London Wall, Moorgate, Blomfield Street, Old Broad Street, Bishopsgate Past Observations of City Wall October 2008

Home , Bishopsgate, Broad Street (ward), Camomile Street, Houndsditch, London Wall, Moorfields

C257-MLA-T1-RGN-CRG03-50002

CROSSRAIL UTILITIES DIVERSIONS: LONDON WALL, MOORGATE, BLOMFIELD STREET, OLD BROAD STREET, BISHOPSGATE PAST OBSERVATIONS OF CITY WALL OCTOBER 2008

Project Manager: George Dennis Project Officer: Nicholas J Elsden, Authors: Lesley Dunwoodie, Nicholas J Elsden, Iris Rodenbuesch CAD Mapping: Sarah Jones, Gideon Simons

Cross London Rail Links Limited Museum of London Archaeology Service Portland House © Museum of London Bressenden Place Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 LONDON 7ED SW1E 5BH tel 0207 410 2200 fax 0207 410 2201 email [email protected] Tel: 020 3023 9100 Fax: 020 3023 9101

www.crossrail.co.uk

23/02/2009

C257-MLA-T1-RGN-CRG03-50002

Executive Summary This document consists of locational information from past observations of the Roman and later city wall, a Scheduled Monument. It covers the area where below-ground remains of the city wall might be affected by Crossrail utility diversions. This is a piece of focused desk-based research, not a full DDBA (detailed desk based assessment).

The aim of this work has been to locate past observations of the city wall, assess their reliability, and digitise them, so that the previous reconstructions of the line of the city wall can be refined.

The combined results of a series of antiquarian observations, often poorly located, and more reliable recent records mean that the alignment of the city wall in this area can be reconstructed with a reasonable degree of confidence. This has produced a refined reconstruction of the line of the city wall, and in particular the mapping accompanying the Scheduled Monument descriptions.

The most important revision comes from the area around the former postern gate at the junction of Blomfield Street and London Wall, where it can now be seen that the mapping of Scheduled Monument LO26P is inaccurate. Recent observations combined with earlier records indicate very strongly that the wall ran in a straight line westwards across this junction, immediately to the north of the schedule mapping.

The extents of the various former gatehouses at Moorgate and Bishopsgate remain less well-known than the line of the wall. Areas within which the different Roman, medieval, and post-medieval gatehouse structures may have lain have been presented with the refined reconstruction of the city wall

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1 Introduction

This document and the accompanying drawings present the results of desk-based research into past observations of the Roman, medieval, and post-medieval city wall (a Scheduled Monument) in an area from approximately Moorgate to Bishopsgate in the City of London.

The city wall is often referred to as London Wall; as this is also a modern road name, the historic structure is referred to here as the city wall, reserving ‘London Wall’ for the road.

In this area the remains of the city wall lie below ground level. They do not form a continuous structure, but where recorded have survived as individual lengths of walling damaged to various degrees by later actions. These have been noted surviving to variable heights, anywhere between c 0.3m and c 4m or more below modern street level. As will be seen from the accompanying mapping, the recorded sections of the wall form only a small proportion of its length, and survival or otherwise is unknown over the majority of its length.

The purpose of this research is to provide better locational data for the city wall than was previously available (notably an older MoLAS reconstruction, and the mapping accompanying the English Heritage schedule descriptions). This is to contribute to designs for Crossrail utility diversions, associated trial trenches, and the related archaeological mitigation strategies.

This is a piece of focused, problem-oriented, desk-based research, not a full DDBA (detailed desk-based assessment).

The work has been carried out by collecting information on observations of the city wall, from those of 19th/20th-century antiquaries to an archaeological watching brief being conducted at the time of the work (October 2008). The results were then assessed to ascertain their reliability, and digitised. These results were then analysed, and a refined reconstruction of the line of the city wall was produced.

2 Acknowledgements

MoLAS and Crossrail would like to thank Geoff Potter of Compass Archaeology for kindly providing information and plans of his recent observations of the city wall, as well as his co-operation during a visit to the site. Thanks are also due to the staff of the London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre (LAARC) for their assistance with archive records relating to the wall.

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3 Methodology

3.1 Sources consulted:

• MoLAS City Wall audit (Cohen. N, & Hill, J, 2005, The London City Wall, unpub rep for Corporation of London) • MoLAS unpublished archaeological fieldwork reports • MoLAS’ London GIS • Compass Archaeology: recent unpublished archaeological fieldwork results, including plan information • LAARC (London Archaeological Archive & Research Centre), primary records, site summaries, etc • Greater London Sites and Monuments Records (GLSMR) • Text and mapping accompanying the English Heritage scheduled monument descriptions. • Published material relating to antiquarian observations and historical maps (including those held by the Museum of London library & Guildhall Library)

3.2 Method Each reference relating to the city wall in the above sources was examined to determine whether it included locational data or not. Those observations producing plan data have been categorised according to the reliability of both the source data and the method(s) required to locate it onto the Ordnance Survey national grid. These are, in descending order: Accurate, Good, Moderate, and Poor (see below). The digitised observations are colour coded on the accompanying digital drawing and the source data for each site included in the table.

Modern digital surveys tied in to the Ordnance Survey (OS) have provided the most accurate locations. Where no OS references are available in site archive material, observations have been digitised as a ‘best fit’ to modern OS mapping. Similarly, where plans of antiquarian observations are available, these have been digitised as best fits, using historical OS mapping as reference points for calibration where possible.

