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A Background to Epcglobal®

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A Background to Epcglobal® A Background to EPCglobal® In 1999, a group of retailers and manufacturers identified the potential of radio frequency identification (RFID) to complement and perhaps eventually supercede the barcode. It recognised, however, that the lack of global industry- driven standards meant that many RFID applications and solutions were developed as closed and proprietary systems. This limited the widespread adoption of RFID due to the high cost and incompatibility of the systems. Photo: © METRO AG This group chose to fund research, By 2003, the research carried out by The importance of open, non- initially by the Massachusetts the Auto-ID Centre had resulted in a proprietary standards is a key Institute of Technology (MIT) and set of solutions based on a uniquely element in ensuring its successful subsequently by six other universities numbered low-cost tag and a network development across borders world- - two in Europe (Cambridge and similar to the Internet holding wide. An additional important facet St Gallen), one in Australia (Adelaide) relevant supply chain data. This of the structure of EPCglobal is the and three in Asia (Fudan, China, included detailed specifications for: Royalty-free nature of the standards Keio, Japan, ICU Korea) - collectively development process to ensure low- known as the Auto-ID Centre. The 1. The EPC™ numbering scheme cost accessibility to the technology. challenge for these universities was 2. Proposals for the Network to develop globally applicable and components Since its inception, EPCglobal has economically viable standards for 3. Passive tags and readers ratified standards for Generation RFID usage in the supply chain. This 2 tags and for software interface research was ultimately sponsored As a result of the work done by the components, The Generation 2 by 103 European, US and Asian Auto ID Centre, EPCglobal® Inc was standard has been designed and companies, from the consumer formed in 2003 as a not-for-profit developed specifically to take into manufacturing, retail, pharma- joint venture between the standards account Global telecommunications ceutical, engineering, telecommu- organisations GS1 and GS1 US with requirements. EPCglobal also works nications, IT software and hardware the task of building on the work of with international bodies including sectors, along with the standards the Auto-ID Centre and driving glo- the International Organisation for organisations GS1 and GS1 US. bal adoption of EPC technology Standardisation (ISO). Sponsors included both large by establishing open, voluntary companies as well as start-ups standards for the EPCglobal Network™. and SMEs. Organisational Structure EPCglobal® Inc is a joint-venture between GS1 and GS1 US EPCglobal Board GS1 Management Board of Governors GS1 US Board of Governors President, Architectural Staff Review Committee EPCglobal Business Steering Technology Steering Public Policy Auto-ID Labs Committee Committee Steering Committee Business Action Software Action Group - FMCG Group Adelaide Univ., Australia European Working Group Work Groups Work Groups Cambridge University, UK Business Action Hardware Action Group - HLS Group Fudan University, China Work Groups Work Groups ICU, South Korea Business Action Group - TLS Keio University, Japan Work Groups MIT, USA St Gallen, Switzerland • EPCglobal Board of Governors – • Architecture Review Committee Group identifies business needs, Representatives from GS1 US, GS1 (ARC) – Standing committee reporting gathers business requirements, and Member Organisations, the Auto-ID to the EPCglobal President that develops consensus based on best labs and end users from both public helps to evaluate and prioritise practices. The Technical Action and private sectors. Responsible to requirements affecting the overall Group facilitates the development GS1 and GS1 US. EPCglobal Reference Architecture. of technical standards, based on May serve as a technical resource to business requirements. • EPCglobal President – the EPCglobal Board of Governors. Responsible to the EPCglobal Board • Working Groups – Are the of Governors and CEO of GS1. • Business Steering Committee primary means by which the Action (BSC) – Steering committee for Groups conduct their business. • EPCglobal Staff – Work collabo- all Business Action Groups and A Working Group is composed of a ratively with multi-industry repre- Working Groups addressing end subset of Action Group members sentatives to facilitate the devel- user requirements and adoption (possibly including members from opment and recommendation of activities. multiple Action Groups), which technical standards, managing convenes to carry out a specific task public policy, marketing and com- • Action Groups – Provide the as chartered by an Action Group. munications and administration. business and technical perspective to support the standards develop- ment process. The Business Action • Technology Steering Committee - University of Adelaide in • Public Policy Steering Committee (TSC) – Steering committee for all Australia; (PPSC) – Steering committee for all Action Groups working on software, - University of Cambridge in the Action Groups and Working Groups hardware or technical activities. United Kingdom; general public policy issues (e.g. - Fudan University in Shanghai, privacy). • Auto-ID Labs – Academic entity China; transitioned from the Auto-ID • PPSC European Working Group – Centre and currently headquar- - ICU, in Daejeon, South Korea represents European interests and tered at the Massachusetts Institute - Keio University in Tokyo, Japan; addresses policy considerations of Technology (MIT), chartered to - MIT, Cambridge, in USA specific to the European context research and develop the EPCglobal - University of St. Gallen in and particularly to public policy Network™ and applications along Switzerland. matters being formulated by the with a global network of six other European Commission. Other regional research universities around the world: PPSC Working Groups will be formed. Photo: © METRO AG Facts About EPC Technology What is the Electronic Product Code (EPCTM)? The Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a unique number that is used to identify a specific item in the supply chain. The EPC is stored on a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, which combines a silicon chip and an antenna. Once the EPC is retrieved from the tag, it can be associated with dynamic data held in a secured database such as where an item originated or the date of its production. Much like a Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) or Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), the EPC is the key that unlocks the power of the information systems that are part of the EPCglobal Network™. Photo: Photo: © METRO AG What is the EPCglobal Network™? helps all of the pieces communicate moving in the supply chain. The key The EPCglobal Network™ is a set of in a common “language.” to these information services is the technologies that enables immediate, The EPC sits on a tag comprised EPC held in the RFID tag on each automatic identification of items in of a silicon chip connected to an object. EPC-IS Middleware is a the supply chain, anywhere in the antenna, which is physically attached software technology that acts as world. Importantly, the Network to an item, a case of items, or a the central nervous system of the allows trading partners to exchange pallet of cases of items. The tag EPCglobal Network. The EPC-IS such information about the goods "communicates" its unique number Middleware manages and moves they ship among themselves. In to a reader through radio frequency. information in a way that does not that way, the EPCglobal Network The reader then passes the number overload existing corporate and makes organisations more effective to a computer that accesses the public networks. by uncovering inefficiencies or Object Name Service (ONS). The reducing such eternal issues as ONS tells the computer systems How does the EPCglobal Network counterfeiting, internal theft, and where to locate information on the deliver value? other drains on productivity and secure network about the object The technology helps businesses profitability. carrying an EPC, including, for minimise extra costs from their example, when the item was internal operations, from such issues What are the components of the produced, and where. as internal theft, out-of-stocks, EPCglobal Network? counterfeiting, and other issues The EPCglobal Network consists EPC Information Services provide that plague them. This in turn of several components that are a common set of data elements, drives down the cost of doing designed to work together to give a common language for commu- business, which helps businesses maximum visibility to a supply nication, and a set of defined succeed while applying downward chain. The components are made messages for trading partners pressure on consumer prices. up of the Electronic Product Code to use for storing, accessing, and (EPC), tags, readers, and software that communicating data on objects How the EPCglobal® NetworkTM Works The EPCglobal Network EPC for an item is stored on this tag, 5. EPC Information Services uses radio frequency identi- which is physically attached to the (EPC IS) fication (RFID) technology item. EPC Information Services enables users to exchange EPC-related data to enable true visibility of 3. EPC readers with trading partners through the information about items An EPC reader is a device that reads EPCglobal Network™. throughout the supply chain. the EPC from the EPC tag using radio waves. EPC
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