International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Pulmonary Hypertension in Acute and Chronic High Altitude Maladaptation Disorders Akylbek Sydykov 1,2 , Argen Mamazhakypov 1 , Abdirashit Maripov 2,3, Djuro Kosanovic 4, Norbert Weissmann 1, Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani 1, Akpay Sh. Sarybaev 2,3,† and Ralph Theo Schermuly 1,*,† 1 Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
[email protected] (A.S.);
[email protected] (A.M.);
[email protected] (N.W.);
[email protected] (H.A.G.) 2 National Center of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Department of Mountain and Sleep Medicine and Pulmonary Hypertension, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan;
[email protected] (A.M.);
[email protected] (A.S.S.) 3 Kyrgyz-Indian Mountain Biomedical Research Center, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan 4 Department of Pulmonology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia;
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[email protected]; Tel.: +49-6419942421; Fax: +49-6419942419 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Alveolar hypoxia is the most prominent feature of high altitude environment with well- known consequences for the cardio-pulmonary system, including development of pulmonary hy- Citation: Sydykov, A.; pertension. Pulmonary hypertension due to an exaggerated hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Mamazhakypov, A.; Maripov, A.; contributes to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a life-threatening disorder, occurring at high Kosanovic, D.; Weissmann, N.; altitudes in non-acclimatized healthy individuals.