Annotated Bibliography of the Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus Robiniae
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USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SO-4 Annotated Bibliography of the Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus robiniae J.D. Solomon and C.J. Hay Southern Forest Experiment Station Forest Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Annotated Bibliography of the Carpenterworm, Prionoxystus ro bi~~iae J, D*Solomon' and 6, J. Way2 This bibliography has been prepared for en- with damage and control in shade trees. Only tomologists, foresters, pest control personnel, \%~ithinthe past few decades has the carpenter- and other-s who wish to refer to Literature on the worm's great importance in hardwood forest carpenter\%-orm, Prionox yst us robiniae Peck stands been recognized, (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) . No rsrevisus attempt has been made to compile The insect, the larvae of i+rhich cariise severe a complete bibliography, but Munro and Fox economic loss by tunneling in the trunks of (1934) included 48 references in their paper on hard~nroodtimber trees, was originally described biology and control, The present bibliography is in 1818 and named Cossus robinine. The generic arranged in alphabetical order by author and is name was subsequently changed to XyleuCes intended to cover all technical literature through Harris, then to iYyst?cs Grote, and finally to 1972. Most annotations summarize the salient Prionctxyst?ts Grote. Common names include information in each publication but for litera- locust moth, locust cossus?locust carpenter moth, ture that presents only brief or general treat- goat moth, carpenter moth, carpenter borer, ls- ment the annohation consists of a few keywords cust tree borer, ash tree borer, and oak carpen- to characterize the eonte~t. Citations fro= terworm. USP)A Cooperative Economic Insect Reports are The carpenterworm is a native of North presented in abbreviated form on page 2. America and is widely distributed throughout Readers \vho are beginning a study of the car- the United States and southern Canada. In the penlerivorm are particularly directed to papers Eastern and Southern U.S. the oaks are its prin- by Hay, gIorris, Xlunro, and Solomon. Older pub- cipal hosts, Here and elsewhere, however? green lications deserving attention are those by Burke, ash, black locust, elm, maple, willow, cotton~vood, Doten, Felt, Fetch, Grote, and Paekard. Infor- and occasionally fruit trees and ornamentals are mation on specific aspects of the insect may be attacked. located through the subject index. The larvae hatch frorn eggs laid in erevices on The initial sources of reference were the au- the bark and promptly enter first the inner bark "chors' files and the various forestry and ento- and then the sapwood. The larval stage may be mological journals. Other important sources completed within 1 or 2 years in the South, but were Biological A bstmcts, Forestry A bstmets, 4 may continue for 3 or years elsewhere. The Reviepc of Applied Entomology, Zoological Rec- adult is a large grey moth. Fully grown larvae ord, and Index fo the Literature of American may be 12 mm in diameter, and their tunnels in Economic Enfo?~~okogy,Citations in specific pub- the sapivood cause much loss frorn degrade when lications pi-ovided additional f;i"cles.Though con- infested trees are sawn into lun~ber, siderable care was taken, there probably are Over the years, eonsideraMle literatrrre has de- omissions; notification of these will be appreci- veloped, Early con"cributions were primarily de- ated, scriptive, and dealt mostly with systematics and Some of the references deal with uses of pesti- IEntomofo~ifitnt the Southern Hardwoori.: Laboratory, which is main- cides no longer. approved by the dT. S. Depart- tained at Stoneville, Mississippi, by the Southern Forest Experiment Station, TiSDA Forest Service, in cooperation with the Mississippi ment of Agriculture, Before any pesticide is Agricutturnt and Forestry Experiment Station and the Southern applied, its current registration should be Hardwood Forest Research Group. checked \\riLL? responsible State or Federal au- "nseet Ecolonist, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Delaware, Ohio. thorities, Tabulated annotationrr from USDACooperative Economic Insect Reports Year Turkey oak Fla. Death of several trees Oaks N. Car. Damaging trees Oaks Va, Dead and dying trees, most infested Oaks Miss. & Va, Damaging trees Pecan Tex. Light to medium infestation Shelhrklt trees Mont. Becoming of economic importance Oaks Miss. Damaging trees Pecan S. Car. Extremely serious damage Ash, cottonwood, elm boxelder, Chinese elm Mont. Attacks noted Pecan S. Car. 15-20 large holes noted in some trees Elm Calif. A local problem Calif. black oak Calif. Severe damage and killing Oak Calif. Medium infestation Elm S. Dak. Attacks noted Elm Calif. Medium infestation Chinese elm Calif. Heavy infestation Ash N. Dak. Killing trees in 7-year-old shelterbelt Shelterbelt trees Mont. Severe