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The 5-HT3 Receptor in Mammalian Brain: a New Target for the Development of Psychotropic Drugs? Jose Antonio Apud, M.D., Ph.D

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The 5-HT3 Receptor in Mammalian Brain: a New Target for the Development of Psychotropic Drugs? Jose Antonio Apud, M.D., Ph.D NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993-VOL. 8, NO.2 117 The 5-HT3 Receptor in Mammalian Brain: A New Target for the Development of Psychotropic Drugs? Jose Antonio Apud, M.D., Ph.D. 3 K�Y �oRJ?s: Serotonin; Serotonin receptors; 5-HT3 The 5-HTl site, which can also be labeled by [ H]5- bindmg sItes; 5-HT3 receptor antagonists; Ligand-gated HT, was characterized by a dissociation constant for Na+-K+ channel 5-HT in the nanomolar range. The combination of ap­ propriate specifIc ligands and computer-assisted anal­ Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the central 3 ysis of [ H]5-HT binding isotherms in the eNS re­ nervoussystem (eNS) of vertebrates and invertebrates. vealed fIve different subtypes of 5-HTl binding sites: Invert ebrates, 5-HT participates in the regulationof var­ 5-HTIA, 5-HTIB, 5-HTlC, 5-HTm, and 5-HTIE (Pedigo ious physiologic functions, including pain perception, et al. 1981; Pazos et al. 1984; Peroutka 1986; Heuring blood pressure, sleep, homeothermia, and sexual ac­ and Peroutka 1987; Leonhardt et a1. 1989). The recep­ tivity. It is also believed that 5-HT may participate in tor status of the 5-HTIE subtype, however, is still a theexpression of symptoms of certain psychiatric dis­ pending question. In contrast, the 5-HT2 site was orders, such as depression and anxiety. In this context, characterized as a 5-HT receptor with low (micromo­ most of our knowledge concerning the participation of lar) affinity for 5-HT but high (nanomolar) affinity for S-HTand 5-HT receptors in psychopathology has come a series of compounds (ketanserin, ritanserin, cinanse­ fromthe characterization of the mechanisms of action rin, and spiperone) (Bradley et a1. 1985; Glennon 1987) of various drugs that are effectivein relieving the symp­ that antagonize certain behavioral responses elicited by toms of psychiatric disorders. the administration of 5-HT-mimetic drugs (Peroutka et That the 5-HT receptor population in the periph­ al. 1981). erymight be heterogeneous was fIrstsuggested by the A third type of 5-HT receptor, the 5-HT3 recogni­ early pioneering work of two independent groups tion site, has also been identifIed (Fozard et a1. 1979; (Rochae Silva et a1. 1953; Gaddum and Hameed 1954). Fozard 1984; Richardson et a1. 1985; Hoyer and Neijt It was not until the late 1970s, however, that Peroutka 1987; Kilpatrick et al. 1987; Resier and Hamprecht 1989; andSnyder (1979) described, in the eNS, the existence Peters and Lambert 1989; Barnes et a1. 1989a). The of twodiff erent 5-HT recognition sites labeled by lyser­ 5-HT3 receptor, which represents the so-called "M" gic acid diethylamine, the serotonin-1 (5-HT1) and the receptor identifIed by Gaddum and Piccarelli (1957) in serotonin-2 (5-HT2) binding sites. the guinea pig intestine, was initially described in pe­ ripheral neurons in which it mediates depolarization Fromthe Fidia-Georgetown Institutefor the Neurosciences, George­ of neurotransmitter release (Bradley et a1. 1985). More townUniversity Medical School, Washington D.C. (On leave from recently, 5-HT3 binding sites were also identifIed in theCatedra de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Medicina neuronal cell lines (Hoyer and Neijt 1987; Resier and Universidad de Buenos Aires and ININFA,CONICET, Buenos Aires: Argentina. ) Hamprecht 1989; Peters and Lambert 1989), in discrete A�dressreprint requests to: Jose Antonio Apud, Fidia-Georgetown . brain areas (Kilpatrick et a1. 1987; Barnes et al. 1988; Institute for the NeuroSCiences, Georgetown University Medical Peroutka and Hamik 1988; Barnes et al. 1989a; Waeber School, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, D.C. 20007. Received August 1, 1991; revised January 30, 1992; accepted Febru­ et a1. 1989), and in the spinal cord (Glaum and Ander­ ary 12, 1992. son 1988; Hamon et a1. 1989). Whether these binding Cll9?3 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Pubhshed by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 65SAvenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010 0893-133X/93/$6.00 118 J.A. Apud NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993 -VOL. 8, NO.2 sites represent functional receptors and meet the criteria have as competitive antagonists of 5-HT action on pe­ for 5-HT3 receptors (Bradley et al. 1985) has been ad­ ripheral tissues possessing 5-HT3 receptors. dressed by a series of studies showing behavioral, bio­ The broad pharmacologic profIles of compounds chemical, and electro physiologic responses to both with affinity for the neural 5-HT3 receptor hampered 5-HT3 agonist and antagonist drugs (Costall et al. 1987, the defInition of this receptor. By chemically substitut­ 1990; Blandina et al. 1988; Yakel and Jackson 1988; ing compounds that bind with rather low specifIcity to Barnes et al. 1989b; Blandina et al. 1989; Imperato