2009 IBA STATUS AND TRENDS REPORT,

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY INVESTING IN OUR PLANET

By: Kabuku Likando, Moses Nyoni & David Ngwenyama

Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009

© Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS) 2010: 13 The ZOS team is highly indebted to the Chindo Road, Woodlands, P.O. Box 33944, Lusaka, various government agencies and Zambia. Tel. +26 0211 260709, [email protected]; [email protected]; departments as well as other partner www.wattledcrane.com organizations who participated in the monitoring program. In particular we are DISCLAIMER grateful to the Zambia Wildlife Authority This status report has been produced with (ZAWA) and the Forestry Department (FD) financial assistance of the European Union for availing us the opportunity to work in the (Europe Aid/ENV/2007/132-278). However, protected areas and forest reserves and for the contents of this document are the sole staff input in the form of time and intellect. responsibility of BirdLife International and The team is indebted to partner NGOs the Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS) namely Wild Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and can under no circumstances be regarded Kasanka Trust, the African Wildlife as reflecting the position of the European Foundation (AWF) and Frankfurt Zoological Union. Society whose inputs were critical to ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT successful field work. The team is also The production of the IBA status and trends highly appreciative of the community input report was made possible with funding from and participation. We are confident that this the European Commission through the report will provide useful reference that will Royal Society for the Protection of enhance information and knowledge aimed (RSPB). Technical support from RSPB and towards achieving IBA conservation and BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat protected areas management in Zambia. (BLAPS) and especially Thandiwe Chikomo is highly appreciated.

Pic. 1: Water Count at Huntley Farm, Chisamba IBA

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009

PHOTO CREDIT Photo ID Photo Caption Photographer Front Cover Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus Manfred Wichmann Back Cover Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis Manfred Wichmann Picture 1 Water bird count David Ngwenyama Picture 2 A community bird guide in action Kelvin Mkandawire Picture 3 Fishermen headed to Chunga Lagoon, Lochnivar NP Kelvin Mkandawire Picture 4 Mimosa pigra at Lochnivar Kabuku Likando Picture 5 Poachers’ foot print (Mutulanganga) Moses Nyoni Picture 6 Black Egret Egretta ardesiaca umbrella feeding David Ngwenyama Picture 7 Field team orientation exercise Kelvin Mkandawire

LIST OF ACRONYMS AWF African Wildlife Foundation BLAPS BirdLife Africa Partnership Secretariat BR Biome Restricted CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CRB Community Resource Board DoF Department of Fisheries ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia EC European Community FD Forestry Department FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society GEF Global Environmental Facility GIC Globally Important Concentrations GMA Game Management Area GT Globally Threatened IBA Important Bird Area IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MTENR Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources NP National Park NGO Non Governmental Organization N/LF National/ Local Forest NM National Monument PO Privately Owned RR Range Restricted RSPB Royal Society for the Protection of Birds SPR State Pressure Response SSG Site Support Group U Unprotected UNDP United Nations Development Program WWF World Wide Fund for Nature ZAWA Zambia Wildlife Authority ZOS Zambian Ornithological Society

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009

TABLE OF CONTENT DISCLAIMER ...... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... I PHOTO CREDIT ...... II LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... II TABLE OF CONTENT ...... III LIST OF TABLES...... IV LIST OF FIGURES ...... IV LIST OF PICTURES ...... IV ANNEX ...... IV

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... V 1.0. BACKGROUND INFORMAT ION ...... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.2. OBJECTIVES ...... 1 1.3. MONITORING IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ...... 1 1.3.1. What are Important Bird Areas (IBAs)? ...... 1 1.3.2. Aims of the IBA Program ...... 1 2.0. METHODS...... 4 2.1. THE IBA MONITORING FRAMEWORK ...... 4 2.3. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ...... 6 2.4. DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION ...... 6 2.5. CAVEATS ON USE OF RESULTS...... 6 3.0. RESULTS ...... 6 3.1. SUMMARY OF STATUS AND TRENDS FOR 2009...... 6 3.1.1. Threats ...... 6 3.1.2. State ...... 7 3.1.3. Response ...... 7 3.1.4. Proposed Actions for Conservation ...... 8 3.2. STATUS AND TRENDS ...... 8 3.3. OVERALL PRESSURE/ THREATS ...... 10 3.3.1. Overall Response ...... 11 3.4. RESULTS BY PROTECTION STATUS ...... 11 3.4.1. Protected IBAs ...... 11 3.4.2. Unprotected IBAs ...... 12 3.5. RESULTS BY HABITAT TYPE ...... 12 3.5.1. Forested IBAs ...... 12 3.5.2. Woodlands IBAs ...... 13 3.5.3. Wetlands IBAs ...... 13 3.6. SPECIFIC THREATS & IBAS ...... 13 3.6.1. Agricultural Expansion ...... 13 3.6.2. Mining and Quarrying ...... 13 3.6.3. Invasive Alien Species...... 14 3.6.4. Over all Responses ...... 14 4.0. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 14 4.1. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZAWA...... 15 4.3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FORESTRY DEPARTMENT ...... 16 4.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ZOS ...... 16 5.0. CONCLUSIONS ...... 17

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009

5.1. PROMOTE ECO-TOURISM ...... 17 5.2. DEVELOP FUNCTIONAL PARTNERSHIPS ...... 17 5.3. EXPANSION OF IBA NETWORK ...... 17 5.4. ENVIRONMENTAL & SCHOOL CURRICULUM ...... 17 5.5. ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD SYSTEMS ...... 17 5.6. SITE/HABITAT RESTORATION ...... 18 REFERENCES ...... 19 ANNEXES ...... 20

LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: MAJOR IBA THREATS IN ZAMBIA ...... V TABLE 2: COVERAGE OF IBA MONITORING: - 2009 ...... 5

LIST OF FIGURES FIG. 1: DISTRIBUTION MAP OF IBAS IN ZAMBIA...... 2 FIG. 2: THE PRESSURE-STATE-RESPONSE MODEL...... 5 FIG. 3: SUMMARY OF THREATS TO IBAS IN ZAMBIA ...... 6 FIG. 4: STATUS SCORES FOR IBAS MONITORED ON 2009 ...... 7 FIG.5: OVERALL RESPONSE SCORES ...... 7 FIG. 6: TRENDS IN PRESSURE ...... 8 FIG. 7: TRENDS IN RESPONSES ...... 9 FIG. 8: OVERALL PRESSURE STATUS ...... 10 FIG. 9: OVERALL RESPONSE SCORES ...... 11

LIST OF PICTURES PIC. 1: WATER BIRD COUNT AT HUNTLEY FARM, CHISAMBA IBA ...... I PIC. 2: A COMMUNITY BIRD GUIDE EXPLAINING ASPECTS OF BIRDING, CHISAMBA IBA ...... VI PIC. 3: FISHERMEN TRANSPORTING FISH TO CHUNGA HARBOR...... 12 PIC. 4: MIMOSA PIGRA - LOCHNIVAR ...... 12 PIC. 5: POACHERS’ FOOT PRINT (MUTULANGANGA) ...... 13 PIC. 6: BLACK EGRET...... 14 PIC. 7: FIELD TEAM ORIENTATION EXERCISE ...... 18

