Applied Technology Research Center

Newsletter

2nd of September 2018

Contents

Business Electric Vehicles

Health – Biomedical Engineering

Marketing and Sales What is the difference between a Sales Hunter, Farmer, or Trapper

Business Attitude 10 Mindsets That Will Radically Improve Your Business

Energy Floating Nuclear Power Plants

Pakistan / Karachi Beijing-based bank likely to approve $100m for Karachi bus project

Karachi to host three-day Thai exhibition from Sept 1

Back to table of contents. About us Consultancy Services

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List of courses from The Training Company

Tawanai TM Energy Services and Solutions

T awanai – Water pumping solutions

Muftasoft TM Opensource Support and Training Services

Technology – OpenSource

Suite CRM

Libreoffice

VirtualBox

Back to table of contents. Electric Vehicles

Audi e­tron The Audi e­tron family is a series of electric and hybrid concept cars shown by Audi from 2009 onwards. In 2012 Audi unveiled a plug­in hybrid version, the Audi A3 Sportback e­tron, released to retail customers in Europe in August 2014, and slated for the U.S. in 2015.

e­tron performance As this car is still in concept phase, much of its performance specifications are still uncertain. The car will have four electric motors, one per wheel. Together, these motors will produce 3,320 pound­ feet (4,500 N⋅ m) of torque. Top speed for the e­tron is limited to 222 kilometres per hour (138 mph), and it will be able to travel 150 miles (240 km) on full charge.

In concept form, the e­tron also is equipped with conceptual technology: technology that communicates with other cars, road signs, etc.

Back to table of contents. e­tron Concepts e­tron Frankfurt

The first e­tron concept car was shown at the 2009 International Motor Show Germany. A two­ seater, similar in appearance to the Audi R8 but slightly smaller, is powered by four UQM Technologies motors, providing four­wheel drive. Together, these produce 313 PS (230 kW; 309 hp) and 4,500 N⋅ m (3,319.03 lb⋅ ft) of torque, resulting in an acceleration of 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 4.8 seconds.

A 470 kg (1,036 lb) 42.4 kWh lithium­ion battery is located in front of the rear axle and provides a range of approximately 248 km (154 mi) with a full charge taking 6–8 hours from a normal household socket. It has ceramic disc brakes as well as regenerative braking. In 2010 Audi began a development program with the objective to manufacture a limited production R8 e­tron. The R8 e­ tron made a brief appearance in the 2013 Marvel Studios release of Iron Man 3.

After developing 10 prototypes for research and development purposes, in May 2013 Audi decided to cancel production of the electric car due to its limited all­electric range as battery technology had not advanced as quickly as Audi had expected, making the R8 e­tron unviable for series production. In March 2014 Audi revised its decision and announced it will build the R8 e­tron upon request. The carmaker explained that their latest development work resulted in an increased range from 215 km (134 mi) to approximately 450 km (280 mi).

Detroit showcar Audi e­tron

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The Detroit showcar Audi e­tron (confusingly, also named "e­tron") includes 2 electric motors driving the rear wheels with a combined output of 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp) and 2,650 N⋅ m (1,954.54 lb⋅ ft), lithium­ion batteries behind passenger compartment and ahead of the rear axle, adaptive matrix beam LED headlight modules with clear glass covers, fully automatic light assistance system, Audi Space Frame with doors, lids, sidewalls and roof made of a fiber­reinforced plastic; built­in central display with integrated MMI functions, front axle hydraulic fixed­caliper brake, electrically actuated floating­caliper brakes mounted on the rear axle, heat pump, triangular double wishbones made of forged aluminum components at the front and rear axles, direct rack­ and­pinion steering, 19­inch wheels of 35­spoke design, 235/35 front and 255/35 rear tires. The concept car can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h (0 – 62.14 mph) in 5.9 seconds.

The vehicle was unveiled in 2010 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.

A similar production model, based on a future mid­engined automotive platform codenamed 9X1, shared with Porsche and Volkswagen, is reportedly under development.

Back to table of contents. Fiat 500e ($32,300 | $24,800)

No doubt about it, the Fiat 500e is a cute car. It has also gotten good results for its performance — it is actually one of the quickest electric cars to 30 mph. Interestingly, this great electric car is hated by the head of Fiat… don’t ask. Nonetheless, a couple of years after he told people that he’d rather they not buy the car, it has been brought to more markets (more states) in the US. Clearly, buyers are liking it and it is in good demand. I can only imagine what its future had been if Fiat had been behind it the way Nissan is behind the LEAF. Anyhow, if you don’t mind buying from Sergio Marchionne, the Fiat 500e looks like a great option.

Back to table of contents. Ford Focus Electric ($29,170 | $21,670)

After dropping the price quite a bit, the Ford Focus Electric actually became a pretty solid buy. It seats 5 comfortably, has 76 miles (122 km) of range on a full charge, and gets a stellar 105 MPGe. It’s a good­looking car, if I do say so myself, and if you are interesting in blending in rather than standing out, it’s a very common model body. The price is actually just a tad higher than the top­ selling Nissan LEAF, and if you’re a big Ford fan, it may be your best option on the list.

Back to table of contents. Kia Soul EV ($33,700 | $26,200)

The Kia Soul EV, if Kia decides to really make it available and produce it in quantity, could become a top­selling electric vehicle in the US and globally. It offers a good amount of space, a stylish design, 93 miles of electric driving range, voice command navigation, parking assist, and a host of other features. The hot new kid on the block has a respectable 105 MPGe. Reportedly, Soul EV demand has really surprised Kia and the company is increasing production.

Back to table of contents. VW e­Golf ($33,450 | $25,950)

For ~$4,000 more, however, you could land a Volkswagen e­Golf. The e­Golf also seats 5 comfortably, has 83 miles (134 km) of range, and gets an even better 116 MPGe. The e­Golf reportedly offers quite a nice drive, and there’s a sportier option you can upgrade to if you want to squeeze a bit more fun out of your car. The e­Golf also offers heated front seats, a 7.2kW onboard charger, and a decent rearview camera. One of the e­Golf’s more unique features is various levels of regenerative braking, so you can have the car fit your preferences, and also your changing needs on different days in different environments.

Chevy Spark EV ($25,995 | $18,495)

The Chevy Spark EV is not the snazziest car on this list, but it is almost the cheapest. At its current price, well below the average for a new car in the US (especially if you throw in the tax credit!), it is certainly a good option for anyone aiming to keep their purchase (after incentives) below $20,000… and just around $16,000 in California! The Spark EV is reportedly very peppy (it’s ahead of almost all other EVs to 60 mph), and is a better buy than its gasoline sibling according to

Back to table of contents. Consumer Reports. Keep in mind that it only seats 4, but its small size also helps it to land an impressive 119 MPGe. It also comes with a solid 82 miles (132 km) of range, which should be plenty for most drivers on just about any given day of the year. The Spark EV has become a top­ selling electric car in the US as GM has increased production and availability.

Back to table of contents. Renault Zoe (£13,443)

It was a little difficult to slip this one into the list since it’s not available in the US, but it’s clearly a top option based on year after year of strong sales in Europe. The Renault Zoe is somewhat of a cousin of the Nissan LEAF, and you can tell that the people behind it were also serious about advancing the EV revolution. It’s super affordable, yet comfortable, stylish, and has all of the things most of us need in a car. It seats 5 and has 130 miles or 210 kilometers of range (based on European testing, which is much more generous/unrealistic than US testing). It’s a really solid buy for the price, and I think it’s even hard for the LEAF to compete with it.

Back to table of contents. Nissan LEAF ($29,010 | $21,510)

When it comes to value for the money, I think the Nissan LEAF is an obvious top contender. The LEAF is the best­selling electric car in history globally, in the US, in Europe, and in Japan. It is a really solid vehicle for a great price. Some of the other cars on this list can compete, depending on your taste, but it’s clear that the LEAF is hard to compete with.

The LEAF offers 84 miles (135 km) of range, 114 MPGe, a fairly roomy and comfortable interior, 5 seats, and decent acceleration (boosted, as all of these cars are to some degree or another, by the instant torque of its electric motor). With a price just over $20,000 after the US federal tax credit and under $20,000 in California with the ZEV rebate, it’s one to consider if you’re on the market for an affordable electric car.

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Tesla Model S ($75,000 | $67,500)

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Despite its price, on any list of best electric cars, or any list of best cars for that matter, I think you have to put the Tesla Model S #1. It’s in a different league. It’s the best car ever mass manufactured. It has great performance, long range completely on electricity, great efficiency, handling like a sports car despite being super spacious, is the safest car ever mass manufactured, has a wicked infotainment/tech package, is sleek and pretty, and converts car haters to… well, Tesla lovers. Throw in the Supercharger network and you’re almost on another planet.

Back to table of contents. Jagaur i­Pace

The production version of the new Jaguar i­Pace, the company’s first all­electric road car, has been revealed in full – and it’s stayed remarkably close to the original EV concept car of 2016.

Powered by two electric motors, it has a range of close to 300 miles and prices start from a little below £60k.

This is a landmark car for Jaguar, launching it into the growing electric car segment, and it’s dripping with cutting­edge tech from across the portfolio. The new i­Pace was launched at a snazzy event in London on 1 March 2018 and we’ve got all the specs, prices and analysis you’ll want about this new car.

It's a modern take on the Jaguar design oeuvre, with a tall hatchback stance and a rising beltline ­ and of course with no internal combustion engine to package, the nose is short and stout. You won't mistake this for a traditional Jaguar, that's for sure.

So how much will the Jaguar i­Pace cost in the UK? Taking the £4500 government incentive grant into account, i­Pace prices stack up as follows:

• Jaguar i­Pace S (the entry­level model): £58,995 • Jaguar i­Pace SE £64,995 • Jaguar i­Pace HSE (the top ‘core’ trim): £69,995

Back to table of contents. There will also be a super­plush First Edition sold in limited numbers, at an eye­watering £76,900. That’s the only version available in fluoro­carrot Photon Red paint, the exact same shade previously seen on the concept car.

Such pricey, top­end special launch editions have become the norm in the new car market, as manufacturers cash in on the early adopters’ rush to get into the latest groundbreaking new models.

What powers the electric Jaguar i­Pace? A 90kW battery pack feeds two electric motors, one at each end, making the i­Pace all­wheel­ drive.

Total power and torque are equivalent to 395bhp and 513lb ft. Make no mistake, the i­Pace will be no slouch, and that battery pack is as big as modern Teslas’, giving it proper long range.

The motors have been designed in­house at Jaguar and are relatively light, weighing about 38kg each. They’re mounted as low as possible in the sandwich platform for optimum weight distribution to keep that trademark Jag agility.

How fast is the new Jaguar i­Pace? Jaguar says it can accelerate from 0­60mph in 4.5sec. And to prove the point, it screened a film at its world debut where it took on a Tesla Model X 75D and 100D in a 0­60­0mph drag­race in

Back to table of contents. Mexico, with surprising results.

With 50:50 weight distribution and the ability to switch torque instantly between the front and rear axles, it promises an involving driving experience, too.

Kerb weight is pegged around 2133kg ­ those large battery capacities don’t come light (or cheap). The i­Pace is claimed to be more torsionally rigid than an F­type, with a lower centre of gravity than an F­Pace. This bodes well.

Like the latest Nissan Leaf, the i­Pace is set up around ‘one­pedal’ driving, with deceleration strong enough to obviate the use of the brake pedal unless particularly hard braking is required. It’s a style of driving most people will quickly adapt to.

How long does the Jaguar i­Pace take to charge? The 90kWh lithium­ion battery pack takes 45 minutes to charge from 0­80% using a 100kW rapid charger, or 10 hours from a 7kW AC wallbox, designed for overnight charging at homes. Jaguar claims this will suit most owners perfectly, as they top up on cheap off­peak domestic electricity.

Back to table of contents. Compatibility with Amazon Echo allows owners to ask Alexa to confirm charge level, how much time remains until full and so on. It’s also possible to ‘pre­condition’ the battery remotely; having the battery at optimum temperature is said to affect the potential range by as much as 30­60 miles.

What’s the range? How far will the i­Pace go between charges? The i­Pace is the first battery electric vehicle (BEV) to be homologated on the new WLTP test cycle, the more stringent replacement for the outmoded NEDC consumption test. Under the new test conditions, the i­Pace is rated at 480km (298 miles).

Jaguar estimates would be equivalent to approximately 335 miles under the old, less stringent NEDC test. Under the North America­centric EPA test, it would be equivalent to around 240 miles.

How big is the Jaguar i­Pace? With an overall length of 4680mm, the i­Pace’s dimensions are similar in size to the Porsche Macan, but Jaguar claims interior space equivalent to the larger Cayenne. That’s quite a boast.

Back to table of contents. Boot space is an entirely usable 665 litres, and there’s a modest secondary luggage compartment up front where an engine would be in a conventionally fuelled Jag, with space to take a couple of shopping bags or, more likely, keep the charging cable in.

Without a pesky engine to get in the way, the wheelbase has been stretched to nearly three metres and the distinctive ‘cab­forward’ profile pioneered on the i­Pace concept car creates plenty of rear legroom. We’ve sat in it and it’s a remarkably roomy cabin. It’s a five­seater only, no third row of seats here.

Jaguar i­Pace: the interior The concept’s bold interior has been toned down into a more conventional cabin for production. It’s still minimal and modern, with upper and lower landscape­oriented touchscreens combined with rotary controllers as per the latest Range Rover Velar.

‘I pushed hard against [the idea of] these great big iPad­style portrait touchscreens, because frankly if you’re driving at 70mph, you don’t have time to concentrate on finding your way to the touchscreen,’ reckons Jaguar design director Ian Callum.

Back to table of contents. It feels genuinely roomy in the front and rear. The relatively fast roofline doesn’t seem to have pinched much headspace, and nor has the optional glass roof.

The latter is more than a metre long and has been designed to absorb UV light, meaning it doesn’t need a headroom­stealing sunblind.

There’s no shortage of mobile device charging options aboard, with three 12v sockets, six USB ports and one HDMI/HML port.

The exterior design story The new Jaguar i­Pace’s styling has stayed very close to the original concept car first shown at the 2016 LA show.

Back to table of contents. ‘I can’t express enough how excited I am about this car,’ he told us. ‘Honestly, it’s probably the most exciting project that I’ve been responsible for in terms of design, and I think the team as well. It came around rather spontaneously really, because we decided that we wanted an electric car, and we decided that it should be a Jaguar for a number of reasons.’

Callum describes the i­Pace as ‘technically an SUV’, which has helped with packaging the extra height required for the batteries and ancillaries, but although the i­Pace isn’t pitched as an off­ roader, it’s capable of a wading depth of 500mm. In an electric car! Jaguar says it has built more than 200 prototypes in the course of the i­Pace’s development programme, which has taken in 1.5 million miles of testing to make sure it closes the reliability and durability gap with the class best.

Ian Callum on the Jaguar i­Pace ‘What was great about this for us as a design team is that we started from first principles – there was only what we call a skateboard underneath and nothing really above it, so we could do whatever we wanted [taking into account] the size of people. Apart from some areas of crash and safety requirements, we really had a lot of freedom with this. Creating the car from the ground up to a design we wanted is something very exciting indeed, and for me the shape of the future.’

Back to table of contents. ‘The production i­Pace is slightly narrower, it’s slightly taller and the wheels are smaller, but I hope you agree we haven’t deviated too much from the concept,’ adds Callum, proudly.

The show car’s giant 23­inch wheels have downsized, but only slightly – top­spec i­Paces will ride on 22s, and base models start on 19s. Big rims remain a Jag speciality, regardless of cost and ride implications.

Back to table of contents. Production of the new Jaguar i­Pace starts in summer 2018, at Magna Steyr in Austria, alongside the E­Pace (that’s the compact Jag SUV with an engine, despite the name).

Jaguar i­Pace orders open officially at the 2018 Geneva motor show, although customers have been able to register their interest with dealers since the original i­Pace concept car was first unveiled.

Back to table of contents. VW e­Golf

Everything you like about the VW Golf, just in a cleaner, silent electric package. This is grassroots motoring, albeit at a price: the electric e­Golf starts at around £32k in the UK. For that outlay, you get all the usual Volkswagen attributes ­ first­rate build quality, clever connectivity and generous packaging ­ but with a silent powertrain that will save you plenty of cash in cheaper running costs. For many, this could be the ideal stepping stone electric car ­ mixing conventional looks with cutting­edge technology.

Back to table of contents. Biomedical Engineering Biomedical engineering (BME), also known as bioengineering, is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare purposes (e.g. diagnostic or therapeutic). This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine, combining the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical biological sciences to advance health care treatment, including diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. Also included under the scope of a biomedical engineer is the management of current medical equipment within hospitals while adhering to relevant industry standards. This involves equipment recommendations, procurement, routine testing and preventative maintenance, through to decommissioning and disposal. This role is also known as a Biomedical Equipment Technician (BMET) or clinical engineering. Biomedical engineering has recently emerged as its own study, as compared to many other engineering fields. Such an evolution is common as a new field transitions from being an interdisciplinary specialization among already­established fields, to being considered a field in itself. Much of the work in biomedical engineering consists of research and development, spanning a broad array of subfields (see below). Prominent biomedical engineering applications include the development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to micro­implants, common imaging equipment such as MRIs and EKG/ECGs, regenerative tissue growth, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic biologicals.

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data.

Bioinformatics is considered both an umbrella term for the body of biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as a reference to specific analysis "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidate genes and nucleotides (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim of better understanding the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, desirable properties (esp. in agricultural species), or differences between populations. In a less formal way, bioinformatics also tries to understand the organisational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences.

Back to table of contents. Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.

Biomaterial

A biomaterial is any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with living systems. As a science, biomaterials is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science or biomaterials engineering. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.

Biomedical optics Biomedical optics refers to the interaction of biological tissue and light, and how this can be exploited for sensing, imaging, and treatment.

Tissue engineering

Tissue engineering, like genetic engineering (see below), is a major segment of biotechnology – which overlaps significantly with BME.

One of the goals of tissue engineering is to create artificial organs (via biological material) for patients that need organ transplants. Biomedical engineers are currently researching methods of creating such organs. Researchers have grown solid jawbones and tracheas from human stem cells towards this end. Several artificial urinary bladders have been grown in laboratories and transplanted successfully into human patients. Bioartificial organs, which use both synthetic and biological component, are also a focus area in research, such as with hepatic assist devices that use liver cells within an artificial bioreactor construct.

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Micromass cultures of C3H­10T1/2 cells at varied oxygen tensions stained with Alcian blue.

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM) and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes. Unlike traditional breeding, an indirect method of genetic manipulation, genetic engineering utilizes modern tools such as molecular cloning and transformation to directly alter the structure and characteristics of target genes. Genetic engineering techniques have found success in numerous applications. Some examples include the improvement of crop technology (not a medical application, but see biological systems engineering), the manufacture of synthetic human insulin through the use of modified bacteria, the manufacture of erythropoietin in hamster ovary cells, and the production of new types of experimental mice such as the oncomouse (cancer mouse) for research.

Neural engineering Neural engineering (also known as neuroengineering) is a discipline that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and non­living constructs.

Pharmaceutical engineering Pharmaceutical engineering is an interdisciplinary science that includes drug engineering, novel drug delivery and targeting, pharmaceutical technology, unit operations of Chemical Engineering, and Pharmaceutical Analysis. It may be deemed as a part of pharmacy due to its focus on the use of technology on chemical agents in providing better medicinal treatment. The ISPE is an international body that certifies this now rapidly emerging interdisciplinary science.

Back to table of contents. Medical devices

This is an extremely broad category—essentially covering all health care products that do not achieve their intended results through predominantly chemical (e.g., pharmaceuticals) or biological (e.g., vaccines) means, and do not involve metabolism.

A medical device is intended for use in:

• the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or • in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease.

Some examples include pacemakers, infusion pumps, the heart­lung machine, dialysis machines, artificial organs, implants, artificial limbs, corrective lenses, cochlear implants, ocular prosthetics, facial prosthetics, somato prosthetics, and dental implants.

Biomedical instrumentation amplifier schematic used in monitoring low voltage biological signals, an example of a biomedical engineering application of electronic engineering to electrophysiology.

Stereolithography is a practical example of medical modeling being used to create physical objects. Beyond modeling organs and the human body, emerging engineering techniques are also currently used in the research and development of new devices for innovative therapies, treatments, patient monitoring, of complex diseases.

Medical devices are regulated and classified (in the US) as follows (see also Regulation):

• Class I devices present minimal potential for harm to the user and are often simpler in design than Class II or Class III devices. Devices in this category include tongue depressors, bedpans, elastic bandages, examination gloves, and hand­held surgical instruments and other similar types of common equipment. • Class II devices are subject to special controls in addition to the general controls of Class I devices. Special controls may include special labeling requirements, mandatory performance standards, and postmarket surveillance. Devices in this class are typically non­invasive and

Back to table of contents. include X­ray machines, PACS, powered wheelchairs, infusion pumps, and surgical drapes. • Class III devices generally require premarket approval (PMA) or premarket notification (510k), a scientific review to ensure the device's safety and effectiveness, in addition to the general controls of Class I. Examples include replacement heart valves, hip and knee joint implants, silicone gel­filled breast implants, implanted cerebellar stimulators, implantable pacemaker pulse generators and endosseous (intra­bone) implants.

Medical imaging

Medical/biomedical imaging is a major segment of medical devices. This area deals with enabling clinicians to directly or indirectly "view" things not visible in plain sight (such as due to their size, and/or location). This can involve utilizing ultrasound, magnetism, UV, radiology, and other means.

An MRI scan of a human head, an example of a biomedical engineering application of electrical engineering to diagnostic imaging. Click here to view an animated sequence of slices.

Imaging technologies are often essential to medical diagnosis, and are typically the most complex equipment found in a hospital including: fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), PET­CT scans, projection radiography such as X­ rays and CT scans, tomography, ultrasound, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy.

Implants An implant is a kind of medical device made to replace and act as a missing biological structure (as compared with a transplant, which indicates transplanted biomedical tissue). The surface of implants that contact the body might be made of a biomedical material such as titanium, silicone or apatite depending on what is the most functional. In some cases, implants contain electronics, e.g. artificial pacemakers and cochlear implants. Some implants are bioactive, such as subcutaneous drug delivery devices in the form of implantable pills or drug­eluting stents.

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Artificial limbs: The right arm is an example of a prosthesis, and the left arm is an example of myoelectric control.

A prosthetic eye, an example of a biomedical engineering application of mechanical engineering and biocompatible materials to ophthalmology.

Bionics

Artificial body part replacements are one of the many applications of bionics. Concerned with the intricate and thorough study of the properties and function of human body systems, bionics may be applied to solve some engineering problems. Careful study of the different functions and processes of the eyes, ears, and other organs paved the way for improved cameras, television, radio transmitters and receivers, and many other useful tools. These developments have indeed made our lives better, but the best contribution that bionics has made is in the field of biomedical engineering (the building of useful replacements for various parts of the human body). Modern hospitals now have available spare parts to replace body parts badly damaged by injury or disease [Citation Needed]. Biomedical engineers work hand in hand with doctors to build these artificial body parts.

Clinical engineering

Clinical engineering is the branch of biomedical engineering dealing with the actual implementation of medical equipment and technologies in hospitals or other clinical settings. Major roles of clinical engineers include training and supervising biomedical equipment technicians (BMETs), selecting technological products/services and logistically managing their implementation, working with

Back to table of contents. governmental regulators on inspections/audits, and serving as technological consultants for other hospital staff (e.g. physicians, administrators, I.T., etc.). Clinical engineers also advise and collaborate with medical device producers regarding prospective design improvements based on clinical experiences, as well as monitor the progression of the state of the art so as to redirect procurement patterns accordingly.

Their inherent focus on practical implementation of technology has tended to keep them oriented more towards incremental­level redesigns and reconfigurations, as opposed to revolutionary research & development or ideas that would be many years from clinical adoption; however, there is a growing effort to expand this time­horizon over which clinical engineers can influence the trajectory of biomedical innovation. In their various roles, they form a "bridge" between the primary designers and the end­users, by combining the perspectives of being both 1) close to the point­of­ use, while 2) trained in product and process engineering. Clinical engineering departments will sometimes hire not just biomedical engineers, but also industrial/systems engineers to help address operations research/optimization, human factors, cost analysis, etc.

Rehabilitation engineering

Rehabilitation engineering is the systematic application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities. Functional areas addressed through rehabilitation engineering may include mobility, communications, hearing, vision, and cognition, and activities associated with employment, independent living, education, and integration into the community.

While some rehabilitation engineers have master's degrees in rehabilitation engineering, usually a subspecialty of Biomedical engineering, most rehabilitation engineers have undergraduate or graduate degrees in biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, or electrical engineering. A Portuguese university provides an undergraduate degree and a master's degree in Rehabilitation Engineering and Accessibility. Qualification to become a Rehab' Engineer in the UK is possible via a University BSc Honours Degree course such as Health Design & Technology Institute, Coventry University.

The rehabilitation process for people with disabilities often entails the design of assistive devices such as Walking aids intended to promote inclusion of their users into the mainstream of society, commerce, and recreation.

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Schematic representation of a normal ECG trace showing sinus rhythm; an example of widely used clinical medical equipment (operates by applying electronic engineering to electrophysiology and medical diagnosis).

Regulatory issues Regulatory issues have been constantly increased in the last decades to respond to the many incidents caused by devices to patients. For example, from 2008 to 2011, in US, there were 119 FDA recalls of medical devices classified as class I. According to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Class I recall is associated to "a situation in which there is a reasonable probability that the use of, or exposure to, a product will cause serious adverse health consequences or death"

Regardless of the country­specific legislation, the main regulatory objectives coincide worldwide. For example, in the medical device regulations, a product must be: 1) safe and 2) effective and 3) for all the manufactured devices

A product is safe if patients, users and third parties do not run unacceptable risks of physical hazards (death, injuries, …) in its intended use. Protective measures have to be introduced on the devices to reduce residual risks at acceptable level if compared with the benefit derived from the use of it.

