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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over De Positie Van Ahmadi's En Christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 | April 2017

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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Over De Positie Van Ahmadi's En Christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 | April 2017 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi’s en christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 Datum April 2017 Pagina 1 van 73 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 | april 2017 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Azïë en Oceanië (DAO) Pagina 2 van 73 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 | april 2017 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 1 Inleiding ...................................................................................................... 5 2 Landeninformatie ........................................................................................ 6 2.1 Basisgegevens ................................................................................................6 2.1.1 Basisgegevens christenen .................................................................................7 2.1.2 Basisgevens ahmadi’s ......................................................................................7 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................9 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Radicale groeperingen .................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Terroristisch geweld ....................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Sektarisch geweld ......................................................................................... 19 2.3.4 Separatistisch geweld .................................................................................... 25 2.3.5 Maatregelen tegen terrorisme ......................................................................... 26 2.4 Maatschappelijk leven voor religieuze minderheden ........................................... 29 2.4.1 Politieke vertegenwoordiging .......................................................................... 29 2.4.2 Werkgelegenheid ........................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Onderwijs ..................................................................................................... 30 2.4.4 Huwelijken.................................................................................................... 31 2.4.5 Gedwongen huwelijken .................................................................................. 32 2.5 Documenten ................................................................................................. 32 3 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 34 3.1 Algemeen ..................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Juridische context .......................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Verdragen .................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Grondwet ..................................................................................................... 35 3.2.3 Blasfemie- en anti-ahmadi wetgeving ............................................................... 36 3.3 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Rule of law ................................................................................................... 38 3.3.2 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 40 3.4 Naleving en schending mensenrechten ............................................................. 44 3.4.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting algemeen ............................................................... 44 3.4.2 Vrijheid van meningsuiting voor religieuze minderheden ..................................... 46 3.4.3 Vrijheid van meningsuiting over religieuze minderheden ..................................... 47 3.4.4 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ............................................................ 48 3.4.5 Vrijheid van godsdienst .................................................................................. 49 3.4.6 Arrestaties en detenties.................................................................................. 52 3.4.7 Mishandeling en marteling .............................................................................. 53 3.4.8 Verdwijningen en buitengerechtelijke moorden ................................................. 54 3.4.9 Doodstraf ..................................................................................................... 55 4 Terugkeer .................................................................................................. 57 4.1 Afghaanse vluchtelingen ................................................................................. 57 4.2 In- en uitreizende ahmadi’s en christenen ........................................................ 57 4.3 Standpunt UNHCR ......................................................................................... 58 5 Bijlage I- Afkortingen ................................................................................ 60 Pagina 3 van 73 6 Bijlage II- Bronnen .................................................................................... 61 7 Bijlage III-Blasfemie wetgeving ................................................................ 70 8 Bijlage IV- Various affidavits required from a muslim in Pakistan ............. 72 9 Bijlage V- kaart van Pakistan .................................................................... 73 Pagina 4 van 73 Thematisch ambtsbericht over de positie van ahmadi's en christenen in Pakistan 2014-2016 | april 2017 1 Inleiding In dit thematisch ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Pakistan beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van ahmadi’s en christenen die afkomstig zijn uit Pakistan en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Pakistaanse ahmadi’s en christenen. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere berichten over de positie van ahmadi’s en christenen in Pakistan, laatstelijk in november 2014. Het thematisch ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van november 2014 tot en met februari 2017. Dit rapport is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties (ngo’s), vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Ook liggen vertrouwelijke rapportages van onder andere de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Pakistan aan dit thematisch ambtsbericht ten grondslag. Ten slotte vond in november 2016 een fact finding missie in Islamabad en Lahore plaats, waarbij diverse (internationale) ngo’s, kerkelijke- en mensenrechtenorganisaties en vertegenwoordigers van westerse ambassades zijn geraadpleegd. Na een algemene inleiding in hoofdstuk één volgen in hoofdstuk twee de basisgegevens over Pakistan en een overzicht van de politieke ontwikkelingen, de veiligheidssituatie en documenten. Ook wordt het maatschappelijk leven van religieuze minderheden beschreven. Hoofdstuk drie is gewijd aan de mensenrechten en de naleving en schendingen ervan. Voor zover mogelijk wordt de situatie voor christenen en ahmadi’s apart toegelicht. Hoofdstuk vier bespreekt enkele thema’s rondom terugkeer. Pagina 5 van 73 2 Landeninformatie 2.1 Basisgegevens De Islamitische Republiek Pakistan is verdeeld in vier provincies- Baluchistan in het zuidwesten (grenzend aan Afghanistan en Iran); Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) in het noordwesten (deels grenzend aan Afghanistan); en de Punjab en Sindh (in het oosten, grenzend aan India). Tevens heeft Pakistan twee aparte gebieden die min of meer onder zelfbestuur staan: de Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in het westen (grenzend aan Afghanistan) en de Islamabad Capital Territory (rondom de hoofdstad Islamabad). Ten slotte worden twee delen van (het door India en Pakistan betwiste) Jammu en Kasjmir door Pakistan bestuurd: Gilgit en Azad Kasjmir in het noordoosten.1 Pakistan is een dichtbevolkt land. Volgens schattingen in juli 2016 woonden er ongeveer 201 miljoen mensen. Omdat de laatste volkstelling uit 1998 stamt, zijn er geen recente, accurate gegevens beschikbaar. Tot de volgende volkstelling, die in de loop van 2017 zal worden uitgevoerd, worden er schattingen gehanteerd. Om een indruk te krijgen: de hoofdstad Islamabad wordt op ongeveer 1,4 miljoen inwoners geschat, maar als grootstedelijk gebied samen met Rawalpindi heeft de Islamabad Capital Territory tussen de vier en vijf miljoen inwoners. De grootste stad van Pakistan is Karachi. Schattingen over het aantal inwoners in 2016 lopen uiteen van 112 tot 18 miljoen3. Ook Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, en Gujranwala zijn miljoenensteden. Van de circa 201 miljoen inwoners (juli 2016) is volgens het CIA Factbook 96,4 % moslim. De meeste moslims in Pakistan (85-90%) zijn soenni. Een minderheid (10- 15%) van de moslims volgt de sjiitische vorm van islam.4 Sjiieten wonen verspreid over heel Pakistan.5 Soenni moslims in Pakistan zijn
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