ANNEX ANNEX 1: LIST OF IBAS/PAS IN ZAMBIA ...... 20 ANNEX 2: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ...... 24

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is based on findings of the coverage from 38% for the 2008 reporting National Biodiversity Monitoring of period. Protected Areas/Important Bird Areas. The Threats monitoring exercise was conducted in 28 of The list below provides a summary of the the 42 Important Bird Areas of Zambia major threats to Zambia’s Important Bird during the period November 2009 to July Areas (IBAs) in 2009. 2010. The exercise represents 67% coverage across the country and a rise in

Table 1: Major IBA threats in Zambia # Threat Type Affected IBAs (%) 2008 2009 1. Agricultural expansion Shifting agriculture 63 38 and intensification Small holder farming 50 27

Agro-industry farming 32 8

Small holder plantations 25 8 Livestock farming and ranching 44 23 Small holder grazing and farming 44 23 Fresh water aqua culture expansion 31 8 2. Residential and Housing and urban areas 44 12 commercial development Commercial and industrial areas 31 >5 Tourism and recreation areas 38 15 3. Energy production and Mining and quarrying 31 >5 mining 4. Over-exploitation and Hunting and trapping of bird species leading to direct mortality 50 23 persecution of species of bird species Persecution of species 31 19 Hunting and fishing activities leading to indirect mortality of 69 19 trigger species 5. Invasive species Invasive problematic species 25 4 6. Pollution Domestic and urban water pollution 19 12 Industrial effluents 19 4 Agricultural and forestry effluents and practices 25 4 Garbage and solid waste disposal 19 4 Air borne pollutants 31 4 7. Climate change and Habitat shifting and alteration due to climate change 44 15 severe weather Droughts 50 19 Abnormal temperatures 56 8 Floods 50 12

It is noteworthy from the summary table and climate change. This is consistent with above that the major threats with the highest the fact that most of the IBAs covered in this impact on the protected areas/IBAs are report are largely found in rural areas where related to natural system modification, agriculture and natural resource extraction human encroachment, agricultural activities are the main livelihood activities. Local and

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report - 2009 international illegal trade in live birds, species poses a serious threat as it is taking especially Parrots, is also a major threat that over habitats preferred by bird life. is often not reported and goes unchecked The results of the monitoring program show largely due to weak law enforcement that agricultural expansion and structures and mechanisms. intensification remains a major threat while Overall Status and Trends of IBAs in over-exploitation and persecution of species Zambia and climate change represent the other major The results of the 2009 monitoring exercise threats. Direct mortality of species caused show a marked reduction in the percentage by hunting and trapping is a threat in 23% of of IBAs impacted by the major threat the IBAs. Other threats show an increasing categories compared to 2008. This is a trend as well. welcome development although it may well Management and conservation interventions be a reflection of the increase in sample size or responses have increased in most of the rather than an improvement in response to National Parks and conservancies. Notable and management of pressures and threats. in this area is the establishment of the For most of the IBAs monitored in 2008, the Chikuni Community Partnership Park, a new situation in the 2009 reporting period form of protected area, in the Bangweulu remained largely unchanged. Sioma Ngwezi Swamps IBA and at the heart of the National Park still suffers from high rates of Zambian Shoebill population. However, deforestation and poaching while Mosi-Oa- some localized threats have increased in Tunya/Batoka Gorge IBA has increased intensity such as deforestation and forest levels of noise pollution and habitat loss due reserve encroachment in Mutulanganga and to expansion of tourism activities. Kafue Chisamba IBAs. In 2009 as in 2008, there is Flats IBA, especially Lochnivar National still a lot of work that needs to be done to Park, is heavily infested with the highly raise the profile and protection of birds and invasive alien plant Mimosa pigra. This bird habitats in Zambia.

Pic. 2: A Community Bird Guide explaining aspects of birding, Chisamba IBA

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

1.0. BACKGROUND INFORMATION that there is international consistency in the 1.1. Introduction selection of sites and provide data to assist The Zambian Ornithological Society (ZOS) in advocating for the protection of the sites. has been carrying out a biodiversity monitoring program in Zambia’s network of A site is designated as an IBA only if it Protected Areas (PAs)/Important Bird Areas meets certain criteria based on the (IBAs) since 2008. This exercise is part of occurrence of key bird species that are the European Commission funded BirdLife vulnerable to global extinction or whose Africa biodiversity monitoring project in populations are otherwise irreplaceable. which 8 countries are participating. These Ideally each IBA should be large enough to are; , , Ghana, , support self-sustaining populations of as Tunisia, Zambia and . many as possible of key bird species for The main goal of the current monitoring which it was identified or, in the case of exercise was to assess the performance of migrants, fulfills their requirements for the Zambia’s network of IBAs. The program duration of their presence. Each site may was aimed at assessing the state or status of have different species of birds. the IBAs and identifying pressures and 1.3.2. Aims of the IBA Program threats including the severity of these The aim of the IBA program is to identify threats. In addition, the monitoring exercise and protect a global network of sites critical was meant to document management or for the long-term viability of naturally conservation interventions or responses occurring bird populations using these throughout the network. criteria. This network of sites also aims to 1.2. Objectives provide a basis for the conservation of all The overall object of this report is to provide species of fauna and flora (the biodiversity) an overview of the status and performance found in those sites. The criteria used are as of the IBA network in Zambia as a basis for follows: targeted interventions. Specific objectives 1. Presence of species of global are to: conservation concern; • Document the trends and current 2. Presence of assemblages of restricted status/ state of selected IBAs; range species; 3. Presence of assemblages of biome • Identify underlying threats/pressures restricted species; to IBAs and their severity; 4. Presence of globally important • Document conservation congregations. actions/interventions on sites; • Recommend possible interventions and conservation actions to address IBAs are thus Important Biodiversity Areas. identified threats. BirdLife International partnership in many countries has gone beyond site identification 1.3. Monitoring Important Bird Areas and includes conservation, advocacy and site 1.3.1. What are Important Bird Areas protection of IBAs. (IBAs)? The IBA program is coordinated by BirdLife Important Bird Areas are areas that have International (BI). The program began in been identified as critical to the conservation 1985 in Europe. It then spread to the Middle of birds and meet the criteria and standards East in 1989 and to Africa in 1993. 1230 for designation as such. The criteria ensures

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

IBAs were identified by 2001 in Africa. The level actions. Key partners include ZAWA, network of IBAs will expand as countries Site Support Groups (SSGs), IBA schools and partners continue to do research and and conservation NGOs working in Zambia. designate more sites. ZOS currently works with 14 SSGs representing 15 IBAs. The SSGs are found In Zambia, 42 sites have been designated as in the following IBAs; IBAs with 17 partially or entirely within Blue Lagoon, Chimfunshi, Chisamba, National Parks, 8 are Local or National Imanda, Jimbe, Machile, Mutinondo, Forest Reserves, 7 are privately owned Mutulanganga, North Swaka, Simungoma, conservancies and 10 have no formal Sioma Ngwezi, Wonder Gorge and Zambezi protection status. Source/Chitunta.