In many cases, the wall was recorded in section only. The extent of the wall in each relevant section was digitised and offset 0.2m each side of the section line as appropriate (ie where it did not represent the wall face) to create a polygon.

The distinctive colours, and typical examples for assigning degrees of reliability are noted below: • Accurate (green): surveyed and/or located onto the Ordnance Survey to modern standards (eg directly surveyed with EDM or total Station, or via a local site grid similarly tied in to the OS National Grid).

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• Good (light blue): eg digitised from a plan drawing with a recent OS mapping background. • Moderate (dark blue): eg where site records suggest that the city wall may not have been located to modern standards, and/or multiple stages are required to locate the record onto the OS National Grid. • Poor (red): eg antiquarian observations with a sketch plan that has been ‘best-fitted’ via reference points on a historic map onto the OS National Grid. Such points might be metres from the location of the original observations, and should be treated with considerable caution.

4 Notes on the observations of the city wall

With the exception of the scheduled section preserved in the car park beneath London Wall, it is unclear from the published accounts whether the masonry exposed during the various interventions during the 20th century survives in situ. The wall is also known to survive at the junction of London Wall and Copthall Avenue.

A brick foundation, possibly the west wall of the 17th-century rebuild of Moorgate, as it projected north from the city wall, was recorded at the north-west corner of the junction of London Wall and Moorgate (site code MOO80).

The southern edge of the truncated wall core observed in section at AOP99 (close to the junction of London Wall and Copthall Avenue) appears to extend a little to the south of the reconstructed alignment (based on a uniform width) and it may be that there is a minor local variation here.

Between Moorgate and Blomfield Street, a change in alignment was discussed by Norman and Reader in 1905. However, this wall observation is poorly located; a degree of error is also noted in the archive material relating to the BLM87 observation to the east.

It has been noted in earlier work for Crossrail that between Circus Place and just east of Blomfield Street, the Scheduled area (LO26P) appears to lie to the south of the likely line of the wall, and in particular, the fragments recorded at Blomfield House (BLM87).

The site of a postern (small gateway) is shown on 17th- and 18th-century maps and noted on modern Ordnance Survey mapping at the junction of London Wall and Blomfield Street. Whilst a change in alignment, eg a dog-leg, might have occurred in the area of a postern, the historic mapping depicts the wall as a straight line pierced by the small postern gateway.

As a result, the schedule mapping in this area should be used with extreme caution. It is noted that a fragment of wall foundation has recently been recorded by Compass Archaeology in the northern carriageway of London Wall at this junction. The fragment was observed during a visit to this site by a MoLAS archaeologist, and Compass Archaeology have kindly provided a plan which has been incorporated into this project. It

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is not entirely certain whether the northern edge of this fragment represented the original northern face of the wall, or if the facing stones had been removed. The newly-exposed section lies in line with those seen to the east at Blomfield House and All Hallows on the Wall (BLM87, Scheduled Monument LO26A, CAP86, etc), and also at some distance to the west in London Wall (LON82 & AOP99).

The Compass Archaeology findings, in conjunction with those to the west and east, indicate very strongly that the wall ran in a straight line in this area. Previous theories about curves or dog-legs in the line of the wall near the junction at Blomfield Street can now be discounted. Similarly, it indicates that the mapping of Scheduled Monument LO26P is in need of substantial revision, and cannot be used as a guide to the precise location of the wall.

Note that a 1905 observation a short distance west of Blomfield Street (GM333) does not fall within the reconstructed alignment, but it is recognised that this record is of poor reliability and it may be discounted.

The wall may survive beneath Old Broad Street itself.

Between Old Broad Street and Bishopsgate, the wall is known to survive at 22–24 Wormwood Street (WOE94). Although no location plan could be found for the exposed city wall in the archive, the rear wall of the property apparently conformed to the alignment of its external face. This was accurately located, and by offsetting to the south, the line of the wall can be plotted in this area with a reasonable degree of confidence.

The location of Bishopsgate is poorly defined. To the east of the gate, between Bishopsgate and Outwich Street, the only evidence of the wall is a small, poorly identified fragment of foundation recorded at KPH05, with antiquarian observations (GM349) and more recent excavations (HSD89) reflecting a change in the wall alignment further East.

5 Conclusions

5.1 Reconstructed line of the city wall The combined results of a series of antiquarian observations and more recent interventions mean that the alignment of the city wall from the area east of Coleman Street to west of Bishopsgate can be projected with a reasonable degree of confidence. Although a number of the observations plotted from antiquarian records are of Poor reliability, there are sufficient records of Accurate to Moderate reliability, which form consistent lines, to refine previous reconstructions of the line of the city wall, and in particular the mapping accompanying the Scheduled Monument descriptions.

The most important revision comes from the area around the former postern gate at the junction of Blomfield Street and London Wall, where it can now be seen that the mapping

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of Scheduled Monument LO26P1 is inaccurate. Recent observations combined with earlier records indicate very strongly that the wall ran in a straight line westwards across this junction, immediately to the north of the schedule mapping.

This refined reconstruction is presented in the accompanying digital mapping as the ‘2008 reconstruction’ of the line of the city wall.

