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URBANIZATION and the MIDDLING SORTS in DERBYSHIRE MARKET TOWNS: ASHBOURNE and WIRKSWORTH 1660—1830 by Catherine Nora Dack

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URBANIZATION and the MIDDLING SORTS in DERBYSHIRE MARKET TOWNS: ASHBOURNE and WIRKSWORTH 1660—1830 by Catherine Nora Dack URBANIZATION AND THE MIDDLING SORTS IN DERBYSHIRE MARKET TOWNS: ASHBOURNE AND WIRKSWORTH 1660—1830 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Catherine Nora Dack MA (Leicester) BSc (Leeds) Department of Historical Studies University of Leicester October 2010 URBANIZATION AND THE MIDDLING SORTS IN DERBYSHIRE MARKET TOWNS: ASHBOURNE AND WIRKSWORTH 1660—1830 by Catherine Nora Dack ABSTRACT This thesis investigates ways in which towns with populations well below 5000 contributed to England‘s remarkable urbanization in the eighteenth century, developing functions which enabled them to facilitate and benefit from fundamental change. Ashbourne became a minor gentry resort for over half a century, when its upper echelons participated fully in the urban renaissance. Its middling sorts organized and embodied the high-order functions and trades which created unprecedented wealth in the latter half of the eighteenth century, through enterprise, expertise, ingenuity and changes in the organization of labour and resources. The town‘s previous history as a nursery of skill and a thoroughfare town with good connections with London were relevant in its transformation. The middling sorts were the chief consumers of the enormous variety of goods which became available, even in such small towns, but it is argued that most of the population eventually participated in the ‗consumer revolution‘. The industrial revolution is seen as fulfilling, but also creating, demand. The success of Wirksworth‘s lead industry led to a derogation in its urban status when it was overwhelmed with migrant workers. However, a rise in the price of lead encouraged the Duchy of Lancaster (the owner of the mineral rights) and a local landowner to upgrade the town to attract investors. This was successful, leading to the establishment of good shopping facilities when upper-middling sorts built an enclave of Palladian houses. The demand for cloth and shoes enabled middlemen in both towns to gain unprecedented wealth from domestic industry, to which they applied a new commercial discipline. This revitalized the towns for two or three generations, however some legacies of their heydays remained. Arkwright‘s enterprise had an enduring effect in the county, including the fortuitous discovery of coal and iron reserves near the Cromford canal. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Rosemary Sweet, for her invaluable assistance, advice and generosity with her time. Her expertise on eighteenth-century culture was essential for the background of my research, which would otherwise have lacked a firm historical context. I owe a debt of gratitude to the members of the English Local History Department who steered me through my master‘s degree and widened my historical perspective: Professors Christopher Dyer and Keith Snell and Drs Graham Jones and David Postles (who interested me in probates and first suggested the middling sorts as a subject of research). I thank my fellow student Dr Christine Seal for her support, John Palmer for permission to quote from his unpublished research on Wirksworth and Adrian Henstock for his advice and supply of documents relating to Ashbourne. I thank the staff of the Lichfield Record Office for their assistance beyond the call of duty, and those of the Derby and Derbyshire Local Studies Libraries, the Derbyshire Record office and the National Archives. This work would have been difficult to complete without the care and assistance of my husband, Michael Dack, to whom I dedicate it. He on numerous occasions met trains at unsocial hours, put up with inconvenience and displayed a talent for cooking. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 4 List of Tables 5 List of Figures 7 List of Plates 8 Abbreviations 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 10 Chapter 2 The establishment of urban credentials 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Issues of demography 1664 1821 23 2.3 Occupational structure c. 1660 1770 32 2.4 The development of the built environment 50 2.5 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3 The fortunes of the middling sorts 1700 1770 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Wealth and occupational status 69 3.3 The upper-middling sector 73 3.4 Liaisons and associations 79 3.5 ‗Dirty but prosperous‘ lower-middling sorts 84 3.6 Consumerism 89 3.7 Shopping 97 3.8 Conclusion 108 Chapter 4 Ashbourne in its heyday 1770 1820 116 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 ‗The minor metropolis‘ 122 4.3 Leisure activities 12 4.4 Wealth creation and social mobility 141 4.5 ‗An assiduous attention to business‘ 146 4.6 The industrial revolution 155 4.7 Female middling sorts 165 4.8 Conclusion 177 Chapter 5 Wirksworth and the industrial revolution c.1755—1830 185 5.1 Introduction 185 5.2 Topography and shopping 190 5.3 Wealth creation 195 5.4 Could there be urban renaissance in Wirksworth? 