In terms of species richness and importance, The SSG and IBA schools program 38 hold Globally Threatened Species, 5 hold spearhead site level actions. Range Restricted Species, 12 hold Globally Significant Congregations and all 42 hold In Zambia the IBA network represents the Biome Restricted Species. Leonard (2005) most extensive representation of ecosystems Important Bird Areas in Zambia book and habitats of any protected area system in provides a comprehensive description of the the country and at the moment, biodiversity network of IBAs in Zambia. monitoring is being effected in 28 of the 42 IBAs.Fig.1 below provides the distribution ZOS works with local community groups of IBAs in Zambia. and partners around IBAs to promote site

Fig. 1: Distribution Map of IBAs in Zambia.

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

2.0. METHODS Monitoring of IBAs in Zambia is based on 2. Assessing the effectiveness of the BirdLife International IBA monitoring conservation efforts. Is investment in framework. Monitoring teams in each of the conservation actually bringing about any target IBAs were oriented to data needs of improvements? the exercise before being trained on how to 3. Expanding and updating site data fill in the data form. Data forms were then including, where necessary, the distributed to individuals and teams in each identification and mapping of site target IBA with completed forms mailed boundaries. back to ZOS for analysis. 4. Catalyzing the formation of new site support groups and growth of existing 2.1. The IBA Monitoring Framework Monitoring is the repeated collection of ones. information over time, in order to detect 5. Providing information on national changes in one or more variables. In biodiversity trends and feed directly into undertaking the monitoring program in reports for the Convention on Biological IBAs, five key questions were raised. Diversity (CBD). It also allows the These were; impacts of economic and environmental policies that affect more than one IBA to 1. Why monitor? be assessed. 2. What should we monitor? 6. Reviewing the IBA network. Do all sites 3. How should we monitor? continue to meet the criteria for which 4. Who should monitor? they were listed? Do other sites now 5. What happens next? qualify under additional criteria? The importance of monitoring IBAs cannot 7. Providing opportunities for Partners to be over emphasized as IBAs are establish and strengthen stakeholder internationally recognized as important sites networks. for biodiversity conservation. There is need 8. Raising awareness of the biological and therefore to understand factors at play in socio-economic values of the national each IBA in order to institute conservation IBA network and the threats to them, by interventions. tapping into the increasing engagement of civil society in conservation issues. At site level, IBA monitoring is aimed at: Despite global recognition of the 1. Detecting and acting on threats in good importance of biodiversity, its time. Monitoring data provides the basis monitoring has been difficult due to for advocacy and other management limited capacity. interventions.

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

For this report the following IBAs were monitored: Table 2: Coverage of IBA monitoring: - 2009 IBA Site IBA Names IBA Site IBA Names Codes codes 1 Hillwood 20 Lukanga Swamps 2 Zambezi Source 21 Imanda 3 Chitunta Plain 22 Chimfunshi Wildlife Orphanage 4 Jimbe Drainage 23 North Swaka National Forest Reserve 5 24 Wonder Gorge 10 Sioma Ngwezi National Park 25 11 Simungoma 26 Lavushi Manda National Park 12 Machile 27 Mutinondo Wilderness 13 Batoka Gorge- Mosi-Oa-Tunya 28 Bangweulu Swamps National Park 14 29 North Luangwa National Park 15 Kafue Flats 30 Shiwa Ng’andu 17 Mutulanganga 40 South Luangwa National Park 18 Lower Zambezi National Park 41 Lukusuzi National Park 19 Chisamba 42 Nyanje Hills

Basic biodiversity monitoring was carried A standard data collection form was used out for all target sites and the selection with at least five data sheets and monitors criteria used was the presence of an per site. The monitoring program followed established Local Conservation Group/Site the Pressure-State-Response model. Support Group (LCG/SSG) or a conservation partner. 2.2. The State –Pressure – Response Model

State Quality and quantity of habitats

Pressure Response

Threats to IBAs Actions at IBAs

Fig. 2: The Pressure-State-Response Model 2.2.1 Pressure Pressure indicators identify and track the major threats to important bird populations at IBAs. Examples include rate of agricultural expansion, over-exploitation of natural resources and pollution.

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

2.2.2 State employees of various institutions operating State indicators refer to the condition of the in the area for an extended period of time. site with respect to its important bird Additional sources included regular visitors populations, quality and quantity of the to the IBA. respective habitat. State indicators might be 2.4. Data analysis and Presentation population parameters of selected birds Data analysis consisted of summarizing species or a measure of the extent and scores from the Pressure-State-Response quality of the habitat required by the model and assessing the highest impact respective species. entries. Summaries on state and trend data 2.2.3 Response were computed using current scores which Response indicators identify and track were in turn compared with the 2008 data. management and/or conservation actions or 2.5. Caveats on use of results. interventions. These may include; changes The results in this status and trends report in conservation designation, implementation are based on observations by individuals in of conservation projects, establishment and the field. While every effort was made to engagement of local institutions such as Site ensure that individual and team observations Support Groups in monitoring and were consistent, this is not 100% ‘fool conservation of IBAs. proof’ as such, use of results herein should 2.3. Sources of information take this into account. The reported results For the purpose of this exercise, the sources are a generalization of individual of information were local residents and observations. 3.0. RESULTS 3.1. Summary of Status and Trends for 2009. 3.1.1. Threats The graph below summarizes threats to IBAs in Zambia for the reporting year, 2009

Fig 3: Summary of threats to IBAs in Zambia The most significant threats are related to IBAs. Other threats include; livestock agricultural practices with shifting grazing, fire and human intrusions and cultivation affecting a higher number of disturbances leading to direct mortality of

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

trigger species. Fires were highly related to of bird species, over fishing, tourism agriculture because of their extensive use in expansion, habitat shifting and logging land clearing and land preparation. Other operations notable threats included drought, persecution Habitat quality and size in National Parks 3.1.2. State Figure 4 below shows IBAs’ current status has not significantly altered in the last one with National Parks having the highest site year. condition score or best performance overall.

Fig 4: Status Scores for IBAs monitored on 2009

3.1.3. Response managed by ZAWA, four (4) are private Figure 5 provides a summary of the overall conservancies and one (1) is a National response at selected IBAs. According to the Heritage site under management of the 2009 monitoring, 11 IBAs show highest National Heritage Conservation response level. Six (6) of these are protected Commission. areas under the NPs protection system

Fig.5: Overall Response Scores

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

The types of responses include • Late fires and uncontrolled bush fires environmental education and awareness, are among major threats to advocacy, management planning, training of biodiversity in IBAs/PAs. Fire community bird guides, wildlife law management at site level need to be enforcement by Wildlife Police Officers, developed and implemented. Village Scouts and Community Resource • Water resources management Boards (CRBs). In Shiwa Ng’andu IBA for • Implementation of land use instance, responses to threats included management plans in collaboration removal of invasive alien plant species and with site support groups and other law enforcement. relevant partners. • Lobby for addition of some of the 3.1.4. Proposed Actions for Conservation IBAs to the protected areas system • Domestication of the IBA concept in the protected area system. 3.2. Status and Trends • Branding of all IBAs to build public Figures 6 and 7 below illustrate in awareness on the importance of IBAs comparative terms pressure and response as key biodiversity areas. trends for the monitoring years 2008 and • Engaging local community members 2009. in managing and conserving their Sites monitored in 2009 had increased resources. pressure while the state of the habitats in • Sensitization of communities on terms of size remained unchanged. Sioma environmental and conservation Ngwezi IBA for instance still exhibits high related issues. rates of deforestation and poaching while • Encourage and support sustainable Kafue flats IBA is threatened mainly by alternative livelihoods such as avian infestation of an Alien Invasive plant species tourism, aquaculture and traditional viz. Mimosa pigra. hand crafts.