5.2 Reconstructed gatehouses The plans of gatehouses at Moorgate and Bishopsgate are much less well known than the line of the wall. The areas marked in the 2008 reconstruction represent assessments of the areas in which the gatehouses might lie. They have been chosen to include the areas of English Heritage schedule mapping, but expanded to include the observations plotted in the course of this assessment, and to produce inner and outer faces orthogonal to the streets indicated by historic mapping. They do not represent the individual plans of the various gatehouses in different periods; for instance they cover both the likely Roman gatehouses extending within the line of the wall, and also medieval and post-medieval structures extending outside it.

1 Received from National Monuments Record August 2007.

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6 Data

Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference BHC02 Wood Street 0.36m bGL Wood Street (former Cripplegate). CAD plan Accurate, but Unpub MoLAS Approx (14.18– available, but as this is to the west of the Crossrail plan not directly Watching Brief 532388 14.52m OD) works, only the depth is directly relevant. relevant report, Feb 2003 181641 (S) to 532394 181654 (N) [scaled from report]. SAM 26323 London Wall, Survives to Scheduled Monument (formerly LO26J). Accurate MoLAS 532578 opposite the ma Geom 181580 (= Merrifield ref ximum Wall exposed in underground car park, beneath (digital survey by atics west end of W37) height of London Wall. Accurately located by MoLAS in MoLAS, 2000) original survey Austral House 12.65m OD data (2000) 2000 using modern survey techniques. The project (level included locating the wall fragment relevant to OS MoLAS Audit information mapping, sectional and plan drawings of the of the City Wall, from MoLAS structure, rectified photography and a condition unpub report for survey) survey. CoL Also part of GM109 (see below). Surviving section is c 11.1m long.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM109 London Wall, See above During clearance for the new road London Wall in Moderate GM109 site 532605 between 1956, a stretch of about 210ft of the Rom archiv GLSMR an City Digitised from e 181575 (as Alderm 040490 anbury wall was exposed, extending from about 60ft west of 16ft to 1 inch plan (LAARC). Note digitised) and Coleman Coleman St. Much of the external N face had that location 040493 of London Wall Street survived standing 2–6 ft above the footings with its (Basinghall/Cole plan was chamfered sandstone plinth and levelling tile course. wrongly (= site code man Streets) The thickness of the wall was recorded as 8ft 3 in.– archived under WFG23 and dated 1957 8ft 6in. (c 2.50–2.58m) GM108. Merrifield ref (GM109 archive, W37) Equivalent to WFG23 - watching brief by RMLEC LAARC), using RMLEC in 1957. The archive for this site is incomplete and 1952 OS map and WFG23 site very little data regarding the details of the wall MoLAS 2000 archive survive. A series of brick arches against its inner survey (see (LAARC) above) for face were interpreted by Grimes as belonging to the Grimes, F 1968 reference. work of Mayor Joceline (1477). The Excavation Also note that the full extent of this section was of Roman and numbered W37 by Merrifield. Medieval London, 82–4 Survival: GM109 includes the portion now preserved in the underground car park (see SAM 26323 above), Merrifield, R which is the only surviving part of GM109. 1965, The Roman City of London, 309

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM334 122 London c 0.3m bGL Demolition of 122 London Wall in 1920 exposed a Poor Guildhall 532660 W (1920) section of the Rom Museum 181565 (as GLSMR all an wall … cut back almost to the Digitised from building line and down about 10' below the level of GM253 site digitised) 040495 (corner with photocopy of the pavement. Section shows top of wall as 1.5’ archive former N part original SMR: below ground level. The whole face of the wall was (LAARC) Coleman Street) publication plan 532655 exposed at the west end of the site. (= Merrifield ref as reproduced in Lambert, F., 181567 W36) (NB Merrifield describes this section as 'adjoining' Lambert 1921 (an 1921, Some Also appears as GLSMR 040493 at 123 Coleman Street - not approximate Recent W.26 on plan in included in this table. They were in fact divided by location), using Excavations in GM253 site Coleman Street.) 1913 OS for London, reference points. Archaeol, Vol. archive An alternative LXXI, 73–75 Survival: unclear location has been digitised from a plan in the site archive for GM253 where it is shown as W26. The source of information for this plan is unclear and is therefore equally unreliable.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM108 London Wall c 1.8m bGL Site notes for GM108 dated 1961 state that ‘At a Poor Guildhall 532700 (N side, depth of about 6ft from Museum GLSMR 1.2m aGL in the modern pavement an GM108 archive 181555 imm 040496 ediately 1882, down irregular double course of Roman bonding tiles in consists of site GM108 and (amended) yellow cement was seen’. This is the same piece as GM253 site west of to 2.4m bGL notes with sketch Moorgate ) was observed in 1882 (see GLSMR 040496, archives plan only, dated Merrifield ref W35 below) (LAARC) 1961. However, Note that the published grid reference and address this wall details place this site location opposite the end of observation is Coleman Street, while the site notes state that the shown (as W.25) masonry was observed immediately west of on a plan in the Moorgate. site archive for GM253 and has

been digitised Survival: It is unclear form the archive whether the from this. It is masonry exposed survives in situ. unclear what information this plan was based on.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GLSMR London Wall, 1.2m aGL in Building work monitored by Loftus Brock in 1882 No plan Loftus Brock, E 532691 040496 immediately 1882 revealed c 43ft (13.11m) of the city wall lying P, The Roman 181560 Wall of London (= GM108) west of beneath the street frontage. It was 9ft 2in (2.8m) Moorgate Street thick (2ft (0.6m) of this being medieval thickening). at Moorgate, A series of perhaps 6 supporting arches were noted JBAA vol 38, (= Merrifield ref on the inner face. These were semi-circular 2ft 6in 424–426, W35) (0.76m) wide, 1ft 11in (0.58m) deep, with piers 1ft RCHME 1928. 11in (0.58m) wide & lay c 15ft (4.55m) below Roy Comm Hist ground level. The wall itself is recorded as standing Momuments 4ft (1.22m) above the surface (of the excavated site) Engl, An & extending 'quite 8ft below'. inventory of the historical monuments in London: Vol 3, Roman London, 89 VCH. London, vol 1, p 61, Lambert F. 1921, Some recent excavations in London, Archaeol Vol LXXI, 74