A product is effective if it performs as specified by the manufacturer in the intended use. Effectiveness is achieved through clinical evaluation, compliance to performance standards or demonstrations of substantial equivalence with an already marketed device.

The previous features have to be ensured for all the manufactured items of the medical device. This requires that a quality system shall be in place for all the relevant entities and processes that may impact safety and effectiveness over the whole medical device lifecycle.

The medical device engineering area is among the most heavily regulated fields of engineering, and practicing biomedical engineers must routinely consult and cooperate with regulatory law attorneys and other experts. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the principal healthcare regulatory

Back to table of contents. authority in the United States, having jurisdiction over medical devices, drugs, biologics, and combination products. The paramount objectives driving policy decisions by the FDA are safety and effectiveness of healthcare products that have to be assured through a quality system in place as specified under 21 CFR 829 regulation. In addition, because biomedical engineers often develop devices and technologies for "consumer" use, such as physical therapy devices (which are also "medical" devices), these may also be governed in some respects by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. The greatest hurdles tend to be 510K "clearance" (typically for Class 2 devices) or pre­market "approval" (typically for drugs and class 3 devices).

In the European context, safety effectiveness and quality is ensured through the "Conformity Assessment" that is defined as "the method by which a manufacturer demonstrates that its device complies with the requirements of the European Medical Device Directive". The directive specifies different procedures according to the class of the device ranging from the simple Declaration of Conformity (Annex VII) for Class I devices to EC verification (Annex IV), Production quality assurance (Annex V), Product quality assurance (Annex VI) and Full quality assurance (Annex II). The Medical Device Directive specifies detailed procedures for Certification. In general terms, these procedures include tests and verifications that are to be contained in specific deliveries such as the risk management file, the technical file and the quality system deliveries. The risk management file is the first deliverable that conditions the following design and manufacturing steps. Risk management stage shall drive the product so that product risks are reduced at an acceptable level with respect to the benefits expected for the patients for the use of the device. The technical file contains all the documentation data and records supporting medical device certification. FDA technical file has similar content although organized in different structure. The Quality System deliverables usually includes procedures that ensure quality throughout all product life cycle. The same standard (ISO EN 13485) is usually applied for quality management systems in US and worldwide.

Implants, such as artificial hip joints, are generally extensively regulated due to the invasive nature of such devices.

In the European Union, there are certifying entities named "Notified Bodies", accredited by European Member States. The Notified Bodies must ensure the effectiveness of the certification process for all medical devices apart from the class I devices where a declaration of conformity

Back to table of contents. produced by the manufacturer is sufficient for marketing. Once a product has passed all the steps required by the Medical Device Directive, the device is entitled to bear a CE marking, indicating that the device is believed to be safe and effective when used as intended, and, therefore, it can be marketed within the European Union area.

The different regulatory arrangements sometimes result in particular technologies being developed first for either the U.S. or in Europe depending on the more favorable form of regulation. While nations often strive for substantive harmony to facilitate cross­national distribution, philosophical differences about the optimal extent of regulation can be a hindrance; more restrictive regulations seem appealing on an intuitive level, but critics decry the tradeoff cost in terms of slowing access to life­saving developments.

RoHS II Directive 2011/65/EU, better known as RoHS 2 is a recast of legislation originally introduced in 2002. The original EU legislation "Restrictions of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronics Devices" (RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC) was replaced and superseded by 2011/65/EU published in July 2011 and commonly known as RoHS 2. RoHS seeks to limit the dangerous substances in circulation in electronics products, in particular toxins and heavy metals, which are subsequently released into the environment when such devices are recycled.

The scope of RoHS 2 is widened to include products previously excluded, such as medical devices and industrial equipment. In addition, manufacturers are now obliged to provide conformity risk assessments and test reports – or explain why they are lacking. For the first time, not only manufacturers, but also importers and distributors share a responsibility to ensure Electrical and Electronic Equipment within the scope of RoHS comply with the hazardous substances limits and have a CE mark on their products.

IEC 60601 The new International Standard IEC 60601 for home healthcare electro­medical devices defining the requirements for devices used in the home healthcare environment. IEC 60601­1­11 (2010) must now be incorporated into the design and verification of a wide range of home use and point of care medical devices along with other applicable standards in the IEC 60601 3rd edition series.

The mandatory date for implementation of the EN European version of the standard is June 1, 2013. The US FDA requires the use of the standard on June 30, 2013, while Health Canada recently extended the required date from June 2012 to April 2013. The North American agencies will only require these standards for new device submissions, while the EU will take the more severe approach of requiring all applicable devices being placed on the market to consider the home healthcare standard.

Back to table of contents. AS/NZS 3551:2012 AS/ANS 3551:2012 is the Australian and New Zealand standards for the management of medical devices. The standard specifies the procedures required to maintain a wide range of medical assets in a clinical setting (e.g. Hospital). The standards are based on the IEC 606101 standards.

The standard covers a wide range of medical equipment management elements including, procurement, acceptance testing, maintenance (electrical safety and preventative maintenance testing) and decommissioning.

Training and certification

Education Biomedical engineers require considerable knowledge of both engineering and biology, and typically have a Bachelor's (B.Tech, B.S) or Master's (M.S., M.Tech, M.S.E., or M.Eng.) or a Doctoral (Ph.D.) degree in BME (Biomedical Engineering) or another branch of engineering with considerable potential for BME overlap. As interest in BME increases, many engineering colleges now have a Biomedical Engineering Department or Program, with offerings ranging from the undergraduate (B.Tech, B.S., B.Eng or B.S.E.) to doctoral levels. Biomedical engineering has only recently been emerging as its own discipline rather than a cross­disciplinary hybrid specialization of other disciplines; and BME programs at all levels are becoming more widespread, including the Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Engineering which actually includes so much biological science content that many students use it as a "pre­med" major in preparation for medical school. The number of biomedical engineers is expected to rise as both a cause and effect of improvements in medical technology.

In the U.S., an increasing number of undergraduate programs are also becoming recognized by ABET as accredited bioengineering/biomedical engineering programs. Over 65 programs are currently accredited by ABET.

In Canada and Australia, accredited graduate programs in Biomedical Engineering are common, for example in Universities such as McMaster University, and the first Canadian undergraduate BME program at Ryerson University offering a four­year B.Eng program. The Polytechnique in Montreal is also offering a bachelors's degree in biomedical engineering.

As with many degrees, the reputation and ranking of a program may factor into the desirability of a degree holder for either employment or graduate admission. The reputation of many undergraduate degrees are also linked to the institution's graduate or research programs, which have some tangible factors for rating, such as research funding and volume, publications and citations. With BME specifically, the ranking of a university's hospital and medical school can also be a significant factor in the perceived prestige of its BME department/program.

Back to table of contents. Graduate education is a particularly important aspect in BME. While many engineering fields (such as mechanical or electrical engineering) do not need graduate­level training to obtain an entry­level job in their field, the majority of BME positions do prefer or even require them. Since most BME­ related professions involve scientific research, such as in pharmaceutical and medical device development, graduate education is almost a requirement (as undergraduate degrees typically do not involve sufficient research training and experience). This can be either a Masters or Doctoral level degree; while in certain specialties a Ph.D. is notably more common than in others, it is hardly ever the majority (except in academia). In fact, the perceived need for some kind of graduate credential is so strong that some undergraduate BME programs will actively discourage students from majoring in BME without an expressed intention to also obtain a master's degree or apply to medical school afterwards.

Graduate programs in BME, like in other scientific fields, are highly varied, and particular programs may emphasize certain aspects within the field. They may also feature extensive collaborative efforts with programs in other fields (such as the University's Medical School or other engineering divisions), owing again to the interdisciplinary nature of BME. M.S. and Ph.D. programs will typically require applicants to have an undergraduate degree in BME, or another engineering discipline (plus certain life science coursework), or life science (plus certain engineering coursework).

Education in BME also varies greatly around the world. By virtue of its extensive biotechnology sector, its numerous major universities, and relatively few internal barriers, the U.S. has progressed a great deal in its development of BME education and training opportunities. Europe, which also has a large biotechnology sector and an impressive education system, has encountered trouble in creating uniform standards as the European community attempts to supplant some of the national jurisdictional barriers that still exist. Recently, initiatives such as BIOMEDEA have sprung up to develop BME­related education and professional standards. Other countries, such as Australia, are recognizing and moving to correct deficiencies in their BME education. Also, as high technology endeavors are usually marks of developed nations, some areas of the world are prone to slower development in education, including in BME.

Licensure/certification

As with other learned professions, each state has certain (fairly similar) requirements for becoming licensed as a registered Professional Engineer (PE), but, in US, in industry such a license is not required to be an employee as an engineer in the majority of situations (due to an exception known as the industrial exemption, which effectively applies to the vast majority of American engineers). The US model has generally been only to require the practicing engineers offering engineering services that impact the public welfare, safety, safeguarding of life, health, or property to be

Back to table of contents. licensed, while engineers working in private industry without a direct offering of engineering services to the public or other businesses, education, and government need not be licensed. This is notably not the case in many other countries, where a license is as legally necessary to practice engineering as it is for law or medicine.

Biomedical engineering is regulated in some countries, such as Australia, but registration is typically only recommended and not required.

In the UK, mechanical engineers working in the areas of Medical Engineering, Bioengineering or Biomedical engineering can gain Chartered Engineer status through the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. The Institution also runs the Engineering in Medicine and Health Division. The Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (IPEM) has a panel for the accreditation of MSc courses in Biomedical Engineering and Chartered Engineering status can also be sought through IPEM.

The Fundamentals of Engineering exam – the first (and more general) of two licensure examinations for most U.S. jurisdictions—does now cover biology (although technically not BME). For the second exam, called the Principles and Practices, Part 2, or the Professional Engineering exam, candidates may select a particular engineering discipline's content to be tested on; there is currently not an option for BME with this, meaning that any biomedical engineers seeking a license must prepare to take this examination in another category (which does not affect the actual license, since most jurisdictions do not recognize discipline specialties anyway). However, the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) is, as of 2009, exploring the possibility of seeking to implement a BME­specific version of this exam to facilitate biomedical engineers pursuing licensure.

Beyond governmental registration, certain private­sector professional/industrial organizations also offer certifications with varying degrees of prominence. One such example is the Certified Clinical Engineer (CCE) certification for Clinical engineers.

Back to table of contents. What is the difference between a Sales Hunter, Farmer, or Trapper

The Hunter Sales Persona The Hunter is constantly on the lookout for new prospects. They go to many networking events, join other types of organizations, use LinkedIn and other social media platforms to reach out to people, make a lot of calls, and ask for referrals on a regular basis.

An effective Hunter will track down every lead to its logical conclusion. They find it easy to be persistent, but rarely cross the line into pushiness.

The Hunter will thrive in a role where they must generate their own sales and where the problem they can fix isn’t always evident to the prospect. For example, a financial professional may have to ask the right questions and teach the right things to get her prospect to realize there’s a gap in his financial plan.

Likewise, a social media expert or business consultant may have to help their prospects uncover pain that’s currently unknown -- but causing problems.

The Farmer Sales Persona The Farmer is most comfortable fertilizing and watering existing relationships. They may have built a successful business with clients gained when another rep left the firm or with internal referrals from another part of their company. The Farmer rarely loses a client for lack of caring.

An effective Farmer is service-oriented and won’t run away from problems. They build a large number of business friendships.

Unlike The Hunter, The Farmer does not usually have the DNA to beat the bushes for leads and self-generate opportunities. The Farmer loves to nurture existing relationships. They will plant and nurture new seeds when handed to them (like interested prospects raising their hand to say, “I’m interested”), but won’t usually contact strangers to get a relationship going.

Typical Farmers are high-level customer service reps responsible for maintaining and growing relationships while keeping an eye out for new opportunities within the account. They are often found in inside sales and service operations.

Back to table of contents. The Trapper Sales Persona The Trapper focuses on client attraction through marketing. They develop value-added tools to send to prospects and share on social media and often work to establish a high-profile reputation in their target market. They’ve also crafted a fine-tuned way to communicate their value in both concise and longer-form methods. For example, a Trapper likely has a client- centric LinkedIn profile that tells a good story and pulls people into their message.

The effective Tapper has probably embraced the power of SEO, YouTube videos, and great content. They’re adapt at generating various forms of social proof, such as testimonials and case studies.

The Trapper is usually a business owner, marketing manager, or business development manager. They don’t mind farming, but hunting does not appeal to them. Trappers are creative people who like to figure out the right bait for the right prey. Trappers become versed in the languages of attraction marketing and direct marketing.

Can You Change Sales Personas? Usually the sales people are one of the three and it is difficult to find people who can develop skills for multiple personas. I’ve been in the world of sales, marketing, and business development (pick a name, any name) for over 30 years. It is rare to find someone who is truly well-developed in more than one of these personas. People have a dominant persona and can have of the others. It is important to find out the persona of the different sales people and then have multiple in the marketing department so all three types exist and assign them tasks according to their dominant persona.

If you’re a front-line salesperson, focus on cultivating the strengths of your sales persona rather than becoming a different one or imitating their approach. If you’re a sales leader or business owner, hire the personas that compliment yours and work together to build a fast- growing, profitable company.

Back to table of contents. 10 Mindsets That Will Radically Improve Your Business

Success is something all career-driven individuals desire yet it eludes many people -- at least at the levels desired. Why are some businesspeople successful and others not?

It has everything to do with habits, beliefs, passion, flexibility and attitude.

Often there's nothing really different between one entrepreneur and another in terms of ability, as each person can do whatever he or she wants. What it all comes down to is having the frame of mind to set practical habits and keep a balance between attachment and commitment and letting things happen.

Here are 10 mindsets for success:

1. Choose courage over fear. To be successful, you have to have courage. And to become courageous, do courageous things. Much of being successful is about going beyond what you think you're capable of -- venturing into the unknown. Whether you fail or succeed, you will learn and grow.

Growth, in and of itself, means attaining a level of success whether it came from success or failure.

2. Believe in yourself. Attitude is everything. A negative attitude decreases success and a positive attitude creates success. Without that belief in yourself, you'll lack a path to success.

Success is something that's created. It's not something that merely "happens.”

When you firmly believe in yourself, you can achieve virtually anything: It's within this belief that you'll find the power to create the resilience and fortitude needed to keep going when things get tough.

3. Choose good company. Whom you surround yourself with is among the most important choices you'll make as you climb up the business ladder. Negativity is contagious and if work groups, especially bosses,

Back to table of contents. are negative, there will be a ceiling to your success.

To reach the goals you desire, be willing to change bosses if necessary. Or if you're the boss, rid your team of toxic people immediately.

It only takes one toxic person to destroy the morale of an entire campaign. Further, when you surround yourself with other successful, goal-oriented individuals, you can learn from them and take on some of their habits to add to your own as you proceed along your road to success.

4. Adopt self-chosen goals. Knowing and being clear about where you're headed in business is something that must come from within. When your goals selected by you, you're more motivated to achieve them.

That's because by achieving these goals, you attain a new desired piece of yourself. When your goals arise from your instigation, they carry a deeper meaning and confer a greater impact on your identity.

Each self-selected goal realized adds a depth and an internal expansion to you as a person. Personal expansion is just one of the great gifts to come from succeeding in your business goals.

5. Have a purpose and a vision. Visualization is powerful because actions follow thoughts. A great technique for nurturing your vision and purpose is to make your goals visual. Some people use vision boards; others opt for treasure maps. And still others set goals identifying specific dates for their achievement.

Whatever works best is a matter for the individual to figure out.

I believe that anything that's written down is more likely to be achieved than visions kept only in the head. When you make your purpose visual, you make it real. When you keep them in your mind, they remain wishes.

6. Accept the challenge. There are few easy paths up a mountain and often they're hard to find. Challenge will be an essential piece in any type of success in business.

Back to table of contents. And challenge is what creates your growth along the journey. Each challenge obstructing your path provides you with the chance to create a more defined direction toward attaining your dream vendors, customers, managers, employees -- and numbers. For this reason, bless each challenge. Each one is a compass directing you toward new business leads, circumstances and opportunities.

7. Be discerning. Selectivity creates success. You must think deeply and intelligently about the bigger picture and what it is you need for each step along the way to continue articulating and executing your business goals.

Mindfulness means being aware of all angles and staying sharply in touch with the present so that you do not have to clean up mistakes in the future.

Be discerning of group dynamics: which person is the best at what job, which customers or deals will take you the furthest and what it is that each moment is calling on you to do or change to be the most efficient.

8. Be willing to take risks. There are no guarantees on any path to success in life or business. The unknown is always looming. Therefore, risk and education are often the mechanisms necessary for knowing more clearly if you're on the right path.

If you're afraid to risk, you will put limits on your success and stay where you're comfortable. You cannot get what you want if you don't risk rejection and go for what you desire.

9. Do what you love. You're more likely to succeed in business when you're invested in your passion and making your career fit your personality. There is a way to find passion about anything and everything you do in life.

You may not love every part of your job but tolerating discomforts by looking at the bigger picture makes your investment of time and energy worthwhile.

Be willing to love and find purpose in all aspects of what your business requires, commit to it and see what you're doing as being a benefit to others. When you love the business you're in, there is nothing that can keep you from wanting to work at it, nurture it and make it grow.

10. Gratitude. When you see life and career in terms of the lack in what you have achieved, you cannot

Back to table of contents. drive your business up the ladder of success. Then negativity is impeding your progress.

You must look at all you have and realize how great what you have is as compared to the situation of many others.

When you have this attitude, you stop suffering and complaining about the small stuff. On each receipt you pay out, write thank you. That's not only to thank the person, event, vendor or customer for what's provided you but also to give a private thanks acknowledging that you have the abundance necessary to pay for the service, product or event.

Habits coupled with flexibility provide you with a path to success. Success is fluid and so rigidity will stand in its way.

Developing these mindsets give you a compass to navigate the ever-changing tides on the way to business and financial goals. These mindsets allow openness and flexibility while also providing you precise direction.

Back to table of contents. Energy

Floating Nuclear Plants

Reactor Plants

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• Fast neutron reactors

• High­temperature gas­cooled reactors

• Production nuclear reactors and experimental facilities

• Marine nuclear reactors

• Reactor plants for navy ships

• Reactors for small and medium power stations

Click here to download booklets about reactor plants

Fast Neutron Reactors Within the structure of the future large scale nuclear power industry the leading role is assigned to fast nuclear reactors with closed fuel cycle. They allow enhancing the efficiency of natural uranium application by approximately 100 times and thereby eliminate restrictions on the development of nuclear industry related to nuclear fuel natural resources.

Back to table of contents. Geographical diversity of fast reactors around the world

In 1960, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” started activities in the field of fast reactors by designing the first pilot power reactor BN­350 for an NPP in the City of Shevchenko (currently Aktau, in the Republic of Kazakhstan). The reactor power startup was in 1973 and decommissioning, in 1999. BN­350 reactor plant design was based on the development and operation experience of fast experimental reactor BR­5 built in 1959 on the site of the Institute of Physics and Power

Back to table of contents. Engineering (IPPE, Obninsk) and on the development experience of fast research reactor BOR­60 put into operation in NIIAR (Dmitrovgrad). The power reactors were developed under scientific supervision of IPPE. The operation of the power unit with BN­350 demonstrated the reliability and safety of fast high­ power sodium­cooled reactors. Long­term operation of the reactor allowed collecting large amounts of information on operability of the reactor core, equipment and safety systems, which provided a reliable base for design development of subsequent fast sodium­cooled reactors. The power unit with BN­600 reactor (600 MW(e)) is the key facility that demonstrates the achieved results and the potential for fast reactor further design improvement (Beloyarsk NPP Power Unit 3, by the town of Zarechny, in the Sverdlovsk oblast) A fundamental decision was made in the design of BN­600 reactor related to transition from primary circuit looped layout to integrated layout where the entire equipment of the primary circuit is arranged in the reactor vessel. This allowed enhancing the reactor safety and operation reliability. The Power Unit 3 power startup was in April 1980. BN­600 is the world’s only fast reactor with commercial­scale power and long­term successful operation in commercial operating mode.

Central hall of BN­600 reactor plant at Beloyarsk NPP

During a long­term operation period the power unit capacity factor is maintained on the consistent

Back to table of contents. high level within the range of 75%—80%. Unplanned losses are less than 2.2%. There is no emission of long­lived gas­aerosol radionuclides into the environment. At present, the emission of inert radioactive gases is negligible and amounts to <1% of the allowable value specified in health and safety regulations. Power Unit 3 in the process of its operation shows high performance indices and, therefore, successfully resolves the set objective aimed at industry­level validation of reliability and safety of fast sodium­cooled reactors. Three times BN­600 reactor was recognized as the best among the country’s power units in terms of reliability and safety indicators. In April 2010 the reactor reached the end of its 30­year design service life. The operability of the reactor plant was sufficient enough to obtain a license permitting the reactor life extension for a 10­ year period with a view of further extension. JSC “Afrikantov OKBM”, acting as the Chief Designer of BN­600 reactor, supervises the reactor operation at the Beloyarsk NPP by resolving the issues ofBN­600 reliable and safe operation during the entire lifecycle in cooperation with Beloyarsk NPP and other organizations. In 1983, the design of advanced fast reactor BN­800 was developed by OKBM based on the experience of BN­600 design development for the power unit of 880 MW(e). In 1984, activities aimed at construction of two BN­800 reactors were launched at Beloyarsk NPP and at newly developed South­Urals NPP. The subsequent construction hold­up period was used for the design modification of these reactors aimed at improving the technical and economic performance indicators and further enhancing of their safety level. Thus, the thermal power was increased by 42% and, respectively, the electric power was raised up to 880 MW within practically the same overall dimensions of BN­600 reactor vessel. A number of innovative engineering solutions enhancing the reactor plant safety level were adopted in the BN­800 design. The introduced improvements allowed compliance of BN­800 reactor safety level with the requirements for Generation 3+ advanced nuclear power units. The economic indicators of the power unit were also significantly improved as compared to BN­ 600. It was achieved through reactor power increase by 1.4 times without changing the reactor pressure vessel diameter and owing to the BN­800 reactor design with one turbomachine instead of three ones provided for in the BN­600 reactor design. Transition to one turbine plant, along with decrease in unit cost of the power unit, also contributes to capacity factor increase roughly by up to 85%. It was in 2006 when the activities aimed at the BN­800 construction were restarted, and its power startup was performed already in 2015. JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” based on gained experience and its production facilities organized manufacturing and supply of the entire equipment during power unit construction performing the functions of a Packaged Equipment Supplier. Moreover, a large part of equipment was manufactured at OKBM.

Back to table of contents.

The site view in 2010

The site view in 2014

BN­800 construction stages

BN­800 is aimed at final mastering of the closed nuclear fuel cycle elements to adopt a new technology platform that allows: ­ involving U­238 isotope into the effective production cycle, though it is not applied at present and is the main component of the natural uranium, and thereby provide manifold expansion of nuclear industry fuel base, ­ recycling of the spent nuclear fuel from other NPPs with thermal­neutron reactors,

Back to table of contents. ­ minimize radioactive waste by burning up the long­lived isotopes contained in it. The Power Unit with BN­800 reactor was brought to 50% of nominal power on January 28, 2016. On attaining the designed capacity and switching over to commercial operation planned for 2016, BN­800 will become the world’s largest operating fast reactor. The development and implementation of BN­350, BN­600 and BN­800 Projects allowed creating an effective design engineering and production infrastructure which is the basis for the further development of the BN technology. At present, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” is the General Designer of BN­1200 reactor plant, coordinates the required R&D activities, including identification of optimal design solutions concerning the power unit. In 2016, the development of the reactor plant final design and R&D program as well as the development of the power unit design materials will be completed. The optimal combination of reference and advanced solutions and the possibility of expanded reproduction of fuel allow referring this project to Generation IV nuclear technologies. BN­1200 is aimed at achieving the economic indicators which will provide its competitiveness as compared to commercial VVERs which are comparable in their power level. The Table below shows the evolution of main engineering solutions for BN reactors with the development of their designs and accumulation of operation experience.

Reactor BN­350 BN­600 BN­800 BN­1200

Layout Looped Integral Integral Integral

Uranium and plutonium Uranium and Uranium Uranium dioxide Fuel type plutonium dioxide dioxide (UO2) dioxide (UO2) / Uranium and plutonium (UPuO2) nitride (UPuO2/UPuN)

Nominal thermal 750 1,470 2,100 2,800 capacity, MW

Gross electric up to 150* 600 880 1,220 power, MW *Except for electricity production, BN­350 reactor plant provided seawater desalination

JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” takes an active part in international cooperation on fast reactors. The Company is the designer of engineering solutions for the Chinese Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) commissioned in 2011 and the main contractor responsible for manufacturing the reactor main equipment. Among other foreign countries, the Company has the closest cooperation with

Back to table of contents. France.

Read more: Beloyarsk NPP and fast­neutron reactors

High­temperature Gas­cooled Reactors Currently, nuclear power based on the pressurized water reactor technology occupies a rightful place in the area of electricity generation. Development of fast reactors ensures a more stable position of nuclear power in this area. Meanwhile, more than 60% of all fuel resources are used by the industry to generate process heat, by the vehicles to be fuel for engines and for district heating.

It is possible to expand the nuclear power market in the non­electric area by deploying high­ temperature gas­cooled reactors. Design features of these reactors allow obtaining helium coolant temperatures of up to 950(C that was validated by operating experience of non­Russian gas­cooled reactors.

This specific feature makes it possible to use this heat for different branches of industry (chemistry, oil chemistry, oil refining, stimulation of viscous oil production, metallurgy, etc.).

High temperature makes it possible to produce hydrogen out of water as fuel for vehicles and as a chemical agent for industry.

It is promising to implement a highly efficient direct gas turbine cycle (~50%) and simultaneously use rejected heat for district heating.

JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” has been making developments in the area of high­temperature reactors for more than 40 years. A considerable amount of R&D has been done at the company; more than 70 test facilities were made in cooperation to validate HTGR projects.

Together with Russian enterprises, several HTGR projects of different purpose and power were developed. Among them is a VG­400 nuclear station for combined generation of process heat and electricity in the steam turbine cycle, a VGM modular reactor for generation of process heat with the temperature of up to 900(C and electricity, a VGM­P nuclear station for power supply to the standard oil refining complex, a GT­MHR high­temperature modular reactor with the closed gas turbine cycle for electricity generation, a HTGR modular reactor for MGR­T process application. NRC “Kurchatov Institute” is a scientific adviser of projects. The unit power of state­of­the­art projects of high­temperature gas­cooled modular reactors is up to ~ 600 MW.

Back to table of contents. Safety

Safety is ensured and high temperatures at the reactor outlet are reached thanks to the usage of the following:

• inert, non­activated helium coolant;

• fuel based on microspheres with multi­layer heat resistant and radiation resistant coatings to reliably contain fission products in all operation modes, including emergency modes;

• fuel temperature and power negative feedback;

• temperature­resistant graphite­based structural materials for the core and reflectors.

The flexible fuel cycle implemented in the HTGR technology allows use of uranium­based, plutonium­based, thorium­based fuel, including MOX fuel without changing the core design and ensures high burnup of this fuel. High burnup excludes usage of the fuel element interior for military purposes.

The HTGR core can be made up of prismatic fuel assemblies with refueling outages or of spherical fuel elements which can be reloaded without reducing reactor power.

Spherical fuel element

HTGR Application Areas

Back to table of contents. • Power­technological application Supply of heat for industrial processes of different power­intensive branches of industry. Transition to ecologically clean hydrogen power and hydrogen economy. A nuclear hydrogen concept based on the HTGR will solve issues of large­scale generation of fresh water in a more effective way as other technologies. Exceptional properties of hydrogen ensure a prospect for hydrogen wide application in different branches of power industry, for vehicles and in other branches of industry.

• Electricity generation Highly efficient electricity generation—combining of the HTGR with a gas turbine or steam turbine cycle with supercritical parameters at the steam temperature of up to ~600°C. The efficiency of electricity generated for small and medium consumers is up to 50%.

• Cogeneration Combined generation of electricity and heat. A wide range of possibilities for generating and utilizing electricity makes the HTGR heat available factor close to 100%.

Back to table of contents. HTGR application options

Small­Size HTGR Application Options

The reactor and gas turbine plant with the helium turbine arranged in a single unit can be used as a compact autonomous power sources for over­water, underwater and hard­to­reach surface installations located far from the external infrastructure.

Back to table of contents. Autonomous power source for underwater and hard­to­reach surface installations

Basic technical specifications of the subglacial nuclear power plant with the HTGR intended for the Arctic region:

Specification Value

Useful unit electric power, MW 8–25

Depth of submersion, m up to 400

Assigned total service life, years 30

Assigned service life until factory repair, years 15

Back to table of contents.

Example layout of the power supply unit for the subglacial drilling rig under conditions of the Arctic region

The main competitive advantages of the HTGR NPP are effective electricity generation, complete autonomy, and long­term operation without personnel and without refueling.

OKBM’s Experience in the Area of the HTGR

OKBM State program in the area of Agreement SRC “KI” Rosenergoatom nuclear and hydrogen power 2000­RF/USA Specifications/ VNIPINEFT Projects VGM VGM­P MHR­T GT­MHR VG­400 (modular (modular type) (modular type) (modular type) type)

2002 Year 1987 1989 1996 2004 2014

Back to table of contents. Heat and Heat and Generation of electricity electricity Heat Hydrogen and electricity and Purpose generation for generation for generation for electricity heat for district industrial industrial the oil refinery generation heating processes processes

Thermal power, 1060 200 215 600 600 MW

Coolant in the intermediate Helium Helium Helium Helium – circuit

Helium temperature at 950 950 750 950 850 the core outlet, (C

Preliminary design, Technical Technical Status Basic design Basic design development of proposal proposal key technologies Read more: High­temperature gas­cooled reactors and Hydrogene energy

Production Nuclear Reactors Production reactors were developed to meet the demand for special nuclear materials — plutonium and tritium — in order to implement the nuclear weapons production program. The first Production Uranium­Graphite Reactor (PUGR) — PUGR “A” — was developed and commissioned in 1948 by Mayak Production Association (Ozersk, Chelyabinsk region, Russia). For this reactor, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” developed a fuel discharge mechanism.

Starting from 1948, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM”, as a

Back to table of contents. chief designer, developed a series of production reactor designs — Production Uranium­Graphite Reactors (PUGRs) and Heavy­Water Reactors (HWRs). In the 1950s and in the early 1960s, companies located in the towns of Seversk, Zheleznogorsk and Ozersk, Russia used these designs to build 5 PUGRs and 2 HWRs. During the same period, 3 research heavy water reactors were designed and commissioned — one in A.I. Alikhanov Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP), Moscow, Russia, and the other two at research centers in Yugoslavia and China.

In the 1960s, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” developed designs for improved new­generation PUGRs, which in addition to producing weapon­grade plutonium also generated electricity and heat for industrial and civil facilities — these PUGRs were ones of the first nuclear cogeneration plants in the world. The total of 4 such reactors were constructed. All the PUGRs have been shut down.

In accordance with the intergovernmental agreements between the U.S. and Russia, weapon­grade plutonium production was terminated. However, the absence of sufficient generating capacities in the towns of Zheleznogorsk and Tomsk, Russia required that operation of the ADE­2, ADE­4 and ADE­5 reactors be continued.

The work to extend the operation life and to enhance safety of these three reactors was being done on a regular basis starting from 1984. The primary goal of the implemented activities was to enhance the reliability and the effectiveness of the control and protection systems, of the emergency cooldown systems and of the power supply in these reactors, to improve the engineered features for stabilizing the graphite stack, to enhance the thermal reliability of the reactors, to optimize the reactor loading and power uprate.

The implemented activities, good work management, high qualifications and the initiative of Siberian Chemical Combine’s employees enabled the ADE­2, ADE­4 and ADE­5 production uranium­graphite reactors to operate for the time more than twice the design operation life. The operating time of these reactors is unique in the entire history of nuclear power industry. The last one of these reactors, ADE­2, was shut down in 2010 after being in operation for 46 years. These reactors are basically the ones of the few test beds to develop the safety enhancement technologies and lifetime management technologies, which are in high demand in the nuclear power industry. Currently, unique activities are in progress to decommission the PUGRs.

In 1988, the development of the L­2 advanced heavy water reactor to replace the earlier constructed and decommissioned heavy water reactors was a new step in the development of the heavy water reactor technology. At the same time, a task was successfully solved to switch this reactor over to the commercial operation mode with organizing the production of radioactive isotopes for industrial, medical and scientific applications in order to meet the demand at the domestic and world’s markets.

Back to table of contents. It should be noted that the unique experience was gained by OKBM’s and nuclear industry specialists who dismantled the decommissioned OK­190 heavy water reactor and who installed a new reactor and systems into the existing vessel, which enabled the construction time to be considerably cut down and a number of already existing systems and equipment to be incorporated. A part of this equipment, including a part of the primary circuit equipment, is still reliably functioning while coming up to the service life of 60 years.

Specialists of JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” were given The 2004 Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Field of Science and Technology for the development, validation and introduction of the mixed operation modes for the reactors at Mayak Production Association in order to guaranteedly provide the nuclear defense complex of Russia with the products for defense applications for the long term.

Specialists of JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” were given The 2009 Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation in the Field of Science and Technology for the development of the scientific bases and for introducing a set of technologies for safety enhancement and service life extension of nuclear co­generation plants with production uranium­graphite reactors.

Currently, in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, activities have been deployed to develop a new reactor complex. In this project, JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” is a chief designer of the reactor plant and a lead designer of a number of systems and equipment. Field supervision is provided for operation of the L­2 reactor; activities are in progress to decommission the shut down production uranium­graphite reactors (PUGRs).

The experience that JSC “Afrikantov OKBM” has gained in more than fifty years of working in the area of production reactor technologies is widely used to develop various types of reactor plants for different applications.

Marine Nuclear Power Plants Russia is the only country in the world that has a fleet of civil nuclear­powered ships. Nuclear icebreakers have been operating in the Arctic region for more than 50 years, thus providing reliable and safe pilotage of cargo ships along the entire North Sea

Back to table of contents. Route.

The first reactor plant for a civil vessel, the "Lenin" nuclear icebreaker, was designed by OKBM in 1955. The Arctic navigation of the icebreaker started in 1959 and continued until 1989 resulting in the pilotage of 3700 vessels in ice fields, which confirmed the high efficiency of the nuclear energy application for icebreakers.

The successful operation of the first nuclear­powered icebreaker initiated a new branch of industry, the nuclear shipbuilding. Eight more nuclear­powered icebreakers ("Arctica", "Siberia", "Russia", "Soviet Union", "Taymyr", "Vaygach", "Yamal", "50 Let Pobedy") and "Sevmorput" ocean­going lighter with ice reinforcement were built in Russia between 1975 and 2006. OKBM developed 3 RP modifications for them: OK­900A, KLT­40, KLT­40M. The whole set of systems and equipment for these RPs was developed and commissioned with participation of OKBM specialists.

The Russian nuclear­powered icebreaking fleet keeps developing. OKBM creates new­generation reactor designs for prospective nuclear icebreakers. At the present time, final design is being completed of the reactor plant for a versatile double­draft icebreaker. After 2015, a series of such

Back to table of contents. ships will replace linear icebreakers and those with the limited draft, which will have completed their service life by that time.

Read more: Versatile nuclear ice­breaker

Reactor Plants for Navy Ships

Reactors for Small and Medium Power Stations Based on the experience in development and improvement of marine nuclear reactors, a number of reactor plant designs have been developed by OKBM for small­sized autonomous nuclear power sources ranging from 6 to 100 MW(e). Those are ABV­6E, KLT­40S, ATETs­80. The plants are intended for combined electricity and heat supply to isolated consumers (both communal and industrial) in remote areas where fuel delivery is too costly. In Russia, those are spacious low­ populated areas and ports along the North Sea Route and the Far East Coast, fields of mineral deposits, military bases etc. Outside Russia, those are coastal areas in the developing countries. The application of this type energy sources for seawater desalination in areas lacking fresh water has also been found appropriate. The ABV­6E and KLT­40S reactor plant designs that are most ready for deployment imply the arrangement of the nuclear power plant on land or on a non­self­propelled watercraft.

Back to table of contents. Such a floating power unit (FPU) is assembled completely at a shipyard with the use of a well­ developed technology of constructing atomic icebreakers and navy ships. After completing comprehensive tests and customer's acceptance procedure, an FPU is tugged to the moorings where it is connected to the coastal network to start operation. The floating design allows decreasing the scope and cost of capital construction in the area of NPP location. The customer receives environmentally friendly heat and electrical energy, while the matters of nuclear waste storage, qualified NPP maintenance and decommissioning on completion of its service life are solved by the plant operator (user) on the nuclear fleet maintenance facilities available in Russia. In order to demonstrate this technology in practice, a pilot FPU with KLT­40S reactor plant (the prototype of which is the reactor plant installed in operating ice­breakers) is currently being constructed to supply heat and electricity to Pevek.

Read more: FNPP "Academic Lomonosov"

In order to supply electricity and heat power to communal and industrial objects in a number of regions in Russia (in the European part, Ural, Siberia, Far East), OKBM developed a small reactor plant design, VBER­300, with the modular PWR and well­developed passive safety systems. The VBER­300 ideally combines the latest achievements in the nuclear marine technology including the reactor unit and pressurized primary

Back to table of contents. circuit with traditional nuclear industry solutions (VVER­1000) related to the core and fuel cycle, which meet all major requirements for safety, reliability and efficiency of next­generation nuclear stations. The reactor unit layout principles incorporated in the design make it possible to minimize the buffer area during construction of stationary power sources. The important feature of VBER­300 RP is that it can be used as a basis for development of nuclear stations from 100 to 600 MW (e) with the use of unified solutions for the main equipment. It facilitates to the maximum extent the way to achieve the goals of the Energy Strategy of Russia concerning the enhancement of the regional nuclear industry.

Read more: Regional power engineerimg

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KLT-40S

Overview

Full name KLT-40S Acronym KLT-40S Reactor type Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Coolant Light water Moderator Light water Neutron spectrum Thermal neutrons Thermal capacity 300 MWth Electrical capacity 70 MWe Design Status Under construction Designer JSC “Afrikantov OKB Mechnical Engineering” (OKBM) Last update 23-04-2013

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KLT-40S Design Description 1. Introduction Construction of a small-size floating nuclear cogeneration plant PATES based on a floating power unit (FPU) of 20870 design with KLT-40S reactor plants (RPs) is currently under way in Russia. Russia has accumulated considerable experience in using nuclear power for propulsion of surface vessels and submarines. High performance characteristics of RPs developed by OKBM have been validated during long-term operation of nuclear icebreakers and one nuclear ice- reinforced vessel on northern sea routes. A total of 10 nuclear vessels have been constructed. Seven nuclear icebreakers and one nuclear lighter-carrier, with 13 RPs installed on them, are currently in operation. The longest operation time, more than 175 thousand hours, has been demonstrated by the RP on the “Arktika” icebreaker, and the total operating time of RPs on all nuclear icebreakers amounts to nearly 300 reactor-years. Over the entire period of nuclear vessel operation, there have been no cases of navigation termination due to RP failures, and no incidents associated with fission reaction control failures, core cooldown failures, uncontrolled nuclides transport, or excessive personnel exposure [1]. The experience of development and long-term failure-free operation of nuclear vessels served the basis for developing the small-size floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) design. Currently, there are two possible applications for FNPPs [4]: - provision of district heating and electricity to national consumers; - power supply to the developing countries, including entry to the seawater desalination market. The PATES is a complex of buildings and structures including: - FPU of 20870 design, which is the basic element of the PATES; - hydraulic engineering facilities (special berth and piers for FPU docking, underwater pit, enclosed sea area); - coastal facilities that transfer the electricity and heat from the FPU to the coastal communities, and also perform certain auxiliary, servicing and protective functions. The FPU (see Fig. 1) houses two KLT-40S RPs and two turbine-generator sets with cogeneration turbines; these two sets of equipment are installed alongside the two boards of the FPU. The KLT-40S RP is a pressurized-water reactor. It is based on the commercial KLT-40 marine propulsion plant and is an advanced variant of RPs that power nuclear icebreakers [2, 8]. In order to increase reliability, lifetime, service life, and to improve maintenance conditions, RP components and safety systems underwent modernization with account of the up- to-date requirements of Russian Rostekhnadzor’s regulatory documentation applied for nuclear power plants. Back to table of contents.

3

Fuel handling Central compartment control room

Перегрузочное помещение

АДГ ЦПУ

Шахта Аппаратная №1 КО Пом. КО Пом. хран. перегрузки перегруз. ОТВС Вьюшки Спортзал Пит. Пом. РУ №1 МО №1 Трансфор- Боцманская вода обор. маторная №1 Вспом. Пом. общесуд. Кладовая мех-мы систем мех. ЗИПа

RP compartment

Fig. 1. FPU with KLT-40S RP

The main RP design decisions are as follows [2, 8]: - modular design: reactor, steam generators (SGs) and main circulation pumps (MCPs) are connected with short nozzles (without long pipelines); - four-loop system with forced and natural circulation of primary coolant; - pressurized primary circuit with canned motor pumps and leak-tight bellow-type valves; - once-through coiled SG; - external gas pressurizer system; - passive safety systems; - proven equipment installation, repair and replacement technologies, as well as proven equipment diagnostic and monitoring systems and tools. The KLT-40S reactor unit is shown in Fig. 2. The main reactor plant parameters are given in Table “Summary table technical data” in Appendix 1.

Back to table of contents. 4 2. RP description The reactor unit consists of the reactor (including the core, three actuators of emergency protection, and eight actuators of compensating groups) connected by short ducts to four SGs of PG-28S type and four hydraulic chambers with four electric pumps installed in them. The steam generating unit is a system of interconnected high-pressure vessels containing removable parts of the main (replaceable) equipment. Inner thin-walled nozzles are placed in all main nozzles, thus forming a co-axial structure. Inner thin-walled connecting nozzles, which serve to direct the coolant flow, are fitted together to provide minimum leakage between cavities with different pressures and temperatures. The steam generating unit comprises the main circulation path for heat transfer from the reactor to the SGs. The KLT-40S RP uses a thermal neutron spectrum, pressurized water reactor. Structurally, the reactor (see Fig 2, Pos.1) is a high-pressure vessel with a cover. The vessel houses the core, compensating rods and emergency protection rods. On the cover, there are actuators of compensating groups and emergency protection groups, resistance temperature transducers, and thermoelectric temperature transducers intended to measure reactor temperature. The PG-28S SG consists of: - strong and leak-tight case with the main coaxial nozzle supplying/removing the primary coolant and attachments for SG fixing on the metal-water shielding tank;

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Back to table of contents. ECCS – emergency core cooldown system; HX – heat exchanger Fig. 2. General view of the KLT-40S RP.

6 - internals, including the SG cover with secondary coolant supply/removal nozzles and the coiled tubing system with flow restrictors. The tubing system is assembled of 15 cylindrical multiple-wound coils of 22×2.5 mm tubes. The total number of 22×2.5 tubes in the tubing system is 100. The MCP is intended to transfer primary coolant inside the steam generating unit. The MCP is canned, centrifugal, single-stage, vertical, with shielded double-speed (double-winding) asynchronous electric motor. The KLT-40S RP core is based on ship technologies and uses uranium fuel with235 U enrichment below 20%, which is termed “Low Enriched Uranium (LEU)” by the IAEA. The limitation of uranium fuel enrichment to below 20% 235U is considered by the IAEA to be a factor that enhances proliferation resistance of nuclear systems, as LEU is not a direct use nuclear material [10]. In order to increase uranium content, the core has a close-packed cassette structure and therefore can contain the maximum possible number of fuel elements (FEs) and, correspondingly, the maximum possible volume of fuel in the limited volume of the core. The core uses FEs with smooth cylindrical cladding of corrosion-resistant zirconium alloy (∅6.8 mm). The FEs are structurally the same as those of icebreaker reactors, but use fuel with higher uranium content based on uranium dioxide pellets in inert matrix. The core consists of 121 hexahedral shrouded fuel assemblies (FAs) (Fig. 3) placed in the angles of a regular triangular lattice with a pitch of 100 mm. FA heated part height is 1200 mm, across flats size is 98.5 mm, overall length is 1670 mm. FEs are placed in FAs at a regular triangular lattice pitch of 9.95 mm. Gadolinium-based burnable poison rods (BPRs) used in FAs fully compensate the reactivity margin for fuel burnup and are similar in design to BPRs of icebreaker reactors. Table 1. Main characteristics of the KLT-40S reactor core

Parameter Value

1 Thermal power, MW 150

2 Number of FAs 121

3 FA across flats size, mm 98.5

4 Triangular lattice pitch, mm 100 5 Core diameter, mm 1220 6 Core height, mm 1200 7 FE dimensions across cladding, ∅×δ, mm 6.8×0.5 8 FE cladding material Zirconium alloy Central absorber 9 Absorber element layout in FA element

8 compensating rods + 10 Number of control rods in the core 3 emergency protection rods Back to table of contents.

The selected method of burnup reactivity margin compensation by means of heterogeneous poison in the BPR and control rod absorber element, the type of fuel and the main structural material of core elements, as well as fuel lattice parameters, provide negative reactivity 7 coefficients for power, fuel and coolant temperature, coolant specific volume in the entire envelope of parameters and at any moment of core life. The mentioned factors define the high level of KLT-40S RP inherent self-protection. The core map is given in Fig. 4.

4

3

2

1

5

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Fig. 3. KLT-40S RP fuel assembly 1 – FEs; 2- absorber element; 3 - nozzle; 4 – upper end; 5 – lower end. 8

FA with emergency protection rod

Fig. 4. Reactor core map

Fuel handling complex One of the advantages offered by the FPU-based PATES under construction is long-term autonomous operation in remote regions with decentralized power supply. The design stipulates that every 3-4 years of operation the reactor is refuelled, the spent nuclear fuel is then stored onboard the FPU and no special maintenance and refuelling ships are necessary. For that purpose, the FPU incorporates fresh and spent FA storages, storages of liquid and solid wastes generated during operation and refuelling, and the fuel handling complex. The spent FA and solid radioactive waste storage includes two stages: the wet storage, which ensures reliable heat removal from spent FAs immediately after they have been unloaded from the reactor, and subsequent dry storage with air cooling, which makes possible safe storage of spent FAs at a minimum cost. The wet storage uses leak-tight wet decay storage tanks. The spent FA and solid radioactive waste storage includes three independent wet storage tanks, each capable of holding the inventory of spent FAs from one reactor core. During normal operation, decay heat is removed by one of the two active heat removal channels through three loops: from the cooling circuit through the intermediate circuit to the seawater. There is also a passive heat removal channel that operates by evaporating the water from the wet storage tank cofferdam into the ventilation system. The dry storage uses leak-tight canisters of ChT-14 type installed into dry storage Back to table of contents.containers. The spent FA and solid radioactive waste storage includes four independent dry storage containers, each capable of holding the inventory of spent FAs from one reactor core. The heat from the canisters in the storage containers is removed by open-loop ventilation. The fuel handling complex is used for reactor refuelling. It performs the entire range of operations from cutting the welds, which attach the sleeves of emergency protection, resistance 9 thermometers and thermoelectric transducers to the reactor cover, to reactor bringing to first criticality, including unloading of spent FAs from the reactor, their transportation and placement into wet storage tanks and dry storage containers, unloading of neutron sources, lower ends of emergency protection, resistance thermometer and thermoelectric transducer sleeves, and loading of fresh FAs into the reactor. In order to maintain a high capacity factor, refuelling is performed 13 days after reactor shutdown when the levels of residual heat releases from spent FAs are still high. The fuel handling complex for the KLT-40S RP was developed based on the experience of designing, manufacturing and operating fuel handling equipment for propulsion reactor plants, with account of the modern requirements for safety assurance during potentially nuclear and radiation hazardous activities. Many of the proven solutions validated by years of operation have been used in the developed equipment. The fuel handling complex includes: − refuelling container for spent FAs; − alignment mechanisms installed on the reactor vessel, wet storage tanks and dry storage containers; − machine for cutting the welds attaching the sleeves; − hydraulic jacks, pump station, observation device, etc. Auxiliary systems Pressurizer system The pressurizer system is intended to develop and keep the primary circuit pressure within the prescribed limits in all operation modes. The KLT-40S primary circuit uses external gas pressurizer system. The system includes: - four pressurizers; - two main gas cylinder groups (6 cylinders in each group); - stand-by cylinder group (6 cylinders); - gas compressor; - piping, valves, instrumentation. System technical characteristics are given in Table “Summary table technical data” in Appendix 1. In the nozzle connecting the system to the reactor vessel, there is a DN25 restriction device intended to prevent primary circuit outflow in case of pipeline rupture. Purification and cooldown system The purification and cooldown system is intended to maintain the required quality of primary circuit water and to remove residual heat from the core to the third circuit water. The system includes: Back to table of contents.- primary-third circuit HX; - primary circuit filter; - two electrical cooldown pumps; - piping, valves, instrumentation. Back to table of contents. 10 The system maintains the primary circuit water quality at power operation in accordance with the established requirements. Fuel cycle Ensuring maximum operation period between refuellings was an objective during development of the fuel cycle for the KLT-40S RP. Taking into account this factor, single loading has been accepted. The use of LEU fuel (initial uranium enrichment does not exceed 20%) has been employed to enhance proliferation resistance. To provide maximum fuel burnup taking into account the accepted limitation on uranium enrichment (decrease of natural uranium inventory), the fuel lattice (water-uranium ratio) has been optimized. Parameters of cermet fuel accepted for the KLT-40S RP allow core operation in the manoeuvre mode without limitation in customer requirements. The main parameters of the KLT-40S RP are given in Table 2. Table 2. Parameter Value Reactor thermal power, MW 150 Fuel type Cermet Single loading with Refuelling mode replacement of all FAs Uranium inventory, kg 1273 Uranium-235 inventory, kg 179 Average uranium enrichment in the core, % 14.1

Fuel life at Nrated, eff.days 14 000 Operation period without refuelling, yr. ~ 2.3 Specific consumption of uranium-235, g235U/(MW·day) 2.05 Average fuel burnup fraction on oxide fuel basis, 45.4 MW·day/kg U

3. Safety concept The principal safety solutions for the FPU with the KLT-40S RP are discussed in References [3, 6, 7]. The objectives are: - to apply a systematic approach integrating the experience and achievements in the safety of nuclear power plants and marine propulsion plants; - to comply with the modern safety requirements and principles developed by the world nuclear community and established in IAEA Safety Standards and in Russian codes and standards applicable to nuclear engineering and shipbuilding. Back to table of contents.The engineering solutions incorporated in the design correspond to worldwide trends followed by all state-of-the-art advanced nuclear power plants: - priority to accident prevention measures and design simplification; - inherent safety features; 11 - defence-in-depth principle; - passive safety features; - limitation of the consequences of severe accidents; - better protection against external impacts, including terrorist attacks. The KLT-40S RP was designed on the basis of proven engineering solutions: - compact structure of the steam generating unit with short nozzles connecting the main equipment, without large-diameter primary circuit pipelines; - proven reactor emergency shutdown actuators based on different operation principles: • fast-response emergency protection rods; • compensating groups. - emergency heat removal systems connected to the primary and secondary circuits; - elimination of weak design points based on the experience of prototype operation (improvement of the primary circuit pressurizer system and several SG units, etc.); - use of available experimental data, certified computer codes and calculation procedures. The passive safety solutions of KTL-40S RP include inherent safety features and ‘external’ passive safety systems. RP inherent safety is expressed in its capability to prevent occurrence, restrain development, and mitigate consequences of the initiating events, which could lead to accidents, using, among all, natural feedbacks and processes with no operator intervention, power consumption or external help for a certain period of time which can be used by the personnel to evaluate the situation and to make necessary corrective actions. RP inherent safety is provided by the following: a) negative reactivity coefficient for fuel and coolant temperatures, specific volume of coolant, and negative steam and integral power coefficients of reactivity; b) high thermal conductivity of the fuel composition determining its relatively low temperature and correspondingly low stored energy; c) appropriate natural circulation flow in the primary system; d) high RP heat storage capacity which is provided by the high heat capacity of primary coolant and metalworks, by the use of ‘soft’ pressurizer system, and design safety margin the for pressure in case of emergency pressure increase; e) compact design of the steam generating unit with short nozzles between the main equipment, without large-diameter primary pipelines; f) installation of flow restrictors in the nozzles connecting the primary circuit systems with the reactor in order to limit the coolant outflow rate, and selection of optimal positions of these nozzles such as to provide fast transition to the steam outflow of the primary coolant in case of break of the corresponding pipelines; g) favourable conditions for realization of the “leak before break” concept for the structural elements of the primary circuit; Back to table of contents. h) use of once-through SGs limiting the secondary circuit heat removal power the in case of steam pipeline break accident. Both active and passive safety systems (Fig. 5) are provided as a part of RP to perform the following safety functions: 12 - reactor emergency shutdown; - emergency heat removal from the primary circuit; - emergency core cooling; - radioactive products confinement. Active safety systems - system of reactor shutdown with insertion of compensating control rods by the electric drive; - system of emergency cooldown through the SG with steam dump to the process condenser; - system of emergency cooldown through the purification and cooldown system HX; - system of emergency water supply from ECCS pumps and recirculation pumps; - filtration system for releases from the protective enclosure. Passive safety systems - system of reactor shutdown with insertion of compensating control into the rods core by gravity and insertion of emergency protection rods by for force of accelerating springs when the locking electromagnets are de-energized; - passive system of emergency cooldown through the SG; - system of emergency water supply from hydraulic accumulators; - containment and normally closed localizing valves in the primary circuit auxiliary systems and interfacing systems; - passive reactor vessel cooldown system; - passive self-actuating devices for actuation of safety systems; - passive containment cooling system; - containment.

