dacia Renault 50,000 50,000 50,000 Production[units] Vehicle Vehicle Production[units] Vehicle Vehicle Production[units] Vehicle 0 0 0 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 ° No 48V applications in the A ° Large share of 48V applications in ° High share of German premium segment (e.g. Ford Ka, Chevrolet the Mid (e.g. Renault Clio, Ford OEMs Spark) forecasted until 2020 Mondeo) and Premium (e.g. BMW ° No share from Volkswagen ° Significant 48V shares in larger 7 series, Smart Forfour) segment projected vehicle classes and in the B ° Entry: e.g. Renault Duster, Dacia ° No share from Fiat (and it’s sub segment (e.g. VW Polo) Logan brands) forecasted until 2020 ° Early implementation in E segment ° Luxury: Porsche Macan, Rolls- vehicles (e.g. BMW 7 series, MB Royce Ghost E-Class) (see 2018) AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel Source: IHS Q3 2013 5 German OEMs are pushing for 48V ° The LV 148 standard defines a 48V power supply system including its functions and interfaces. ° The standard describes all relevant electrical requirements and test procedures for the new 48V components ° It is defined by the big 5 German automakers and shows a clear trend out of Europe to push 48V technology towards production. ° These five OEMs have been involved: Audi AG BMW AG Daimler AG Porsche AG Volkswagen AG AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 6 EU Past and Future Progress to meet the 2020 Target ° Overall the required rate of progress to the proposed 2020 targets is slightly greater (4.1%pa) than the rate that has already been achieved over the past five years (3.6%pa). ° However, these figures do not include the effect of flexibilities (i.e. supercredits) that effectively provide free grams. Carmakers are therefore even closer to achieving targets than the data suggests. ° The clear conclusion is that the 2020 target is achievable for makers of all types and sizes of cars with appropriate planning and introduction of fuel consumption reduction measures. Source: European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E) AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 7 EU Taxes and Incentives for Mild Hybrids in Europe AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 8 Definition of Hybrids according to Legislation by Region From ECE R101: … means a vehicle,…. that, for the purpose of mechanical propulsion , draws energy from both of the following on-vehicle sources of stored energy/power: (a) a consumable fuel; (b) a battery, capacitor, flywheel/generator or other electrical energy/power storage device EU USA CHN JPN KOR 12V ST/ST SIN OOOOO 12V ST/ST SIG w/o TA OOOOO 12V ST/ST SIG (1) (1) (2) with TA PP P P P 48V Alternator (aux. supply only) OOOOO 48V Mild HEV PP(1) P(1) P(2) P SIN…Start in Neutral SIG…Start in Gear TA… Torque Assistance (1) Yes, if energy storage is rechargeable (2) Yes, if rechargeable and kinetic energy converter AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 9 48V Main Drivers – Summary ° Reduction of CO 2 emission to meet future emission legislation ° Comfort enhancement and new functions ° Less integration effort, weight & cost, compared to HV systems (safety, battery) 48V systems have the potential to fill Production Production volume the gap between state-of-the-art 12V Start/Stop systems and high voltage hybrid powertrains. Source: Bosch on „48V Power Supply“ Conference 2013 AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 10 Content ° 48V Market Situation & Needs ° 48V Powertrain Technologies and Challenges ° AVL’s Project Examples AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 11 12V/48V Electrical Architecture 48V High-Power Consumer … PTC Heater Electric Pumps eBooster EPS / EHPS Roll Stabilization El. AC Compressor ... 48V Boardnet 48V 48V Starter/Generator 48V Battery System Classic 12V Boardnet DC/DC 12V AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 12 E-Machine Integration ° The integration of the E-machine defines the recuperation potential; the engine drag torque reduces the amount of recuperative energy (P2 versus P1/BSG) ° Cost advantage high speed E- machine (BSG) versus high torque (ISG); high torque density leads to higher cost ° Integration cost & effort; package (ISG, P2), transmission modification (P2) ° Preferred system architectures, functionalities and the resulting cost to benefit ratios are depending on vehicle class & vehicle application AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 13 BSG Integration Challenges - Impact on Engine ° FEAD Design ° Belt Durability ° Variable Belt Tensioner ° Increase tension during cranking and boost (machine to engine) ° Increase tension during recuperation (engine to machine) ° Reduce tension during normal driving to reduce friction loss ° NVH ° Belt chirp during cranking ° Crankshaft Main Bearing ° Durability AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 14 Powertrain Key Components - BSG System ° Besides the main requirements (EM power & torque) as well as packaging constraints the supplier selection also to take care of cooling requirements and NVH ° 48V BSG systems vary across different supplier ° As an independent partner AVL can provide comparable and consistent component characterization AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 15 48V Electrical Load Migration – Impact on eStorage 12V DC 48V 12V DC 48V DC DC 6 Ah >10 Ah SG SG CO 2 reduction only Electrical Load Migration Start/Stop, Boost, Recuperation Chassis Control, Climate Comfort, Engine Components Electrification, eBooster, etc… AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 16 Powertrain Key Components – eStorage System 12V 48V >>48V 200-800V Conv. Micro Mild Mild Full PHEV EV Flooded Lead Acid ° StrongEnhanced effort Flooded in the enhancementLead Acid of advanced carbonCarbon added added VRLA to meet 48VVRLA requirements ° Lead Acid + UCap could be an interimLead Acid solution + UCap ° Migration from High Voltage to 48V with Li-Ion Li-ion ° Ideally carry over modules from high power Li-ion HV battery packs NiMH ? Source: Adapted from Dr. Menahem Anderman (2013) Legend: Dominating Potential Candidate AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 17 48V Li-Ion Battery Technology Roadmap Lithium Titanate (LTO) ° The cell performance varies across cell Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) technologies Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide (NMC) 2013 2020 Specific Energy 100 90 80 70 60 Specific Power 50 Costs 40 Source: AVL internal benchmarking (averaged values) 30 20 10 0 ° NMC & LFP cathode materials fulfil current 48V automotive requirements in terms of performance and safety and will be the Safety Lifetime dominating Lithium-ion technologies in 48V NMC applications LFP Performance LTO ° LTO (lithium titanate oxide) anodes show excellent life, low temperature performance, safety but lead to high system costs AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 18 Overview 48V Main Functions AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 19 ADV. 48V FUNCTIONALITIES IN LEGAL CYCLES – NEDC Hybrid States 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 t [s] 50 40 v [km /h] 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 t [s] AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 20 ADV. 48V FUNCTIONALITIES IN LEGAL CYCLES – FTP Hybrid States 80 60 40 v [km/h] 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 t [s] Hybrid States 90 80 70 60 50 40 v [km/h] v 30 20 10 0 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 t [s] AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 21 Content ° 48V Market Situation & Needs ° 48V Powertrain Technologies and Challenges ° AVL’s Project Examples AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 22 The “TWINS”: 12V and 48V LC Super Hybrid NEDC CO 2 Emission [g/km] Acceleration 0 - 100 kph [s] 180 12 Potential 160 Similar for further -12% -18%18 % 10 140 -24% Performance improvement 120 8 100 6 80 60 4 40 2 20 0 0 1,8-litre TSI 1,4-litre TSI with LC Super 48V Mild HEV 1,8-litre TSI 1,4-litre TSI with LC Super Hybrid 48V Mild HEV Start/Stop Hybrid Concept Start/Stop Concept AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 23 48V Advanced Lead Carbon Battery Diesel Hybrid Prototype Project Overview Features: 48V mild hybrid with Belt Starter Generator (BSG) & electric supercharger (VES) • +20% Power • -15% CO 2 Engine update for BSG Controls / Operating Strategy Demo Vehicle Built & Calibration Engine & Belt Starter Generator Lead Acid Vehicle E-Booster Battery AVL UK Expo 2014 / Ulf Stenzel 24 AVL Engineering Project History since 2002 Concept Study Concept Study „100mpg“ Demo Vehicle Start/Stop 48V Market evaluation 12V Testing Conti VW Touran 48V 42V SRM BSG Comp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Restraint Systems Control Unit)