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference MOO80 London Wall, Top of wall A GPO tunnel beneath the south carriageway of Poor DUA MOO80 532705 near jun at c 9.5m London Level 2 site 181565 ction OD Wall near its junction with Moorgate Limits of brick archiv with Moorgate probably went through the brick foundations of the wall as recorded e 15th-century Moorgate. A substantial brick wall was (LAARC) in section recorded: possibly the west wall of the 17th-century digitised in rebuild of Moorgate, as it projected north from the relation to hand city wall, or a building fronting onto the road north drawn of the gate. approximate Survival: unclear. trench location on photocopy of contemporary OS map (MOO80 site archive, LAARC) Radar survey Junction of c 1.8m bGL Approx. east–west radar anomaly corresponding to Good Stratascan 532705 (measured MoLAS prediction of S edge of the Moor Gate assessm 181550 Moorgate & Digitised from ent of from Fig 03 London Wall hard copy Subtechnics’ by MoLAS) Stratascan radar utilities radar plot (1:500) on survey (Fig 03, OS background July 2008)

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM253 Opposite 108– Less than or In 1930 a tunnel for telephone cables was cut Poor Schofield & 532730 115 London equal to through the Rom Maloney 1998 181550 (as (= Merrifield ref an wall which was exposed for a Digitised from W c 1.2m bGL length of more than 105ft [c 32m] immediately east digitised) W34) all wall location plan Guildhall of the junction of London Wall and Moorgate. There from GM253 site Museum was a single course of tiles at 4ft below street level, a archive (LAARC) GM253 site double course at 6½ft, and a triple course at 10ft. In archive the western part of the trench, a triple facing-course (LAARC) of tiles was seen on the internal face of the wall at a depth of 13 ft. LWL87 Opposite 45–50 Top of wall A British Telecom trench was excavated in the Moderate DUA Level 2 532766 London W record m site arch 181540 (as (within area of all ed at c iddle of the road along London Wall, east of Digitised from ive for LWL87 digitised) Merrifield ref 10.33m OD Moorgate. For a short distance the trench ran parallel hand drawn 1:100 (LAARC) W32) to the south (internal) face of the wall where a 3.6m trench location length was recorded. A medieval culvert conducted a plan (measured in tributary of the Walbrook through the Roman wall. relation to This was 1.2m wide at its base and 0.9m from roof to contemporary floor. It extended S from the inner face of the wall. pavements/buildi Survival: unclear ngs) and 1:20 section location,

with limits of City wall marked as recorded in section (LWL87 site archive, LAARC).

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference AOP99 London Wall 11.80m OD Replacement of a large telephone manhole in the Accurate Westman, A 532780 (0.83m centre of the road re-exposed two sections across the 1999 BT Hole in 181538 (as GLSMR085088 (near junction Trench and Roman and Medieval city wall Both faces of the wall London Wall, digitised). –9 with Copthall bGL). section surveyed had been cut back by later intrusions (including the EC1, An Avenue) Foundation by MoLAS to OS (within area of 1934 manhole*), except at the east end, where the Archaeological continues grid. Merrifield ref below 8.60m outer (north) face of the wall was intact. This face watching brief, W32) But note that as OD. was interpreted as a medieval refacing. At this unpub MoL rep Section 1 is location the wall was at least 2.6m wide. MoLAS missing from the Geom *see also GM72 archive, the exact atics Survival is indicated beneath the floor of the location of N face original survey data manhole and immediately to the east and west of the of wall within recorded sections. section at east end of trench is unclear. Photographic evidence suggests the face was c 0.2m from the northern limit of the recorded section location and it has been digitised as such.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM72 London Wall c 3.7m bGL? In 1934 at a depth of 12ft 3in the back of the city No Plan. GM72 Schofield & 532785 archiv Maloney 1998 181540 GLSMR (near junction (but see wall was exposed and a ‘tunnel’ cut through it. The e contains 044360 with Copthall AOP99) wall was just over 7 ft (2.13m) thick. no accurate site location. Avenue) core of wall *see also AOP99 at c 3m bGL LON82 London Wall, c 10.35m OD Opposite no. 55 and 57 London Wall. Good DUA LON82 532810 junction with Level 2 site (within area of Observations during work on a telephone manhole in Digitised from 181530 (as Copthall archive Merrifield ref London Wall street. A 2m–2.5m stretch of the LON82 1:100 digitised). Avenue (LAARC) W32) Roman city wall was exposed. (N.B. Archive site/section summary grid reference is wrong) location plan (with OS refs) and 1:10 Survival: unclear sections/elevation s (LAARC) GM333 London Wall, 1.6m bGL In 1905, a shaft was sunk on the outside face of the Poor Norman, P and 532900 opposite Reader, F 1906, 181515 (as (= Merrifield ref wall at this point. The wall, 4' thick, was encountered Digitised from Carpente Recent digitised) W31) rs' Hall 5' 3" down. The base of the wall was 19' below the plan in Discoveries in surface. Archaeologia connexion with Survival: unclear 1906 article, Rom related to copy of an London, 1894 OS in Archaeologia LX pt 1, 171