Fig. 6: Trends in Pressure 1

1 Lochnivar and Blue Lagoon National Parks make up the Kafue Flats IBA

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

Figure 6 shows the overall trend in pressures Similar reductions in pressure on other sites on monitored IBAs. For IBAs monitored such as North Swaka and Chisamba IBAs during 2008 and 2009 monitoring programs, have been observed. These are also the graph shows improvement in pressures attributed to vibrant local conservation between the two reporting years. groups (SGGs) on site coupled with It is noteworthy from the graph that increased environmental education and pressure, in some IBAs such as Mutinondo, awareness. has reduced. This site has progressed from The reported reduction in pressures for very high pressure (score of -3) in 2008 to Chisamba IBA is particularly significant as high pressure in 2009 (score of -2). This is it relates to the Zambian Barbet (Libius attributed in part, to environmental chaplini), the only bird species endemic to education and advocacy on the importance Zambia. However, proximity of Chisamba of birds as well as anti-poaching activities IBA to Lusaka city coupled with increase in currently being implemented by the Site city population and demand for charcoal is Support Group. The SSG in Mutinondo is more likely to increase pressure on the IBA. currently working towards reforming ex- Opportunities for increased protection of this poachers by engaging them in anti-poaching IBA and the Zambian Barbet lies in the fact activities, safari guiding and small scale that a bigger proportion of the IBA (77%) farming. The SSG has developed a consist of private owned commercial farms community owned camp site and manages and the known range for the Zambian Barbet crop fields. These initiatives provide ex- falls within commercial farms. poachers with alternative livelihoods.

Fig. 7: Trends in Responses The figure 7 above shows that responses Mutinondo, Imanda, North Luangwa and increased in some IBAs from Low and very Mutulanganga. Key responses include; Low in 2008 to Medium and High in 2009. Environmental education and awareness, This is the case for IBAs such as frequent patrols by Community Scouts, Monitoring of sites with focus on habitats

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

and population of selected species and the direct involvement of the royal traditional adoption of sustainable livelihoods systems establishment, development and such as Ecotourism and craft. In administration of policies governing access Mutulanganga IBA for instance, and use of natural resources in the area. implementation of a project under funding IBAs managed by ZAWA have continued to of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) exhibit higher levels of response than other in collaboration with ZOS and the IBAs. community of Mutulanganga has resulted in local communities appreciating their natural Some IBAs are represented only by a single resources more than they used to and have bar and do not show any trends pattern thus been actively involved in site because there were no monitoring activities monitoring and management. In Imanda at these sites before 2009. In some IBAs, IBA, the increase in response from Low in responses were not recorded. 2008 to Medium in 2009 can be attributed to 3.3. Overall Pressure/ Threats The figure below shows pressures on protected areas (PAs)/ IBAs.

Fig. 8: Overall Pressure Status

Out of a total of 28 IBAs monitored during Based on the “weakest link approach” the this reporting period, 10 IBAs had the worst case indicator score gives the overall highest pressure scores. These are score of the IBA. Threats scoring very high Bangweulu, Shiwa Ng’andu, Lochnivar therefore give the overall score and they (Kafue Flats IBA), Mutulanganga, Nyanje may affect trigger species. In Bangweulu Hills, Imanda, Chitunta Plains, Jimbe IBA, human intrusion is the most significant Drainage, Simungoma, and Wonder Gorge. threat. Indirect mortality due to fishing

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

activities significantly affects water birds breeding sites are some of the examples of which are trigger species for this IBA. human intrusion. Collection of eggs and disturbance to

3.3.1. Overall Response

Fig. 9: Overall Response Scores

Figure 9 above illustrates the overall Further to the foregoing, Kasanka Trust also responses to the pressures associated with trained Village Scouts who work in IBAs monitored during this reporting period. collaboration with ZAWA. Furthermore, the For instance, Kasanka Trust has been Trust is developing land use plans for the engaging community members in Game Management Area monitoring of the breeding of the iconic As a response strategy, the Kafue National Shoebill Balaeniceps rex. Community Park, northern sector engages school pupils members are paid K300, 000 ($62) to guard and community members in various each Shoebill nest with eggs to ensure that activities which include; monitoring, wild the site is undisturbed until successful fire fighting and anti-poaching. hatching and survival of chicks occurs. 3.4. Results by protection status 3.4.1. Protected IBAs Zambia’s protected IBAs fall under five (5) are either Local or National Forests and four categories. These are; National Parks (NP), (4) are National Heritage Sites. The four (4) Game Management Areas (GMA), National Heritage Sites fall within the above and Local Forests, Private Conservancies mentioned category of IBAs. and National Heritage Sites. Out of Zambia’s 42 IBAs, seventeen (17) are Lower Zambezi, South Luangwa and Mosi- National Parks, six (6) are GMAs, seven (7) Oa-Tunya National Parks have large are Private Conservancies/Estates, eight (8) numbers of elephants and other herbivores

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Biodiversity Monitoring: IBA Status and Trends Report 2009

resulting in intense pressure on habitats In some NPs and GMAs, human settlements within the parks. Elephants also cause a lot have mushroomed leading to significant of habitat destruction by knocking down and deforestation and poaching of birds and stripping trees to feed. other wildlife. Collection of eggs; especially of large birds such as ducks and Guinea fowl is also prevalent. In Lochnivar National Park (Kafue Flats Invasive plant species are also a threat in IBA), fishermen occasionally sneak into the IBAs such as Kafue Flats (Lochnivar NP park not only for fishing but for trapping of and Blue Lagoon NP) and Mosi-Oa-Tunya/ water birds as well. This shortcoming has Batoka Gorge IBAs. In Lochnivar NP been amplified by the presence of a harbor infestation of Mimosa pigra was expanding at Chunga lagoon. ZAWA was however rapidly with an area of 2,900 hectares working towards addressing the situation. having already been infested.

