Reale Und Virtuelle Räume in Der Computermusik Theorien, Systeme, Analysen

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Reale Und Virtuelle Räume in Der Computermusik Theorien, Systeme, Analysen Reale und virtuelle Räume in der Computermusik Theorien, Systeme, Analysen vorgelegt von Bijan Zelli Fachbereich 1 Kommunikations- und Geschichtswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) genehmigte Dissertation Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 12.01.2001 Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wolters Berichterin: Prof. Dr. Helga de la Motte-Haber Berichter: Prof. Dr. Christian Martin Schmidt Berlin 2001 D 83 Meiner Schwester Shirin Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort...............................................................................................................................7 Einleitung............................................................................................................................8 Erstes Kapitel: Verräumlichung und ihre Umsetzung in der computergestützten Musik 1.1 Zeitverzögerung als Mittel der Verräumlichung.......................................................15 1.2 Die Rolle der Dynamik bei der Simulation der Entfernung......................................37 1.3 Innere Klang-Raum-Organisation.............................................................................47 1.4 Bewegung im Raum..................................................................................................69 1.5 Soundscape und reale Räume....................................................................................94 1.6 Musique Acousmatique und imaginäre Räume........................................................109 1.7 Klanginstallation......................................................................................................138 Zweites Kapitel: Analysebeispiele 2.1 John Chowning: Turenas 2.1.1 John Chowning und The Simulation of Moving Sound Sources.................. 154 2.1.2 Turenas.........................................................................................................165 2.2 Rob Waring: At This Point, in Time… 2.2.1 Rob Waring und Sonomatrix........................................................................180 2.2.2 At This Point, in Time...................................................................................185 2.3 Henry Gwiazda: buzzingreynold‘sdreamland 2.3.1 Henry Gwiazda und The Choreography of Noise........................................216 2.3.2 buzzingreynold’sdreamland..........................................................................227 2.4 Christian Calon: The standing Man 2.4.1 Christian Calon und l’Elaboration d’une machine à métamorphoses.........249 2.4.2 The Standing Man........................................................................................264 Schlußwort......................................................................................................................294 Quellenverzeichnis.........................................................................................................297 Vorwort Obwohl die Zugänglichkeit und die mit der Zeit zunehmende Anwendung des Computers in der musikalischen Komposition während der letzten 50 Jahre bei vielen Autoren dazu geführt hat, dass sie nicht gerne von Computermusik sprechen, weist diese Musik auf die Qualitäten hin, die nicht ohne Hilfe des Computers zustande gekommen wären. Der Computer erfüllt nicht nur die Funktion eines kompositorischen Werkzeuges wie die Funktion des Stiftes bei der Niederschreibung der Schönen Literatur, sondern beeinflusst auch erheblich die Strukturen der Musik - vergleichbar beispielsweise der Funktion des Pinsels in der Malerei. Die Anerkennung der Computermusik als einer Musik, die sich auf Grund ihrer spezifischen Beschaffenheit von instrumentaler und Tape Musik unterscheiden lässt, ist daher ein wichtiger Ausgangspunkt für diese Arbeit gewesen. Räumliche Musik ist vermutlich einer der wichtigsten Indikatoren der Musik- entwicklung im 20. Jahrhundert. Mit der systematischen Einbeziehung des Raumes ins musikalische Komponieren befreit sich die Musik schließlich von der Jahrhunderte langen Vorstellung, die die Musik als eine ‚Zeit‘-Kunst dargestellt hat. Der Computer nimmt in dieser Entwicklung eine Sonderstelle ein und verwirklicht die Konzepte, die bis vor 50 Jahren entweder unrealisierbar oder überhaupt nicht vorstellbar waren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt mit der Beschreibung der Verräumlichungsmethode und ihrer verschiedenartigen Implikationen darauf, zum besseren Verständnis des Wie der Einbeziehung des Raumes in die computergestützte Musik beizutragen. Mein besonderer Dank gilt Frau Professor Helga de la Motte-Haber, ohne deren Unter- stützung und anregende Gespräche diese Arbeit nicht zustande gekommen wäre, aber auch den Herren Professor Christian Martin