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference WBH06 (part) Junction of 0.8m bGL Eastern side of the junction of Blomfield Street and Good Compass London W London W Archaeology Blomfield Street all all (TW water main replacement). Digitised from communications and Blomfield There was a fairly smooth/regular face to the north, image of wall Street and plan although this may be the core exposed by robbing of locations on OS the facing blocks. mapping supplied by Compass Archaeology

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference BLM87 85 London c 9.30m OD 85–86 London Wall, 53 New Broad Street. Part of Moderate DUA Level 2 532950 Wall. Blomfield (c3.2–3.25m the external face of the city wall was record site arch GLSMR ed at the Digitised from ive for 181505 (as House, Junction bGL) southern edge of the site in 1988. The observed, BLM87 1:100 BLM87 digitised) 041918 of London Wall external face of the Roman wall includes the hand drawn (LAARC) and Blomfield sandstone plinth, 4 ragstone courses and the first tile trench and section Street string course, but the core of the wall survived to a location plan, site height above the second tile string course. grid plan NB This puts the remains of the wall to the north of referenced to OS, the scheduled area. and City wall projection plan Survival: the city wall in the south face of current (LAARC) building survives in two arches in the south-west corner of site; it was destroyed in two others. A note in the site archive suggests that there is a fairly large degree of error in the plotting of the wall in relation to the site grid.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference CAP86 Capel House, Base of The external (north) face of the city wall formed the Good DUA CAP86 533006 54-62 New plinth Level 2 site 181494 southern boundary of the site (immediately north of Digitised from Broad Street record archiv ed at All Hallows on the Wall). The wall itself was not CAP86 1:100 site e 10 to 10.66m observed in the excavation trenches but within test (LAARC) & trench location OD; only pits dug prior to demolition. The wall was recorded and 1:10 few courses in TP 1 to the west of the church (base of wall at elevations, best survive 10m OD), TP 3 and 4 on east side of church (base at fitted to OS using 10.25 and 10.66m OD) and TP 2 north of vestry church of All Survival: a survey in 1991-2 found that the outer Hallows on the face of the wall is visible in a basement area of 54– Wall (LAARC) 62 New Broad Street for a distance of c 23m west and c 24m east of bastion 11 (the vestry of All Hallows) and part of the bastion fabric is also visible. GLSMR London Wall, The city wall forms the northern boundary of the Moderate Norman P & 533000 041922 All Hallows churchyard. When the external face o Reader FW 181492 f the city wall Digitised from . Churchyard (= Merrifield ref was uncovered in 1905, Roman work was found published plan 1906, Recent (west of church) W29) remaining to a height of 12 ft (i.e. to about dated 1906 (pl discoveries in contemporary ground level). Above the plinth were 4 XXV) in connexion with courses of squared ragstone, a triple bonding course, Archaeologia vol Roman London, 5 courses of ragstone, a second triple bonding LX pt 1, using Archaeologia course, 6 courses of ragstone, a double bonding vol LX pt 1, 1894 OS map as course, and 3 more courses of ragstone. Below the 207–210 and pl reference. plinth, a brick-lined culvert passed through the XXV foundation. It lay in a hollow depression, possibly a stream bed, apparently pre-dating the city ditch.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM332 All Hallows on Excavation in 1905 by the Society of Antiquaries Good Norman P & Centre of the W revealed the vestry of All Hallows Church to have its Reader FW Vestry / GLSMR all Digitised from ., foundations set on a bastion of the city wall. It was bastion on 041924–5 church, London published plan 1906, Recent 19ft (5.79m OS = Wall (vestry) ) in diameter & projected 15ft (4.57m) dated 1906 discoveries in (= Merrifield 533021 from the face of the wall. It survived to a height of (Archaeologia vol connexion with refs B11, W28) 181491 8ft, of which 3ft extended below the plinth of the LX pt 1, pl Roman London, city wall. Its N edge overlay the S edge of the XXV), relative to Archaeol vol LX Roman ditch. extant vestry of pt 1, 200 ff (SMR grid ref (533028 181496) is not accurate – All Hallows Norman, P, & c 6m from bastion) church on modern Reader, FW, OS m 1912, Further This work also revealed the lower part of the city apping. discoveries wall, which forms N boundary of church/churchyard. relating to The wall consisted of he plinth, with four courses of Roman London, squared ragstone and a triple bonding course. Archaeol vol LXIII, p 271 ff

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GLSMR London Wall, Building work monitored by P Norman & FW Moderate Norman P & 533050 041926 East of All Reader in 1905 revealed a sm Reader FW 181482 (as all portion of the Digitised from . Hallows Church digitised) (= Merrifield ref Roman fabric of the city wall 45ft (13.72m) E of All published plan 1906, Recent W27) Hallows church. The plinth & 2 courses of squared dated 1906 (pl discoveries in ragstone were exposed. (see also 041923) XXV) in connexion with Archaeologia vol Roman London, LX pt 1, using Archaeologia vol LX pt 1, 1894 OS map as 211-212 and pl reference. XXV