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Fig.5. KLT-40S RP safety systems

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Passive safety systems use natural coolant circulation and compressed gas energy. The required functions of safety systems are provided taking into account external natural and man-caused impacts and internal impacts caused by the accident conditions. Functioning of safety systems is provided in case of potential failures such as single failure, common cause failure resulting from a single failure or impact, or personnel error. Reliability of safety systems is provided through the systematic approach stipulating use of redundancy, independence (separation), and diversity principles, as well as the following measures: - use of systems combining passive and active operation principles and elements corresponding to the safe failure principle in the maximum extent possible (i.e. elements which are put in the safety functioning mode in case of failures); - automation of control, and actuation of safety functions by actuating safety systems from self-actuated devices (by the direct action of the medium); - conservative approach in design of protection barriers, safety systems, selection of the range of initial events, accident development scenarios, selection of determining emergency parameters and characteristics, and design margins. The majority of KLT-40S RP safety systems use a two-channel configuration with internal reservation of active elements such as valves and pumps. Use of the two-channel configuration of safety systems in particular conditions of a floating vessel (such as a necessity to minimize equipment size and weight, as opposed to ground-based nuclear power plants) permits to reduce the amount of bulky equipment such as tanks and HXs. Structures, systems and equipment of FNPPs are developed taking into account natural and man-caused impacts typical of nuclear power plant location site and FPU towage routes and meet the requirements of OPB-88/97, the Sea Shipping Register of Russia and other regulations. FNPP safety is ensured under specified design-basis parameters of natural impacts on the FPU and RP occurring at a frequency of 10-2 1/year, and impacts from operational-base and safe shutdown earthquakes occurring at a frequency of 10-2 1/year and 10-4 1/year respectively. For the operation site of the PATES with KLT-40S RPs, the magnitude of the operational-base earthquake is estimated at 7 points, and that of the safe shutdown earthquake equals 8 points. Equipment, machinery, safety-related systems and their attachment units withstand shock loads with acceleration not lower than 3 g in any direction, and maintain operability during heaving which is typical during FPU operation Safety of the PATES with KLT-40S reactors is based on the defence-in-depth principle. This principle stipulates accident prevention and mitigation strategy, a system of physical barriers preventing propagation of ionizing radiation and radioactive materials into the environment, and a system of technical and organizational measures on protection of the barriers and retaining their effectiveness, as well as measures on protection of the personnel, population and environment. There are several levels of technical and organizational measures under the defence-in- Back to table of contents.depth principle [6]: Level 1 – Prevention of abnormal operation and failure. Level 2 – Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure. Level 3 – Control of accidents within the design basis. 15 Level 4 – Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of consequences of severe accidents. Level 5 – Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials. Inherent passive safety features and passive safety systems of the KLT-40S reactor that ensure the effectiveness of physical barriers for each defence-in-depth level are described below. Level 1: Prevention of abnormal operation and failure - negative reactivity coefficients for fuel and coolant temperature, coolant specific volume, and total power in the whole range of reactor parameters that make reactor self-control possible; - high thermal conductivity of the fuel composition determining its relatively low temperature and correspondingly low stored energy; - compact modular design of the steam generating unit with short co-axial nozzles between the main equipment, without long large-diameter primary pipelines, and with flow restrictors, which excludes the possibility of large and medium LOCAs; - pressurized primary system with welded joints, glandless canned pumps and leak-tight bellow-type valves; - possibility of realizing the “leak before break” concept for primary circuit elements; - gas pressurizer system that excludes failures of the electric heaters; - SG with lower tube-side pressure during normal operation that reduces the probability of inter-circuit leaks. Level 2: Control of abnormal operation and detection of failure - active systems of control, restriction, protection and diagnostics. Level 3: Control of accidents within the design basis - insertion of emergency protection rods into the core by the force of accelerating springs; - insertion of compensating rods into the core by gravity; - passive emergency heat removal system with natural coolant circulation in all circuits and evaporation of the water stored in the tanks; - sufficient level of natural circulation flow in the primary circuit to cool the reactor core in case of MCP switch off; - restriction of unauthorized control rods movement by the overrunning clutch under the influence of impact loads and control rod drive mechanism casing rupture; motion restraints used in case of control and protection system standpipe rupture; - self-actuating devices in emergency reactor shutdown system and ECCS; - once-through SGs limiting secondary circuit heat removal power the in case of steam pipeline rupture; - high RP heat storage capacity which is provided by the high heat capacity of primary coolant and metalworks, by the use of “soft” pressurizer system, and design pressure margins; Back to table of contents. - flow restrictors in the pipelines of primary circuit systems and connection of these systems to the hot leg of the reactor. Level 4: Control of severe plant conditions, including prevention of accident progression and mitigation of consequences of severe accidents 16 - ECCS accumulators that provide a time margin for accident control in case of active ECCS systems failure; - passive reactor vessel bottom cooling system that ensures retention of the molten corium inside the reactor vessel; - passive containment cooling system to decrease containment pressure and to limit release of the radioactivity; - protective enclosure. Level 5: Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials - Mitigation of radiological consequences of significant release of radioactive materials is ensured mainly through organizational measures. The design utilizes the systematic approach to safety analysis and validation. This approach combines the deterministic and the probability methods. Besides design basis accidents, the design analyses a wide range of severe accidents where initiating events are coupled with additional safety system failures and/or personnel errors. Severe accidents include: - complete power plant de-energization with safety actuation system failures; - primary pipeline rupture coupled with complete de-energization or core cooldown failures; - transient processes with safety actuation system failures. In severe LOCAs with failure of all ECCS pumps, the core remains flooded during at least 1.5 hours. A first-level probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) has been performed for the PATES based on the FPU with the KLT-40S RPs. Probabilistic safety targets adopted in the PSA for the PATES based on the FPU with the KLT-40S RPs were according to the top level Russian regulatory document NP-022-2000 and included the probability of core damage and probability of large emergency radioactive release. According to NP-022-2000, the target is to ensure that PSA-estimated cumulative probability of core damage does not exceed 10 -5 per reactor-year and probability of large emergency radioactive release does not exceed 10-7 per reactor-year. According to the PSA, the point estimate of the resulting core damage probability for the KLT-40S RP in case of internal initiating events does not exceed 1.0E-7 per reactor-year for the internal initiating events for full power operating conditions. Analysis of the uncertainty of RP probabilistic safety parameters was performed by the method of statistical testing (Monte-Carlo method) and showed that the upper confidence bound (95% quantile) of the core damage rate is not higher than 10-6 per reactor-year. Low probability of severe accidents with core damage is conditioned by the internal safety and design features of the modular reactor design, and also by the redundancy and diversity of safety systems, application of both active and passive safety systems, and use of Back to table of contents.reliable safety-related equipment that has been proven by long operation of prototypes. However, the design does analyse accidents with severe damage (meltdown) of the core. Analysis of the most probable scenarios of severe accidents, as well as the PSA, shows that the most critical scenario from the viewpoint of core damage is the one which is 17 accompanied by the failure of standard ECCS channels resulting from the failure of active elements (ECCS pumps or connecting valves of the same type). For this situation, the design stipulates water supply into the reactor via primary circuit purification system pipelines using steam turbine plant pumps. Measures on mitigation of severe accident consequences include measures on limitation of core damage scale, measures on molten corium retention inside the reactor vessel, and measures on mitigation of radiological consequences. Measures on limitation of core damage scale The KLT-40S core damage process is relatively slow due to supply of water from the ECCS accumulator that cools overheated and partially degraded core elements. Successful implementation of measures assuring water supply into reactor at this stage of accident will ensure flooding and cooldown of core materials, prevent formation of molten pool at the reactor bottom and attack of molten corium on the reactor vessel. Measures on molten corium retention inside the vessel In order to ensure retention of the molten corium inside the reactor vessel, the design provides for a special external reactor vessel cooling system for accidents with core melting and relocation of the melt to the vessel bottom. Retention of the molten corium inside the vessel allows ruling out all negative phenomena connected with molten corium egress into the containment. Measures on mitigation of radiological consequences In order to exclude personnel and population overexposure in severe accidents, the following complex of protective measures should be performed: 1. To ensure personnel safety, it is necessary to avoid personnel presence in compartments adjoining to the containment and in other compartments with high radiation levels. 2. To limit the exposure for population living within a radius of 1 km from the PATES, it is possible (depending on actual radiation situation) that some protective measures will have to be taken: shelter, iodine prophylaxis. One of protective measures is temporary limitation on consumption of contaminated agricultural products grown within a radius of 5 km from the PATES. Evacuation is not needed at any distance from the PATES. 4. Proliferation resistance Proliferation resistance of floating nuclear cogeneration plant designs is achieved, first of all, owing to the inherent properties of RPs and FPUs, which underlie the design concepts and are implemented through the corresponding technical solutions and organizational measures. Such solutions include: - lower than 20% enrichment of the fuel, as well as its chemical form (ceramics dispersed in the inert matrix), makes it unattractive for production of mass destruction weapons; - neither fresh, nor spent fuel is stored on the coastal facilities outside the FPU.

Back to table of contents.Operation of floating nuclear cogeneration plants in other countries is planned on conditions “build–own-operate”, which means that the FPU will be under jurisdiction of the Russian Federation all the time and will be serviced by Russian personnel only. In this case, external non-proliferation measures, apart from existing political obligations of IAEA member countries, will include negotiation of an appropriate agreement between the 18 Russian Federation and the importing country, which will deal with inviolability of the FPU and its external physical protection and guarantees of services not related to ownership rights for the FPUs and reactor plants, and also performance of IAEA checks within the framework of the system of guarantees. Refuelling is performed on site, inside the FPU; spent fuel is unloaded into the temporary storage and then the FPU is transported to the supplier country where the spent fuel is unloaded from the temporary storage and the reactor is refuelled and repaired. Enhancement of proliferation resistance when handling spent fuel from the PATES with Back to table of contents.the KLT-40S RP in Russia is achieved through: - reactor refuelling only in special maintenance centres; - use of the standard fuel cycle of nuclear icebreaker reactors with available infrastructure and mechanisms of protection against proliferation. 19 5. Physical protection Plant physical protection system includes the following technical measures: - security alarms, TV observation system, and operational communications; - access control system; - engineered security features; - organizational measures. The physical protection system is zoned. For FNPP there are two zones: the zone of water area (bound by breakwaters and dams) and coastal service area, and the zone of FPU which is highly controlled. 6. Turbine-generator set The steam turbine plant converts the heat power of the steam generated in the RP into the electric power and heat power for heating water in the intermediate circuit of the cogeneration system. The FPU has two independent steam turbine plants, one for each RP. Main rated characteristics of steam turbine plants are given in the Table of Appendix 1. Each steam turbine plant consists of the following main equipment: - turbine set; - main ejector and seal exhaust system ejector; - two double-speed circulation pumps (each of 60% capacity); - three electric feed pumps with variable-speed electric drives (each of 60% capacity); - one distribution feed pump; - two fresh water circulation electric pumps for the generator cooldown system; - deaerator and equalizing tank; - four ion-exchange and two duplex mechanical filters; - one condensation removal pump; - regenerative feed water heaters (PND No.1 and double-case PVD No.2 and PVD No.3); - two main heaters (each of 50% capacity) and one peaking intermediate water heater; - air cooler for the vented steam from main ejectors, seal ejectors, and deaerators; - steam and condensate-feed systems; - turbine set oil supply system; - seawater cooling system; - intermediate circuit system. For RP hot water and cooling tubes, there are technological condensation plants located in reactor compartment rooms. District heating is provided by heating the intermediate circuit water, which circulates Back to table of contents.between the FPU and the coastal facilities, by the steam extracted from the turbines. The intermediate circuit water is heated from 70 to 130ºC in the heaters located in turbine halls. The following systems are shared by both steam turbine plants: - turbine oil intake, transfer, distribution and separation system; Back to table of contents. 20 - feed water intake and transfer system. The turbine set works inside the steam turbine plant which converts the heat power of the steam generated in the RP into the electric power and heat power for heating water in the intermediate circuit of the cogeneration system. The turbine set consists of the following main equipment: - steam turbine with release system, turning gear, steam distribution, stop valves, control and protection system; - electric generator; - surface double-circuit condenser with expansion tank, hot well, and safety diaphragm; - three main electrical condensate pumps (each of 60% capacity); - two coolers of fresh water of generator cooling system; - piping and valves; - level controller for the condenser; - level controller for seals; - maintenance platforms and turbine set framework. Steam condensing system The steam condensing cycle was designed with the main emphasis on increasing cycle efficiency as compared with the cycles of marine propulsion RPs: - use of an advanced system of regenerative feed water heating (in low-pressure heaters, deaerator and high-pressure heaters) which provides a 170°C temperature at the inlet to RP SGs; - power for FPU house loads is taken directly from main generators; - use of electric drives for all main steam turbine plant pumps (condensate, circulation and feed pumps); - removal of high-temperature condensate directly into the deaerator. 7. Power output system and house loads power supply The FPU electrical power system consists of the system generating and supplying power to the coastal power grid, house loads power supply system, and reserve power supply system. The system generating and supplying power to the coastal power grid includes: - three-phase alternating current generator with switchboards of the feed and control systems; - main switchgear; - transformers (including standby ones); - power output switchboard. The house loads power supply system includes: - standby diesel generators; Back to table of contents.- main switchboards; - transformers. All power consumers installed on the FPU, depending on their functions and importance for safety, are referred to one of four power supply reliability groups. 21 To supply power to consumers of groups I and II, there is and independent two-channel emergency power supply system consisting of: - emergency diesel generators; - emergency diesel generator switchboards; - RP switchboards and feeder switchboards for automated systems; - uninterrupted power supply units; - transformers. 8. Spent fuel and radwaste management Fuel utilization efficiency is provided by the following engineering solutions: - use of all improvements of nuclear fuel and fuel cycles of nuclear icebreaker reactors; spent fuel reprocessing; - increase of fuel burnup through the use of dispersion FEs. Wide application of FNPPs with KLT-type reactors presupposes use of the closed fuel cycle providing for radiochemical processing of spent fuel. At present, the spent fuel from nuclear icebreaker RPs, which are prototypes of RPs for small-size FNPPs, is currently reprocessed at an existing factory. It is planned to update the existing dispersion fuel processing line to add the cermet fuel processing capability. The minimum amount of radwaste generated by the KLT-40S reactor is provided by: - pressurized primary circuit which is standard for marine propulsion RPs; - closed primary coolant purification system; - waste-free coolant handling technologies; - modern low-waste radwaste reprocessing technologies; - refuelling is performed in special maintenance centres. 9. Plant layout The RPs and turbine-generator sets are located on the FPU. The FPU is a towed flush- decked berth-connected vessel with a developed multi-tiered superstructure (Fig. 6). In the midship of the FPU there is the reactor compartment. The turbine-generator and electric equipment compartments are located to the bow from the reactor compartment, and the auxiliary equipment compartment and living block are located to the stern. This layout ensures the required safety conditions and allows optimal layout of pipelines and electric cables. The FPU hull is all-welded, fitted with ice reinforcements and special fixtures for towing and fixing. The hull is divided into watertight compartments by watertight bulkheads reaching the upper deck. Back to table of contents.

22

Fig. 6. The FPU FPU floodability is ensured when any two adjoining compartments are flooded an all specified load modes and in compliance with the Sea Shipping Register of Russia. Reactor compartment The RP is installed in the reactor compartment located in the midship of the FPU. Each RP has its own steel leak-tight protective shell. The reactor compartment is guarded on the outside by the protective enclosure consisting of multi-layer ceilings of the superstructure roof, machine room bulkheads, and superstructure side rooms. All these structures constitute the external protective barrier of the reactor compartment, which is capable of withstanding external physical impacts, including aircraft crash on the FPU. Turbine compartment The FNPP has an autonomous machine room housing the turbine-generator set with auxiliary servicing systems, and the power unit. The machine room is located to the bow from the reactor compartment and is separated by the transverse bulkheads of the reactor compartment protective enclosure. General layout Normal operation of the FNPP requires a certain arrangement of water space and coastal infrastructure. The coastal infrastructure includes: - hydraulic engineering structures (jetties, beacons, boom barriers, etc.); - waterfront structure (sea-walls, piers, etc.); - transmission pylons intended for transport of generated electricity to the consumers; - coastal structures.

Back to table of contents.Hydraulic engineering structures are intended for FPU safe offshore location and fixing. Technical communication with the coast is carried out using the berthing facilities. Support and maintenance vessels can approach and moor alongside the FPU. The coastal infrastructure and special devices are intended for transfer of electricity and heat from the FPU to the consumers.

23

Coastal structures Hydraulic engineering structure

FPU

Fig. 7. General view of PATES based on the FPU of 20870 design

10. Efficiency and performance The efficiency of the FNPP with KLT-40S RPs is determined by the following factors [2, 5]: - the RP is based on the commercially produced marine propulsion RP of KLT-40 type and offers high reliability and guaranteed safety, which was demonstrated by failure-free operation of similar RP designs during about 300 reactor-years - FNPPs can be serially manufactured in shipyards and then delivered to the customer fully assembled, tested and ready for operation; - compact modular layout of the RP and, accordingly, minimum size of the containment; - minimum scope and cost of capital construction work needed to prepare the FNPP operation site and the water area; - no need to create transportation links, power transmission lines, or preparatory infrastructure required for ground-based nuclear power plants; - high degree of freedom in selecting the location for a FNPP as it can be moored in any coastal region; - considerable reduction of construction period (4 years); - availability of the entire nuclear vessels servicing and maintenance infrastructure in Russia will permit to minimize costs for FNPP maintenance and refuelling; - FPU disposal at a specialized factory; - FNPPs with expired service life can be replaced with new ones; - possibility of RP operation in manoeuvre modes without limiting consumer Back to table of contents.requirements; - FPUs can be used as part of desalination complexes. Fuel utilization efficiency and reduction of natural uranium consumption is provided by the following engineering solutions: 24 - use of all improvements of nuclear fuel and fuel cycles of nuclear icebreaker reactors; spent fuel reprocessing; - increase of fuel burnup through the use of dispersion FEs. Main technical and economic parameters of the PATES based on the FPU of 20870 design with KLT-40S RPs are given in Table 3. Table 3. Main technical and economic parameters, as predicted by the developers, of the PATES Index Value FPU displacement, t 21 500 Rated electric output, MW 2×30 FOAK plant delivery term, years 4 Plant service life, years 40 Plant availability target 0.85 Number of Operation Personnel 58 Specific capital investments for construction, $/kWe 3500 …4000 cost of generated electric power (condensation mode), ¢/kW·hr ∼5.0 Net cost of heat power, $/Gcal ∼20

11. Development status of technologies used for the plant Technologies used for KLT- 40S RP development and their current status are given in the Table below. Reactor technology Status Modular PWRs for Russian nuclear Widely used reactor technology, vessels operation experience of marine multi- purpose reactors exceeds 6500 reactor- years Icebreaker type KLT-40S reactor for the The RP and FPU designed were FOAK FNPP developed; FPU construction license was obtained from the regulatory authority (RF GAN); fabrication of RP and steam-turbine plant equipment is under way Nuclear shipbuilding technology The total of 11 nuclear vessels was constructed (icebreakers, one lighter carrier), FPU construction is in progress Reactor of the nuclear cogeneration plant Under construction; IAEA review was Back to table of contents.(AST-500) regarding safety ensuring performed [11] approaches and solutions

Main engineering solutions of the KLT-40S RP are as follows: 25 - modular layout of the main equipment (reactor, steam generator, MCPs); coaxial cross- nozzles of the main primary coolant circulation path; - pressurized primary circuit; - once-through coiled modular SGs; - cassette core with cermet fuel (uranium oxide in the silumin matrix); enrichment does not exceed 20%; - passive safety systems; - use of existing metallurgical, press forging and machine-assembly technologies available at the manufacturers of nuclear icebreaker power plants; - use of existing equipment mounting, repair and replacement technologies and systems and means of equipment diagnosis and monitoring; - minimum impact on personnel, population and the environment; consequences of any accidents are minor, which is confirmed by the long operation experience of nuclear icebreakers. The basic KLT-40S RP production technologies mastered on the commercial scale are as follows: - technology of main equipment fabrication and vessel system welding; - technology of SG tubing manufacture of titanium alloys; - technology of manufacturing and assembling the in-vessel coaxial elements that provide coolant circulation; - canned MCPs fabrication technology; - dispersed FE and FA fabrication technology; - technology of structural materials providing FE corrosion and radiation resistance during operation; - technology of fabrication of normal operation system and safety system elements (self- actuated devices, pressurizer, tanks, HXs, pumps, filters); - nuclear ship building technologies. Potential application of the above technologies: - manufacture of RPs for ground-based nuclear power plants of small-size (with KLT- 40S RP) and medium size (such as VBER-300); - establishment of nuclear power-generation and desalination complexes; - application of KLT-40S RP as a source of process steam; - development of FNPPs that do not require refuelling on the operation site [9]. Back to table of contents. 12. Design status and planned schedule The design of the PATES based on the FPU of 20870 design with KLT-40S RP is being developed by Russian organizations and enterprises having a unique experience in designing, building and operating nuclear reactors for the Navy and civil fleet. 26 Main participants of the ATES-MM project Company Responsibility area JSC “Afrikantov OKB Mechanical Chief designer of the RP, packaged Engineering” (OKBM), Nizhny supplier of the RP Novgorod RRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow Scientific supervisor of the RP design JSC “TsKB “Iceberg”, Saint Petersburg General designer of the FPU Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute Scientific supervisor of the FPU design Designer of coastal and hydraulic JSC “Atomenergo” engineering facilities United Shipbuilding Corporation, FPU builder “Baltiysky Zavod”, Saint Petersburg Rosatom, JSC “Energoatom Concern”, Directorate of FNPPs under Project customer and investor Construction General designer and supplier of the JSC “Kalouzhsky Turbine Plant” turbine set

The design of a PATES based on the FPU with KLT-40S RPs was developed in accordance with State Atomic Energy Corporation ROSATOM long-term activity program (2009 -2015). Construction of the FPU and equipment fabrication has been under way since 2007. Initially, FPU construction started in the shipyard of “Sevmash” plant in Severodvinsk. However, since “Sevmash” was overloaded with other projects, FPU construction was handed over to “Baltiysky Zavod”. “Baltiysky Zavod” (Saint Petersburg) is a member of the United Shipbuilding Corporation and specializes in building Navy vessels, large-capacity civil cargo vessels, and icebreakers (powered by nuclear or diesel plants). The contract between “Baltiysky Zavod” and JSC “Energoatom Concern” was signed on 27 February 2009 and renewed on 7 December 2012. The contract includes construction, launching, fitting-out, testing and commissioning of a FPU of 20870 design for the PATES with KLT-40S RPs. In accordance with the contract, the FPU is to be ready for transportation in 2016. After integrated testing inside the PATES, the FPU will be commissioned to the “Energoatom” Back to table of contents.Concern at the operation site. At present, fabrication of main equipment for the PATES reactor and turbine-generator sets is completed.