damage Pecan Ala. Moderate 20A infestation Calif. live oak Calif. Locally heavy Ash N. Dak. Severe infestations N. Dak. Male moths taken at light trap Coast live oak Calif. Increase in infestation during 1962 Peaches Calif. Medium infestation Poplar and oak N. Dak. Some damage in shelterbelts Shade trees and ornamentals Colo. Noted as a pest Ash N. Dak. Attacks noted Cherry Wash. Attacking winter-injured trees Oaks Ind. Considerable damage Elm Colo. Attacks noted Cherry Wash. Damaging winter-injured trees Oaks Central States Damage and degrade severe Ash Calif. Pupae heavy locally in trunks Boxelder Calif. Larvae heavy locally in trunks Hardwoods Mo. Serious log and lumber degrader Mont. Abundant Cottonwood, walnut, ash Calif. Damage noted Pecan Ga. Heavy infestations Deciduous trees Xont. Destructive pest of Shade trees deciduous trees Mont. Increasing number Elms Neb. Severe larval damage Willows Calif. Heavy damage Shelterbelt plantings and ornamental trees Mont. Major pest Hardwoods Mo. Most destructive borer Green ash and Siberian elm S. Dak. Heavy damage Anonymous. 1971. CONTROL OF BORERS IN The carpenterworm has attracted most attention PLANTED TREES IN THE PRAIRIE PROV- as a pest of shade and op-numentat. trees, but it INCES. Can. Dep, Agric. TN Pam. 2, 15 p. also does mach damage irz forest stands. Brieflg The carpc?tterwor.m. is a serious pest of trees desc?-ibes life stages, biology, hosts, and damage, pla~zfed far shade, orna?~zental,and wi~zdbreak Blickenstaff, C. C. 1970. COMMON NAMES OF purposes. I-nJol=mation012 hosts, damage, signs of INSECTS, p. 4. Entomol. Soe. Am. Cornm, on attack, stages, life cycles, prevention, and control. Common Names of Insects. Abrahamson, L. P., and XcCraeken, F. I. 1972. The approved common ?tame of P. robiniae is INSlECT AND DISEASE PESTS OF SOUTH- "carpenterw om..'" ERN HARDWOODS. In Proc., Southeast. Hard- Boisduval, J. A. 1852. LEPIDOPTERES DE LA wood Symp, (197l), p. 80-89. USDA For. Serv., CALIFORNIE. Ann. Soc, Entornol., ser. 2, 10: SouCheast. Area State and Priv. For., Atlanta, 323. Ga. Deserip fro??, hosts. In the Midsouth, carpenterworms spend up to 2 Borror, D. J., and DeLong, D. 31. 1954. INTRO- years co7~structing 6-inch long galleries in the DUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INSECTS, p. t~u?tksof oaks. The female sex pheromone is be- 533. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, N.Y. irzg i~zvestigatedas a potential control. Biology, key. Anderson, R. F. 1960, FOREST AND SHADE Borror, D. J., and White, R. E. 1970. A FIELD TREE ENTOMOLOGY, p. 325-327. Wiley & Sons, GUIDE TO THE INSECTS OF AMERICA N.-Y. NORTH OF MEXICO, p, 242-243, plate 12. Biology, damage, and control. Houghton Mifflin Co,, Boston. Bailey, J. S. 1883. ON SOME OF THE NORTH Description. AMERICAN COSSIDAE, WITH FACTS IN Boyd, W. M. 1945. INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF COSSUS CENTER- NEW JERSEY NURSERIES, p. 138-139. N. J. ENSIS LINTNER. In USDA. Div. Entomol. Bull. Dep. Agric. Circ. 355. 3, y. 49-55, plates I, 11. Biology, damage. P. robiniae attacks oak, willow, and locust from Boyd, W.M. 1953. INSECTS OF IMPORTANCE California east to New York. Forms of P, robiniae IN NEW JERSEY NURSERIES, p. 167-168. are discussed. N. J. Dep. Agric. Cire. 390. Baker, W. L. 1972. EASTERN FOREST IN- Biolo gy, damage, control. SECTS, p. 388-389. USDA Misc. Pub. 1175. Brimley, C. S. 1938. THE INSECTS OF NORTH BioEogg, damage, control. CAROLINA, p. 313. N. C. Dep. Agric. Div. Barnes, W,, and Benjamin, F. H. 1923. PRIO- Entomol., Raleigh. NOSYSTUS ROBINIAE. Contrib. Nat, Hist. &loth emergence, distribztion. Lepid. N. Am. 5 : 94-95. Britton, W. E. 1926. BORERS IN RELATION Specimens vary little in appearance within a local- TO CAVITIES IN TREES. Tree Talk 7: 11-13. itg but show remarkable variation among geo- P. robiniae makes Large cglindrical galleries in graphic areas. Three races are described: mixtus, the trunks of ash, elm, oak, maple, and locust. subnigrus, and flavotinctus. Wounds should be dressed promptly to promote Barnes, W., and McDunnough, J. H. 1911. REVI- healing and prevent decay. SION OF THE COSSIDAE OF NORTH AMER- Britton, W.E. 1933. PLANT PEST HANDBOOK ICA. Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid. N. Am. l(1) : FOR CONNECTICUT, I. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn. 3-35. Bull. 344, p. 126. Two subfamilies of Cossidae, Nypoptinae and Damage, hosts. Zeuzerinae, are given and P. robiniae is placed Bromley, S. W. 1944, CONTROLLING BORERS in Zeuzerinae. Systematics of the Cossidae are IN TREES. Horticulture 22: 412. discussed and a key to the genera of the two sub- Can be co?~trolledby "cutting out," "fumigation of families is presented. galleries, a?~dwrapping trunks. Beal, J. A. 1957. INSECT RESEARCH TO IN- Brown, H. P., and Panshin, A. J. 1940. COMMER- SURE AND MAINTAIN TIMBER QUALITY. CIAL TIMBERS OF THE UNITED STATES, p. In Proc. Timber Quality Conf., p. 1-12. USDA 283-285. McGraw-Hill, N.Y. For. Serv. For. Prod. Lab., Madison, Wis. Impaot. The greatest impact of trunk-boring insect8 on Brown, L.