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference WOE94 22–24 c 13.24m OD The Roman city wall survived to its full width Good MoLAS WOE94 533165 Wor Level 2 site 181460 GLSMR mwood through the north side of the basement of 23–24 There is no site archiv 044079 Street Wormwood Street, retained by a 1 brick thick wall.. location or plot of e The top of the Roman masonry was exposed in 24 the wall in the (LAARC) Wormwood Street. archive. In the absence of such Sankey, D 1998, The north basement wall of 22 Wormwood Street information, OS 22–24 values of photo had been constructed on the line of the city wall in Wormwood targets on back the post-medieval period out of reused stone from Street, An wall of property the wall. This wall was recorded by means of archaeological (from MoLAS rectified photography. watching Brief, survey data unpub MoL rep Survival: city wall preserved and covered over in archive sheet, basement. (LAARC)) were digitised, to give N face of wall, and offset 2.53m to the south to provide alignment across Nos. 23–24 Wormwood Street.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference WOD86 22 Wormwood Localised The northern face of a post-medieval wall of reused Moderate Sankey D, 1994 533170 Street area of clay 22 W 181455 GLSMR ragstone, forming the north cellar wall apparently (but no actual ormwood and f conformed to the alignment of the external face of Street, An 044244 & lint survival of wall the City wall. However, the only surviving evidence archaeological 041927 foundation superstructure ) recorded at of the original structure was a localised patch of clay evaluation See also 11.82m OD and flint foundation material. Line of post- (unpub MoL WOE94 medieval rebuild rep) digitised from MoLAS Level 2 WOD86 1:200 site arch site /section ive for location WOD86 (manually plotted (LAARC) onto OS 1:1250 tracing) and 1:20 elevation (LAARC) WOM94 20–21 Wormwood Street, 105–107 Bishopsgate. No wall recorded Sankey D, 1996 533180 20–21 20 and 21 181455 GLSMR The City wall had been entirely removed from 20–21 Wormwood Wormwood 044147, Wormwood Street. At no. 21 a post-medieval Street, 105–107 Street, An 044149–50, Bishopsgate masonry wall on the north perimeter had replaced it. 044441, 044437 archaeological Further work under this site code at 105–107 evaluation, Bishopsgate in 1996 revealed no trace of the City unpub MoL rep Wall.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference WBH06 (part) Wormwood 1.1–1.4m Western carriageway of Bishopsgate, opposite No. Good Compass (approx. stree bGL ( Archaeology NGR Bishopsgate t/ more 105/106 (TW water main replacement). Digitised from summary and 533206 Bishopsgate heavily To N: wall probably from 17th-century gatehouse. image of wall junction truncated plan 181450 – as ‘start of the masonry was just about’ at the N edge of locations on OS elsewhere) digitised) the SAM mapping (G. Potter, CA, pers comm). mapping supplied by Compass To S: wall of medieval/Roman city wall or gate. Archaeology GLSMR Bishopsgate 1.5m bGL NW corner of junction of Bishopsgate and Poor Norman, P, & 533205 041929/02 Wor Reader, FW 181445 (as mwood Street Digitised from , 1906 digitised) A mass of ragstone rubble c 6 ft 6 in square, at a Norman & depth of 5ft (1.5m). This extended to a depth of 10ft Reader’s Archaeologia Vol. LX. pt 1, (3.0m) below the surface. It contained fragments of published Fig 3 184–187 Roman tile & was apparently carefully faced on its S sketch plan side. This rested on a puddling of flint & clay, c 10 ft (Archaeologia square (whole of manhole being observed). The Vol LX pt 1, remains probably formed part of the S face of a 186), but this gatehouse of the Roman Bishopsgate & projected does not tally c 20ft (6m) inside (S of) the city wall. with accompanying text, & is difficult to locate to street/building lines

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference BTB89 Bishopsgate c 12.75m OD Bishopsgate, north of junction with Wormwood Good DUA BTB89 533208 Level 2 site 181442 (S) GLSMR Street & Camomile Street. Site surveyed by archiv 041929 Watching brief during British Telecom tunnelling by DUA to OS grid. e 533217 (LAARC) 181453 (N) DUA revealed foundations of Kentish rag & clay Locations of wall (as with mortared ragstones, recorded in section. These foundations digitised) were thought to represent part of the Roman recorded in Bishopsgate. section digitised from 1:10 sections in relation to hard copy 1:100 site plan tied to OS. GLSMR Bishopsgate 0.9m bGL Excavation "on the N side of" 108 Bishopsgate by No plan Edwards, 1922 SMR: 041929/01 WC Edwards in 1921 revealed ‘Roman masonry, (TransLAMAS 533220 apparently a wall c 5ft (c 1.5m) thick, at a depth of NS IV, 332) 181450 3ft from the surface. This ran N–S (ie at right angles (minimum to the city wall) & may have formed part of the 10m) gateway’