27 REFERENCES [1] POLUSHKIN A.K., KUZIN E.A., VOROBIOV V.M., KLYKOV D.M., PANOV J.K., “Implementation of the project for the construction and operation of a nuclear heat and power plant on the basis of a FPU with KLT-40S reactors”, Small Power and Heat Generation Systems on the Basis of Propulsion and Innovative Reactor Technologies, IAEA-TECDOC-1172, Vienna (2000) 53-66. [2] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Status of Advanced Light Reactor Designs, IAEA-TECDOC-1391, Vienna (2004) 733-754. [3] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Innovative Small and Medium Sized Reactors: Design Features, Safety Approaches and R&D Trends, IAEA-TECDOC- 1451, Vienna (2004) 103-124. [4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Status of Non-Electric Nuclear Heat Applications: Technology and Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1184, Vienna (2000) 69-79. [5] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Economics of Nuclear Desalination: New Developments and Site Specific Studies, IAEA-TECDOC-1561, Vienna (2007) 72-77. [6] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Design Features to Achieve Defence in Depth in Small and Medium Sized Reactors, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Report NP-T-2.2, IAEA, Vienna (2009). [7] BELYAEV V., POLUNICHEV V., “Basic safety principles on using KLT-40S reactors”, IAEA-AG-1021 IWGFR/97 24-42. [8] ANTONOVSKY G.M., MITENKOV F.M., et al., “PWR-type reactors developed by OKBM”, Nuclear News, a publication of American Nuclear Society (March 2002). [9] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Status of Small Reactor Designs Without On-Site Refueling, IAEA-TECDOC-1536, Vienna (2007) 269-297. [10] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Guidance for the Application of an Assessment Methodology for Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems – INPRO Manual – Overview of the Methodology, IAEA-TECDOC-1575 Rev. 1, Volume 5, November 2008. [11] “Independent review of safety at Gorky district heating nuclear plant”. IAEA, Vienna, 1989 (Parts 1 and 2). Abbreviations ATES-MM - small-size floating nuclear cogeneration plant BPR - burnable poison rod ECCS - emergency core cooldown system FA - fuel assembly FE - fuel element FNPP - floating nuclear power plant Back to table of contents.FOAK - first of a kind FPU - floating power unit HX - heat exchanger LOCA - loss of coolant accident 28 LWR - light water reactor MCP - main circulation pump NOAK - n-th of a kind OKBM - JSC “Afrikantov OKB Mechanical Engineering” OPB - “General provisions on nuclear power plants safety” PSA - probabilistic safety analysis PWR - pressurized water reactor Back to table of contents.R&D - research and development RP - reactor plant SG - steam generator

Back to table of contents. 29 Appendix 1 Summary Table Technical Data of KLT-40S RP

Parameter Value Dimension General plant data Reactor thermal output 2×150 MW(th) Power plant output, gross 2×35 MW(e) Power plant output, net 2×30 MW(e) Power plant efficiency, net 23.3* % Mode of operation Load follow Plant design life 40 Years Plant availability 85 % Operating base earthquake (safe shutdown OBE-7 (SSE-8); earthquake) PGA, g maximum acceleration 3 g Primary coolant material light water Intermediate coolant material, if applicable - Moderator material, if applicable light water Type of cycle Indirect core cooldown Thermodynamic cycle Rankine steam condensing cycle Non-electric applications: - Potable water 20000-100000** m3/hour - Process steam - - Heat (for district heating or process) 2×73 (max) Gcal/hr - Hydrogen (or other advanced energy carrier) - - Other - Safety goals Core damage frequency 10-6 /reactor-year Large early release frequency 10-7 /reactor-year Occupational radiation exposure ∼1,0 Person- mSv/reactor- year Operator action time (Grace period) 1.5 hr Economic goals

Back to table of contents.Mode of deployment Distributed Levelized unit electricity cost for NOAK plant 4.5-5 (as of 2006) ¢/kW⋅hr Levelized unit cost of a non-electrical product for 30 NOAK plant - Heat 20-22 $/ Gcal - Potable water 0.8-0.9 $/m3 Reactor core Fuel column height 1.2 m Equivalent core diameter 1/155 m Average linear heat rate 14.0 kW/m Average fuel power density 117.8 kW/kgU Average core power density 119.3 MW/m3

Fuel material UO2 in inert matrix FE type Smooth-rod, cylindrical Cladding material Zirconium alloy FE outer diameter 6.8 mm Lattice geometry triangular Number of FE in FA 69; 72; 75 Number of FA 121 Enrichment of reloaded fuel in equilibrium core 13; 15.7*** Weight % Fuel cycle length 28 Months Average discharge burn-up of fuel 45.4**** MW·d/kg Burnable absorber (mode of use/material) gadolinium; 46.3 kg Mode of reactivity control Control rods Mode of reactor shut down Control rods Control rod absorber material Dysprosium titanate, boron carbide Soluble neutron absorber Cadmium nitrate Primary coolant system Primary coolant flow rate 761 kg/s Reactor operating pressure 12.7 MPa Core coolant inlet temperature 280 °С Core coolant outlet temperature 316 °С Intermediate coolant system - Power conversion system Back to table of contents. Working medium water, water steam Working medium flow rate at nominal conditions 67 kg/s Working medium pressure/temperature (SG outlet) 3.82/290 MPa/°С 31

Working medium supply flow rate at nominal 67 kg/s conditions Working medium supply temperature 170 °С Reactor vessel Inner diameter of cylindrical shell 1920 mm Wall thickness of cylindrical shell 128 mm Total height, inside 3892 mm Base material Steel 15Cr2NiMoVA-A Design pressure/temperature 16.2/350 MPa/°С Transport weight 70.5 t Guard vessel - SG or HX of the power circuit Type Vertical, coiled, once-through Number 4 Mode of operation Secondary coolant on the tube side, primary coolant on the shell side Total tube surface area 284 m2 Number of HX tubes 100 Tube outside diameter 22 mm Tube material Titanium alloy Transport weight 23 t Intermediate HX - Primary circulation system Circulation type Forced Pump type Canned, centrifugal, single-stage, vertical, double-speed Number of pumps 4 Pump speed rpm - large pump speed 50 s-1 - small pump speed 16.7 s-1 Head at rated conditions 38 m Flow at rated conditions 870 m3/h Back to table of contents. Intermediate circulation system - Circulation system of the power circuit Circulation type Forced 32

Pump type Condensate and feed electric pumps Number of pumps 3 condensate pumps; 3 feed pumps Pump speed rpm - condensate pump 2970 - feed pump 1200-3000 Head at rated conditions m - condensate pump 110 - feed pump 750 Flow at rated conditions m3/h - condensate pump 150 - feed pump 150 Pressurizer Type External, gas-operated, with gas cylinders Total volume 8.16 m3 Working medium volume: full power/zero power 6.03/6.1 m3 Active devices used No Primary containment Type Steel Overall form (spherical/cylindrical) Rectangular parallelepiped Dimensions (diameter/height) 12×7.92×12 m Design pressure/temperature 0.5/200 MPa/°С Design leakage rate 1.0 Volume %/ day Secondary containment Type System of compartments Overall shape Rectangular Dimensions 15 000 m3 Design pressure/temperature - Design leakage rate Waterproofness and leak-tightness according to the Sea Shipping Register of Russia Back to table of contents.Equipment and systems located in the space - between the primary and the secondary containment Residual heat removal systems - Active heat removal through the purification and 1 channel with equipment 33 cooldown system redundancy - Active heat removal through the process 1 channel with equipment condenser redundancy - Passive heat removal through ECCS HXs 2 channels Safety injection systems - Active system for water supply from makeup pumps (2 channels) - Active system for water supply from recirculation pumps (2 channels) - Passive system for water supply from hydraulic accumulators (2 channels) Turbines Type of turbines Steam, condensing-extraction Number of turbines 2 Number of turbine sections per unit (e.g. 2 HP/MP/LP) Turbine speed 3000 rpm HP turbine inlet pressure/temperature 3.43/285 MPa/°С Generators Type Three-phase Number 2 (on FPU) Rated power 43.75 MVA Active power 35 MW Voltage 10.5 kV Frequency 50 Hz Total generator mass including exciter 80 t Condensers Type Surface, double-circuit Condenser pressure 5 kPa Compressors - Plant configuration and layout Plant configuration options Floating, two RPs on a barge Surface area of the plant site Back to table of contents. - area of water 15 000 m2 - coast territory 8000 m2 Elevation or underground embedding of the nuclear Floating 34 island Core catcher None. The molten corium is to be contained inside the reactor vessel owing to external cooling of the vessel bottom Protection against aircraft crash Collision protection against helicopter crash (type Ка-32s, mass 11 t, crash speed 15 m/s) owing to thicker plating and floors, and stiffness ribs. Protection against aeroplane crash is ensured by organizational measures Protection against flooding Not required Features for protection against collision with other To mitigate collision consequences, ships and in accordance with the requirements of RF Rules for Nuclear Vessels, the FPU is fitted with anti-collision protection means. The anti-collision protection was developed based on the nuclear ice- breaker design experience and has the following features which improve its capacity. In the areas of RP anti-collision protection, the existing floors are reinforced by thicker plating sheets and deck plating and longitudinal framing with larger cross-sections. Board plating thickness is increased from 18 to 22-30 mm, longitudinal stiffness ribs of the board are reinforced, thickness of upper deck plating near the board is increased from 8 to 22 mm, thickness of the first-tier superstructure deck plating near the board is increased from 10 to 30 mm, longitudinal stiffness ribs of the first-tier superstructure deck near the board are reinforced. The design takes into account the following navigational accidents: - docking impact; - collision with other vessels during towage; Back to table of contents. - stranding during towage. Features for protection against tsunamis Ensured by siting the FNPP in protected water areas (bays, river mouths) and building appropriate protective structures (breakwaters, 35 dams, etc.) Notes: * in the mode of maximum electric output ** when used in a desalination complex (FPU+desalination unit) *** for FOAK cores (for NOAK cores, enrichment does not exceed 19.75%) **** on oxide fuel basis

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Pakistan / Karachi

Beijing-based bank likely to approve $100m for Karachi bus project

ISLAMABAD: The Beijing-based Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is in the process of approving a $100 million loan for the Karachi Bus Rapid Transit (KBRT) project by the end of this year, it’s learnt.

This would be the second loan to be approved by the bank for projects in Sindh. The AAIB is already processing a request for a loan of $160m for the Karachi water and sewerage services improvement project.

Besides, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has agreed to provide $390m for the KBRT project. With this, the total financing by multilateral development banks will cost over $582m. The Sindh government will contribute $92.5m towards the project.

Karachi to host three­day Thai exhibition from Sept 1 To promote bilateral trade and exchange of technology, a three-day single country Thailand Exhibition is being organized from 01-03 September 2018 at Pearl Continental Hotel Karachi. The exhibition is organized by Department of International Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce, Royal Thai Government with the support of Royal Thai Consulate­General Karachi and being managed by Event and Conference International Pvt. Ltd.

Rashid Ul Haque, Director, Event and Conference International and Event Manager informed that Thai companies will display their products from more than 10 categories of different products as foods & beverages, home textiles, health and beauty, hardware, machinery, household items, footwear, party accessories, jewellery cleaner, electrical appliances etc.

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Applied Technology Research Center (ATRC) Company Profile Mission Statement

We aim to provide our clients with the most throughly researched technical expertise and training, energy and automation solutions to give them awesome advantages.

Energy Section

Tawanai is the organization which designs, develops and deploys systems related to energy. http://at rc.net.pk/tawanai

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The Training Company with its simple and apt name is the organization which develops and conducts courses for corporate training. http://atrc.net.pk/the-training-company/

Automation Section

The automation section is composed of three organizations.

Muftasoft : Enterprise systems development. http://atrc.net.pk/muftasoft/

Karachi Computer Services : Business automation for the Pakistani SME Market. http://atrc.net.pk/karachi-computer-services/

Dubai Computer Services : Business automation for the UAE SME Market. http://dubai-computer-services.com/

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Back to table of contents. Since 1992 The Training Company has trained over 5000 students in subjects related to Computers, Energy, Management, and Technology. We offer courses in Pakistan and UAE. We are planning on offering courses online to expand the reach of our trainings so they can be beneficial to more people via the available Internet technologies of the time. We are also actively looking for partners like training institutes, educational institutions, and universities to develop and deliver courses which shall be beneficial today and in the future for the students and clients. Good for your business Training can improve business performance, profit and staff morale. Advantages to your business include: • You choose what new skills your workforce gains, targeting skills to meet the needs of your operation for now and in the future • Training your staff can result in better customer service, better work safety practices and productivity improvements • You demonstrate to your workforce that you value them enough to invest in them, improving loyalty and staff retention. In turn, retention is a saving to you.

Guarantee

Back to table of contents. Courses available for training Information Technology ICT / General

ATRC Open Computer Driving License Course and Exam (AOCDL) OCLC ICDL Machine Learning (PDF) HEC – Computer Science - Statistical and Mathematical Methods for Data Science HEC – Computer Science – Discreet Mathematics HEC - Computer Science - Theory of Automata (PDF) SQL and Databases SQL Server - Course 10774 Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2012 SQL Server - Course 10775 Administering Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Databases

SQL Server - Course 10776 Developing Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Databases GIMP Internet of Things (IOT) IBM Maximo Open Refine Photoshop Primavera Quantum Computing Opensource in Universities The future of opensource

Back to table of contents. ICT / Reporting Business Intelligence Pentaho Big Data Data Sciences Crystal Reports Jasper Reports

ICT / Ecommerce Our bitcoin course in the world. Updated for new developments. The first bitcoin course. Second bitcoin course The first class based onion page course in the world. Digital Currencies Block Chain Ethereum ATM (Automated Teller Machine) Emarketing Strategy Emarketing Management

ICT / Datacenters Virtualization VMWare Oracle VirtualBox Cloud Computing

Back to table of contents. ICT / System Architecture ITIL COBIT Internet of Things Application Delivery DevOps

Building Information Management (BIM)

Back to table of contents. ICT / Programming Arduino Rasberry PI Data Structures Python Go programming Software Process Improvement (CMMI) PHP and MySQL (LAMP) PHP Zend ASP.Net ADO.Net C# and Mono C++ OOPS and OOAD COBOL REXX C Language Java

Back to table of contents. ICT / Security Pakistan Cyber Crime Training Tor Onion Routing Certified Ethical Hacking (CEH) Certified in Risk and Information Systems Control CRISC Certified Information Security Manager CISM Penetration testing Auditing security Hardening organizations against cyber threats CISSP : Certified Information Systems Security Professional Certified Wireless Security Professional CISSP Cyber Security Firewalls CCNP Security CCNP Firewall CCNP VPN TCP/IP Security TCP/IP VPNs MPLS VPN Network Security Offensive Security Ensuring Security Strategic Security Wireshark Windows Certificates

Back to table of contents. ICT / OS / Linux Linux Redhat Courses Linux Introduction Linux Professional Institute - LPI SuSe Fundamentals SuSe Administration OpenStack (PDF) Linux Desktop Linux Bash Shell Course grep, SED and AWK for Linux Intro to Linux Android App Development Perl 5 Programming Intro to C Programming Advanced C++ Programming Red Hat Administration Part 1 Red Hat Administration Part 2 Linux Security

Back to table of contents. Linux topics Installation Configurations Network Services Working with run levels Emergency boot procedures, System logging Process Administration Setting up and managing disk quotas Scheduling the processes using CRON & AT utilities IP Address Assignment (Statically) Data Backup and recovery Linux Conf Access Linux Shells (CLI, GUI) remotely using Telnet and SSH IP assignment static and dynamic DHCP Service NFS (Network File Services) SAMBA and SWAT DNS Server Apache Web Server FTP Servers Network Address Translation (NAT) Network Management Services SNMP and syslog Firewall (IP Tables) Proxy Server (Squid) Webmin

Asterisk Server Configuration & Management Introduction & Installation Extension / SIP conf System Management Asterisk services Troubleshooting & Debugging

Back to table of contents. ICT / OS / Solaris Developing and Deploying Applications on Oracle Solaris 11 Oracle Solaris 11 Advanced System Administration Oracle Solaris 11 Security Administration Oracle Solaris 11 System Administration

ICT / Servers

Cloud Computing The Essentials of Cloud Computing Cloud Computing Introduction Business intelligence - Pentaho PowerPoint 2013 One Day course - PDF Customer Relationship Management (CRM) CRM Course CRM Introduction

Back to table of contents. Office Software

LibreOffice

Back to table of contents. Networking CompTIA Network+

ATRC Network Course and Exam Internet Infrastructure 3com CCNA CCNP-BSCI CCIE CCVP IP QoS 802.1x Kamailio SIP Server Lync DNS Protocol LANs WANs Layer 3 switching Lawful Intercept Ethernet Ethernet Switching FabricPath Fiber Optic cabling systems Fiber Splicing Frame Relay GPRS IP addressing and submetting IP CCTV IP Routing IP Security Pass sentences and password management IP VPNs

Back to table of contents. IPSec IPTV IPv6 IS-IS Intermediate System to Intermediate System Cisco CCNP ISCW Implementing Secure Converged Wide Area Networks H.323 audio-visual communication H.248 Gateway Control Protocol HP OpenView HP ProCurve Switches ISDN HP Switches HSPA High Speed Packet Access RF and Advanced RF Satellite Communications Congestion Management Methods Congestion Avoidance Methods Traffic Policing and Shaping Link Efficiency Mechanisms Gateway to interface with the PSTN, PBX and Voice Mail TCP/IP and Advanced TCP/IP Network+ ADSL Cisco CCNP BCMSN Building Cisco Multilayer Switched Networks Cisco ICND BGP Bluetooth Broadband Access Cisco CCNP BCSI Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks Call Center Carrier Ethernet Castle Rock SNMPc CCNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator

Back to table of contents. Cisco IP Telephony (CIPT) Cisco Routers

Back to table of contents. Networking Layer 1 & 2 Intro to data comms and networking Copper cabling Fibre Optic cabling Fibre splicing SDH DWDM Ethernet switching Advanced Ethernet Switching STP SPB TRILL FabricPath STP alternatives Carrier Ethernet SDN WANs MPLS MPLS VPN Broadband access ATM (Networking) Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Back to table of contents. Networking Layer 3 TCP/IP Foundation Advanced TCP/IP Wireshark 101 Wireshark Certified Network Analyst Designing IP networks IP addressing DHCP ZeroConf and Bonjour IPv6 IP QoS IP security foundation IP routing OSPF BGP IS-IS IP multicast IP VPNs IPsec MPLS

Back to table of contents. Networking Layer 4 to 7 TCP/IP Apache DNS Advanced DNS SMTP and email Server Load Balancing Application Delivery fundamentals SNMP NetFlow SAMBA WhatsUpGold SolarWinds HP OpenView Castle Rock SNMP Nagios

Back to table of contents. Networking Wireless RF fundamentals Advanced RF Certified Wireless Network Administrator TETRA Satellite communications WiMax Bluetooth Certified Wireless Securiy Professional Advanced satellite communications VSAT

Back to table of contents. Multimedia over IP TCP/IP Foundation Intro to Telecommunications VoIP Video conferencing over IP SIP H.323 Securing SIP networks H.248 IP CCTV IPTV HDTV UNIX fundamentals Kamailio Asterisk Advanced Asterisk Session Border Controllers IP QoS IP multicast IPv6

Back to table of contents. Internet Marketing Social Media marketing Internet network designs. Web Development Search engine optimization techniques. HTML Joomla Magento

Enterprise Architecture Enterprise Integration Data Sciences Big Data with Hadoop Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Supply Chain Management (SCM) Strategic Information Security Management Object oriented systems analysis and design using UML. Software testing and quality assurance Electronic Business Extensible Markup Language (ebXML) Part 5: Core Components Specification (CCS) (ISO 15000) Information Technology Service Management (BS 15000/ISO 20000) Service oriented architecture. Mobile application development Libre office / Open office / MS Office / Star office Using Linux "machines", Macs "cutebooks", and MS windows "dreadware" to get your things done. Data communication and field bus systems

Back to table of contents. Data communication and computer networks Advaced Data Communications Web page and website development Ecommerce Disaster Recovery and Business continuity Business Continuity Management (BS 25999 BCMS) Network security and firewalls Information Security Management (ISO 27001 ISMS and COBIT) Security Policies SCADA e-Governance Operating Systems Linux and Unix systems Linux RHCE Email servers Web Servers Virtualization Data center design. Robotics.

Software Development Mobile application development. Wireless networking Bandwidth Management Risk Management on IT Projects IT Contracts Drafting & Management Business Information Technology Planning

Back to table of contents. Other ICT Topics Disaster Recovery and Business continuity Asterisk and VoIP Internet Services (bind, squid, apache, ntpd, ssh, openvpn, dhcpd, postfix, postgreSQL, mysqld, and many other *d applications) SCADA Security DevOps IT Project Management Software Engineering Operating Systems Linux and Unix systems Email servers Web Servers Virtualization Cloud Computing Data center design. Social Media marketing Intro to social media Internet Marketing Internet network designs. Web Development Search Engine Optimization Robotics. Mobile application development. Wireless networking Bandwidth Management Risk Management on IT Projects

Back to table of contents. IT Contracts Drafting & Management Business Information Technology Planning Information Technology Strategic Planning & Management Training LibreOffice/OpenOffice MS Office (Excel, PowerPoint, Word)

MS Excel Intermediate, Advanced MS PowerPoint Vyatta, Zebra, & Quagga router Microsoft Dynamics IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem Ramzan Presentation

Back to table of contents. APM Certifications Cyber Security & Resilience • CCP - CESG Certified Professional • GCT - GCHQ Certified Training • CDCAT® - Cyber Defence Capability Assessment Tool • Cloud Computing • Cyber Essentials • ISO/IEC 27001 • RESILIA™

Security+ IP security foundation Firewalls IP VPNs IPSEC Penetration testing 802.1X RADIUS CWSP SIP security Securing UNIX systems

Back to table of contents. IT Governance & Service Management • ASL® - Application Services Library • BiSL® - Business information Services Library • Change Analyst • CIF - Cloud Industry Forum Code of Practice • CMDB - Configuration Mgmt Database • COBIT® 5 Control Objectives for Information and related Technology • DASA DevOps • IAITAM® - IT Asset Management • ISO/IEC 20000 • ITIL® - Information Technology Infrastructure Library IT Service Management (ITIL and ISO 20000 ITSMS) • Lean IT • Problem Analyst • Service Automation Framework • SDI® - Service Desk Institute • Service Catalogue • Service Level Analyst

Back to table of contents. Business Courses Capitalizing business opportunities in challenging Times Certified Management Accountants (CMA) Basel 3 UAE Real Business Training Cost Cutting How to make a business plan Key Performance Indicators Recession Management Feasible business development Sustainable Entrepreneurship E-entrepreneurship Business case writing Blue Ocean Strategy Business Model Generation

Energy. Solar Power (PDF) Introduction to petroleum engineering. (PDF) HEC - Petroleum Engineering - Unconventional Reservoirs (PDF) Energy - Oil and Gas - Petroleum Engineering - Gas Sweetening Biodiesel Version 2 Alternative and renewable energies. Nuclear energy Quality of crude oil and petroleum Information Security Management Systems ISO27001 for Oil & Gas IT Risk Management in Oil & Gas Industry-Governance

Back to table of contents. Management e-Governance Sales Manager Training ISO 9000 Series - Introduction, Development & Application Communication Skills for Managers Supply Chain Management Negotiation Skills & Strategy Effective Purchasing and Contract Negotiation Strategies Strategic Thinking Risks & Decision Analysis Risk Management Critical Thinking & Leadership Skills Advanced Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Successful Supervisory & Delegation skills for team leader Industrial relations management Policies standards & procedures Managing the corporate events Problem solving and decision making Effective management of protected disclosures in public sector administration Crisis management Risk Identification Corporate social responsibility Human Capital Performance Cross Cultural Leadership Leadership Fundamentals Motivating Teams

Back to table of contents. Effective Delegation and Performance Management Managing Performance & Productivity Leading Virtual & Remote Teams Strategic HR Management Effective Communications & Improving Interpersonal Skills Building & Leading Effective Teams Lean management Behavior management of HR Human resources management Effective communications & improving interpersonal skills Negotiation and conflict management in organizations Developing emotional competency for superior leadership Presentation Skills Quality Management

ISO 9001 Organizational Development

Back to table of contents. APM Certifications Business Management & Improvement • APMP - Bid & Proposal Management • AQRO® • BRMP® and CBRM® -Business Relationship Management • Certified Professional Technical Communicator • Facilitation • Finance for Non-Financial Managers • Lean Six Sigma • Six Sigma Course

• OBASHI® - Business and IT Management • Process Communication • Sourcing Governance • The Professional Services Professional • PS Professional ATHLETE • PS Professional AUTHORITY • PS Professional CATALYST • PS Professional EXECUTIVE • PS Professional RAINMAKER Change, Risk & Benefits Management • Change Management • CHAMPS2® - Change Management in the Public Sector • Managing Benefits™ • M_o_R® - Management of Risk

Back to table of contents. Project Management PMP/PMI Distance Learning Training TTC - Project Management Course Strategic alignment of the project portfolio (PDF) Khawar Nehal's PMP Prepration resource links Project Management Videos About PMP PMP Outline Project Management Presentation (ODP) PMP Handbook PMP Exam Prep Course IT Project Management

Project Management Distance Learning (PDF) Project Management Fundamentals Introduction to Project Management Principles & Practice Introduction to Project Accounting and Economics Developing a High Performance Project Team Creating an Effective Project Team Performance Assessment Process Managing Change - People & Process Business Process and Project Management Project Management Distance Learning Information Technology (IT) Project Management From strategy to action Introduction to Project Management Principles & Practice Introduction to Project Accounting and Economics

Back to table of contents. Developing a High Performance Project Team Creating an Effective Project Team Performance Assessment Process Managing Change - People & Process Business Process and Project Management PMP Preparation

Back to table of contents. APM Certifications Project, Program & Portfolio Management AgileBA - Agile Business Analysis AgilePgM - Agile Programme Management AgilePM - Agile Project Management Better Business Cases™ Earned Value Management MoP® - Management of Portfolios MoV® - Management of Value MSP® - Managing Successful Programmes P3O® - Project & Programme Support Offices PM4SD™ - Project Mgmt & Sustainable Development PMD Pro - Project Mgmt for NGOs PPP - APMG PPP Certification Program Project Planning & Control™ PPS - Programme & Project Sponsorship PRINCE2® - Projects IN Controlled Environments PRINCE2 Agile® Stakeholder Engagement

Back to table of contents. PMI Certifications

PMP® Project Management Professional (PMP)® PgMP® Program Management Professional (PgMP)® PfMP® Portfolio Management Professional (PfMP)® CAPM® Certified Associate in Project Management (CAPM)® PMI-PBA® PMI Professional in Business Analysis (PMI-PBA)® PMI-ACP® PMI Agile Certified Practitioner (PMI-ACP)® PMI-RMP® PMI Risk Management Professional (PMI-RMP)® PMI-SP® PMI Scheduling Professional (PMI-SP)®

Administrative Skills Office Management Best Practices in Record Keeping Professional Secretarial & Administration Skills The Perfect PA & Executive Secretaries Communication Skills & Assertiveness Competence Development Master Class for Office Management

Back to table of contents. Health, Safety & Environment Job hazard analysis Accident Investigation and analysis Occupational health and safety in oil & gas industries Advanced health, safety & environment Effective risk based process safety management and offshore risk management Water Quality HACCP Climate Change

Back to table of contents. Finance, Accounting & Economics ACCA Exam Preparations FIDIC Contracts Basic Accounting & Economics Petroleum Finance & Accounting Principles Introduction to Financial & Managerial Accounting Finance Theory & Financial Management Management Accounting & Control Economic Analysis for Business Decisions Financial Reporting Economic Evaluation of Prospects and Producing Properties Pensions & Fund Management Auditing corporate governance Modernization of the audit function Budgeting, forecasting, analysis & reporting Investment management skills in pension fund management Fraud investigation and intelligence report Essential management accounting Financial analysis and evaluation Strategic financial management Financial Accounting Professional Certificate

Distance Learning

Back to table of contents. Engineering Value Engineering Electrical Engineering HEC - Electrical Engineering - Communication Skills (PDF)

English English Training (PDF) Fastest English Learning and Training (FELT) English Speaking (PDF)

For details and registration contact 92 331 2036 422 [email protected] http://atrc.net.pk/the-training-company Contacts

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Solutions for Solar, Coal, Wind, Nuclear, Oil and Gas based power.