Schmidt, Folkmar Hein und Martin Supper für ihre fachliche Hinweise, Christian Calon, John Chowning, Henry Gwiazda und Rob Waring für ihre Beiträge, den Damen Azar Baghai, Susanne Binder, Melanie Uerlings sowie Herrn Dr. Gerhard Jancke für ihre sprachlichen Verbesserungsvorschläge und schließlich den Bibliothekaren der Henepin Library in Minneapolis, die mit ihrer freund- lichen Unterstützung bei der Literaturrecherche schnellere Verfertigung der Arbeit ermglichten. Berlin, Jan. 2001, Bijan Zelli 7 Einleitung Der statische und dynamische Zustand der Materie sind zwei wichtige Ausgangspunkte der definitorischen und begrifflichen Spekulationen, die die ganze Geschichte des Begriffes des Raumes geprägt haben. Der Ursprung des Begriffes „Raum“ ist - wie viele in der abendländischen Kultur verwendeten Begriffe - in der griechischen Philosophie zu suchen. Die ersten Versuche, den Begriff systematisch zu erläutern, gehören in die nachsokratische Zeit und stellen einen einheitlichen und homozentrischen Raum vor, der sich in dem Terminus Kosmos, also Weltordnung widerspiegelt. Obwohl die ersten Beschreibungen den Raum hauptsächlich im Sinne von Weltraum deuten, stellen Timaios von Plato und Physika von Aristoteles die ersten Auffassungen des Begriffes Raum dar, die die allgemeinen Spekulationen um den Begriff bis in unsere Zeit initiiert und beeinflusst haben. Die Ideen um die absolute bzw. relative Auffassung des Raumes und objektive bzw. subjektive Auffassung der Zeit sind also bis zu den alten griechischen Philosophen und besonders Plato und Aristoteles spürbar. Plato benutzt den Terminus Chora und fasst den Raum als eine fundamentale Komponente der Existenz auf, das der realen Materie entgegensteht und immer existiert hat. Aristoteles benutzt den Terminus Topos und deutet im Gegensatz zu Plato den Raum als eine physikalische Stelle, der auf Grund seines intimen Verhältnisses zur Materie als mit ihm gleich aufgefasst wird, und lässt ihn als eine leere Stelle, umgeben von geometrischen Oberflächen, vorstellen. Eine Verallgemeinerung des Begriffes Raum dauerte mehr als 1500 Jahre bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, in dem man einen absoluten Raum (als Behälter des Geschehens) definieren konnte. Mit der allmählichen Abschwächung der lange Zeit dominanten Aristotelischen Auffassung ab dem 14. Jahrhundert wachsen neue Ideen, die den Raum als homogen, unendlich und immateriell zu begreifen vorzieht. Die Fortschritte verdanken wir dem französischen Mathematiker René Descartes in seiner La Géometrie (1637) und Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in seiner Monaden-Theorie. Descartes meint, dass die Essenz der Materie die Ausdehnung sei, womit er die absolute und statische Einheit des Raumes betont, während Leibniz auf ein Verhältnis hinweist, in dem der Raum als relativ zu einem in Bewegung befindlichen Punkt angesehen wird. In den philosophischen Über- 8 legungen dieser Zeit verschärft sich die Diskussion um die absolute und relative Auf- fassung des Begriffes mehr als vorher. Der englische Physiker Isaac Newton stellt in diesem Zusammenhang neue Ideen in seinen Principia (1687) dar, in denen er den Raum als ein Produkt der Trägheit vorstellt. Obwohl es einfach scheint, den Trägheitsraum Newtons, der sich auf die Interrelation zwischen den materiellen Partikeln zurückzieht, als eine relative Auffassung des Raumes zu betrachten, muss man beachten, dass das Newton‘sche System sich nur wegen der zeitlichen Faktoren vom statischen Raum des Descartes unterscheidet. Die Annäherung Immanuel Kants an den Begriff in seiner trans- zendentalen Ästhetik nimmt sowohl historisch als auch philosophisch eine Sonderstelle ein. Kant betont im Gegensatz zu Newton, dass der Raum a priori unserer sinnlichen Wahrnehmung zugrunde liegt. Für Kant ist die räumliche Ausdehnung eine Voraus- setzung und eine Notwendigkeit, damit ein Objekt oder ein Ereignis vorgestellt werden kann. Kant betrachtet die absolute und relative Auffassung des Raumes als irrelevant und stellt eine transzendentale Auffassung davon vor. Der Kant-Newton‘sche Raum ist nach der langjährigen Dominanz der alten Philosophie der erste Wendepunkt in der Geschi- chte, wobei der Begriff „aus dem Himmel zur Erde gebracht“ und ihm eine philoso- phisch-physikalische Ansicht gegeben wird. William James fasst 1890 die philoso- phischen Interessen am Raum in drei Theorien folgendermaßen zusammen: “The first, advanced by Helmholtz and Wundt, was that spatial attributes reside in objects, not sensations, and are learned through inferences…The second theory…was that the senses respond directly to spatial stimuli, and that the spatial senses for vision, audition, and movement operate as distinctly differentiated modalities… The third theory…was that space is an innate form of all perception, neither learned nor inferred from experience.”1 Der zweite Wendepunkt im
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