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Award in the Arbitration Regarding the Chagos Marine Protected Area

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Award in the Arbitration Regarding the Chagos Marine Protected Area REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRAL Award in the Arbitration regarding the Chagos Marine Protected Area between Mauritius and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- Sentence arbitrale relative au différend entre Maurice et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord concernant l’aire marine protégée des Chagos 18 March 2015 - 18 mars 2015 VOLUME XXXI pp. 359-606 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2018 PART II Award in the Arbitration regarding the Chagos Marine Protected Area between Mauritius and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Award of 18 March 2015 PARTIE II Sentence arbitrale relative au différend entre Maurice et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord concernant l’aire marine protégée des Chagos Sentence du 18 mars 2015 Award in the Arbitration regarding the Chagos Marine Protected Area between Mauritius and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Sentence arbitrale relative au différend entre Maurice et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord concernant l’aire marine protégée des Chagos Jurisdiction over First Submission—Part XV, Articles 286 and 288 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS”)—challenge to UK declaration of marine protected area (“MPA”) in parts of Chagos Archipelago, as UK not “coastal state” as defined by UNCLOS—dispute properly characterized as relat- ing to territorial sovereignty over Chagos Archipelago—Article 298(a)(i) of UNCLOS indicates drafters’ sensitivity to compulsory settlement of disputes for delimitation of maritime boundaries—question of sovereignty over land central to the dispute, not ancillary—Tribunal without jurisdiction to address sovereignty dispute, no jurisdic- tion over First Submission. Jurisdiction over Third Submission—Mauritius submission to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf—willingness by both Parties to proceed under “sovereignty umbrella”—no dispute, Tribunal need not rule on jurisdiction or merits. Jurisdiction over Fourth Submission—compatibility of MPA with UK’s obliga- tions under UNCLOS and 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement—interpretation of Article 297 of UNCLOS and characterisation of MPA determinative of Tribunal’s jurisdiction— undertakings made by UK to Mauritius on 23 September 1965 (“undertakings”), as per Articles 2(3) and 56(2) of UNCLOS, justify provisional conclusion of binding obliga- tions subject to Tribunal’s jurisdiction—neither MPA nor rights asserted by Mauritius limited to living resources of exclusive economic zone (“EEZ”), but relate broadly to preservation of marine environment and legal regime applicable to Chagos Archipel- ago and surrounding waters—Articles 63 and 64 of UNCLOS and 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement subject to jurisdictional exclusions in Article 297(3)(a) of UNCLOS. Jurisdiction over Second Submission—Mauritius’ rights as a coastal State under UNCLOS—for same reasons stated for First Submission, Tribunal without jurisdiction over Second Submission. Obligation to exchange views under Article 283 of UNCLOS as challenge to jurisdiction—obligation concerning the means to resolve dispute, not an obligation to engage in negotiations or other forms of peaceful dispute resolution—should be applied without undue formalism as to manner and precision of views exchanged— conditions satisfied by Mauritius. Merits—Mauritius’ rights in the territorial sea, EEZ and continental shelf areas affected by the MPA—Parties’ intent at conclusion of undertakings was a firm com- mitment—matter of international law upon Mauritian independence—agreements reaffirmed in correspondence between parties in decades following independence— general principle of international law of estoppel applicable—UK made repeated rep- resentations in respect of undertakings on: eventual return of Chagos Archipelago; 362 Mauritius/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland benefits of any minerals or oil discovered; existence and obligation of fishing rights— Mauritius reliance on undertakings—legitimate reliance on representation need not require binding unilateral declaration—UK estopped from denying binding effects of these commitments. Interpretation and application of relevant UNCLOS articles—balance of authen- tic language versions of Article 2(3) of UNCLOS favours reading text as obligation— confirmed by object and purpose and negotiating history of UNCLOS—obligation limited to exercising sovereignty subject to general rules of international law, including to act in good faith. Interpretation of ‘due regard’ under Article 56(2) of UNCLOS—interpreted as such regard for rights as is called for by the circumstances and the nature of the rights at issue—no universal rule of conduct—record shows lack of adequate consultation with Mauritius and a lack of appropriate balancing exercise of rights and interests aris- ing from undertakings—UK in breach of Articles 2(3) and 