Contact : 92-331-2036-422 Email : [email protected] http://atrc.net.pk/tawanai

Tawanai helps develop energy systems for personal, home and industrial use. These include : Water pumping solutions based on solar power. Agricultural irrigation solutions. Battery management Hybrid inverters for homes to complement utility power with the grid. UPS up gradation systems to allow use of existing equipment. Long life battery solutions Solar panels procurement and testing. Air conditioning which runs on solar power. Below utility cost power generation solutions. DC powered appliances like fans, lights, ACs, Refrigerators for better efficiency. Integration of multiple power inputs like wind, solar, diesel, petrol, utility and battery for optimal uninterrupted power.

Back to table of contents. Optimized energy generation and project implementation services.

Back to table of contents. Tawanai Water Pumping solutions Estimates for solar water well pumping systems June 2018 (PDF)

Submersible Pumps Warranty (June 2018) (PDF)

All Pumps Brochure (May 2018)

Example calculation for pomegranate tree.

Example Calculation of water for Moringa Tree and sample pump

Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe prices

Example calculation for 1 cusec 42 meters head

Example calculation for 110 GPM 30 Meters head

Tawanai Submersible Pumps

Tawanai Surface Pumps

DC Powered Pumps

Tawanai DC Pump Model T-SP-S4-M3 Brochure

4 inches to 8 inches submersible pumps brochure

Water delivery rates for various pipe sizes

Solar Pump Inverters Specifications 1.1 KW - 110 KW

Tawanai Solar Powered Pumping Complete Systems

2 HP Solar Powered Pumping System

20 HP Water Pumping System Estimate

40 HP Agricultural Solar Powered Pump Delivered in Sindh, Pakistan (Video)

Back to table of contents. Types of Pumps

Well Design Guide

Liquid Friction Pressure Loss

Convert psi to foot of head - Conversion of Measurement Units

PVC Pipe Pressure Capability

How to Test Well Flow Rate & Water Quantity

Definition & Measurement of Well Yield, Well Flow Rate & Water Quantity

Solar Pumping for Agriculture Solution (PDF)

Solar Pumping for Agriculture Solution

Agriculture Resource Moringa Tree

Agriculture resource area units

Back to table of contents. Muftasoft TM offers consultancy which is beneficial in improving profits and revenues by improving the systems which are used by our clients. Muftasoft TM was created in the year 2007 to specifically cater to provide support for integration between commercial and opensource applications. We specialize in management consultancy and development services for organizations and offer expert advice, independent consulting, professional services and support for projects related to Information Technology and Communications within and outside the organization. Our key objectives are promoting good ICT management, reducing the causes of waste or resources, which lead to missed business opportunities, and helping to improve the delivery of services to the customers. We draw on substantial international experience in designing, implementing and monitoring these projects. Development occurs on many platforms in a variety of languages, databases and frameworks. Product procurement consulting (specifications, configurations, evaluations, installations, upgrades, and sales) is also provided.

Advantages of using Muftasoft TM : • High quality results oriented training • Results that work and are reliable in the long term • Quality of implementation • Well thought out and practical solutions • Expert assistance • Experienced software development • In-house, remote and on-site engineers • Work on any task • Ability to work 24x7 in required cases • Best and rapid results as compared to the market.

Back to table of contents. Muftasoft TM areas of services include : • Application software training • Computer consulting • Software design and • Software creation • Problem solving • System Integration • Data migration from different softwares • Portability of applications • Clustering and High Availability • Disaster recovery • Business continuity solutions • Performance enhancements • Communications • Telecoms integration • Office networking • Internet connectivity reliability and performance • Computer security and auditing • Interoperability between multiple vendors • Operating systems • Cross platform systems administration.

Linux and Open Source Support. This is used primarily by the Information Technology Department for • Strengthening Security • Ensuring better reliability • Enhancing Performance • Reduce Costs and • Make systems easier to use.

Back to table of contents. Computers and Communications System Integration This is used primarily by the IT departments for • Finding equipment which meets their requirements. • Integration of heterogeneous systems. http://atrc.net.pk/muftasoft/muftasoft_company_profile_21_oct_2013-1.pdf

Back to table of contents.

Training for corporate courses and University courses.

Education Research Services This is used primarily by the Institutes and Training Department for • Curriculum development for meeting goals. • Institute development for meeting training needs. • Funding research for educational related projects. http://atrc.net.pk/the-training-company/

Back to table of contents. Reasons for using Linux and OpenSource integrated with commercial software

Applied Technology Research Center (ATRC.NET.PK) would like to offer answers to any questions you may have regarding migration strategies related to shifting companies from either partially or completely from proprietary technologies to opensource technologies.

The basic advantages of this technology are :

It is a complimentary technology. You do not need to replace anything. You can use it in parallel with other commercial products. It can read and write proprietary files and network with other commercial products. It provides a license. But you do not need to pay for the license. Third party support is available from any vendor or consultant of your choice. You can change consultants and vendors at any time. No dependence on a single supplier for any product. Ability to read and write proprietary and opensource documents Ability to easily move data between previously incompatible systems No possibility for the commercial vendors to lock clients into their future products Ability for customers to keep old features which they depend on and have new features built or modified to their requirements. All customers can modify any product features on their own or get them modified by any third party because the source code is available. No viruses Ability to protect data so that no agency in the world can access it without the data owner's permission. Increased Competitiveness Improved Reliability Reduced Costs Increased Security Ability to keep the same software and file formats maintained for a century or more rather than having to change or upgrade annually. Higher Stability Better Performance Better and more useful functionality Better access protection among users Centralized management and backups

Back to table of contents. Easier and effective Administration Increased Interoperability and connectivity Easier to conform to ISO standards for Quality Use the same formats as the European Union to impress them with your compliance to their choice of technology before they request files in their preferred formats. Lower cost to comply with the World Trade Organization requirements of Intellectual Property Rights regulations.

Now you may ask if this is so good how come we never saw it before ?

Actually there exist millions of free softwares which have been created by programmers and University students. The following events have contributed to the rise and awareness of open source.

1. Expansion of the Internet Worldwide. Helps inform of availability of previously hard to find or unknown software. 2. CD Drives and CD Writers. This facilitated mass copying and distribution of software. 400 Floppies per CD. 3. Stronger legislation on Intellectual Property and the onset of the WTO.

As far as the servers are concerned, almost all of the machines running the infrastructure known as the Internet are based on free and open source software.

What about commercial support and training ? There are many companies like Sun, IBM, HP, Dell, RedHat, Mandrake, and thousands of other companies which provide commercial support for Linux.

Millions of users who contains developers also provide detailed and knowledgeable support for the softwares they create and use. They also fix any bugs in a matter of hours rather than months or years which is common for commercial softwares. This detailed support is always available for free on the Internet and via web pages, mailing lists and chat channels. You can even email the developers of the softwares directly. However they prefer to be informed of new problems which require modifications to the program rather than how to learn to use it.

In Pakistan IT managers and ISP administrators have benefited through the free support provided for almost 25 years now by ATRC's support provided via site visits, email and phone calls.

ATRC requests you to provide any suitable time to discuss and answer any questions you may have regarding Open Source and Linux related technologies for their future benefit.

Why Upgrade to Open Source Software?

Save 50% in Upgrade Costs

Back to table of contents. Open source software can save your company 50% or more in upgrade costs.

In August, 2001, InfoWorld surveyed CTOs on the use of open source software in their enterprises. 32% reported savings greater than $250,000, 12% reported savings between $100,001 and $250,000, and 16% reported savings between $50,001 and $100,000. Overall, 92% claimed to be saving their companies more than $10,000 annually.

Dramatic and immediate cost savings can be achieved with an open source migration. Reduced maintenance time, increased security, and attractive licensing work together to reduce long term costs of maintaining open source systems.

Easy Transition

The Linux desktop can be configured to look almost exactly like Windows, making the transition easy for average users. Clones of standard office productivity tools allow seamless integration into existing environments.

Increase Reliability

Studies conducted by ZDNet, Bloor Research, and Netcraft clearly demonstrate that Linux systems have longer uptimes, and require fewer hours of maintenance and fewer system administrators.

Increase Security

The Gartner Group recommends that businesses switch from Microsoft IIS to another Web server because of security concerns. The Code Red worm, related to Microsoft Internet Information Server, cost businesses an estimated $1.2 billion. In addition, the majority of Internet email viruses only affect Microsoft Outlook.

Back to table of contents. Reduce Liability

Restrictive commercial licensing is prompting many companies to migrate systems to open source technologies. Newer commercial quantity licenses and subscription plans include the right to audit the software used commercial licensing issues can affect a decision to migrate systems to open source technologies. The newer commercial quantity licenses and subscription plans include the right to audit the software used in your business. Inability to know license and proof of purchase for each piece of commercial software installed will result in substantial penalties in addition to the fees for the missing licenses. Many companies are choosing to migrate to more flexible licensing arrangements to reduce liability.

For answers and consultancy to your questions relating to this technology

Please email to [email protected],

Back to table of contents. About ATRC

Applied Technology Research Center was launched in 1992. We specialize in management consultancy and development services for organizations and offer expert advice, independent consulting, professional services and support for projects related to Information Technology and Communications within and outside the organization. Our key objectives are promoting good ICT management, reducing the causes of waste or resources, which lead to missed business opportunities, and helping to improve the delivery of services to the customers. We draw on substantial international experience in designing, implementing and monitoring these projects. Development occurs on many platforms in a variety of languages, databases and frameworks. Product procurement consulting (specifications, configurations, evaluations, installations, upgrades, and sales) is also provided.

Advantages of using ATRC : • High quality results oriented training • Results that work and are reliable in the long term • Quality of implementation • Well thought out and practical solutions • Expert assistance • Experienced software development • In-house, remote and on-site engineers • Work on any task • Ability to work 24x7 in required cases • Best and rapid results as compared to the market.

Back to table of contents. Areas of services include : • Training • Computer consulting • Software design and • Software creation • Problem solving • System Integration • Computer Systems & Networking • Data migration from different softwares • Portability of applications • Deployment of virtual machines • Grid computing • Stand by power Systems & Telecom Shelters • Clustering and High Availability • Performance enhancements • Software Solutions & Professional Services • Communications • Telecom integration • Data Center / Critical Infrastructure Consultancy, Integration & Operation. • Content Delivery Networks • Office networking • Internet connectivity reliability and performance • Computer security and auditing • Firewall development, deployment and monitoring • Layer 7 gateway development, deployment and monitoring • Systems Integration • Interoperability between multiple vendors • Operating systems • Cross platform systems administration.

Internet Marketing Services • Creating usable and standards compliant websites. • Development of back office systems to support the organization's websites and portals.

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Linux and Open Source Support. This is used primarily by the Information Technology Department for • Strengthening Security • Ensuring better reliability • Enhancing Performance • Reduce Costs and • Make systems easier to use.

Education Research Services This is used primarily by the Institutes and Training Department for • Curriculum development for meeting goals. • Institute development for meeting training needs. • Funding research for educational related projects.

Computers and Communications System Integration This is used primarily by the IT departments for • Finding equipment which meets their requirements. • Integration of heterogeneous systems.

Business Research Services This is used primarily by Investors for • Identifying risk and high return venture capital opportunities in the technology sector. • Analyzing all risks in business proposals. • Viability and strategy studies of complex or technology related projects in newly emerged global markets. • Matching investors preferences with feasible projects.

Back to table of contents. Benefits of Training by TTC

TTC's innovative training methods include instructor-led, online and distance learning based methods. The training provided is highly valuable for those professionals who want to balance their preparation for the certifications with jobs and tight schedules.

Combining the benefits of instructor-led and computer based trainings, this training is given by an experienced instructor, delivering specially designed, quality content in an environment that enhances learning.

TTC training allows a candidate to take two types of tests. One is an in-house test by TTC which evaluates what the candidate has learned. This is done as a quality assurance to make sure they learn all of the topics in the course. The other tests are the certification by a third party testing service. The TTC in-house tests are designed to meet the specific requirements of the organizations and the learning objectives of the training provided. The requirements vary depending on the organization's needs.

The third party certification tests are more well known but do not fit exactly with the needs of specific organizations.

TTC provides detailed test results to assure the quality of the training provided. After TTC training companies can rest assured that employees and potential employees have the knowledge required, as well as the practical experience to hit the ground running.

The hands-on methodology has great value to students. Since they're increasing their portfolio of experience and learning new things during the training process. Often, these new areas of expertise are not covered in their day to day work tasks, so they find it valuable to gain hands-on knowledge and experience in those areas, instead of simply learning that functionality from a textbook and writing a multiple choice exam that in their opinion does not prove their proficiency in that area.

Not more than 10 students per class assures personal attention and comfort for the trainees.

Back to table of contents. TTC has trained over 10000 students.

TTC fueling the growth of Information and communications technology in organizations in Pakistan and the UAE.

Get your ICT Training from TTC Now.

Back to table of contents. ATRC Linux Course

Course Topics Include

Open Office Impress (Similar to PowerPoint) Open Office Writer (Similar to Word) Open Office Calc (Similar to Excel) PostgreSQL (Similar to Oracle) pgAccess (Similar to Access) GAIM Software (Similar to Trillion, for MSN, Yahoo and other messaging) Evolution Email Software (Similar to Outlook) GIMP Software (Similar to Adobe Photoshop) Mozilla Browser (Similar to Internet Explorer) Xine (VCD/DVD and Mpeg Movie Player) How to find software for linux. How to find compatible hardware and drivers for linux. Linux Mint CD Based Installation Linux Mint Network Installation Deb file software installation TGZ file source code based software installation Kernel Recompilation Linux Terminal Server Configuration (LTSP.org) Basic Configuration of Squid (The most powerful proxy server in the world) The most powerful proxy server in the world SAMBA SMB/CIFS Protocol Client and Server (For Windows File and Printer Sharing) The worlds most used Apache Web Server The

Each attendee will receive full a full set of notes. The classroom arrangement is limited to twelve attendees per course. Food and refreshments will be provided.

Back to table of contents. Linux course for Non Technical Users.

All you wanted to know about Linux but were afraid to ask.

Designed For

Anyone who has to use a computer productively for common tasks including Email, Correspondence, and Web Browsing. Managers who need to understand what can be done, how to guide people to the appropriate software and how many resources a task should take.

Aims

It is often that common users of computers are affected by a computer virus. They usually do not know of the infection until their computers slow down to a pace which makes them useless or cause them to simply stop working. The infection usually causes a lot of their work to be lost. Then time and money is wasted cleaning up the virus mess from almost all of the computers in an organization. Linux offers a virus free and productive environment with better functionality, performance, security and reliability on the same existing hardware. This course shall equip the user to be able to harness the power of Linux for their daily tasks and thus avoid lost time and money due to viruses completely. This course shall also teach them to save data in a way that almost none of it shall be lost even if their hardware fails or is stolen. It also teaches you ways to secure your data in a way that no one except you can access it without your authorization. Not even the CIA, NSA, FBI or whoever, even if they have physical access of your computer.

Back to table of contents. Course Benefits No more virus excuses. No more worrying about lack of security. No more lost data. No more cleaning up of the computer. No more blue screen of death (BSOD). Real Protection of data from unauthorized people.

Course Duration 3 Classes of 3 hours each. For registration, please email [email protected],

Back to table of contents. The Open Source News Section

We provide support and training for thousands of software applications. These include opensource, closed source and also integrations and combinations of the two.

In this newsletter we describe some of the features of some of them.

Suite CRM

Libreoffice

VirtualBox

Back to table of contents. Our services for small and medium enterprises. Repairing of notebooks, desktops, servers, photocopy machines CCTV and IP Cameras for security design, installation and maintenance PDAs, printers and all other hardware Mobile and Table repairs Wireless Networking Data Backup and Recovery High-Speed Cable DSL Modem Setup Troubleshoot and Repair Software Usage Training Audio Visual Server Installation and Support Anti-virus and Internet Security Solutions Managed Services Website Design and Hosting Technology Consulting Software Training Remote Managed Services Network Monitoring and Management Remote Data Backup Computer and Network Security Shared Internet Office Solutions Email Server and Mobile Device Support Office Relocation and Setup Purchase a Computer

Back to table of contents. Support and Training for SuiteCRM

The world's greatest Customer Relationship Management (CRM) application

• Accounts • Contacts • Leads • Opportunities • Quotes • Calendar • Cases • Documents • Emails • Campaigns • Calls • Meetings • Tasks • Notes • Products • Product Categories • Contracts • Knowledge Base • Report Generator • Mobile • Outlook integration • Workflow • Projects • Invoices • Events • Maps • Thunderbird plugin • Portal

Back to table of contents. Support and Training for Libreoffice

Module Notes

A word processor with better functionality and file support to Microsoft Writer Word or WordPerfect. It has extensive WYSIWYG word processing capabilities, but can also be used as a basic text editor.

A spreadsheet program, better than Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3. It has Calc a number of unique features, including a system which automatically defines series of graphs, based on information available to the user.

A presentation program better than Microsoft PowerPoint. Presentations Impres can be exported as SWF files, allowing them to be viewed on any s computer with Adobe Flash Player installed.

A vector graphics editor and diagramming tool better than Microsoft Visio and comparable in features to early versions of CorelDRAW. It provides connectors between shapes, which are available in a range of line styles Draw and facilitate building drawings such as flowcharts. It also includes features related to desktop publishing software such as Scribus and Microsoft Publisher.[21] It is also able to edit PDF files.

An application designed for creating and editing mathematical formulae. The application uses a variant of XML for creating formulas, as defined in Math the OpenDocument specification. These formulas can be incorporated into other documents in the LibreOffice suite, such as those created by Writer or Calc, by embedding the formulas into the document.

A database management program, better than Microsoft Access. LibreOffice Base allows the creation and management of databases, preparation of forms and reports that provide end users easy access to data. Like Access, it can be used to create small embedded databases that are stored with the document files (using Java-based HSQLDB as its Base storage engine), and for more demanding tasks it can also be used as a front-end for various database systems, including Access databases (JET), ODBC/JDBC data sources, and MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL or Microsoft Access.

Work is ongoing to transition the embedded storage engine from HSQLDB to the C++ based Firebird SQL backend. Firebird has been

Back to table of contents. included in LibreOffice as an experimental option since LibreOffice 4.2. LibreOffice has seen various mass deployments since its inception:

2003–2010

• In 2003–2004, the Brazilian corporation Serpro started migrating its software to BrOffice (the local version of LibreOffice at the time), with estimated value ofBRL 3.5 million (approximately US$1.2 million at the time), and became a case study for similar initiatives in Brazil, particularly in e-government. • In 2005, the French Gendarmerie announced its migration to OpenOffice.org. It planned to migrate 72,000 desktop machines to a customised version of Ubuntu with LibreOffice by 2015. • In 2010, the Irish city of Limerick gradually started migrating to open-source solutions to free itself from vendor lock-in and improve its purchase negotiation power. One of the key aspects of this move has been the use of LibreOffice.

2011

• The administrative authority of the Île-de-France region (which includes the city of Paris) included LibreOffice in a USB flash drive given to students which contains free open-source software. The USB flash drive is given to approximately 800,000 students. • It was announced that thirteen hospitals of the Copenhagen region would gradually switch to LibreOffice, affecting "almost all of the 25,000 workers".

2012

• The Greek city of Pylaia-Chortiatis migrated its PCs to use LibreOffice. The local Linux User Group estimated cost savings to be at least €70,000. • In July, the Spanish city of Las Palmas switched its 1,200 PCs to using LibreOffice, citing cost savings of €400,000. • The administration of Umbria, Italy, started a project to migrate an initial group of 5,000 civil workers to LibreOffice. • The city of Largo, Florida, US has been a long-time user of open-source software using Linux thin clients. Originally using OpenOffice.org, the city of Largo switched to LibreOffice in 2013.

2013

• In June, the government of the Italian province of South Tyrol will be switching 7,000 PCs in administration and "many more thousands" of PCs in health services using LibreOffice and ODF.

Back to table of contents. • In August, the administration of the Spanish autonomous region of Valencia has completed the migration of all 120,000 PCs of the administration, including schools and courts, to LibreOffice. • The German city of Munich announced that it would transition from OpenOffice to LibreOffice in the near future. This is in line with Munich's long term commitment to using open-source software. Munich uses LiMux, an Ubuntu Linux derivative, on nearly all of the city's 15,000 computers. The city of Munich is the second public administration to join the advisory board at the Document Foundation. News appeared in 2014 that the Council is considering migrating back to Microsoft Windows & Microsoft Office but was later denied. Based on a study, the mayor of Munich, Dieter Reiter, initiated the re-investigation of the scenario of migrating back to Microsoft systems. The trustworthiness of the study is questionable because the company has been "Microsoft's Alliance Partner of the Year" for nine years. Further details were issued by the Document Foundation.

2014

• The French city of Toulouse announced it saved €1 million by migrating thousands of workstations to LibreOffice.

2015

• The Italian Ministry of Defence announced that it would install LibreOffice on 150,000 PCs. • The Italian city of Bari replaced Microsoft Office with LibreOffice on its 1,700 PCs. • LibreOffice was officially made available for all UK Government agencies nationwide. Annual cost saving on a subscription for 6,500 users compared to MS Office is approximately 900,000 GBP. • In 2015, the Taiwanese county of Yilan announced that no more Microsoft Office licenses would be purchased. • In July 2015, the IT project manager working for the administration of Nantes (France’s sixth largest city) talked about the ongoing switch of its 5,000 workstations to LibreOffice started in 2013. According to the IT project manager, the switch to LibreOffice allowed the administration to save €1.7 million. • As of 2015, LibreOffice is installed on almost all of the 500,000 workstations of the 11 French ministries members of the MIMO working group. The MIMO working group was the first public administration to join the advisory board at the Document Foundation.

2016

Back to table of contents. • The Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Group switched all of its PCs (more than 15,000) to LibreOffice. • Lithuanian police switched to LibreOffice on over 8,000 workstations, citing cost savings of €1 million.

2017

• The majority (75%) of municipalities in the Walloon region of Belgium use open source software and services which include LibreOffice. As of March 2017, over 20,000 public administration staff and many times more citizens use the services. • The Spanish autonomous region of Galicia plans to finalize its switch to LibreOffice at several central government services and ministries this year. On at least 6,000 workstations, LibreOffice will be the only office productivity suite. • The city of Rome, Italy, has started installing LibreOffice on all of its 14,000 PC workstations, in parallel to the existing proprietary office suite. It is one of the planned steps to increase the city's use of free and open source software, aiming to reduce lock-in to IT vendors.

Back to table of contents. This page compares the features of LibreOffice 5.4.4 (download) and Microsoft Office 2016 / 365. It separates major and minor feature differences and also includes notes on LibreOffice extensions. The comparison highlights differences and therefore does not display any features which are present in both office suites.

General office suite: LibreOffice vs. Microsoft Office Major Feature Differences LibreOffice 5.4 MS Office 2016

Windows and macOS. Windows and macOS versions are based on different code bases resulting in some format compatibility problems, somewhat different feature sets and differences in the user interface. macOS version does not include the database application MS Access and also lacks a Windows, macOS, Linux, number of other features (see Cross-platform availability FreeBSD, NetBSD and below). (desktop) OpenBSD. (based on the Feature same code base). inconsistencies/differences in Windows versions "MS Office 2016" sales version and the "Office 2016 for Office 365" rental version: some features are being subsequently included only in the rental version (newly added features also differ between macOS and MS Windows) leading to inconsistencies in the feature set (see below).

Back to table of contents. Windows XP SP3, Vista, 7, 8, Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10, Server Supported versions of MS 8.1, 10, Server 2008, Server 2008 R2, Server 2012, Server Windows 2012. ([1]). 64-Bit versions for 2012 R2 ([2]). all Windows > XP.

10.8+ (unofficial builds for Supported versions of macOS 10.10+ (Yosemite) 10.5 PPC are available)([3])

Portable version that runs on USB flash disks (without Yes (download) No installation)

Yes, licensed under MPLv2 No, proprietary and closed- Open Source and others. source

Supported. From within each office component, files of all other components can be Full integration of all office opened and newly created. Not supported components Central StartCenter with access to office modules, recently used files and templates.

