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Copyright © 2017 Gary Lee Steward All Rights Reserved. the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Has Permission to Reproduce Copyright © 2017 Gary Lee Steward All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. JUSTIFYING REVOLUTION: THE AMERICAN CLERGY’S ARGUMENT FOR POLITICAL RESISTANCE, 1763-1783 __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Gary Lee Steward May 2017 APPROVAL SHEET JUSTIFYING REVOLUTION: THE AMERICAN CLERGY’S ARGUMENT FOR POLITICAL RESISTANCE, 1763-1783 Gary Lee Steward Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Gregory A. Wills (Chair) __________________________________________ Shawn D. Wright __________________________________________ Michael A. G. Haykin Date______________________________ For Amy, Anna, Katie, and Joshua TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1. JONATHAN MAYHEW AND THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH- CENTURY DOCTRINE OF POLITICAL RESISTANCE ...................................1 Mayhew’s Argument for Political Resistance.....................................................5 The Eighteenth-Century Background of Mayhew’s Doctrine of Resistance .................................................................................................11 The Roots of Eighteenth-Century Resistance Doctrine ....................................19 John Locke and the Reformed Resistance Tradition.........................................29 Jonathan Mayhew’s Doctrine of Resistance in Context ...................................36 Conclusion ........................................................................................................40 2. EARLY COLONIAL RESISTANCE AND ECHOES OF THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION ...............................................................................43 Colonial Resistance to the 1765 Stamp Act ......................................................43 The Doctrine of Resistance during the Stamp Act Crisis .................................53 New England’s First Revolution .......................................................................59 The First and Second American Revolutions....................................................69 Conclusion ........................................................................................................71 3. THE DEBATE OVER AMERICAN BISHOPS AND THE GROWING THREAT TO RELIGIOUS LIBERTY ............................................74 Religious Liberty and the American Revolution ..............................................75 The American Episcopate and the Threat to Religious Liberty ........................78 Thomas Bradbury Chandler and the Argument for American Bishops ............83 iv Chapter Page Reaction to Chandler’s Call for Bishops ...........................................................86 The Doctrine of Resistance during the Early Debate over Bishops ..................92 Anglican Bishops and the Threat of Popery .....................................................95 Conclusion ........................................................................................................99 4. GROWING ABSOLUTISM AND THE ARGUMENT FOR SELF-DEFENSE (1770-1775) ..................................................................102 The Growing Political Absolutism of the 1770s .............................................105 The Argument for Defensive Warfare Prior to 1765 ......................................115 The Argument for Self-Defense in the 1770s .................................................121 Conclusion ......................................................................................................129 5. THE BRITISH CLERGY’S SUPPORT FOR AMERICAN RESISTANCE (1770-1783) ...............................................................................131 The British Clergy’s Doctrine of Political Resistance ....................................133 British Support for American Resistance ........................................................147 John Wesley’s Opposition to American Resistance........................................153 Conclusion ......................................................................................................158 6. JOHN WITHERSPOON, INDEPENDENCE, AND POLITICAL RESISTANCE ....................................................................................................160 Justifications of Resistance on the Eve of Independence................................163 The Early Shift to Independence .....................................................................166 The Moral Philosophy of John Witherspoon ..................................................171 John Witherspoon’s Argument for Political Resistance .................................182 Conclusion ......................................................................................................186 7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................189 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 193 v PREFACE I am very grateful for the help and guidance of my doctoral supervisor, Greg Wills. His continued promptings pushed me to widen the scope of my inquiry much beyond my initial plans. I am extremely thankful for his advice, his example, his promptings, and his friendship. I am also indebted to Shawn Wright and Michael Haykin for their counsel and input. Both of them provided helpful feedback on papers I wrote on Protestant resistance thought while I was still formulating the focus of my dissertation. Special thanks is also owed to Steve Wellum, Mark David Hall, Glenn Moots, Gregg Frazer, Bill Reddinger, John Wind, and Michael Plato for their helpful interaction and comments on this topic. None of this would have been possible without the loving and generous support of my family. I am deeply grateful for the support of my parents, Orville and Bonnie Steward, in helping me get through my doctoral studies. I could not have done it without them. The greatest thanks goes to my wife, Amy, and to our kids, Anna, Katie, and Joshua, for all of the generous encouragement, prayers, and support they provided over the long years of study and writing. I am truly blessed. Gary Steward Lakewood, Colorado May 2017 vi CHAPTER 1 JONATHAN MAYHEW AND THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DOCTRINE OF POLITICAL RESISTANCE The American clergy played a leading role in fomenting the American Revolution. They repeatedly urged American colonists to resist British authority in the 1760s and 1770s, and they justified such resistance by appeals to the Bible. They did not need to develop innovative interpretations of Scripture, nor did they derive their insights under the spell of Enlightenment notions of freedom. They instead relied upon a long tradition of Protestant biblical interpretation and Protestant resistance thought in justifying resistance. Historians have widely interpreted the American clergy’s support of the American Revolution as an accommodation of biblical doctrine to secular Enlightenment thought. These historians have argued that the American clergy developed their resistance doctrine on the basis of beliefs and philosophies that were sharply divergent from their inherited theological tradition, thus forming a distinct form of American religious thought. In arguing this, these historians have not fully appreciated or rightly understood the historical context that laid the groundwork for the American clergy’s arguments for a right of resistance in the Revolutionary period. Well before American colonists began to openly resist British authority in the 1760s, they widely believed that resistance to civil authorities was sometimes justified. By 1760 the American clergy in particular had popularized the arguments that patriots used to justify their resistance to the British. John Adams acknowledged the role the clergy played in the conflict with Britain and noted in 1818 that “if the orators on the fourth of July really wish to investigate the principles and feelings which produced the 1 Revolution, they ought to study . Dr. [Jonathan] Mayhew’s [1750] sermon on passive obedience and non-resistance.”1 Mayhew was not the first or only American clergyman to argue for the legitimacy of political resistance, but his 1750 sermon opened the Revolutionary era by captivating the attention of future Revolutionary figures like Adams. Adams sent Thomas Jefferson a copy of Mayhew’s sermon in 1818, noting that it had been a kind of “catechism” to him when he was a boy: “This discourse was printed, a year before I entered Harvard College and I read it, till the substance of it was incorporated into my nature and indelibly engraved on my memory.”2 According to Adams, Mayhew “had great influence on the commencement of the Revolution” and his famed sermon was “read by everyone.”3 Jonathan Mayhew gained considerable fame for “his momentous [1750] sermon justifying Revolution,” entitled A Discourse concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers.4 Mayhew’s theology was heterodox, and thus some historians have asserted that Mayhew’s argument for resistance grew out of his 1John Adams to William Tudor, April 5, 1818, in
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