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Recent Headways in Pomology RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY EDITED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. Mine PAKYÜREK RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY EDITED BY Assist. Prof. Dr. Mine PAKYÜREK AUTHORS Prof. Dr. Ahmet KAZANKAYA Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK Prof. Dr. Halil İbrahim OĞUZ Prof. Dr. Husrev MENNAN Prof. Dr. Murat ŞEKER Prof. Dr. Turan KARADENİZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin GÜR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fırat PALA Assoc. Prof. Dr. Funda ATİLA Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan DOĞAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan YAVİÇ Assist. Prof. Dr. Haydar KURT Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Settar ÜNAL Assist. Prof. Dr. Mine PAKYÜREK Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa SAKALDAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Sefa POLATÖZ Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba BAK Assist. Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYDIN Dr. Research Asst. Emrah GÜLER Dr. Research Asst. Mehmet Ali GÜNDOĞDU Lecturer PhD Std Neşe YILMAZ Agricultural Engineer PhD Std Orhan DURMAZ Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) Birgül DİKMETAŞ Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) İlbilge OĞUZ Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) Sokar Salah JALAL Landscape Architech (M.Sc) İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Copyright © 2021 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2021© ISBN: 978-625-7562-09-6 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA June / 2021 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16x24 cm CONTENTS EDITED BY PREFACE Assist. Prof. Dr. Mine PAKYÜREK……………………………….…1 CHAPTER 1 THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE AND VARIETIES ON PERFORMANCE OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) GRAFTING ON BUTTUM (Pistacia khinjuk L.) TREES Prof. Dr. Ahmet KAZANKAYA Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan DOĞAN PhD Std Orhan DURMAZ ……….......................................................3 CHAPTER 2 REPRODUCTION OF WALNUT TREES Prof. Dr. Ahmet KAZANKAYA Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan DOĞAN Assoc. Prof. Dr. Funda ATİLA ………………..................................19 CHAPTER 3 PROPAGATION OF FRUIT TREES Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK Landscape Architech (M.Sc) İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) Birgül DİKMETAŞ ………………....55 CHAPTER 4 GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION OF FRUITS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY Prof. Dr. Halil İbrahim OĞUZ Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) İlbilge OĞUZ ……………………….93 CHAPTER 5 A RESEARCH ON THE USE OF WOOD VINEGAR (PYROLYSIS ACID) AND BIOCHAR IN THE HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION Prof. Dr. Halil İbrahim OĞUZ Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) İlbilge OĞUZ ………………….…..129 CHAPTER 6 THE PEACH: BRIEF DESCRIPTION and GROWING Lecturer PhD Std Neşe YILMAZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin GÜR Assist. Prof. Dr. Sefa POLATÖZ Dr. Mehmet Ali GÜNDOĞDU Prof. Dr. Murat ŞEKER ………………………………………..….151 CHAPTER 7 WEED MANAGEMENT IN YOUNG ALMONDS ORCHARDS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fırat PALA Prof. Dr. Husrev MENNAN …………………………………...…..173 CHAPTER 8 CHARACTERIZATION OF ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus L.) IN NORTHERN IRAQ’S SULAIMANIA CHAMCHEMAL PROVINCE Agricultural Engineer (M.Sc) Sokar Salah JALAL Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan YAVİÇ Assist. Prof. Dr. Haydar KURT ………………………………...…191 CHAPTER 9 PROJECTION OF THE WORLD AND TURKEY NUT PRODUCTION Assist. Prof. Dr. Haydar KURT Assist. Prof. Dr. AdnanYAVİÇ …………………………………....223 CHAPTER 10 A SMALL FRUIT: CURRANT Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Settar ÜNAL …………………………...249 CHAPTER 11 STORAGE OF KIWIFRUITS (ACTINIDIA DELICIOSA VAR. HAYWARD) IN CONTROLLED AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE CONDITIONS Assist. Prof Dr. Mustafa SAKALDAŞ …………………………….281 CHAPTER 12 HARVEST, STORAGE AND POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGIES OF QUINCE Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa SAKALDAŞ …………………………....297 CHAPTER 13 CITRUS GROWING Assist. Prof. Dr. Sefa POLATÖZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Engin GÜR Lecturer PhD Std Neşe YILMAZ Prof. Dr. Murat ŞEKER …………………………………………...313 CHAPTER 14 HARVEST TIME ALTERS FRUIT QUALITY TRAITS OF BARBERRIES (Berberis vulgaris) Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba BAK Dr. Research Asst. Emrah GÜLER Prof. Dr. Turan KARADENİZ ………………………….................355 CHAPTER 15 THE IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION IN PISTACHIO AND ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY Assist. Prof. Dr. Yusuf AYDIN Assist. Prof. Dr. Mine PAKYÜREK ……………………………....377 RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY | 1 