No, proprietary software plus additional charges for Availability free of charge Yes (download, donate) language packs. 30-day trial version available.

Complex ecosystem of Partly, no centralized extensions (over 330 on extension system for add-ins extensions.libreoffice.org and and macros. Office Apps store Extension availability over 800 on for Office 2016. [4] Office extensions.openoffice.org), Apps not supported on including automatic updates. macOS.

91 languages in Windows 112 languages (detailed list of version, 27 languages in Localization languages supported by macOS version (display LibreOffice) language for (some) office applications) [5], [6]

Back to table of contents. Supported on Windows, mobile and online versions. Support of Right-to-left Comprehensive support, Issues with LTR (vertical) (RTL) languages (e.g. Arabic) based on HarfBuzz text scripts on Windows [7]. and other complex scripts shaping library Limited support on macOS ([8]).

Extended support (spell- check dictionaries, hyphenation patterns, More limited, "proofing tools" thesaurus and grammar for 92 languages in Windows Additional writing aids check, specialized version, 58 in macOS version. dictionaries as extensions [12],[13] ([9], [10], [11])). Detailed list of LibreOffice writing aids for over 150 languages.

Limited support: Using SIL Graphite font technology and full support of OpenType Support of complex optional features (syntax Limited via OpenType languages and special smart used, without UI: tdf#58941, supporting ligatures, stylistic font features (ligatures, true not interoperable). No support sets, number spacing options, small caps, old style numbers, for optional OpenType number forms, contextual proportional or mono-spaced features in OOXML, and ODF alternates. Issues with specific numbers, capital spacing, true 1.2 don't provide optional language packs. [14] superscript/subscript) OpenType features support (support planned for ODF 1.3 since 2010)

Selection more limited. Yes via LO Gallery (clipart Feature to include a selection extensions ([15] or [16])). of "icons" ("Icons" not Easy access to vector clip art Extension for the integration of supported in MS Office 2016 clipart from OpenClipart.org sales version and not supported in macOS version)

Back to table of contents. Multiple languages, support for wide variety of languages Single language, support for (LibreOffice Basic, Visual Basic for Applications JavaScript, BeanShell and Macro scripting languages (VBA). Indirectly also Visual Python). Import and export of Basic or Visual C# by using Visual Basic for Applications automation. (VBA), see ([17] and the release notes).

Support for Alfresco, Google GDrive, Nuxeo, MS CMIS protocol support to SharePoint, MS OneDrive, Inbuilt support only for MS access Document IBM FileNet Lotus Live Files, SharePoint and MS OneDrive Management Systems Lotus Quickr Domino, OpenDataSpace and OpenText ELS. (tdf#62437)

Limited support in MS Windows version, and online version, ODF v1.2. Support of ODF in macOS version and Support of ISO standardized Advanced support, ODF v1.2 mobile versions (Android, OpenDocument Format extended iOS, Windows 10 Mobile) (ODF) limited and require the use of an online file format conversion service. [18] [19] [20]

Multiple options (Additional options: Tagged PDF, Time stamp protocol , detailed image settings, Hybrid PDF, High or low quality PDF, page transition effects, extended and markup to print in Access, security and permission Word, Excel and PowerPoint PDF export extended options options, PDF forms, initial [21]; pictures resolution and view settings, extended non-printing informations in handling of URLs, digital Publisher. signatures, PDF signatures according to PAdES standard)

Back to table of contents. Document classification in No inbuilt document Writer, Calc and Impress classification system, but Document classification according to TSCP- Information Rights standards. See: [22] and [23]. Management (IRM) supported

.svg files supported in Windows rental version, not Import of SVG vector graphics Supported supported in MS Office 2016 (.svg, .svgz) sales version and not supported in macOS version.

Insert PDF as an image into Supported ([24]) Not supported documents

Creation of Hybrid PDFs (ODF file embedded in PDF Supported Not supported for full editing)

Import from raster graphics software: Adobe Photoshop Supported Not supported (.psd)

Import from vector graphics / DTP software: CorelDraw (v1- X7), Corel Presentation Exchange, Supported Not supported Adobe/Macromedia Freehand (v3-11), Adobe PageMaker, Zoner/Callisto Draw (.zmf)

Not supported (only via MS Import of MS Visio files Supported (Visio 2000-2013) Visio which is not part of MS Office)

Back to table of contents. Import of video and audio formats FLAC Audio flac, Flash Video (flv), Matroska Media (mkv), OGG Audio, Ogg Video, Quicktime Video, Supported Not supported WebM Video, Real Audio (.ra), Real Media (.rm), Digital Video (.dv), Audio Codec (.ac3), and Ogg Opus (.opus)

Drawing software LibreOffice Draw No

Not part of LibreOffice, referring to alternatives such as Mozilla Thunderbird. See the comparison on this wiki: Mozilla Thunderbird vs. Microsoft Outlook. PIM and Email program MS Outlook Mail Merge Wizard sends out emails directly from LibreOffice without email software. LibreOffice-wide access to address books via Base.

Back to table of contents. The BASIC Integrated Development Environment (IDE) does not have: 1. Refactoring facilities (Renaming affects dependencies/Extract Supported with Visual Basic Method/Extract interface etc.) for Applications and/or (tdf#92251, tdf#94524, additional purchase of Office Integrated Development tdf#94526, tdf#94527, Developer Tools for Visual Environment (IDE) feature set tdf#94528, tdf#94529, Studio (Windows-only). tdf#94530); 2. Intellisense (or macOS version only supports any other code completion a simplified Visual Basic functionality) such as auto- Editor. code-completion and showing the properties and methods of an object (tdf#66185); 3. Error checking (the IDE actually knows its symbols).

Good support of real life OOXML files (e.g. .xlsx, .docx, Advanced support of Import & Export of Microsoft .pptx) and standardized transitional (default) and strict OOXML files (transitional) OOXML files, as OOXML files well as import of OOXML- strict files.

Partial, into Draw and Writer with the limitation that text is PDF Import Supported, into MS Word imported line-based (tdf#32249).

Back to table of contents. Android, iOS and Windows Mobile. Mobile versions for Ports for Android and iOS in smartphones and tablets with development, viewer for Android and iOS with Ubuntu Touch: LibreOffice restricted features set, for Viewer for Android is 'Windows 10 Mobile' available. The Android viewer smartphones with heavily also contains basic and restricted feature set. experimental editing features, Professional users as well as more information: Android users on tablets >10.1 inch Versions of office suite for port wiki, [25], [26], [27], [28], are required to have an mobile operating systems [29]. LibreOffice Light for iOS eligible Office 365 (smartphones, tablets) is in development [30]; more subscription at a monthly fee. information on iOS port: [31]. Private users are allowed to The Document Viewer of view and print documents Ubuntu Touch is powered by without registration private LibreOfficeKit and therefore users, basic editing supports viewing most file functionality requires types supported by registration. More LibreOffice. comprehensive features require an eligible Office 365 subscription at a monthly fee.

Libreoffice/Collabora Online: version 2.1 released with full document support and rendering fidelity, reduced Online/cloud version of office Office web apps, with reduced editing functionality, suite functionality. ([37]) collaborative editing. [32], [33], [34], [35], [36]. See also: LibreOffice Online port development.

Integration of online office Integration of LibreOffice suite into (third-party) Online in OwnCloud and MS Office Online Server collaboration software and Nextcloud, Kolab,Pydio, integration in MS SharePoint groupware / content Seafile,IceWarp, AG-I management systems Solutions, Alinto, VNCLagoon.

Back to table of contents. Variety of available service providers: UrBerri, eqipe, New Access, Arawa, Artistanbul, TransfertPro, Availability of online office Extensys,Rono-IT, suite in (third-party) online SecuredStore, MS OneDrive services StudioStorti,united hoster, Option Service Télécom, AggreCost, Webo.hosting, FileCloud, Retention Range, Workman.net.au, OffiDocs

Supported in online versions of MS Word, MS Excel and MS Powerpoint. Partial support in desktop applications via OneDrive or MS Sharepoint. Support in desktop applications differs: "Real-time typing" in MS Word Partial. Collaborative editing and MS Powerpoint (not in LibreOffice online version supported in MS Powerpoint (Writer, Calc and Impress). in MS Office 2016 sales Not available in the desktop version and not supported in applications (tdf#73831), see macOS version; MS Synchronous collaborative development information: Powerpoint 2016 sales editing Collaborative Editing and version only allows for co- Track changes. See also authoring (syncing after GSOC 2016 project: Saving saving file).) MS Excel ODF XML of Change-tracking desktop rental version allows as a Sequence of Pre-defined co-authoring (not available in Changes. MS Excel in MS Office 2016 sales version and not supported in macOS version). Simplified "sharing" of office documents in MS Word, Excel, Powerpoint via OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, or SharePoint.

Back to table of contents. Highly customizable UI concept "MUFFIN" ([38]): Classic UI with multiple toolbars mode or single toolbar mode with Sidebar User Interface approach panel. UI concept Ribbon UI; Colour themes "NotebookBar" available in experimental mode ([39]). Customization possible: several icon themes available, Firefox themes.

User interface improved to Slightly adjusted user enable use on touch screen No (tdf#102015) interface for touch screen devices on desktop operating devices, but no redesign. systems

Keyboard driven menu Not supported. Only via help system (search function to system. On Ubuntu Unity Supported, Tell Me search better find features in office support for Head-Up-Display bar. suite) (HUD) system. (tdf#91874)

Integration of instant Skype integration (not Messaging (IM), voice, video, Not supported. supported in macOS version). or screen sharing

Minor Feature Differences LibreOffice 5.4 MS Office 2016

Import of graphics formats DXF, MET, PBM, PCD, PCX, Supported Not supported PGM, PPM, PPM, RAS, SGF, SVM, TGA, XBM, XPM

Import of Classic Mac OS legacy vector and bitmap graphics formats: BeagleWorks, ClarisWorks, GreatWorks, MacPaint, Supported Not supported MacWorks, SuperPaint, MacDraw, MacDraw II, RagTime for Mac 2-3, ClarisDraw, MacDraft

Back to table of contents. Import of additional video and audio formats: CD Audio, Vivo Supported Not supported Video.

Drawing features: Arrow Substantially wider selection, Less supported arrow endings endings including Crow's feet notation

Document converter wizard Supported Not supported

Euro currency converter Supported Not supported wizard

Expert config to access a Supported Not supported multitude of settings from UI

Support for multiple color palette formats: Gimp (.gpl), Adobe Swatch Exchange Supported (note: tdf#92354) Not supported (.ase), LibreOffice/Apache OpenOffice (.soc)

Import MathML formula from Supported Not supported clipboard

Import of StarOffice binary file Basic support Not supported formats .sdc, .sda and .sdw

Multiple signatures, including OOXML signatures. Round- trip with MS Office problematic (tdf#58442, tdf#58476). Import/export of Digital signatures / Signature PDF signatures. Support of Supported Line XAdES standard (XML Advanced Electronic Signatures). Additional support of OpenPGP keys (on Linux) and ECDSA keys (on Linux and macOS).

Back to table of contents. Partial (tdf#61174, tdf#60743). Option to clear list Enhanced list of recent files Supported (option to set of recent documents. and folders recent files as permanent) Selectively delete Recent Documents (in StartCenter)

Custom colours in formula Set of 16 colours (tdf#40436) Supported editor

Java runtime environment (JRE) installation required for Third-party software certain - but not most - Not required dependencies features of the software. Java is notably required for Base. (tdf#34809)

Not supported (tdf#71176), Shortcut keys for accented workaround using Unicode Limited support Latin characters conversion, see Unicode character input with Alt+X

Not supported (tdf#42246) (Work-around: Download of Supported in Windows Inserting audio / video from online video and embed it in version ([40]). Not supported online sources presentation (incl. Flash on macOS. videos))

Streaming of office Not supported (possible via Supported ([41]) applications/office on demand third party services)

Supported. Several pens, highlighters, and pencils for Not supported (tdf#35092), inking to Ink drawings / annotations (only support for import of draw/annotate/highlight. Ink (e.g. on touch- and pen- existing ink annotations from replay feature (not supported enabled devices) MS Word file format) in MS Office 2016 sales version and not supported in macOS version)

Back to table of contents. Yes (not supported in MS Recognition of shapes from Office 2016 sales version and Not supported ink drawings not supported in macOS version)

Automatic background Yes (not supported in macOS Not supported (tdf#103424) removal of a picture version)

Live preview while formatting Not supported (tdf#37048) Supported

Inserting a screenshot from Not supported Supported within applications

Import of graphics formats: Not supported (tdf#103954) Supported MEZ, EMZ, WMZ, PCZ

Export to XPS format Not supported Supported

Support for Touch Bar on Not supported (tdf#105803) Supported (macOS only) Apple MacBook Pro

Word processors: LibreOffice Writer vs. Microsoft Word Major Feature Differences LO Writer 5.4 MS Word 2016

Handling of captions for Stable layout Layout problems graphics or image boxes

Styles (page styles, frame Supported Not supported styles, list styles)

No, but complicated Overlining of text Supported workaround

Master documents and Supported but deprecated Master documents for longer Master document templates because it causes file texts supported corruption

Business card wizard Supported (release notes) Not supported

Text auto completion of words Supported [42] Not supported already used before

XForms documents creation Supported Not supported

Mathematical calculations in Complex calculations Only basic arithmetic tables

Back to table of contents. DocBook import & export Supported Not supported

Export to MediaWiki Supported Not supported (Wikipedia) format

Export to XHTML Supported Not supported

Supported, image formats: Export document as image(s) Not supported .jpg, .png

Import of Apple Pages Support for Pages v1-4 Not supported documents

Working with large documents Stable layout Some layout problems [43]

Extended label creation Supported (generic database Partial features (release notes) access, synchronise content)

DTP-like features like text in Concept of "horizontal frames" Frames multiple columns and text- is more limited wrap around graphics

Supported, under the name DirectCursor (allows to enter Supported Click and type (advanced text anywhere on a page) option)

Supported (release notes) Table styles Supported (tdf#34391).

Export of comments according to PDF specification (via "File" > "Export as PDF"). PDF export of comments: inside the Export only as comments PDF export of comments margin, at end of page, at end inside margin of document (activation complicated, only via: "Tools" > "Options" > "LibreOffice Writer" > "Print" (tdf#77650))

Back to table of contents. Out of the box only 4 languages (English, Russian, 21 languages (plus 1 Hungarian and Brazilian language variant) were Portuguese) supported in MS Office 2013 extensions: e.g. Languagetool with additional costs); no Grammar check for 28 languages plus 10 information on supported language variants (level of languages in MS Office 2016. language support varies), Grammar check on macOS Grammalecte for French, version limited to few CoGroo for Brazilian languages. Portuguese

Different. Templates provide this functionality, but more Style sets (for paragraph difficult to handle. Helpful Supported ("document styles) extension: Template Changer themes") (tdf#89286). Also(tdf#45176 tdf#90497)

Vertical alignment Not supported (tdf#36117), (top/center/bottom) of content Supported workarounds via frame/table on page

Not supported (tdf#59906), Picture styles & additional but effects are preserved on Supported effects import and export.

View changes in the right margin in "track changes" Not supported (tdf#34355) Supported mode

Diagonal borders in tables Not supported (tdf#51665) Supported

Extended reading mode of Not supported (tdf#55168) Supported documents

Collapse and expand parts of Not supported (tdf#47746) Supported a document

Instant messaging while Not supported Supported ([44]) collaborating on document

Minor Feature Differences LO Writer 5.4 MS Word 2016

Back to table of contents. Protected cells in tables (allows better creation of Supported Not supported forms)

Better recovery mode ([45], More frequently denies Open erroneous .doc files [46]) opening those files

Wizard to create personalized Supported Not supported letter templates

Import & Export Unified Office Supported Not supported Format text

Import & Export AportisDoc Supported (requires Java) (Palm), PocketWord Not supported [47] documents

Import of AbiWord files Supported Not supported

Import of eBook formats: FictionBook 2.0, BroadBand, Plucker (Palm), eReader Supported Not supported (Palm), zTXT (Palm), TealDoc (Palm), PalmDoc (Palm)

Back to table of contents. Import of legacy Mac OS word processing documents: MS Word for Mac (1-5.1), MS Works for Mac (1-4), ClarisWorks/AppleWorks, Write Now, MacWriteII/MacWritePro, DOCMaker 4, FullWrite Professional, HanMac Word- K/J, LightWayText for Mac 4.5, Mariner Write Mac Supported Not supported Classic 1.6-3.5, MindWrite Document, Nisus Writer Mac Classic 3.4-6.5, TeachText/SimpleText 1, Tex-Edit 2, WriterPlus, Z- Write 1.3, eDOC 2, Acta Mac Classic, BeagleWorks/WordPerfect Works 1, GreatWorks, MacDoc 1, MoreMac 2-3, RagTime for Mac 2-3

Import of DOS/Windows legacy word processing documents: Microsoft Word for DOS, Microsoft WinWord Supported Not supported 5, Microsoft Word 6.0 / 95, Microsoft Write, Hangul WP97 and Text 602 (T602), Lotus WordPro

Logo toolbar and interpreter supported Not supported

Format text of all comments in Supported Not supported document

Supported ([48], [49](PDF) Conditional text Partially supported ([51], [52]) [50])

Back to table of contents. supported. Additional toolbar Automatic replacement of Manual creation of control to insert Emojis Emojis replacement lists (experimental: tdf#100100)

Number of columns per table Unlimited columns Limited to 63 columns in document

Maximum page size 300cm x 300cm 55.87cm x 55.87cm

Basic inbuilt support. Inbuilt support. Excellent free Excellent free extensions: e.g. Bibliographic features extensions: e.g. Zotero as well Zotero, Bibus, JabRef as well as proprietary extensions. as proprietary extensions.

Rotation supported only for 90° increments (tdf#73797). Rotation of SVG vector Rotate images graphics not supported Supported (tdf#73796), alternative extensions WriterRotationTool or Easy Image Editor.

Partial (tdf#38261). See List Advanced find & replace / of Regular Expressions. Supported Special characters Extension: Alternative dialog Find & Replace for Writer

Different numerically Complex Outline numbering / equivalent format not Supported Multilevel list supported (tdf#35217)

Default keyboard shortcuts Less default shortcuts ([53]) More default shortcuts ([54])

Support for text watermarks. Workaround for picture Supported (text and picture Add watermarks to pages watermarks via adding image watermarks) to header/footer.

Back to table of contents. Not supported. Some formatting features are Complex/rich text formatting supported, e.g. font type, font in comments (e.g. bullet size, bold, italics, underline, Supported points, text color, images, text alignment (align, tables) centered, justified). (tdf#81458)

Not supported (tdf#34058), Document/text translation Supported ([55]) extension: TradutorLibreText.

Decorative page borders Not supported (tdf#39270) Supported

Not supported (tdf#31481), Horizontal split view of the workaround: Windows > New Supported same document Window to clone document window.

Not supported (tdf#38262), workaround: Navigator > Outline view Supported Content View to drag and promote/demote headings

Not supported Draft view Supported (tdf#67698,tdf#39080)

Supported (Sharepoint Blog, Wordpress, Blogger, Not supported, extension: Sun Upload to blog servers Windows Live Spaces, Weblog Publisher. Community Server, TypePad, MetaWebLog API)

Supported [56]. (not supported in MS Office 2016 Digital pen usage / gestures Not supported sales version and not supported in macOS version)

Back to table of contents. Spreadsheet applications: LibreOffice Calc vs. Microsoft Excel Major Feature Differences LO Calc 5.4 MS Excel 2016

467 functions (13 functions unique to Excel)

Functions not supported in Spreadsheet functions (for MS Office 2016 sales version details see Functions 501 functions (25 functions and not supported in macOS comparison of LibreOffice unique to Calc) version: IFS, MAXIFS, Calc and Excel) MINIFS, SWITCH.

Functions not supported in MS Office 2016 sales version: CONCAT, TEXTJOIN

CURRENT, DDE, MONTHS, OPT_BARRIER, OPT_PROB_HIT, OPT_PROB_INMONEY, OPT_TOUCH, STYLE, EASTERSUNDAY, YEARS, DAYSINMONTH, CUBEKPIMEMBER, DAYSINYEAR, GOALSEEK, CUBEMEMBER, ISLEAPYEAR, CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY, MULTIPLE.OPERATIONS, CUBERANKEDMEMBER, Unique Spreadsheet functions MULTIRANGE, MVALUE, CUBESET, NEG, ROT13, WEEKS, CUBESETCOUNT, WEEKSINYEAR, CUBEVALUE, RTD, DBCS, FORECAST.ETS.MULT, CALL, REGISTER.ID, FORECAST.ETS.PI.MULT, PHONETIC, YEN. FORECAST.ETS.STAT.MUL T, RAWSUBTRACT, ROUNDSIG. Unique on certain platforms: CONCAT, IFS, MAXIFS, MINIFS, SWITCH, TEXTJOIN

Comparison of two Supported Not supported spreadsheet files

Back to table of contents. Page styles (in addition to cell Supported Not supported styles)

Hyphenation of text in cells Supported Not supported

AutoSpellcheck / Spelling as Supported Not supported ([57]) you type

Export to XHTML Supported Not supported

Exporting of a single chart as Supported Not supported image (e.g. jpg, png, svg, pdf)

OpenFormula standard Largely supported Partial

Supported in Windows rental Supported. (Copy of cells is version, not supported in MS Keep the copy of cells kept for pasting, even if the Office 2016 sales version and (usability of copy&paste) user does other tasks like not supported in macOS typing or inserting cells) version.

Basic support (Numbers Import of Apple iWorks version 1 (2008) and 2 Numbers spreadsheet Not supported (2009)), see also this documents comparison

Maximum number of columns 16,384 (256 in compatibility 1,024 (tdf#50916) per sheet mode)

View ▸ Toolbars ▸ Tools ▸ Choose Themes as well as Format ▸ AutoFormat provide Table styles Supported part of this functionality. (tdf#77569, tdf#44762,tdf#44763)

Record a macro Limited support [58] Supported

Partially supported; inserted Insert a graphic into a image cannot be resized nor Supported spreadsheet header or footer cropped, usability issues. (tdf#74146)

Back to table of contents. Add-on, not activated by Built-in Data Statistics Wizard default. Additional features: with additional features: Chi2- Fourier analysis, Histogram, Statistical / Analysis toolkit test, Logarithmic regression, Random number generation, Power regression Rank and percentiles, and some more detailed options.

Not supported (tdf#62925, Selection of some pre-set Chart styles tdf#62540, tdf#39097) chart styles and layouts

Power Pivot features Not supported Supported

Supported (not supported in Additional chart types: macOS version). (Funnel Waterfall, Histogram, Pareto, Not supported (tdf#74665, chart is not supported in MS Box & Whisker (Box plot), tdf#81530,tdf#70361,tdf#729 Office 2016 sales version and Treemap (Mosaic), Sunburst, 92, tdf#97832) not supported in macOS Funnel version)

Relationships between tables, Not supported (work around: based on matching data in Supported ([59]) using function VLOOKUP) each table

Queries and data sources via Not supported. Extension: "Power Query" and "Power BI" Integration of external data New Jaguar Calc add-in [60]. (SQL.REQUEST sources provides SQLREQUEST removed in favor of Power function. Query since MS Excel 2010)

Supported. Forecast functions Supported. Extended set of and forecast charts (based on Forecasting data to predict forecast functions (based on exponential smoothing future trends exponential smoothing algorithm) (not supported in algorithm) macOS version)

Via ODB file connected to Import MS Access databases database (needs MS Access Supported installed on the system)

Back to table of contents. Starting in Excel 2010, the following features use multi- core processors: saving a file, opening a file, refreshing a PivotTable (for external data sources, except OLAP and SharePoint), sorting a cell table, sorting a PivotTable, and auto-sizing a column.

For operations that involve reading and loading or writing data, such as opening a file, saving a file or refreshing data, splitting the operation into two processes increases Not supported [61] in Calc performance speed. The first core, except for OpenCL/GPU Multi-Core Processing / process gets the data, and the threading. [62],[63]. multithreading second process loads the Multithreading is work in data into the appropriate progress [64]. tdf#65046 structure in memory or writes the data to a file. In this way, as soon as the first process beings reading a portion of data, the second process can immediately start loading or writing that data, while the first process continues to read the next portion of data. Previously, the first process had to finish reading all the data in a certain section before the second process could load that section of the data into memory or write the data to a file. ([65], [66])

Export generic XML Not supported Supported

Minor Feature Differences LO Calc 5.4 MS Excel 2016

Back to table of contents. Flexible CSV export Supported ([67], [68]) Not supported

Advanced find & replace / Supported (List of Regular regular expressions / special Not supported Expressions) characters

View clone of spreadsheet in Cannot be moved outside the Independent window new window application window

Median in PivotTable Supported tdf#61700 Not supported [69]

Chart type Stepped lines for Supported Not supported XY (Scatter) graphs

Possibility to switch between Use English function names function names in local Not supported language and English

Import & Export Unified Office Supported Not supported Format spreadsheet

Import of DOS/Windows legacy spreadsheet formats: Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro (v1- Supported Not supported 5.5 DOS; v6.0 Windows), Microsoft Works spreadsheet

Import of Classic Mac OS legacy spreadsheet formats: BeagleWorks, ClarisWorks, Supported Not supported Claris Resolve, GreatWorks, MacWorks, Wingz

Supported (requires Java) Import & Export Pocket Excel Not supported [70]

Ability to rotate entire chart Supported Not supported

Export of comments PDF export of comments according to PDF Not supported specification

Back to table of contents. Property mapping Not supported (Only available: functionality for charts Supported Inverting colors for negative (conditional chart values) colors/borders)

Supported (not available on Import from Gnumeric Not supported Windows, see tdf#94834)

Export sheet/table as .png Supported Not supported image

More detailed: Number formats: more flexible use of "Format Code" for custom adjustments, leading zeroes, language setting, percentages without percentage sign, thousands separator for Formatting of cells percentages; Font: overligning Less features of text, relief (embossed, engraved), outline, shadow, underline of individual words, spacing settings, kerning; Borders: shadow, spacing to contents; Protection: hide cells when printing.