    AbsSrs_Smart_V1.60 Function List（Note:For reference only） Model year Model Vehicle Type System Name 1998-2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 1998-2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N47-7 (ABS control module) 1998-2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2003-2004 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2003-2004 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2003-2004 smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2005- smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2005- smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2005- smart fortwo(A/C450) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) crossblade N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) crossblade N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2002 smart fortwo(A/C450) crossblade N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2003-2005 smart roadster(R/C452) roadster/roadster coupe N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2003-2005 smart roadster(R/C452) roadster/roadster coupe N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2004-2006 smart forfour(W454) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2004-2006 smart forfour(W454) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2004-2006 smart forfour(W454) Gasoline engine/Diesel engine N47-7 (ABS control module) 2007-2008 smart fortwo(C/A451) Rest of world(coupe/cabrio) N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2007-2008 smart fortwo(C/A451) Rest of world(coupe/cabrio) N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit) 2007-2008 smart fortwo(C/A451) USA/Canada(coupe/cabriolet) N47-5 (ESP control unit) 2007-2008 smart fortwo(C/A451) USA/Canada(coupe/cabriolet) N2/7 (Restraint systems control unit).
    [Show full text]
  • Smart EQ Fortwo and Forfour
    Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS >> smart EQ fortwo and forfour Effective from July 2017 production. Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS >> Contents. smart EQ fortwo and forfour. 08 Introduction and special features 10 Prices. 11 smart Finance. 14 Standard equipment. 17 Special model edition nightsky. 18 smart control app. Optional equipment. 19 Equipment packages. 21 Body colours. 25 Colour combinations. Optional equipment. 26 Interior, navigation and communication; safety and assistance systems; exterior. Optional equipment. 28 smart genuine accessories. 30 Technical data. 31 Finance and Insurance. 32 Warranty and servicing. Vehicle Excise Duty. 33 Road Fund Licence. Chargemaster Homecharge. 34 Simple steps to effortless charging. Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 03 Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 04 Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 05 Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 06 Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 07 Book a fortwo coupé forfour View offers View the test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart EQ fortwo and forfour | 08 >> New energy for the city. smart EQ fortwo and forfour. smart has always been more than an ultra-compact car with a small turning circle.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Electric Drive >> Libro De Producto Y Precios Válido Desde El 17/07/2017 2 Smart Electric Drive >> Smart Electric Drive
    smart electric drive >> Libro de producto y precios Válido desde el 17/07/2017 2 smart electric drive >> smart electric drive. Precios. smart fortwo electric drive PFF PVP Motor/potencia Motor/cambio + transporte IVA 21% + IM 60 kW (82 CV) Motor eléctrico 19.258,00 23.302,18 Baumuster 453.391 Cargador de a bordo de 4,6 kW Transmisión de una sola velocidad Batería de alto voltaje (17,6 kW/h) incluye certificado de batería1 smart cabrio electric drive PFF PVP Motor/potencia Motor/cambio + transporte IVA 21% + IM 60 kW (82 CV) Motor eléctrico 22.093,01 26.732,53 Baumuster 453.491 Cargador de a bordo de 4,6 kW Transmisión de una sola velocidad Batería de alto voltaje (17,6 kW/h) incluye certificado de batería1 smart forfour electric drive PFF PVP Motor/potencia Motor/cambio + transporte IVA 21% + IM 60 kW (82 CV) Motor eléctrico 19.807,00 23.966,47 Baumuster 453.091 Cargador de a bordo de 4,6 kW Transmisión de una sola velocidad Batería de alto voltaje (17,6 kW/h) incluye certificado de batería1 smart fortwo/cabrio electric drive PVP Línea de Precio base IVA 21% equipamiento Código sin impuestos + IM 0,00 passion ICLA 360,00 435,60 perfect ICDA 1.560,00 1.887,60 prime ICVA 1.245,00 1.506,45 smart forfour electric drive PVP Línea de Precio base IVA 21% equipamiento Código sin impuestos + IM 0,00 passion ICLA 360,00 435,60 perfect ICDA 1.560,00 1.887,60 prime ICVA 975,00 1.179,75 1 Hasta 8 años o 100.000 km.