Pic. 3: Fishermen transporting fish to Chunga harbor. Pic. 4: Mimosa pigra - Lochnivar

Zambezi, Jimbe Drainage, Simungoma, 3.4.2. Unprotected IBAs Chisamba, North Swaka, Mafinga 20 of 42 IBAs are either unprotected or Mountains and Nyanje Hills. partially protected. According to 2009 In Mutulanganga Forest, a logging monitoring program, shifting agriculture, concession for 5,000 hectares of pure stands charcoal production, poaching, over fishing, of Mopane trees Colophospermum mopane deforestation, over grazing and pollution was on the verge of being awarded to from agricultural chemicals were found to Chinese investors. In addition, poaching of be amongst the most prevalent threats. wildlife and birds was also high in this IBA. Climate change and extreme weather In addition to threats of poaching, conditions have also affected most of these Mutulanganga IBA is also heavily sites with Machile and Simungoma IBAs threatened by soil erosion. being the most affected. Besides working with ZAWA on anti- 3.5. Results by habitat type poaching campaigns, ZOS was working with 3.5.1. Forested IBAs the local community of Mutulanganga to There are eight (8) forested IBAs in Zambia. provide alternative but sustainable These are; Mutulanganga, Source of the livelihoods.

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wetlands were key habitats for congregational water birds and wintering sites for both migratory and other resident bird species. A wide diversity of species of reptiles and mammals also depend on and use wetlands for habitation. In 2009, the monitoring program included IBAs that were partially covered by wetlands or large dambo. Such IBAs include; Lower Zambezi NP, Kafue NP, Pic. 5: Poachers’ foot print - Mutulanganga Kafue Flats, Lukanga and Bangweulu Swamps. Bangweulu Swamp IBA is home to the iconic Shoebill Balaeniceps rex and the In Simungoma IBA, the Forestry endemic Black Lechwe Kobus leche Department at Sesheke District Office has smithiarmani. This IBA consist of a newly been implementing awareness programs established Community Park viz. Chikuni focusing on the impact of charcoal Community Park, several GMAs and open production and deforestation. The role of areas. Due to the IBA’s rich endowment traditional leaders (Silalo Indunas) was very with large mammals and birds, poaching has critical. In this IBA, logging and saw milling become a serious threat. Consequently, of Zambezi teak Baikiaea plurijuga was a ZAWA, WWF, Peace Parks Foundation and great concern. other partner organizations have started The IBA is endowed with Kori Bustards, engaging communities and researchers on Burchell’s Sandgrouse and a lot other conservation actions to protect key species grassland birds. Unfortunately, over grazing and their habitats. and late bush fires were rampant. 3.6. Specific threats & IBAs 3.6.1. Agricultural Expansion 3.5.2. Woodlands IBAs 38.5% (10 of 26) of IBAs were heavily In woodlands IBAs, large scale charcoal threatened by agricultural expansion. This production was being pursed as a livelihood threat was due to rapid increase in human and resilience system for surrounding local population coupled with vast pieces of land communities and those in nearby towns. being cleared for agricultural purposes. This Apart from the threat of charcoal burning, threat was affecting mainly IBAs that are these IBAs were also characterized by wild partially protected. IBAs such as Chisamba, and unplanned fires especially in the dry Mutulanganga, Jimbe Drainage, Wonder season. These fires result in habitat change Gorge, Kafue Flats and Bangweulu or alteration. Besides, timber production and exhibited high rate of shifting cultivation. saw milling; particularly in IBAs in the south-western part of the county was Agricultural expansion was also a threat in common. Sioma Ngwezi National Park. 3.5.3. Wetlands IBAs 3.6.2. Mining and Quarrying Wetlands are important breeding grounds for While small-scale mining of lime was a fish and water birds. Wetlands IBA are threat in North Swaka, mining of Malachite, general rich in biodiversity. Besides,

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Manganese and Gem stones was a threat in • Extension of awareness programs to Wonder Gorge. local communities In the case of Wonder Gorge, mining has • Encouraging and supporting local resulted in habitat destruction which would community groups in identifying potentially affect the near threatened Taita sustainable and alternative livelihood Falcon (Falco fasciinucha). systems and reduce pressure on natural resources. 3.6.3. Invasive Alien Species • Developing of land use plans for various The most common invasive and alien categories of land including GMAs. species is Lantana camara. This invasive • Encouraging early burning and enhanced plant is found in nearly all the IBAs with fire management. Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park being the most affected. As alluded to; Mimosa pigra was also another invasive species spreading rapidly in Lochnivar NP. A survey carried out in Lochnivar National Park revealed that there were fewer water birds in areas invaded by Mimosa pigra than those without the invasive plant species in question. 3.6.4. Over all Responses A number of responses to combat threats affecting IBAs in Zambia were recorded. These included; • Mechanical removal of invasive alien species such as Mimosa pigra Pic. 6: Black Egret-Umbrella feeding • Increased law enforcement efforts to mitigate poaching. During the 2008 reporting period we raised 4.0. RECOMMENDATIONS This was the second year that ZOS has concerns on the need to; harmonize national carried out monitoring activities in biodiversity monitoring programs and PAs/IBAs with the production of the annual strengthening of cooperation between Status and Trends Report. government PA authorities, community groups and civil society organizations. ZOS’ main aim therefore is to expand basic monitoring to all IBAs in Zambia and One year down the lane, these concerns still include in future comprehensive or detailed remain key to sustainable and robust biodiversity monitoring in priority areas. National Biodiversity Monitoring Programs. The results of the monitoring exercise show that the network of PAs/IBAs in Zambia is The following discussion and facing degradation from various recommendations have been made to anthropogenic and environmental factors. specific stakeholders and players in The trends are that in most of the IBAs biodiversity and PA management at the monitored in 2008 and 2009, there was on national level and are by and large similar to average, a reduction in threats and increase the ones raised in the 2008 Status & Trends in management responses. Report, since the situation has not changed much.

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4.1. General recommendations some threats like late bush fires and The IBA monitoring brings out the poaching were reported in all IBAs, while following recommendations: climate change related threats are more severely pronounced in the drier south- • Promotion of eco tourism to protect local western part of the country. As such, the forests. ZOS is supporting this and has recommendations are tailored to address key so far trained at least two birds guides in issues in responding to identified threats and selected IBAs pressures in PAs.

• Strengthen ties with partners. This should be done in order to provide • There is need to enhance and strengthen protection and intensify the conservation the relationship between ZAWA and of key species and habitats. Better communities living around the protected management of the IBAs can be areas especially in terms of direct achieved through data sharing. community participation in the Identify other Biodiversity Areas to add • management of protected areas. to the network of IBAs. • ZAWA should consider designation of

• Integrate environmental education into new PA categories outside of the current the education curricula system to cater for biodiversity rich • Develop alternative sources of livelihood areas such as IBAs that are outside the and income to reduce pressure on natural traditional PA systems. resources. • ZAWA should formalize the protection • Indigenous tree planting should be of wetlands throughout the country by encouraged and supported in both domesticating multilateral environmental private and other protected and agreements (MEAs) that relate to the unprotected sites. conservation of wetlands such as the 4.2. Recommendations for ZAWA Ramsar Convention and introduction of The team notes that the Zambia Wildlife a wetlands conservation and Authority (ZAWA) is doing a commendable management policy. job of managing the Zambian wildlife estate, • ZAWA should encourage community sometimes under difficult circumstances. In groups involved in conservation of their addition, it is noteworthy that ZAWA areas by introducing specially designated currently operates the most extensive system community conservation areas. of community participation and benefit • ZAWA in collaboration with other sharing mechanism in the country’s GMAs partners should increase the protection of through the Community Resource Boards bird species by raising the profile of (CRBs). The team also recognizes the birds as indicators of biodiversity trends. challenges associated with managing such • ZAWA should encourage the an extensive network of protected areas. designation of special conservation areas with full protection status for the During the period under review, the team protection of threatened bird species. found that all the PAs included in the • The government of Zambia through assessment are faced with a number of ZAWA and other partners should work pressures and threats to biodiversity that towards setting-up a national included anthropogenic, environmental, and endangered/threatened species list and climatic. The range and severity of threats designation to facilitate national level varied from one site to another although

