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Aquatic Ecology Provincial Resources

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Aquatic Ecology Provincial Resources MANITOBA ENVIROTHON AQUATIC ECOLOGY PROVINCIAL RESOURCES !1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank: Olwyn Friesen (PhD Ecology) for compiling and editing this document. Subject Experts and Editors: Barbara Fuller (Project Editor, Chair of Test Writing and Education Committee) Lindsey Andronak (Soils, Research Technician, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) Jennifer Corvino (Wildlife Ecology, Senior Park Interpreter, Spruce Woods Provincial Park) Cary Hamel (Plant Ecology, Director of Conservation, Nature Conservancy Canada) Lee Hrenchuk (Aquatic Ecology, Biologist, IISD Experimental Lakes Area) Justin Reid (Integrated Watershed Management, Manager, La Salle Redboine Conservation District) Jacqueline Monteith (Climate Change in the North, Science Consultant, Frontier School Division) SPONSORS !2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water ..................................................10 Boiling and freezing ...............................................................................................................11 Thermal properties .................................................................................................................11 Surface tension ......................................................................................................................12 Molecules in motion ...............................................................................................................12 Universal solvent ....................................................................................................................13 Hydrologic Cycle ...........................................................................................13 Evaporation (liquid to gas) .....................................................................................................14 Transpiration (liquid to gas from plants) ..................................................................................14 Condensation (vapour to liquid) .............................................................................................14 Precipitation (liquid or solid) ...................................................................................................14 Runoff ...................................................................................................................................14 Percolation ............................................................................................................................15 Groundwater .........................................................................................................................15 Water table ...........................................................................................................................15 Water-Climate Relationship .....................................................................................15 Snow, Ice, and Glaciers ................................................................................16 Snow ......................................................................................................................16 Physical properties of snow ....................................................................................................17 Ice.......................................................................................................................... 18 Sea Ice .................................................................................................................................19 Glaciers .................................................................................................................20 Polar hydrologic cycle .............................................................................................20 Types of water bodies ..................................................................................21 Streams and watersheds ..............................................................................22 Drainage Patterns and Watersheds ..........................................................................23 Watersheds in Manitoba ........................................................................................................24 Shaping the Landscape ...........................................................................................25 Erosion and Sedimentation .....................................................................................................26 Measuring stream flow ............................................................................................27 Aquatic Ecology and Ecosystems ..................................................................28 Trophic Ecology ......................................................................................................29 Photosynthesis and respiration ................................................................................................29 !3 Biological communities ............................................................................................29 Trophic levels ..........................................................................................................31 Food webs ..............................................................................................................32 Primary Producers (Autotrophs) ..............................................................................................32 Algal blooms .........................................................................................................................34 Consumers (Heterotrophs) .....................................................................................................35 Stream Ecology ............................................................................................37 What a stream carriers ............................................................................................37 Stream Life .............................................................................................................38 Riparian corridors ...................................................................................................39 Floods ....................................................................................................................39 Human impacts on streams ......................................................................................40 Dams and water storage ........................................................................................................40 Channelizing streams .............................................................................................................40 Development .........................................................................................................................41 Mobilization of sediment ........................................................................................................41 Lake Ecology ................................................................................................42 Formation and history .............................................................................................43 Lake Variability .......................................................................................................44 Light .......................................................................................................................44 Density stratification ................................................................................................45 Spring (mixed) ......................................................................................................................46 Summer (stratified) ................................................................................................................46 Autumn (mixed)..................................................................................................................... 47 Winter (weakly stratified) .......................................................................................................48 Mixing patterns .....................................................................................................................49 Lake Watersheds .....................................................................................................49 Lake chemistry ........................................................................................................50 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)......................................................................................................... 50 Physical Structure of Lakes .......................................................................................52 Spatial zones ........................................................................................................................53 Light zones............................................................................................................................ 53 Trophic status of lakes ..............................................................................................54 Oligotrophic lakes .................................................................................................................54 !4 Eutrophic lakes ......................................................................................................................55 Mesotrophic lakes .................................................................................................................55 Eutrophication .......................................................................................................................56
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