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference CMI00 & Kempson Possible city 25–37 Camomile Street, 106–126 Bishopsgate. Site Good MoLAS KPH05 KPH05 KPH05 House and wall: 11.42 digital survey 533260 m centre: NGR 533250 181450. (good location, Bishops(gate) data 181425 (as GLSMR OD CMI00: two test pits in the SE and SW corners of the but poor House digitised) 085135 underground car park confirmed that no trace of the identification) Tyler, K. City wall, or its robbing in antiquity, survived. The Evaluation at MoLAS digital City wall, therefore, must originally have been Ke survey data mpson situated either along the southern edge of the present House, unpub buildings or even further to the S, outside the MoL rep [CMI00] site boundaries. KPH05: In one of two test pits along the S frontage of the site a possible Roman wall foundation survived beneath the modern truncation. The remains continued beyond the N and E limits of excavation, but not in a westerly direction as might perhaps be expected for the Roman City wall foundation. It may therefore be either an isolated deep level foundation for the City wall, or part of an earlier structure.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference GM349 27–33 Demolition work monitored by JE Price in 1876 Poor Price JE, 1880, SMR: C revealed a stretch of the city wall c 88ft (46.82m 533274 GLSMR amomile St, ) in Digitised from On a bastion of 181421 041932–3 junction with length. It was 8ft (2.44m) thick. It was destroyed photocopy of London Wall, Outwich St above the plinth. RCHM 1928 or, Excavations Also a semi circular bastion attached to the city wall. plan, using in Camomile This was 20ft (6.10m) in diameter & projected 14ft contemporary OS Street 9in (4.50m) from the walls face. Uncertainty exists for reference Bishopsgate, London, 23–25, regarding the bastion’s exact location. points Fig. reproduced in RCHM, 1928, London, III, Roman London, 86, 101 HSD89 58–60 Foundation HSD89: The Roman city wall was exposed running Accurate DUA, HSD99 Site centre: Houndsditch of wall at along the S site arch NGR GM288 W edge of the site: the stones of the outer Digitised from ive 12.03m 533320 OD. face were cut away by later cellaring, leaving only HSD99 1:100 site (LAARC) GLSMR the core. The surviving portion was 5.2m long and 181400 Wall plan/section 041935 4m high and is to be preserved. survives to a location (with SMR: maximum GM288: Part of the city wall forming the rear (S) of survey points 533293 height of 4m 58–60 Houndsditch and dividing it from the referenced to OS) 181412 in places graveyard of St Martin Outwich was recorded by P and 1:200 plan Norman and F W Reader in 1905, again in 1926. In showing City wall 1926 the bottom of the plinth was seen 8ft 4in. below (LAARC) street level. The fragment of wall stood in 1905 to a height of 14ft 6in. above the base of the plinth. The site records for 1926 could not be located.

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Record General Depth/Level Location information Plan reliability Source National Location Grid Reference WHB06 (part) Goring Street c 0.4–0.6m (TW water main replacement). Good Compass Approx. Goring Street bGL Archaeology 533380 As this is well to the east of the Crossrail works, Digitised from (truncated summary and 181330 only the depth is directly relevant . image of wall more deeply plan location on OS elsewhere) mapping supplied by Compass Archaeology

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6.1 Abbreviations aGL above ground level bGL below ground level DUA Department of Urban Archaeology (Museum of London) GLSMR Greater London Sites and Monuments Record OS Ordnance Survey LAARC London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre LAMAS London and Middlesex Archaeological Society RMLEC Roman and Medieval London Excavation Council

MoLAS, Audit of the City Wall Cohen. N, & Hill, J, 2005, The London City Wall, unpub rep for Corporation of London RCHM Royal Commission of Historic Monuments, Roman London Vol 3 Schofield & Maloney 1998 Schofield, J, with Maloney, C (eds), 1998 Archaeology in the City of London, 1907–1991: a guide to records of excavations by the Museum of London and its predecessors, Archaeol Gazetteer ser 1, MoL Shepherd 1998 Shepherd, J D, 1998a Post-war archaeology in the City of London, 1946–1972: a guide to records of excavations by Professor W F Grimes held by the Museum of London, Archaeol Gazetteer ser 3, MoL

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Legend 16 1 1 M 1 oo 4 An rf 1 d ie 1 Scheduled Monuments_230807 r l 2 ew ds H es H igh ig w S 14.0m h a 1 w lk D a 3 lk L s 7 CITY WALL RECONSTRUCTION11 2008 e E to e I 3 7 w s 9 F 1 e u r R M o O d Moorgate O OR Britannic House n H P O L CITY WALL Observations A AC Station M E (London Transport) RELIABILITY 4 7 9 ACCURATE 9 4 0 PH 2 1 B ank o 3 TCB t o t t o 6 4 GOOD 1 1 0 T 1 LB elep AVE hon NU e E T E MODERATE x E cha TCB nge E U R nde 13.5m 7 rgr T oun 1 nk d R S ailw POOR a ay E 2 Kea B E R Posts t Bandstand 8 FO s P T R TC la A E S B O ce Bank T F G SD 1 REE 0 T 2 R 1 O

PC O 5 St. Alpage 9 M Moor o t 3 D Fn House 8 1 0 9 1 Wa 9 r 4 y d 7 t B 6 i d 8 y 8 s PH r ) 20 e s v 5 i e 4 i 8 n d

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W26 115 City GM108 GM253 E BM 12.8m C Place 13. A 2 25 3 34 m anomaly_No2 L k P House l LO LO26P 1 a ND 50 ON W to 1 S w AL 68 3 L U h 7 C g 2 i LO32 R 1 1 H I 8 LWL87 4 1 C w Tower T 4 LON82 a 12.5m E 6 h AOP99 E 4 s 2 i s 43 s TR 7 4 a S 5 6 B E 0 N U 6

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o t Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of Bank 0 Bank Institute of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Grea 3 t Sw 6 1 Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead an Al Chartered Accountants 1 ley 0 1 100m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2008. 4 1 City wall DDBA: west C257-MLA-T1-RGN-CRG03-50002