56(2) of UNCLOS—MPA proclamation incompatible with UNCLOS. Article 194 of UNCLOS applicable to MPA—obligation in Article 194(1) is pure- ly prospective, no violation found by UK—Article 194(4) obligation to ‘refrain from unjustifiable interference’ functionally equivalent to ‘due regard’ or good faith—dec- laration of MPA incompatible with Article 194(4) and Mauritius’ fishing activities in the territorial sea. Tribunal finding relates to the manner of MPA establishment, not substance— open to Parties to enter into negotiations for mutually satisfactory arrangement. Compétence pour statuer sur le premier moyen – Partie XV, articles 286 et 288 de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (« Convention ») – contestation de la proclamation par le Royaume-Uni d’une aire marine pro- tégée dans certaines parties de l’archipel des Chagos, le Royaume-Uni n’étant pas « l’État côtier » au sens de la Convention – le différend est dûment qualifié comme étant lié à la souveraineté territoriale sur l’archipel des Chagos – le sous-alinéa a) i) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 298 de la Convention montre que les rédacteurs étaient attachés au règlement obligatoire des différends en mat- ière de délimitation maritime – la question de la souveraineté sur le territoire n’est pas accessoire, mais bien au cœur du différend – le Tribunal n’est pas compétent pour connaître des différends relatifs à la souveraineté et est dès lors inhabile à statuer sur le premier moyen. Compétence relative au troisième moyen – demande déposée par Maurice auprès de la Commission des limites du plateau continental – volonté des deux parties d’aborder la question dans la perspective de la souveraineté – en l’ab- sence de différend, le Tribunal n’a à statuer ni sur la compétence ni sur le fond. Compétence relative au quatrième moyen – compatibilité de l’établisse- ment de l’aire marine protégée avec les obligations qui incombent au Royaume- Uni au titre de la Convention et de l’Accord sur les stocks de poissons de 1995 – l’interprétation de l’article 297 de la Convention et la qualification de l’aire marine protégée déterminent la compétence du Tribunal – les engagements Chagos Marine Protected Area 363 pris par le Royaume-Uni envers Maurice le 23 septembre 1965 (« les engage- ments »), conformément aux articles 2, paragraphe 3, et 56, paragraphe 2, de la Convention, justifient la conclusion provisoire relative à la présence d’obli- gations contraignantes relevant de la compétence du Tribunal – ni la question de l’aire marine protégée, ni les droits revendiqués par Maurice ne se limitent aux ressources biologiques de la zone économique exclusive (ZEE), mais se rapportent de façon générale à la préservation de l’environnement marin et au régime juridique applicable à l’archipel des Chagos et aux eaux environnantes – les articles 63 et 64 de la Convention et l’Accord sur les stocks de poissons de 1995 sont assujettis aux exclusions juridictionnelles prévues au paragraphe 3 a) de l’article 297 de la Convention. Compétence relative au deuxième moyen – droits de Maurice en tant qu’État côtier au sens de la Convention – pour les raisons évoquées en ce qui concerne le premier moyen, le Tribunal n’est pas compétent pour statuer sur le deuxième. Obligation de procéder à des échanges de vues, conformément à l’arti- cle 283 de la Convention, invoquée à titre d’exception d’incompétence – il s’agit d’une obligation concernant les moyens de régler un différend, et non d’une obligation d’engager des négociations ou d’autres formes de règlement pacifique des différends – cette obligation devrait être appliquée sans formal- isme excessif quant à la manière et à la précision des vues échangées – Maurice a satisfait à ces conditions. Fond – droits de Maurice sur sa mer territoriale, sa ZEE et les parties du plateau continental comprises dans l’aire marine protégée – lors de la conclu- sion des engagements, l’intention des parties était de conclure un accord ferme – la question relève du droit international depuis l’indépendance de Maurice – accords confirmés dans la correspondance échangée entre les parties au cours des décennies qui ont suivi l’indépendance – le principe général de droit inter- national de l’estoppel s’applique – le Royaume-Uni a réitéré à maintes reprises ses engagements relatifs à la restitution de l’archipel des Chagos, aux avantages découlant de la découverte de minerais ou de pétrole, et à l’existence de droits de pêche opposables – Maurice a fait fond sur ces engagements – une décla- ration n’a pas besoin d’être unilatérale et formelle pour qu’il soit légitime de s’y fier – le Royaume-Uni est irrecevable à nier le caractère contraignant de ces engagements. Interprétation et application des dispositions de la Convention – les dif- férentes versions linguistiques officielles du paragraphe 3 de l’article 2 de la Convention tendent à en confirmer le caractère obligatoire – l’objet et le but de la Convention et l’historique des négociations y afférentes confirment cette interprétation – obligation limitée à l’exercice de la souveraineté dans les con- ditions prévues par les règles générales du droit international, y compris celle d’agir de bonne foi.
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