    [Show full text]
  • RENAULT Twingo III (AH) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Coupé (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Cabrio (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Forfour (453) B14
    Inhalt: - Teile- Gutachten für: (herausnehmbar) - RENAULT Twingo III (AH) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Coupé (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Cabrio (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Forfour (453) B14 - Einbauanleitungen Contents: - Certificate (removable) for: RENAULT Twingo III (AH) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Coupé (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Fortwo Cabrio (453) B14 - DAIMLER Smart Forfour (453) B14 - mounting instruction - erstellt am: 22.02.2018 E4-WM4-Y739A00_1 Seite 1 von 24 geändert am: 08.10.2019 Vor dem Umbau sind folgende Maßnahmen Before installation please observe unbedingt durchzuführen: the following points: - Lesen Sie die Hinweise auf den folgenden Seiten Read all information in this manual carefully. - aufmerksam durch. All suspension components are fitted and Alle Fahrwerkselemente werden gemäß den removed acc. to the manufacturer’s Vorgaben und Richtlinien der Fahrzeughersteller specifications for installing and removal, if not aus- und eingebaut, sofern in unserer otherwise required in these instructions. Einbauanleitung keine davon abweichenden Maßnahmen beschrieben werden. - Kontrollieren Sie ob das vorliegende Kit/ Check that your vehicle type is listed in the - Gutachten für Ihren Fahrzeugtyp richtig certificate as being specified for this kit. ausgewählt ist. - Kontrollieren Sie vor Beginn der Umbauarbeiten Check the product for all components before - das Produkt auf Vollständigkeit! starting installation! - Vergleichen Sie die Maße und Befestigungs- Check that dimensions and fastening points are - punkte/ -hilfen der Original- Stoßdämpfer mit den comparable between the original and BILSTEIN BILSTEIN – Stoßdämpfern. shock absorbers. - Richtungsangaben erfolgen immer in Fahrtrich- Directional references (left, right, front, rear) are - tung gesehen. always with reference to the driving direction. - - Entfernen Sie den negativen Batteriepol. Remove the negative battery pole.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Forfour. 09 Range Price Summary
    fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS >> The smart forfour Effective from July 2017 production. fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS >> Contents. smart forfour. 09 Range price summary. 10 smart Finance. 11 Standard equipment features. Specific features of the model lines. pure, passion, prime, prime sport premium and 13 Disturbing London edition. 18 Optional equipment. 21 Wheels. 22 Body colours. 24 Colour combinations. Optional equipment. 26 Interior, functions and electrics, safety and assistance systems. Optional equipment. 28 Accessories. Optional equipment. 30 BRABUS accessories. 32 Model prices. 34 Technical data. 36 Warranty and servicing. Vehicle Excise Duty and smart configurator. 37 Road Fund Licence. 38 smart cross connect app. fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS Some of the model features, optional extras and colours shown may not be available, or may only be available in a different specification. fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS 04 fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS 05 fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS 06 fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS 07 Some of the model features, optional extras and colours shown may not be available, or may only be available in a different specification. fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS 08 fortwo coupé electric drive View Book a View the offers test drive fortwo cabrio BRABUS smart forfour | 09 >> smart forfour.