et the 5-HT3 site, it became possible to synthesize selec­ al. 1989; Peters and Lambert 1989; Hagan et al. 1990). tive 5-HT3 receptor agonists and antagonists (Fozard A 5-HT receptor that does not meet the criteria for and Gittos 1983; Richardson et al. 1985; Fake et al. 1987). a 5-HTl, 5-HT2, or 5-HT3 receptor has also been re­ On the basis of the assumption that different confor­ cently described. This receptor, which is found in mations of the 5-HT molecule are required for activa­ mouse embryo colliculi neurons and in the guinea pig tion of the so-called "0" (5-HT2) and "M" (5-HT3) hippocampus, has been classifIed as 5-HT4 (Dumuis et receptors, Richardson et aI. (1985) produced both al. 1988). A series of different putative 5-HT receptors specifIc agonists and antagonists for the 5-HT3 recep­ (5-HTlp, drosophila 5-HT receptor, the tryptamine­ tor with 5-HT as the starting compound. By systematic preferring receptors of the invertebrates, the stomach methyl substitutions in the indole nucleus and ethyl­ fundus receptor) have also been identifIed in periph­ amine side chain, the conformational freedom of the eral tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. 5-HT molecule was reduced. This strategy provided The 5-HTl, 5-HT2, and 5-HT4 receptors are coupled somewhat specifIc 5-HT2 (a-methyl-5-HT) and highly to second messenger systems. Activation of 5-HTIA, specifIc 5-HT3 (2-methyl-5-HT) receptor agonists. 5-HTIB, and 5-HT1O receptors inhibits, whereas activa­ Moreover, by extending the ethylamine chain of 5-HT tion of the 5-HT4 receptor stimulates, adenylate cyclase and producing rigid analogues in which the terminal (Bradley et al. 1985; Dumuis et al. 1988). On the other nitrogen is included in a tropine or homeotropine ring hand, activation of both 5-HTIC and 5-HT2 receptors system, the selective 5-HT3 antagonist (3a-tropanyl)­ increases phosphoinositide (PI) metabolism (Conn and IH-indole-3-carboxylic acid ester (ICS 205-930) was ob­ Sanders-Bush 1984; Conn et al. 1986; Nakaki et al. 1984). tained (Richardson et aI. 1985). It was also shown recently that 5-HT3 receptor activa­ The synthesis of a series of compounds structur­ tion stimulates PI hydrolysis in the rat cortex (Edwards ally related to ( - )-cocaine led to the discovery of an­ et al. 1991). Whether the increase of PI turnover is the other selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Substitution result of a direct 5-HT3 receptor-mediated mechanism by chlorine in the benzene ring of a number of sub­ or else an indirect effect mediated through a still un­ stituted benzoic acid esters of tropine led to the syn­ known pathway is not yet clearly understood. thesis of l-a-H,3-a,5-a- H-tropan-3-yl-3, 5-dichloroben­ In the last several years, the 5-HTIA, 5-HTIC, zoate (MOL 72222), a selective and competitive 5-HT3 5-HT1O, and 5-HT2 receptors have been cloned (Fargin receptor antagonist (Fozard and Gittos 1983; Fozard et aI. 1988; Julius et al. 1988; Pritchett et al. 1988; Ham­ 1984a). blin and Metcalf 1991). More recently, the 5-HT3 recep­ By restricting the conformational freedom of the tor has also been cloned (Maricq et al. 1991). The char­ diethylaminoethylside chain and changing the aromatic acteristics of the cloned 5-HT3 receptor are largely nucleus of the metoclopramide molecule, a series of consistent with the properties of the purifIed receptor 3-indazole carboxamides was obtained, Among these obtained from brain tissue and neural tumor cell lines compounds, endo-N-(9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3,3,I]non- (McKernan et al. 1990a, 1990b; Miquel et aI. 1990) (see 3-yl)-I-methyl-imidazole-carboxamide (BRL 43694) was below). found to possess potent and selective 5-HT3 antagonis­ tic properties (Fake et al. 1987). Other compounds with selective activity at the DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE DRUGS 5-HT3 receptor have also been identifIed. Among them, ACTIVE AT THE 5-HT3 RECEPTOR 1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-9- methyl-3[ (2-methyl-lH-imidazol­ l-yl)methyl]-4H-carbazol-4-1 hydrochloride hydrate ' It has long been known that both morphine and cocaine (GR38032) (Butler et aI. 1988) and 4-amino-N-(1- block the excitatory action of 5-HT on peripheral neu­ azabicyclo[2,2.2.]oct-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide rons (Rocha e Silva et al. 1953; Gaddum and Hameed hydrochloride hydrate (zacopride) (Smith et al. 1988) 1954). Only recently, however, was evidence presented also proved to be potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. indicating that both drugs induce their effects via a Quipazine possesses high affInity for the 5-HT3 bind­ specifIc competitive antagonistic action on 5-HT3 ing site in nervous tissue (Peroutka and Hamik 1988) receptors (Fozard et al. 1983). Further studies demon­ but also binds with relatively high affInity to other 5-HT strated that metoclopramideand a series of substituted receptors (Glennon et al. 1986). benzamides (Fozard et al. 1978; Fozard 1984) also be- Recently a computer-aided molecular modeling NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993- VOL.
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