Number format "Boolean value"; Engineering notation. Partial, engineering notation Additional cell format types Easy work around for missing via custom formats. US zip code and US phone number formats.

Support negative year date Partially support, using work- Supported. (BCE) arounds.

2 additional smilies icon sets. Conditional formatting: icon Customization of icon sets, No reverse icon order sets e.g. reverse icon order. (tdf#61313).

Advanced find & replace / Cell Partial (Styles supported, Cell Supported Format Format not supported)

Back to table of contents. Formulae with entire columns Partial (tdf#34094, tdf#92452, Supported or entire rows tdf#92453)

Less default shortcuts ([72], Default keyboard and/or More default shortcuts ([73], tdf#98259, tdf#92452, mouse shortcuts [71] [74], [75]) tdf#92453)

Supported for select protected/unprotected cells, Supported for select Sheet protection options insert/delete rows/columns, protected/unprotected cells (allow users certain actions in format cells/columns/rows, and insert/delete protected sheets) insert hyperlinks, sort, use rows/columns. AutoFilter/Pivot Table reports, edit objects/scenarios.

Chart: Automatically vary Not supported (only manually) Supported colours by point

Chart type: xyz / surface Not supported, basic Supported charts workaround [76] (tdf#51670)

Chart type: pie of pie (bar of Not supported (tdf#50934) Supported pie)

Yes. (Map charts not Map charts and 3D geospatial Not supported (via extension supported in MS Office 2016 visualization tool GeOOo) sales version and not supported in macOS version)

Different chart types for Not supported (tdf#35629) Supported different data series

Not supported, workarounds Printing of selected chart only Supported [77], [78] (tdf#45893)

Quick analysis feature Not supported Supported

Not supported (tdf#109003). Some (partial) workarounds Flash fill Supported suggested here tdf#109003#c1.

Chart recommendations Not supported Supported

Back to table of contents. 'Publishing' spreadsheet for Not supported Supported online team meetings

Sparklines (to give a quick Not supported, extension: overview of the trend in a data Supported EuroOffice Sparkline range)

Add points to a line, possibility Not supported (tdf#36943) Supported to bend lines

Background color (bugs regarding pattern tdf#31205 Background color, pattern, Cell background options and gradient tdf#49177). gradient Extension: Hatch Patterns for Cells

Not supported (tdf#36466), Copy only visible cells extension: Copy only visible Supported cells

Back to table of contents. Presentation software: LibreOffice Impress vs. Microsoft PowerPoint Major Feature Differences LO Impress 5.4 MS PowerPoint 2016

Hyphenation support Supported Not supported

Export to XHTML Supported Not supported

Not supported (removed Export to HTML Supported feature since MS Office 2013)

Export to Flash format (SWF) Supported Not supported

Export to vector graphic Supported Not supported formats: SVG, EPS

GlTF files, partial support Inserting 3D models for .dae and .kmz files) Not supported (Windows/Linux)

For WindowsPhone 8 and For Android Android (smartphones only, Presentation remote control smartphones/tablets, iOS no Office 2013 RT), but with for smartphones/tablets (iPhone/iPad), and Pebble additional features for Excel smartwatches. and Word

3D slide transitions macOS, Linux, Windows macOS, Windows

Edit embedded videos Via external programs Directly in the program

Comments and reply to Partial Supported comments

Supported, but problems with: spinning text (tdf#87958), pixelated (tdf#87959), Animated effects Supported wobble/shake/vibrate (tdf#87960), objects stuck (tdf#88196)

Zooming features for Supported (requires Office Not supported (tdf#38263) presentations (Prezi inspired) 365 subscription [79]

Slides editable during Not supported (tdf#34965) Supported presentation

Back to table of contents. Not supported (tdf#37932), SmartArt diagrams Supported solution: smArt extension

Save highlights and drawings Not supported (tdf#51928) Supported during presentation

Not supported, extension Compare presentations Supported ODFDiff

Broadcast presentation on the Only via export to PDF or Supported Internet SWF

Animated diagrams Not supported Supported

Record a slide show Not supported (tdf#34959) Supported

Supported Powerpoint Slide design suggestions Not supported "Designer" (not supported in MS Office 2016 sales version)

Minor Feature Differences LO Impress 5.4 MS PowerPoint 2016

Number of slide layouts 12 9

Text background colour in text Supported Not supported boxes

Export of comments PDF export of comments according to PDF Not supported specification

Import & Export Unified Office Supported Not supported Format presentation

Export to graphics formats: MET, PBM, PICT, PGM, Supported Not supported PPM, RAS, XPM

Import of Apple Keynote files Supported Not supported

Supported on Windows. No Embedding of fonts in Supported support for embedding fonts presentation file in PowerPoint on macOS

300cm x 300cm (Draw and Maximum page size 142.22cm x 142.22cm Impress)

Back to table of contents. Limited editing, has been a Editing of master slides Powerful editing GSOC 2013 project ([80]).

More default shortcuts ([82], Default keyboard shortcuts Less default shortcuts ([81]) [83])

Yes (not supported in MS "Morph" transition type Not supported Office 2016 sales version)

Creation of automatically Not supported, extension: Supported starting presentations ImpressRunner

Export presentation to video Supported (only to .mp4 Not supported (tdf#34959) formats format)

Slide zoom and pan Not supported (tdf#38263) Supported

Option to save as picture Not supported (tdf#93589) Supported presentation

Back to table of contents. Database program: LibreOffice Base vs. Microsoft Access Major Feature LO Base 5.4 MS Access 2016 Differences

Available on all operating MS Access not available on systems supported by the Yes macOS, online and mobile OS office suite versions

SQL syntax highlighting Supported Not supported

Native connectors for: MySQL/MariaSQL, Supported No, via ODBC PostgreSQL, Novell GroupWise

Integration of Mozilla Thunderbird address book, KDE address book, Supported Not supported Evolution LDAP and storage, Windows system address book

Native JDBC driver Supported Not supported

Connect to ODF spreadsheet (Calc) file Supported Not supported format

HSQLDB 1.8.x, FirebirdSQL 3.0 Database engine Jet (experimental, tdf#51780)

Supported only on MS Windows. No support for Outlook Integration of MS Outlook (tdf#56903) and Outlook Express Supported address book (tdf#56905) address book access in the native 64-bit Windows builds of LibreOffice.

Back to table of contents. Either via drag & drop from Calc Importing data sources or via drag & drop from another (tables) from within the Base window with the data Supported database application source being open. ([84]) (tdf#51872)

Only via drag&drop to LibreOffice Exporting tables to Calc or via drag & drop from different file formats from another Base window with the Supported within the database writable data source being open. application: ([85]) (tdf#73798)

Limited olders driver "Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0" works fine for read/write, while Edit MS Access files Supported "Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0" driver only reads; (tdf#43187). Driver only works on Windows.

Native connector for: No, via ODBC Supported Microsoft SQL Server

Not supported but reproducible Crosstab queries with Pivot Table with Calc (FAQ Supported 142)

Not supported but you can link "Linked tables" capability text tables (FAQ 143) Supported (tdf#56234)

Imported table from spreadsheets - keep fields Not supported Supported format

Import data from XML, Not supported Supported HTML

Minor Feature LO Base 5.4 MS Access 2016 Differences

Native connector for: Not supported (removed Supported dBase databases feature since Office 2013)

Back to table of contents. Open LibreOffice Base Supported Not supported (.odb) files

Open DOS/Windows legacy formats: Microsoft Supported Not supported Works database

Native connector for: Not supported Supported SharePoint lists

Web service data Not supported Supported connection

Password protection of Not supported (tdf#70638) Supported database

Calculations in database Not supported (tdf#72787) Supported tables

Back to table of contents. Extensions: LibreOffice extensions adding outstanding features to LibreOffice LibreOffice has a complex eco-system of extensions (over 330 on extensions.libreoffice.org and over 800 on extensions.openoffice.org). Additionally to the extensions already mentioned in above comparison table, here is a selection of some extensions adding valuable features to LibreOffice:

LibreOffice Extensions

• Overview of language-related extensions for LibreOffice (Writing aids, spell-check dictionaries, hyphenation patterns, Grammar check,...) • OpenOffice.org2GoogleDocs exports, updates and imports documents to and from Google Docs, Zoho and WebDAV servers. • TeamDrive allows to shared spaces in the TeamDrive collaboration software. • Wollmux is a complex centralized system for templates, forms and letter heads developed by the city of Munich (in German General office suite: and English language). LibreOffice • eLAIX allows users to write and read ILIAS learning modules offline and to export to ePUB3 e-book file format. • LibreOffice Server Installation GUI facilitates parallel and server installations of LibreOffice. • Shared Technical Terminology Thesaurus • Read Text. Read selection of text with Calc, Draw, Impress, Web Writer and Writer using speech synthesis. • Custom Palette Export (allows to easily share custom color palettes) • OOoLilyPond, use LilyPond musical notation within LibreOffice.

Back to table of contents. • TexMaths adds an LaTex equation editor to LibreOffice • DMaths adds a comprehensive mathematical tool box to LibreOffice Writer • Chemistry allows to insert chemistry formulas as image from formula. • COOoder or Code Highlighter provide syntax highlighting for LibreOffice Writer. • AddPics creates a Writer document from pictures of scanned pages. • Writer's Tools is a set of utilities for frequent writers. • Alternative find & replace dialog for Writer. • Typography toolbar for advanced use of Graphite smart font features. • QR code Generator • Transcriber, transcription tool for audio files. • Organon, organisation and navigation tool to organize long LibreOffice Writer texts (novels, narrations, scientific works). • Template Changer, allows to change the template for an existing document. • Libre OCR allows to convert images to editable documents using an external OCR service (based on Tesseract OCR). • Footswitch. A transcription tool working wholly within LibreOffice Writer. • TradutorLibreText. Tool to translate texts in several languages. • File format filters • Export-Freemind allows to export Writer documents to Freemind mind manager. • Writer2LaTex allows to export Writer documents to LaTex. • Writer2ePub allows to export to the a free and open e- book standard ePub.

Back to table of contents. • Power Detective enhances Detective/Trace Precedents and Trace Dependents. • GeOOo allows to create thematic maps with LibreOffice. • CorelPolyGUI: Chart trend lines improved: polynomial trend line, force intercept of trend line and moving average trend line (most of its functionality is included in LibreOffice 4.2) • PalOOCa OLAP Calc Extension: Connecting Calc to access Palo or XMLA capable OLAP servers. • SMF extension: Add functions to Calc that allow stock market LibreOffice Calc data retrieval. • Display Formula and Result (Value) simultaneously • Advance Office Chart (support of histograms and Box plots) • Digitizer of XY chart • LibreWeb, a tool to fill spreadsheet cells with data from different web pages. • Remove Duplicates, quickly remove duplicates in Calc. • New Jaguar Calc add-in provides SQLREQUEST function. • File format filters: • Calc2LaTeX allows to convert Calc tables to LaTeX.

• Export as Images allows to export all the Impress slides or Draw pages as images of JPG, PNG, GIF, BMP and TIFF LibreOffice Impress format. • OpenCards is a free award-winning flashcard learning software.

Back to table of contents. • Barcode enables LibreOffice to add barcodes to documents. • GeOOO allows the creations of thematic maps with LibreOffice. • Cadlo makes it possible to make technical drawings in LibreOffice Draw. • File format filters: • GEDCOM import filter for Draw. LibreOffice Draw • Import Google Earth files (kml) in Draw. • Gallery contents, shapes & stencils: • A set of gallery themes to draw diagrams like circuit diagram. • Network equipment shapes for LibreOffice. • 1600 maps, diagrams, graphs, for geography and history. All countries, all states, all regions and all historical periods

LibreOffice Base

• odt2daisy, converts OpenDocument Text (ODT) to digital talking books in the DAISY format (DAISY 2.02, DAISY 3.0 XML and Full DAISY 3.0) for speech synthesis. • Read Text, it uses an external program or a web service to read text. Read the selection with Calc, Draw, Impress, Web Accessibility Writer and Writer. extensions • AccessODF, helps authors evaluate and repair accessibility issues in OpenDocument Text and other word processing formats supported by Writer. • odt2braille, enables authors to print documents to a Braille embosser and to export documents as Braille files. The Braille output is well-formatted and highly customizable.

Back to table of contents. Support and Training for VirtualBox

Oracle VirtualBox features

• Portability: VirtualBox is a cross-platform Type 2 hypervisor, which means that a VM created on one host can easily run on another and, by using Open Virtualization Format (OVF), the guest VMs can be imported and exported when required. • VM groups: VirtualBox provides a groups feature.This features enables the user to organize virtual machines individually as well as collectively. In general, operations such as start, close, pause, reset, save state, shutdown, power off, and so on can be applied to VM groups like individual VMs. • Guest additions – these are the set of tools that are installed on the Guest OS to improve their performance and to provide additional integration and communication with the host system. • Snapshots : VirtualBox proide the save snapshot feature of guest VM state information. You can go back in time and revert the virtual machine. • Great hardware support: VirtualBox supports guest SMP, USB devices, full ACPI support, multiscreen resolution, built-in iSCSI support, and PXE network boot.

VirtualBox is packed with features that you may have never used, even if you frequently use it to run virtual machines. VMware keeps many of its best features to its paid versions, but all of VirtualBox’s features are completely free.

Many of the features here require Guest Additions installed in your virtual machine. This is good to do anyway, as installing the Guest Additions package will speed up your virtual machines.

Back to table of contents. Snapshots

VirtualBox can create snapshots that save a virtual machine’s state. You can revert to the saved state at any time by restoring a snapshot. Snapshots are similar to leaving a virtual machine in a saved state, but you can have multiple saved states and restore from them at any time.

To create a snapshot, click the Machine menu while the virtual machine is running and select Take snapshot or use the Snapshots panel. You can restore snapshots from this interface later.

Snapshots are particularly useful if you want to do something to a virtual machine and then erase your changes. For example, if you use a virtual machine to test software, you can create a snapshot of a clean Windows system, then install the software and play with it. When you’re done, you can restore the original snapshot and all traces of the software will be erased. You don’t have to reinstall your guest operating system or manually back up and restore a virtual machine’s files.

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. Seamless Mode

Seamless mode allows you to break windows out of your guest operating system window and place them on your host operating system’s desktop. For example, if you use VirtualBox to run an important Windows program on your Linux desktop, you can use Seamless mode to have that Windows program be present on your Linux desktop.

To use this feature, install VirtualBox’s Guest Additions package inside the virtual machine, select the View menu, and click Switch to Seamless Mode.

Back to table of contents. Back to table of contents. 3D Support

VirtualBox has basic support for 3D graphics. You’ll have to go out of your way to enable this — the appropriate drivers aren’t installed by default when you install Guest Additions and you must manually enable these settings from the virtual machine’s settings window.

The 3D support won’t allow you to play the latest 3D games, but it does allow you to enable Windows Aero desktop effects in the virtual machine and play older 3D games that aren’t too demanding.

Back to table of contents. USB Devices You can connect USB devices to your computer and expose them to the virtual machine as if they were connected directly. This feature can be used with USB drives and a variety of other devices. As long as USB support is enabled in the virtual machine’s settings window, you can click the Devices tab, point to USB Devices, and select the USB devices you want to connect.

Back to table of contents. Shared Folders VirtualBox allows you to set up “shared folders” that both the host operating system and guest operating system can access. To do this, VirtualBox essentially takes a folder on the host operating system and uses network file sharing to make it accessible inside the virtual machine. Configure shared folders from the virtual machine’s settings window and then access or mount them as you’d mount normal network shares.

Back to table of contents. Shared Clipboard and Drag and Drop Copy and paste and drag and drop don’t work between the guest and host operating systems by default. However, VirtualBox allows you to share your clipboard between your guest operating system and host operating system, making copy-and-paste work properly. You can also use drag and drop to easily move files back and forth. Both of these features reduce the friction of using software inside a virtual machine, but they’re disabled by default.

Back to table of contents. Cloning Virtual Machines VirtualBox allows you to clone a virtual machine, creating a copy of it. If you try to copy-paste the files manually, you’ll end up with problems because both virtual machines will use the same identifier number for their virtual disks. When you clone a virtual machine, VirtualBox will ensure they don’t conflict with each other.

Back to table of contents. Port Forwarding

Virtual machines are normally isolated from the network. If you’d like to run server software inside a virtual machine, you’ll probably want to set up port forwarding so the server software is reachable from outside of the virtual machine. You’ll find this option in the Network settings pane, under Advanced.

You could also opt to connect the virtual machine directly to the network instead of using NAT, but NAT with port forwarding may be a better way to only allow specific ports through without changing your network settings too much.

Back to table of contents. Importing and Exporting VM Appliances Appliances are virtual machines with preinstalled operating systems. You can create your own appliances or download appliances in OVF format and import them into VirtualBox. This is particularly useful for Linux virtual machines and other systems that can be distributed freely, although you could also create your own appliances and distribute them throughout your organization.

Back to table of contents. Remote Display VirtualBox allows you to enable remote display for a virtual machine, allowing you to run a virtual machine on a headless server or other remote system and access it from another computer. VirtualBox does this with “VRDP,” which is backwards compatible with Microsoft’s RDP protocol. This means you can use the Remote Desktop Connection program in Windows or any other RDP viewer to access your virtual machine remotely without the need for any VirtualBox-specific software.

You can also enlarge a virtual machine’s disks in VirtualBox. VirtualBox doesn’t expose this option in its interface, requiring you to use the VBoxManage command instead.

Back to table of contents. http://www.clamwin.com/

Clamwin is an Anti-virus program for Microsoft Windows 10 / 8 / 7 / Vista / XP / Me / 2000 / 98 and Windows Server 2008 and 2003. ClamWin is a Free Antivirus program for Microsoft Windows 10 / 8 / 7 / Vista / XP / Me / 2000 / 98 and Windows Server 2012, 2008 and 2003. The important feature is that there are no charges to update the virus detection database like in other antivirus softwares. ClamWin Free Antivirus is used by more than 600,000 users worldwide on a daily basis. It comes with an easy installer and open source code. You may download and use it absolutely free of charge. It features:

• High detection rates for viruses and spyware; • Scanning Scheduler; • Automatic downloads of regularly updated Virus Database. • Standalone virus scanner and right-click menu integration to Microsoft Windows Explorer; • Addin to Microsoft Outlook to remove virus-infected attachments automatically.

The latest version of Clamwin Free Antivirus is 0.99.4

Back to table of contents. ClamWin Free Antivirus is based on ClamAV engine and uses GNU General Public License by the Free Software Foundation, and is free (as in freedom) software. To find out more about GNU GPL, please visit the following link: Philosophy of the GNU Project - Free Software Foundation.

ClamWin Anti-virus is used by more than 600,000 users worldwide on a daily basis. We provide on-site and carry in support for this anti-virus. The anti-virus features : • Only one time support payment for installation. • No yearly payments • Free updates forever • High detection rates for viruses and spyware • Scanning Scheduler • Automatic downloads of regularly updated Virus Database. • Standalone virus scanner and right-click menu integration to Microsoft Windows Explorer • Add-on to Microsoft Outlook to remove virus infected attachments automatically.

Back to table of contents. How You Can Help

ClamWin Free Antivirus is a free software project.

How can you help:

• Submit undetected virus and spyware samples. • Test the latest release, find and submit bugs and feature requests. • Improve the documentation. • Promote ClamWin Free Antivirus on the Internet and in the press. • Link to clamwin.com on your web site to let other people know about it and improve clamwin.com rankings • If you are a C++ or Python developer and have some time to spare you may join the ClamWin Free Antivirus Project and help to improve it • Or please click here to make a donation and support further development of ClamWin Free Antivirus.

Back to table of contents. ATRC Web Development Service

You know that a website is important.

However you are not sure how to go about it.

So let us make it simple for you.

If you already have a website and have not updated it, then this is a great time to ask us to help you.

1. You send us information about your company and your marketing requirements. 2. We analyze the information and discuss with you the possibilities of how to design the site and how much it shall cost. 3. We finalize the project, terms and conditions and we do the project.

The information you need to send is as follows :

1. Information about your company. 2. Products and services with details. 3. Kinds of customers you currently have. 4. Kinds of customers you want to increase and new kinds of customers you wish to attract and retain with the Internet Marketing.

This information shall allow us to come up with a strategy on how to design the marketing of your company and products on the Internet.

ATRC is a professional digital interactive agency. We help in projects that combine beautiful interactive design with intelligent technology. We understand that having a great website, a print piece, or even a beautiful logo is just not enough. You need results. We are a results- focused and driven shop. We love tying in creative marketing campaigns to our great work.

Web development, email campaigns, social media, SEO/SEM, media placement and other online marketing strategies are our focus. So if you're looking for a great looking ecommerce site and a team that can follow through by bringing visitors and orders, you've found the right firm. Take a look at our portfolio to see what we've done for great customers like you.

Mobile Website Development

The Mobile Web refers to browser-based web service such as the World Wide Web, WAP using a mobile device such as a cell phone, PDA, or other portable gadget connected to

Back to table of contents. Internet. The total number of mobile web users grows very fast.

However, Mobile Web access today still suffers from usability problems. This is partly due to the incompatibility of the format of much of the information available on the Internet with mobile devices and partly due to the small physical size of the screens of mobile devices.

Most of the current websites are optimized for IE or fire fox desktop browsers, when such websites are accessed from mobile phones it does not display information properly. Our mobile website developers are having expertise for coding for various mobile browsers and they arrange content to fit in most mobile browsers.

We also do analysis of the existing website and identify the most important content for mobile browser compatibility.

We cover a lot of services related to websites including but not limited to :

• Website Design & Development

• Website Re-Design

• Website Maintenance

• Web Hosting

• Domain Name Registration

• Online Forms

• E-Commerce Solution

• Database Designing

• Banner Design

• Promotional Softwares (like company screen savers, wallpapers, mp3 screen savers etc)

• Search Engine Optimization

• E-Marketing

Back to table of contents. If you do not know what all these services are, then do not worry. We know what they are and what they are used for. Also when to and when not to use them for our clients. We shall advise you based on your business requirements and not try to sell you something you do not need.

You shall not catch us asking questions like do you want a dynamic or a static site ? ASP or PHP? Because we know that these types of questions are not related to your business or your customer's requirements. You shall be asked relevant questions to understand your real business before we do any thing which we call Internet marketing.

We make websites which drive results in marketing. We understand both technology and marketing. Test us on this. Do not just take our word for it.

Back to table of contents. 33+ years of Information Technology and Communications experience. 25+ years of Linux experience. First company to offer round the clock support in Pakistan. The only company offering support in all cities in Pakistan. The greatest experience in Linux based Internet Technologies. The most experience in Linux based Server hardwares. The most experience in Linux hardware compatibility and driver finding. The fastest correct response to free questions. The fastest corect response to paid questions. Production of custom designed server and network management softwares for each client.

With ATRC, your company can rely on our team of experts to provide a solution to any problem that might occur, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

ATRC delivers your technical team constant interaction with the ATRC network and guarantees your company business continuity. Our support product range is highly scalable to match your specific requirements and allows you to have Open Source applications deployed in no-time and without concerns.

Key Features: Guarantees Business continuity on a 24 by 7 basis Application configuration jumpstarting and guidance Performance analysis troubleshooting Total infrastructure audit Top level security advice Technical Documentation and Reporting Release Advice Flexible support options tailored for your specific needs Onsite support visits

Back to table of contents. Educational Services directly from the experts! ATRC's courses mean recognized top quality educational services. We start out with Linux Basics, aimed at the initial Linux experiences and focused on Desktop usage. With System Administration, we move on to the more advanced parts of the Linux environment with highlights such as performance tuning and troubleshooting. Linux TCP/IP, Apache Webserver and SAMBA Windows Integration focus deeply on these top Linux applications. In all of our courses you'll be able to live the Linux experience, with your hands on your own test systems. Our courses are presented distribution independent.

Our company goal is clear: we are here to assist you in your linux deployment. Our experts can assist you in investigating Linux usage in your environment, providing input for your infrastructure design and deliver the required brainpower where you have a manpower shortage.

From architecture design to implementation phase, we have the expertise you're looking for.

The high costs associated with traditional, proprietary-source software licenses have forced many government organizations to evaluate the potential savings associated with Open Source technologies. Consequently, many government organizations have made it a top priority to adopt effective and efficient Open Source applications that are developed in a timely manner, for example months instead of years. However, to make this transition requires a clear understanding and vision of the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. Chief Information Officers (CIOs) often find with Open Source technology that they are not certain how to measure it, to leverage it, or ultimately how to benefit from it. If your agency requires assistance in defining an Open Source strategy, reviewing existing policies and guidelines, developing a risk mitigation program, or simply creating criteria and measuring the success of an Open Source transition, then ATRC can help.

ATRC can conduct a comprehensive client-specific research to identify Open Source solutions that will enhance your organization’s processes. The completed research will provide CIOs with the information necessary to make sound and accurate decisions regarding any transition to Open Source. Additionally, once those decisions are made, the research provides a roadmap for successful implementation with minimal risks.

Back to table of contents. Possible results of the research include :

• Executive overviews of the organization’s preparedness for Open Source transition • Open Source conversion viability determination for all existing systems • Detailed pros and cons specific to each converted system • Detailed specifications of existing applicable Open Source applications • Potential impacts on mission-critical systems • Potential security issues related to Open Source • Budget development and cost savings analysis • Specific Plan of Action and Milestones with suggested timelines • Resource validation reports • Consolidation recommendation reports • Long-term scalability requirements • Complex software and hardware rollout strategies • Software licensing measurement and compliance issues • Organization-specific white papers • Case studies applicable to the organization’s needs • Development of management strategies and policies • Any specific documentation requested by the organization

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