    [Show full text]
  • Team Projectproject
    TeamTeam ProjectProject EMGT 520: Management of Engineering and Technology Prof. Dundar F. Kocaoglu Strategic Issues in smart Car Implementation Amanda Loran Firuze Duygu Caliskan Frank Steiner Patt Suntharasaj Tarcan Tarman 1 Agenda History Corporate Strategy Is smart a success? What did they try to do to keep them back on track? Future Plan & Strategy for smart in the U.S. 2 History smart is originally a two seater car, which is thought to be an answer for mobility problems It was the second big idea of Nicolas Hayek, who is the co-founder of SWATCH Hayek thought about building a car which was having SWATCH products’ aspects: chic, functional, small 3 History There was a barrier in front of Hayek: “He did not have any knowledge about car business” So, he decided to form a joint venture with a car company After being rejected by Renault and Volkswagen, SWATCH formed a joint venture with Mercedes-Benz in 1994: Micro Compact Car AG 1994 is also accepted as the birth date of smart (Swatch Mercedes ART ) 4 History Milestones in smart History: 1994 – Micro Car Company is established in Switzerland (49%SWATCH, 51% Mercedes Benz) – Factory site is chosen in Hambach (France) 1997 – smart engine plant is established in Germany – Debut of smart at the IAA in Frankfurt – Birth of Smartville 1998 – Production and sales of smart begin – Daimler-Benz takes over Chrysler – SWATCH leaves the venture 5 History Milestones in Smart History (continued): 1999 – Micro Car Company turns into smart company – smart company becomes the first manufacturer to sell cars via Internet 2001 – Launch of smart cabrio 2003 – Launch of second generation smart 2004 – smart is introduced in Canada 2005 – smart company ended the year with a loss 6 Agenda History Corporate Strategy Is smart a success? What did they try to do to keep them back on track? Future Plan & Strategy for smart in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Suvs, Minicars Make Big Gains in 2006 the Renault Megane CC (Shown) Ended Peugeot’S 5-Year Reign at the Top of Luca Ciferri the Fastest-Growing Segment
    AN_070402_18&19good.qxd 13.04.2007 8:58 Uhr Page 18 PAGE 18 · www.autonewseurope.com April 2, 2007 Market analysis by segment, European sales ROADSTER & CONVERTIBLE Small SUVs, minicars make big gains in 2006 The Renault Megane CC (shown) ended Peugeot’s 5-year reign at the top of Luca Ciferri the fastest-growing segment. Changing segments the roadster and convertible seg- Automotive News Europe Minicars, the No. 3 segment last year in ment. Peugeot’s 307 CC was No. 1 in terms of growth, increased 22.1 percent to Europe’s 2006 winners and losers 2004; the 206 CC led the other years. Rising fuel costs, growing concerns about 992,227 units thanks largely to strong Small SUV +63.6 2006 2005 % Change Seg. share % CO2 and a flurry of new products sparked sales of three cars built at Toyota and Upper premium +26.4 Renault Megane 32,344 42,514 -23.9% 13.4% a sales surge for small SUVs and minicars PSA/Peugeot-Citroen’s plant in Kolin, Minicar +22.1 Peugeot 307CC/306C 31,786 39,640 -19.8% 13.1% in Europe last year. Czech Republic. Peugeot 206 CC 29,833 43,518 -31.4% 12.3% The arrival of three new small SUVs Europe’s largest segment, small cars, Small minivan -13.6 VW Eos 21,759 59 – 9.0% helped the segment grow 63.6 percent to rose 7.0 percent to 3,811,009 units. The Premium roadster & convertible -10.9 Opel/Vauxhall Tigra TwinTop 20,406 32,633 -37.5% 8.4% 94,153 units in 2006, according to UK- second-biggest segment – lower-medium Lower medium -8.2 Mazda MX-5 19,288 9,782 97.2% 8.0% based market researcher JATO Dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Ford's Flexible Fixer
    SmartSmart durabilitydurability The endurance test programme for the new forfour rCuberCube An advanced rapid prototyping tool for future automotive electronics InterviewsInterviews David Thursfield, executive vice president, Ford International Operations Alexander Koesling, strategic project leader, smart forfour Spring 2004 contents 6 Spring 2004 8 14 19 NEWS FEATURES QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Industry update 4 Tested to the limits 8 David W Thursfield 6 Honda pioneers torque vectoring; Ford boss 4,000,000 km a year are clocked up by Ford’s British-born head of international supports hybrid incentives; EPA’s novel Ricardo teams in Stuttgart in their durability operations and global purchasing has been hydraulic hybrid improves large SUV testing for