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species and site conservation action • Encourage the alternative livelihood planning. systems and the exploitation of non- 4.3. Recommendations for Forestry timber forest products as a way of Department reducing pressure on the forest estate. The Forest Department in Zambia, like most • Encourage the development of environment related government alternative sources of timber and poles departments and agencies has been by encouraging development of experiencing declining budgetary allocation plantations around major urban areas. since the 1990s. This has led to a drastic • Develop and implement management reduction in field and extension personnel, plans for forest reserves facing the which make field and district level highest level of threats. management of forests difficult. Currently, • Encourage the development of joint the Forest Department lacks sufficient field forest management programs by teams and equipment to carry out routine communities and partners to seek forest estate monitoring and management increased protection of forest reserves activities. Further, the 1978 Forest Act, with rich biodiversity. which is the principal law for forestry • Encourage indigenous tree planting in management in Zambia is out of date and deforested areas and community areas to needs to be amended. However, it should be rehabilitate depleted areas and reduce noted that the Forest Department pressure on forest reserves. implemented pilot joint forest management • Promote regular monitoring of forest (JFM) programs in selected areas. In reserves by community groups and addition, a new forest act and a new forest partners policy are at an advanced stage of 4.4. Recommendations for ZOS enactment. This notwithstanding, there is The 2009 biodiversity monitoring exercise urgent need to improve field level forest builds on the work of 2008 and expands the resources management capacity and monitoring activities to 67% of the IBA collaboration. In particular, it is critical that network to assess the pressures and threats collaborative arrangements between the to biodiversity and birds in Zambia. The Forest Department and community groups monitoring exercise represents the most and other partners are formalized. Joint representative and widest attempt at Forest Management (JFM) programs and biodiversity monitoring in the country both other management decentralization in terms of spatial and ecosystem/habitat programs need to be implemented coverage. The following recommendations throughout the country for effective are meant to improve the performance of the management of the forest estate. The monitoring program. following recommendations are aimed at addressing key issues in response to • Expand basic site monitoring to at least identified threats and pressures in IBAs 32 IBAs for the 2010 reporting period. within forest reserves. • Increase the site coverage and the • Increase the protection of the forest number of monitors per site. estate throughout the country by • Encourage the formation of SSGs in engaging forest boundary communities more IBAs and partners in the management and • Develop the capacity of SSGs to conduct monitoring of forest reserves. IBA monitoring.

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• Increase national and local level currently training community members in awareness of the importance of birds and selected IBAs as bird guides as part of the bird conservation through advocacy and steps towards this development. promotion of increased interactions 5.2. Develop Functional Partnerships between local people and birds ZOS should widen its network with • Advocate for increased protection of institutions that are doing work on IBAs as special conservation areas environmental protection and natural • Enhance collaboration with stakeholders resource conservation in and around the and site support groups and identify IBAs. Exchange of data and ideas on the opportunities for funding for best approaches to prevent extirpation conservation activities should be encouraged for better management • Effect detailed monitoring and of IBAs. development of site action plans for highly vulnerable IBAs e.g. Machile, 5.3. Expansion of IBA network Chisamba and Sioma Ngwezi National Studies in the existing IBAs should be Park. conducted so that a comprehensive biodiversity status can be determined. These • Develop an advocacy strategy to enhance the conservation and studies should also be extended to sites which could be potential IBAs so that the management of wetlands at the national level as centers of biodiversity and IBA network in Zambia widens. More information on the existing IBAs should also livelihood. be obtained. • Increase the sharing of monitoring results at the national, local and site 5.4. Environmental & School level. Curriculum ZOS and other partners in biodiversity 5.0. CONCLUSIONS conservation should actively lobby the As in the case of the 2008 reporting period, Ministry of Education to incorporate the majority of the threats to the IBA environmental education into the school network stem from anthropogenic activities curricula. Environmental education and centered on livelihood activities. Additional awareness should be intensified and threats and pressures result from extended to both urban and rural environmental and climatic conditions. The communities. The communities living in and combination of factors is likely to increase around the IBAs should be sensitized on the the pressure on IBAs. In working with need to conserve the IBAs. Issues such as community groups to promote conservation the presence of globally threatened species, there is need for increased focus on biome restricted species, globally important sustainable livelihood activities that will congregations, and restricted range species contribute to the conservation effort. The should be communicated to the local people following activities need to be encouraged to so that they appreciate these resources. increase the conservation of birds and the rich biodiversity of IBAs: 5.5. Alternative Livelihood Systems ZOS through the site support group 5.1. Promote Eco-tourism approach should continue to expose Local communities in selected IBAs should communities living in the IBAs to be encouraged to develop sustainable eco- alternative sources of income to reduce tourism activities centered on the local pressure on natural resources. Income culture and biodiversity in each IBA. ZOS is

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generating activities such as modern bee- instituting fire management regimes in keeping, aquaculture, avian tourism and bird affected IBAs and rehabilitation and guiding should be encouraged. restoration of degraded habitats. Indigenous tree planting should be encouraged both on 5.6. Site/Habitat Restoration Deforestation and late fires have been cited private estates and in other IBAs. Site as the most common threats in the IBAs. support groups and IBA schools could also There is need to institute environmental be encouraged to promote indigenous tree management practices that reduce these nurseries for income generation and nature pressures and encourage the recovery of management. degraded IBAs. This should include

Pic. 7: Field team orientation exercise

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REFERENCES

BirdLife International, 2006. Monitoring Important Bird Areas: a global framework. Cambridge, UK. BirdLife International. Version 1.2.

Dowsett, R. J. 2008. The Birds of Zambia: an atlas and handbook. Liege, Belgium. Tauraco Press & Aves.

Fishpool, L.D.C. & Evans, M. I. (eds), 2001. Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority sites for conservation. Newbury and Cambridge, UK. Pisces Publications and BirdLife International.

Leonard, P. 2005. Important Bird Areas in Zambia: Priority sites for conservation. Lusaka, Zambia. The Zambian Ornithological Society.

Palgrave, K. C. 2002. Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town, . Struik Publishers. 3rd Edition.

Storrs, A.E.G. 1995. Know Your Trees: Some of the common trees found in Zambia. Nairobi, Kenya. Regional Soil Conservation Unit.