Bandstand 5 t e 3 1 e 00 tr S 5 T Site of 1 LB S Legend oad Br 4 D Bowling Green 1 L TCB Priory and Hospital IE 3 F D Fn 1 3 M Scheduled Monuments_230807of O 1 2 L B St Mary of Bethlehem 20 1 3 RECONSTRUCTION_2008 12.8m Hope Square (Founded AD 1247)

1 CITY WALL Observations Ward Bdy 50 LIV RELIABILITY 15 Liv ERP erpo OO ol S L ST PH t St REE ACCURATE Bank S (L atio T B RT) n 1 1 1 FIN 7 SB 1 GOOD Hotel UR 0 8 Y 8 1 4 9 CIR CUS 7 2 2 o 0 T SL t 1 2 E SL 1 MODERATE LB E 6 23 7 22 R 3 24 T 5 B 7 2 2 S ROAD 6 to STREE 27 23 D T AVENUE POOR L 2 E 25 8 2 0 9 14.4m E London Wall Buildings I 3 F 7 12 11 0 C 10 M 8 7 6 A O 2 1 L L The Arcade P 3 B T 13 14 2 S E 16 17 18 19 20 E U 22 24 26 R C 2 47 T R Swedbank 23 3 I 25 3 S

New Broad Street 1 C House 9 D 46 House A o 3 42 t 4 t N 42 O o 3 6 ew 1 7 Br R 1 oad 8 St B Al 5 der D m 5 E White Hart an PH 1 to 5 L l s Sub .5 O Sta 1 3 NEW F Posts 2.5m GM333 Pe BRO B tty Fr AD S 9 an T 6 53 ce REET Al (site derm Postern o P s a 1 f) osts ' n's W Ward Pos h alk B (site of) 9 ts p dy 5 l 1 4 to 6 62 o 4 BLM87 t 85 LB o B Church

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2 1 16 The Arcade 3 12 T 13 14 2 B E 16 17 18 19 20 M E 22 24 26 1Legend6 R .2 Bethlehem Gate 4 3m T 23 2 33 5 2 S 5 1 5 1 (site of) 1 9 D Scheduled Monuments_230807 A o 3 Un PH t 4 de t O o 3 rgro 1 7 un R d R 4 9 8 ai B lwa Al y 6 5 der 15.2m RECONSTRUCTION_2008 D m 5 E White Hart an PH 8 L l Su s 1 8 1 b 2 4 10 O Sta Posts 1 1 3 FB 5 9 1 CITY WALL Observations 6 5 6 7 4 A 4 6 lde 1 1 9 rm 1 4 2 1 1 s a 1 9 8 ' n 's W 1 4 11 h al 1 k 7 RELIABILITY p 0 1 l Air 3 D 1 4 1 7 E o 1 8 5 V t 1 1 O 3 1 N 1 1 LB o 7 S 2 1 H 0 B Church IR E ACCURATE t

S 0 7 4 6 5 St Botolph without Bank k 4 BM 16.37m 1

n 6 o o 5 GOOD 6 t t 1 a 3 8 B Pond 7 is 8 3 B 1 2 ho PH to ps 2 1 LB 9 5 ga t e Ch 1 1 o ur t ch Stone House 0 yard t MODERATE 7 C 1 2 1 Bo 8 C ston 15.7m e a 7 s ve 7 u nd to o ish POOR 8 H 6 8 Broa 4 o 2 d Str e t eet H Tennis Court n 1 ouse o D Fns t e S Staple Hall d LO26N a c Fn U r 2 87 n A 7 to 34 BPs t d o El Sub Sta er WOE94 90 DE g 3 PH V ro a O un 26 2 NS d 13.4m 5 9 HI 1 22 COMPASS_WormwoodSt R 3 0 to E S WO 5 QU y RMWO 14.4m 21 A R d OD S RE a B TRE Y il FB ET E w d L ay r L a A W

N 4 BTB89 O GLSMR041929_02 B 5 R 4 A T B E W E a R r T d B S Premier Place R d H E y C L I T W U KPH05 C UT O 5 1 7 0 GM349 to 1 60 0 PH 9 PH 3 9 S 23 Camomile Court 3 9 8 Bank TR 8 EE T 11 7 5 T C 11 E 6 l 1 E 8 er to HSD89 2 5 15.5m k' 9 11 R PH s H 3 T P 2 O S 4 la 5 U 11 8 ce t N 4 R C D IE s S r 0 D H le 7 IT T Cutlers 0 t LO26M C O 8 s to H L re 1 3 C m 2 6 6 4 W to 6 .1 2 6 6 0 11 1 7 7 Wa Chatsworth to M rd Bd 0 B 8 y 6 11 8 7 House 9 1 2 15.8m 0 8 Library 6 1 2 to 3 0 6 Bank

1 6 B 14.8m e 50 v is 17 LO26L M Bank a 5 rk 5 s E 16 6 T 8 4 A 5 ST G to HE 5 COMPASS_GoringSt S LE 15 3 P 2 N' 5 S P 3 O 3 LA 7 CE H to S 38 2 I 4 4 B 0 1 5 Exchequer 6 5 Court Exchange

3 7 3 1 3 2 Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of 2 to 16.1m 4 Bank 3 the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. 4 6 Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead 0 100m 3

to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2008. 8 35 3 3 City wall DDBA: east