smart and other marques. Tony instrumental in improving the group’s economy; Land Rover’s one-touch vehicle Lewin reports on the highly successful test manufacturing efficiency and cutting costs. programming; switchable two-four stroke programme for the new smart forfour Hugh Hunston caught up with him at the engine promises big benefits Detroit Auto show Diesel calibration for the US 14 On-board diagnostics is a key element in Alexander Koesling 12 News from Ricardo 24 obtaining diesel certification in North Strategic programme manager for the new Outgoing chairman welcomes his America. Anthony Smith details Ricardo’s smart forfour, Koesling saw the co-operative successor; new chemistry lab opens; work in this complicated area and reports project with Mitsubishi go from styling freeze HyTrans programme
    [Show full text]
  • Owner's Manual Smart Fortwo Coupé and Smart Fortwo Cabrio Electric Drive
    www.smart.com smart -ADaimler brand Order no. 6522 0254 02 É4535841112"ËÍ Part no. 453 584 11 12 4535841112 Edition ÄJ2017-1b Owner's Manual, smart fortwo coupé and smart fortwo cabrio electric drive smart fortwocoupéandcabrio electricdrive >> Owner'sManual Symbols in the Owner's Manual Publication details The following symbols are used in this Own- Internet er's Manual: G WARNING Further information about smart vehicles and about Daimler AG can be found on the Warning notes make you aware of dangers following websites: which could pose a threat to your health or http://www.smart.com life, or to the health and life of others. http://www.daimler.com H Environmental note Environmental notes provide you with Editorial office information on environmentally aware actions or disposal. You are welcome to forward any queries or suggestions you may have regarding this ! Notes on material damage alert you to Owner's Manual to the technical documen- dangers that could lead to damage to your tation team at the following address: vehicle. Daimler AG, HPC: CAC, Customer Service, i These symbols indicate useful instruc- 70546 Stuttgart, Germany tions or further information that could be ©Daimler AG: not to be reprinted, translated helpful to you. or otherwise reproduced, in whole or in part, without written permission from Daimler AG. X Instructions that must be followed. X Several consecutive symbols indicate an instruction with several consecutive steps. Vehicle manufacturer (Y page) Further information on a topic YY A warning or an instruction that is con- Daimler AG tinued on the next page. Mercedesstraße 137 Display text: Display text in the instru- 70327 Stuttgart ment cluster display, the smart Audio-Sys- tem or the smart Media-System.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts & Figures
    GROUPE RENAULT FACTS & FIGURES March 2018 edition 1801289_ATLAS_RENAULT_2017_GB EXE • VL CONTENTS GROUPE PRODUCTS RENAULT AND BUSINESS 4 / Key figures 46 / Vehicle range 5 / One Group, 5 brands 54 / Powertrain range 6 / Drive the Future 2017 - 2022 56 / Electric vehicles 8 / 2017 Highlights 58 / Light commercial vehicles 9 / 2017 Launches/AVTOVAZ 59 / Motorsport automotive 10 / Highlights for the Eurasia region 61 / Innovation and research 11 / Highlights for the Europe region 64 / Purchasing 12 / Highlights for the Africa, Middle 65 / Supply Chain East, India region 66 / Sales Network 13 / Highlights for the Asia-Pacific 67 / RCI Bank and Services region 68 / After-sales 14 / Highlights for the Americas region 69 / Renault Tech 15 / Structure of the Group/Ownership structure 16 / Financial information RENAULT-NISSAN- 17 / Workforce 18 / Corporate Social Responsibility MITSUBISHI 19 / Milestones, 120 years of history 72 / Presentation – Structure 73 / Highlights 74 / A lever for growth – Synergies MANUFACTURING 75 / Strategic cooperation with Daimler AND SALES 76 / Sales 22 / Industrial sites 24 / Global production 27 / Global sales 30 / Sales in the Europe region 34 / Sales in the Africa, Middle East, India region 36 / Sales in the Eurasia region 39 / Sales in the Asia-Pacific region 41 / Sales in the Americas region Datas are at the end of December 2017. Groupe Renault Facts & Figures / March 2018 edition / 1 1801289_ATLAS_RENAULT_2017_GB EXE • VL GROUPE RENAULT Groupe Renault, a carmaker founded in 1898, is an international multi-brand group that brings together the Renault, Dacia, RSM, Alpine and LADA lines. Present in 134 countries, the Group sold nearly 3.8 million vehicles in 2017, a record year, becoming the world’s leading French vehicle-manufacturer.