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ANNEXES

Annex 1: List of IBAs/PAs in Zambia

CODE NAME, AREA(ha), HABITAT; PROTECTION STATUS COMMENTS SELECTION CRITERIA 1 ZM001 Hillwood; 3200; Grassy Plains- from very wet, peaty -Deforestation in surrounding GT & BR dambos to drier sandy areas, areas woodland, & dry ever green forest; -Charcoal burning on boundary PO -Increased pressure on IBA 2 ZM002 Source of the Zambezi; Gallery Mushitu; woodland; N/LF; -Deforestation, small scale 250; BR NM mining 3 ZM003 Chitunta Plain; Grasslands- dambo, floodplain, &dry - Petroleum exploration, 10,000; plain, woodland; U -Logging GT & BR -Deforestation 4 ZM031 Jimbe Drainage; Miombo, Gallery Mushitu; N/LF, U - Petroleum exploration, 15, 600; GT & BR -Deforestation, Small scale mining 5 ZM004 West Lunga NP and Mavunda, Miombo, Chipya, dambo; - Petroleum exploration, Lukwakwa GMA; NP, GMA -Climate change, 445, 0000; GT & BR -Poaching 6 ZM0 Minyanya Plain; Grassy Plains, Scrub, Syzygium - Petroleum exploration, 50, 000; GT & BR forest; U -Other mineral exploration 7 ZM0 Mbulo Forest; Mushitu, grassland; -Logging, dam development, 500; GT & BR U petroleum exploration 8 ZM005 Liuwa Plain NP; Short-grass sand Plain; NP -Increased protection as a result 366, 000; GT, BR, & GIC of public-private partnership -Some poaching, climate change -Petroleum Exploration 9 ZM006 Barotse Floodplains; Floodplain; U, GMA -Harvesting of chicks and eggs 730, 0000; GT, BR, & from nests GIC -Conversion to agriculture esp. increase in paddy rice 10 ZM007 Sioma Ngwezi NP; Kalahari woodland, Mutemwa, -Major threats include 527, 600; GT, BR Mopane woodland, grassland & petroleum exploration and aerial Thornveld; NP spraying for Tsetse fly -Climate Change 11 ZM00 Simungoma; 100, 000; Floodplain, Woodland, & Mutemwa; - Petroleum exploration, GT, BR N/LF, U -Charcoal burning, logging -Climate Change, water stress

12 ZM008 Machile; 477, 000; GT, Mopane woodland, grassland, -Charcoal burning, land RR, BR, GIC floodplain, savanna woodland, clearing for agriculture, climate remnant Mutemwa; GMA, U change (impact on surface water) 13 ZM009 Mosi-oa-Tunya NP & Riparian habitat-sand bars, cliffs and -Invasive species, esp. Lantana Batoka Gorge; 8, 600; fringing forest; Mopane & Kalahari camara; increased noise

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GT, BR woodland, & patches of Mutemwa; especially from micro-lights and NP, U helicopter tours; habitat loss due to tourism expansion 14 ZM012 Kafue NP; 2, 240, 000; Habitats and vegetation range from -Late fires and poaching are GT, RR, BR, GIC Miombo woodland, flood plains to main threats Kalahari woodlands and Mutemwa as -Protection status has increased well as Mopane woodlands; NP over the last 5 years 15 ZM011 Kafue Flats; 650, 000; Flood plain, levees, oxbow lakes, -Poaching, late fires, altered GT, BR, GIC permanent swamps and seasonally flood regime, invasive alien flooded areas fringed by termitaria, plant species and encroachment scrub, munga and patches of palm by upland vegetation, savanna; NP, GMA, PO Climate change 16 ZM010 Nkanga Conservation Mosaic of Miombo and munga -Privately run conservancy and Area; 9, 700; GT, BR woodland, dambos, open grassy game ranch. plains, riparian thickets & deciduous thicket; PO 17 ZM00 Mutulanganga; Lowland deciduous thicket, Mopane -Deforestation due to charcoal 28, 000; GT, BR and other dry woodlands; N/LF, U burning and field clearing, encroachment & poaching -Cross border poaching -Harvesting of Red billed Quereq chicks from nests (reportedly 50kg/ household) 18 ZM018 Lower Zambezi NP; 440, Varied habitats from high plateau, -Climate change, mineral 000; GT,BR escarpment and valley, vegetation- exploration, mining, poaching Miombo, munga, riparian forest, Mopane, deciduous thicket, palm savanna and some flood plains; NP 19 ZM017 Chisamba; 52, 000; GT, Flat sand-veld, Miombo, dambo, dry -Deforestation especially in the BR evergreen forest, munga, riparian national and local forest, forest, and farm land; PO, N/LF, U charcoal burning, conservation/ protection interventions patchy and uncoordinated 20 ZM016 Lukanga Swamps; 330, Swamp, open lagoons, seasonally -Although declared a Ramsar 000; GT, RR, GIC inundated floodplain, termitaria, site, no noticeable increase in riparian forest and Mushitu; U protection -Land clearing for agriculture, fishing pressure 21 ZM014 Imanda Forest; 1, 000; Mushitu on limestone substrate, -Deforestation and BR dambo and cultivated area; U encroachment -Limited community participation 22 ZM013 Chimfunshi Wildlife Miombo woodland interspaced with -Logging, deforestation, parts of Orphanage; 93, 000; GT, dambos, patches of Mushitu, tall IBA put-up for sale BR riparian forest and flood plain; PO -One of the farms that make-up the IBA earmarked for government repossession

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23 ZM015 North Swaka National Miombo, headwater dambos, rocky -Deforestation, charcoal Forest; 108, 000; BR ridges and hills, sub-montane forest; burning, poaching N/LF -Lack of forest department presence 24 ZM00 Wonder Gorge; 10, 000; Gorges, rolling terrain and Miombo; -Boundary remains largely GT, BR U undefined 25 ZM025 Kasanka NP; 39, 000; Dominated by Miombo with areas of -The best example of a privately GT, BR dwarf Brachystegia stipulata, lake managed national park. May basin Chipya, dry evergreen forest, provide lessons on alternative riparian forest, mushitu, pans, management styles for PA papyrus swamp, dambos, and management in Zambia. floodplains ; NP 26 ZM024 Lavushi Manda NP; 150, Dominated by mature miombo, strips -Being started-up again 000; GT, BR of forest and dambos. Head waters of some rivers that drain into the Bangweulu Swamps; NP 27 ZM00 Mutinondo Wilderness; Mainly miombo with granite -Privately owned conservancy 10, 000; GT, BR inselbergs, dambos, riparian forest also working with local and patches of mushitu; PO communities to conserve surrounding areas 28 ZM026 Bangweulu Swamps; Large wetland system comprising -Recent developments in the area 1,284, 000; GT, BR, GIC lakes, swamp, floodplain, termitaria include setting-up of a new NP & woodland; NP, GMA, U (Chikuni Partnership Park) centered around Chikuni GMA 29 ZM020 North Luangwa NP; 463, Mopane and savanna woodland -Following heavy poaching 600; GT, BR mosaic dominated with Riparian during the early 1980s The gallery forest and miombo woodland; Frankfurt Zoological Society NP (FZS) has implemented a conservation program in the park and surrounding GMAs, this has seen a major recovery in the park. 30 ZM023 Shiwa Ng’andu; 9, 000; Sub-montane habitat dominated by a -The area has been well GT, BR natural lake, reedbeds, papyrus protected and privately run swamp, miombo, dambos, riparian estate dating back to the colonial thicket, and patches of mushitu & era Afromontane forest; PO 31 ZM027 Luapula Mouth; 90, 000; Papyrus swamp with scattered -Isolated populations of two GT, BR, GIC lagoons and islands, species near endemic to the Lake forms the western boundary; U Victoria Basin biome -Large settlements on the periphery of the IBA and the island 32 ZM00 Lusenga Plains NP; 88, Plateau bordered by the Kalungwishi -Hunting and trapping, late bush 000; GT, BR and the oval-shaped Lusenga plains, fires grasslands, wet swamps, patches of -Restocking of the National Park mushitu, dry evergreen Marquesia with various large mammal forest, riparian forest, & miombo species being carried out by woodland ; NP ZAWA