205 5.5 Associations and status 214 5.6 Wirksworth as a microcosm of the industrial revolution 219 5.7 Lead mining 227 5.8 Conclusion 236 Chapter 6 Conclusion 242 Appendix 256 Bibliography 275 4 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.21: A comparison of hearth tax data in some east Midlands towns 24 Table 2.22: Chargeable hearths in Wirksworth and Ashbourne in 1664 25 Table 2.23: A summary of the poll tax statistics (1689) 26 Table 2.24: Householders paying excesses in the poll tax (1689) 28 Table 2.25: The redistribution of population within Wirksworth parish 1673—1800 29 Table 2.31: Guest beds in six representative counties (1685) 35 Table 2.32: Occupational statistics for Ashbourne Town 1660—1700 37 Table 2.33: Ashbourne‘s occupational organization 1706—15 39 Table 2.34: Occupational change in Ashbourne c. 1660— c. 1715 41 Table 2.35: Some occupational statistics for Wirksworth 1660—c. 1720 42 Table 2.36: Wirksworth bridegrooms‘ occupations 1754—70 45 Table 2.37: Occupational categories in Ashbourne and Wirksworth before 1770 46 Table 2.38: Changes in the occupational structure of Ashbourne and Wirksworth 1700—70 49 Table 3.21: Sampled male probates in Ashbourne and Wirksworth 1700—1770 70 Table 3.22: Occupations of probators leaving personal estate over £100 in Ashbourne and 71 Wirksworth (1700—69) Table 3.23: Cash bequests of upper-middling testators ranked by status 1700—69 74 Table 3.51: Maximum personal estates of lower-middling Ashburnians compared with lower 86 middling Wirksworthians 1700—69 Table 3.61; Inventory values in 1700—50 and the difference with 1660—99 90 Table 3.62: The ownership of ‗new‘ artefacts mentioned in probate inventories 91 Table 3.63: Key items in Ashburnian probate inventories compared with other ‗small‘ towns 94 1660—1725 Table 3.71: Select tradesmen‘s inventories 1688—1747 98 Table 3.72: Edited inventory of Thomas Bagueley jun. mercer of Ashbourne (1688) 99 Table 3.73: Edited inventory of Richard Booth mercer of Wirksworth ( 1701) 100 Table 3.74: Fabric sold by Thomas Holmes mercer of Wirksworth (1706) 101 5 Table 3.75: Groceries kept by Robert Getliffe chandler of Ashbourne (1747) 103 Table 3.76: Items sold by Edward Buxton ironmonger of Wirksworth (1736) 106 Table 4.21: The topography of occupations in Ashbourne township (1780) 127 Table 4.41: Changes in the personal estate of male Ashburnians 1770—1820 141 Table 4.51: Ashbourne tradesmen‘s accounts paid by Fitzherbert (1807) 151 Table 4.61: Ashburnians willing to accept banknotes in 1797 157 Table 4.62: Leather merchants of Ashbourne 1770—1820 163 Table 4.71: The founder members of Ashbourne‘s Female Friendly Society (est. 1806) 165 Table 4.72: Business women of Ashbourne compared with others 1770—1820 172 Table 5.31: Personal estates of male probators 1700—1820 195 Table 5.32: Male probate estate related to occupational status 1770—1820 196 Table 5.33: Occupants of premises paying house tax of 5s or more in 1780 200 Table 5.51: The commerce of a Wirksworth grocer (1838) 203 Table 5.52: Contributions to the war effort in 1798 by the élite of Wirksworth 215 Table 5.61: Wirksworthians willing to accept banknotes in 1797 226 Table 5.71: Membership of the Society for the Encouragement of Mining in the Wapentake 227 of Wirksworth (1771) Table 5.72: Tax paid by Wirksworth lead-miners on real estate in 1780 233 Table 5.73: The personal estate of a sample of parish lead-miners 1700—1820 234 Table 5.74: The real property of a sample of parish lead-miners 1700—1820 234 Table A1: A selection from the stock of George Buxton ironmonger of Ashbourne (1714) 271 Table A2: Edited inventory of Robert Getliffe chandler of Ashbourne (1747) 272 Table A3: Edited inventory of Thomas Bagueley mercer of Ashbourne (1688) 273 6 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 3.61: Key items listed in Ashbourne‘s male probate inventories 1660 —1754 92 Fig. 3.62: Change over time in the percentage of inventories containing certain artefacts in 93 Ashbourne‘s male probate inventories 1660—1754 Fig. 3.71: Professionals and retailers who left a probate 1700—1759 107 Fig. 4.61: Ashburnian testators‘ links with other places 1700—1769 158 Fig. 5.31: A comparison of land tax paid by resident proprietors in Ashbourne and 199 Wirksworth townships (1780) Fig. 5.32: Land tax changes in Wirksworth 1780—1810 (resident proprietors) 199 Fig. 5.51: Subscribers to the Wirksworth Society for the Prosecution of Felons 218 Fig. 5.71: The annual value of tithes on ore mined in the parish of Wirksworth 1740—1840 230 Fig. 5.72: Prices of pig lead per fodder (ton) 1740—1840 230 Fig. 5.73: Men with title to a mine compared to the price of lead 1745—1795 232 Fig.
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