    [Show full text]
  • Segmentation of Passenger Electric Cars Market in Poland
    Article Segmentation of Passenger Electric Cars Market in Poland Jakub Kubiczek 1,* and Bartłomiej Hadasik 2 1 Department of Economic and Financial Analysis, University of Economics in Katowice, ul. 1 Maja 50, 40-287 Katowice, Poland 2 Department of Business Informatics, University of Economics in Katowice, ul. 1 Maja 50, 40-287 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-607-162-731 Abstract: Striving to achieve sustainable development goals and taking care of the environment into the policies of car manufacturers forced the search for alternative sources of vehicle propulsion. One way to implement a sustainable policy is to use electric motors in cars. The observable development of the electric car market provides consumers with a wide spectrum of choices for a specific model that would meet their expectations. Currently, there are 53 different electric car models on the primary market in Poland. The aim of the article was to present the performed market segmentation, focused on identifying the similarities in the characteristics of electric car models on the Polish market and proposing their groupings. Based on the classification by the hierarchical cluster analysis algorithm (Ward’s method, squared Euclidean distance), the market division into 2, 3, and 4 groups was proposed. The Polish EV market segmentation took place not only in terms of the size and class of the car but primarily in terms of performance and overall quality of the vehicle. The performed classification did not change when the price was additionally included as a variable. It was also proposed to divide the market into 4 segments named: Premium, City, Small, and Sport.
    [Show full text]
  • Smart Forfour 2004. Smart RL Ff HK TXT UK 25.05.2004 11:57 Uhr Seite 2
    smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK_Umschlag 25.05.2004 11:54 Uhr Seite 1 smart forfour 2004. smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK 25.05.2004 11:57 Uhr Seite 2 >>Life is exciting. Shouldn‘t your car be? Only those who are open to change can reinvent themselves time and time again. “open your mind” means questioning the status quo and exploring new ground. This notion is central to the development of each and every smart. With the arrival of the smart forfour, smart has succeeded in redefining itself yet again. While true to the brand which gave us the smart fortwo and the smart roadster, the four-seater illustrates the extraordinary scope of this concept: From two seats to four, from three doors to five, from 2.5 m to 3.75 m and from many opportunities to endless possibilities. Of course, there is one thing that you can always expect from any smart: Excitement and variety twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week – wherever your smart takes you. From the supermarket to the cinema and back, with your best friend or with the whole family, a smart turns your daily routine into something >>Presenter >>Comic fan >>Karate ace quite enjoyable. Something which is every bit as exciting as life itself. So, what’s your plan for today? Engine/Technical Features/Safety Features 04 Design/ Models/Colours 12 Standard Equipment 20 Options/Accessories/ smartcare/smartware 28 Tables/Services/Finance 44 smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK 25.05.2004 11:58 Uhr Seite 3 >>Baby of the family smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK 25.05.2004 11:59 Uhr Seite 4 smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK 25.05.2004 12:00 Uhr Seite 5 smart_RL_ff_HK_TXT_UK 25.05.2004 12:01 Uhr Seite 6 Can a car be comfortable and sporty at the same time? Of course it can.
    [Show full text]