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33 ZM028 ; 15, Headwaters of the Kalungwishi River, -Low human density 000; GT, BR 60% of site is dambo, patches of -Dambos critical for Chikanda mushitu & miombo woodland; U (edible Orchids) with the endemic Micrargiella scrophulariaceae common 34 ZM029 Mweru Wantipa NP; 313, Wantipa with Itigi forest -Poorly protected 400; GT, BR, GIC dominant, miombo mosaic and -High levels of poaching dambos dominate the western section -Dam development of the park; NP -Encroachment 35 ZM00 Sumbu NP & Tondwa Southern tip of , -Part of the East African Rift GMA; 256, 000; GT, BR, riparian forest, Itigi thicket, miombo Valley system/ Albertine Rift GIC woodland, river valleys, & Tondwa Valley pan; NP, GMA 36 ZM030 Saise River; 4, 000; GT, Straddles 8km of the Saise River and -The only system in Zambia that RR, BR surrounding dambo, areas of papyrus flows into swamp, floodplain, termitaria and -The area is critical for the degraded woodland; U conservation of the Lake Tanganyika Weaver 37 ZM00 Uningi Pans; 1, 000; GT, Two pans separated by a narrow strip -This site is critical for the BR, GIC of land, during dry periods mainly conservation of the Zambian grassland & swamp vegetation population of the Great Crested dominates during high water period; Grebe, a species considered U critically endangered in East Africa 38 ZM022 Nyika Plateau National Gently undulating grasslands with - Part of the eastern highlands Park; 8, 000; GT, RR, BR patches of montane & riparian forest; which form an important NP catchment of the major rivers in the area 39 ZM00 Mafinga Mountains; 13, Includes Mafinga national forest, -This is little known and the 000; RR, BR land above 1500m, lower slopes current protection status is not covered by miombo with masuku known dominancy in some places, broken -This is an important catchment rocky terrain & scree in most of the IBA and the source of the higher ground, montane grassland, Luangwa River. protea scrub, riparian forest, & montane forest- Mulangale; N/LF, U 40 ZM019 South Luangwa National Covers parts of the mid-Luangwa -One of the best protected NP in Park; valley & the foothills of the Muchinga the country as well as the most 905, 000; GT, BR, GIC escarpment, oxbow lakes, sand cliffs variable self-funding PA. & bars Mopane woodland is -One of a handful of IBAs with a dominant with levee thicket, miombo, site specific bird list/guide (Birds floodplain, riparian forest, & of the Luangwa Valley) grasslands ; NP 41 ZM021 Lukusuzi National Park; Miombo woodland dominated with -Small scale illegal mining of 272, 000; GT, BR dambos, patches of riparian forest semi-precious stones and Mopane woodland; NP 42 ZM00 Nyanje Hills; 5, 000; GT, Degraded woodland and farmlands -The area is ill defined and is BR, with a high density of granite under extreme pressure from inselbergs; N/LF, U human settlements

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Annex 2: List of contributors

1. A. Kamona 37. Fumbo Israel 76. Mulenga Wiseman 2. Albert Nzovu 38. Grace Chiputa 77. Mutelo Agnitor 3. Benjamin Wishikoti 39. Griffin Shanungu 78. Mutukwa Mbanga 4. Betty Chalwe 40. Henry Hangandu 79. Mwale Andrew Chisanga 41. Jacob Botha 80. Mwanamuntu 5. Billy Munthali 42. Jebby Mutakazona Kabechani 6. Boaz Mwale 43. John Mwambazi 81. Mwape Redson 7. Boniface Mwila 44. Jorek Chishika 82. Nelia Mubita 8. Brian Nene 45. Justina Phiri 83. Nene Brian 9. Bright Dina 46. Justin Banda 84. Nsofwa Pelete 10. Cephace Kunda 47. Justin Michelo 85. Nyasulu Kennedy 11. Chalwe Judith 48. Justine Kanema 86. Oluronke Oke 12. Chikonkoto Foster 49. Kabwe Arnold 87. Patrick Chambantu 13. Chilufya Edward Musunga 88. Phiri Hellen Kakungu 50. Kakandu Kanyikwa 89. Rabson Zimba 14. Chilyobwe Fredrick 51. Kaluba Rodrick 90. Rhoda Kachali 15. Chipawa Chipawa 52. Kambwili Tweadie 91. Richard Chandhla 16. Chisakasaka Alfred 53. Kangwa Pascaline 92. Richard Kapoba 17. Christopher Kawanu 54. Kantukeenda Peter Kalyata 18. Christopher Sianyama 55. Kashimoto David 93. Rodrick Lubemba 19. Cleanface 56. Kasweka Collins 94. Sambozi Given wambakatonji 57. Kaunda Banda 95. Shakoyi Mundia 20. Clever Kamitondo 58. Kayombo Francis 96. Shawa Edina 21. Coilard Young Roberts 59. Kenneth Yopa 97. Simaata Abraham 22. Collins Mwebela 60. Kunda Chibwe 98. Simataa Nakambowa 23. Dassius Mweene 61. Laston Chitebeta 99. Stemson Hamalambo 24. Davy Mandala 62. Leonard Bowa 100. Sunday Siame 25. Dickon Mposwa 63. Lubeta Mildred 101. Teddy Bwalya 26. Edgar Bowa 64. Makandauka Kakinga 102. Wataru 27. Eugene Bowa 65. Malumo Mwangala Tokura 28. Evans Nawa 66. Mambwe Mwale 103. Webby Mumbuwa 67. Masocha Kellison Sikabala 29. Fannuel Banda 68. Mark Harvey 104. Wilikani 30. Felix Mukonso 69. Mogree Kambwili Zalyani Emmanuel 31. Florence Banda 70. Moses Milambo 105. Willy Chwaya 32. Fordie Sambondu 71. Moola Mayamba 106. Willy Mwaba 33. Frank Willems 72. Mukangala Donald 107. Zimba John 34. Fred Mbulwe 73. Muke Kenson 35. Fredrick Lundu 74. Mukuwa Chifumpu 36. Frilenge Banda 75. Mukumbwali Milton

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Lesser Jacana Microparra capensis