PREFACE Climate change has the potential to influence the production and quality of fruits. The reduction in production of fruits, is a result of several factors, i.e., environmental, physiological and biological, but the impact of environmental and climatic factors are comparatively significant. The climatic parameters have affected the average growth and development, influenced the quality of fruit production, frequently changing weed, pest, and disease incidences. Several physiological mechanisms are involved in the stress tolerance of fruits plants. To alleviate the harmful effects of environmental stresses, plants increase the production of various compatible osmolytes. This book summarizes the importance of fruits crops, the present improvements, and future directions for enhancing yield and nutritional quality under environmental stress conditions and climate change scenarios. Recent agricultural technologies that have significantly increased food supply have had inadvertent, detrimental impacts on the environment and ecosystem services, highlighting the need for more sustainable agricultural production. In light of the possible impact of climate change, researchers should emphasize the development of environmental resistant crops. Further, it needs to be initiated to define the present limits to these resistances and the feasibility of manipulation through advanced genetic and molecular techniques. Advanced technology has the potential positive impact on the agriculture sector. It minimizes adverse effects of agricultural practices, environment and human health, improves productivity and food security. In this context, 2 | RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY we studied the recent trends of technology that could provide benefits for sustainable fruit growing. I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to the formation of this book with their valued works. Hope the book will be useful to readers and researchers who are interested in the subject. Sincerely Yours Mine PAKYÜREK RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY | 3 CHAPTER 1 THE EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE AND VARIETIES ON PERFORMANCE OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) GRAFTING ON BUTTUM (Pistacia khinjuk L.) TREES Prof. Dr. Ahmet KAZANKAYA1 Assist. Prof. Dr. Adnan DOĞAN 2 PhD Std Orhan DURMAZ 2 1 Kırşehir Ahievran University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Kırşehir, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Van, Turkey. [email protected] - [email protected] 4 | RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY | 5 INTRODUCTION Pistachio fruit, which has a high yield to its producer, is an important plant food that is the most preferred among the hard-shelled fruit species around the world. An average of 83.4% of the total pistachio production in the world is provided by Iran, America and Turkey. Turkey ranks third in the world in the number of pistachio trees and pistachio production (FAO, 2019). World Pistachio production is 1.005.436 tons and 150.000 tons (14.9%) of that number is produced in Turkey (Ertürk et al., 2015). Pistacia species known as Wild Pistachio are spread almost all over Turkey. Melengiç is the most common one in terms of number and distribution area, followed by Buttum and Atlantic Gum (Bilgen, 1973; Türker, 2003). Pistachio varieties commonly grown in Turkey are Uzun, Siirt, Kırmızı, Halabi and Ohadi varieties. While the cultivation of many fruit species is limited in the Southeastern Anatolia region, Pistachio is widely cultivated in this region due to its unique ecological conditions and it can be grown easily even in both arid and soil conditions where other fruit species are difficult to grow. In our country, there are approximately 42 million pistachio trees and 26 million of these are in the yield age (Ertürk et al., 2015) and the cultivation of this fruit is increasing day by day (Özbek, 1978, Ayfer et al., 1990; Balta, 2002). Pistachio is pomologically divided into three parts, which are long (Uzun, Halebi, Sultani), oval (Siirt, Kırmızı) and round (Ohadi, Kerman). Pistachio is grown in stony, rocky, calcareous and arid soils that are poor in nutrients. It can be grown economically 6 | RECENT HEADWAYS IN POMOLOGY in regions with long, hot and dry summers and relatively cold winters (Özbek, 1978; Tekin et al., 2001). The homeland of pistachio is Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran and the high region of the Near-East. At the same time, it is the most important gene source and development center in the formation of cultural varieties. Pistachio is a plant species that needs hot and dry weather in summers and very cold climates in winters. It can be easily grown in barren, rocky and calcareous areas where many other cultivars cannot easily grow. In our country, the number of Pistachio trees bearing fruit in 2014 is 39.329.512, the yield per tree is 2 kg, and Pistachio cultivation is carried out on an area of approximately 2,823,338 decares (Ertürk et al., 2015). Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia
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