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Indoor Wavelet OFDM VLC-MIMO System: Performance Evaluation S S symmetry Article Indoor Wavelet OFDM VLC-MIMO System: Performance Evaluation Waleed K. Badawi , Marwa G. El-Hossary and Moustafa H. Aly * Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Collage of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt; [email protected] (W.K.B.); [email protected] (M.G.E.-H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Both light emitting diode (LED) characteristics for illumination and communication si- multaneously have made visible light communication-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (VLC-OFDM) a strong competitive to radio frequency (RF). In this juncture, to improve signal to noise ratio (SNR) and coverage contour, the wavelet-OFDM is suggested for indoor VLC sys- tems. In this paper, a wavelet VLC-OFDM is proposed for imaging multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed wavelet-OFDM is exploited for a hybrid space-frequency domain pre-equalization technique instead of the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDM technique. The Meyer filter is selected and employed in the proposed technique. A comparable achievement is elaborated for several numbers of channels to achieve the enhanced performance in terms of bit rate and coverage contour. In addition, a useful comparison is executed between our wavelet VLC-OFDM and the traditional FFT-OFDM for a hybrid space-frequency domain pre-equalization technique. The simulation results emphasize the superiority point of wavelet VLC-OFDM MIMO system by −3 improving the coverage contour by ~20% over the traditional OFDM at a 10 bit error rate (BER) target. Hence, the proposed technique can be potentially executed in indoor VLC-MIMO systems. Citation: Badawi, W.K.; El-Hossary, M.G.; Aly, M.H. Indoor Wavelet Keywords: visible light communication (VLC); wavelet-OFDM; orthogonal frequency division OFDM VLC-MIMO System: multiplexing (OFDM); imaging receiver (ImR); imaging angle diversity receiver (ImADR); pre- Performance Evaluation. Symmetry equalization; Meyer wavelet; Dmey wavelet 2021, 13, 270. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/sym13020270 Academic Editor: Palle E. 1. Introduction T. Jorgensen 1.1. State of the Art Regarding FFT-OFDM and DWT-OFDM Received: 17 January 2021 White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are considered a successful technology for the next Accepted: 2 February 2021 Published: 5 February 2021 decade. Due to low energy consumption, high performance, and high durability, white LEDs can be used in a large variety of communication systems to increase performance Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral and minimize costs. Visible Light Communication (VLC) has the ability to carry data by with regard to jurisdictional claims in modulating light. This limits the extra cost of VLC techniques which use LEDs. Addi- published maps and institutional affil- tionally, these benefits enable people to access the Internet through the same visible light. iations. Consequently, the demand for VLC has increased rapidly with the increase of LED power. Major research was undertaken to establish high data indoor VLC systems [1]. VLC has an uncontrolled spectrum, precisely from 400 to 700 µm, providing a huge bandwidth of communication that leads to high data rates. The VLC spectrum in adjacent communication cells can be reused. Intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) is Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. added to VLC systems, where the transmit messages can be modulated by light without This article is an open access article taking phase information into account. Besides, it can be directly sensed by the detector. distributed under the terms and The essential properties of light made VLC more effective, more power-efficient because the conditions of the Creative Commons LEDs are used in illumination and simultaneously are used in communication. Moreover, Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the VLC is more secure, does not need license and has the ability to deliver high data rates creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ compared to RF communication. Hence, the proposed system has the above-mentioned 4.0/). properties and consequently has superiority over radio frequency systems. Symmetry 2021, 13, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020270 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry Symmetry 2021, 13, 270 2 of 19 Several VLC studies are involved in efficient modulation schemes like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) to raise the data rate by maximizing the bandwidth. MIMO is used in many new technologies to increase data rate capacity and spectral efficiency [2–4]. MIMO systems contain multiple transmitter antennas and multiple receiver antennas. There are many types of MIMO techniques that are used for transmitting data over an indoor optical wireless channel to provide high link capacity and spectral efficiency, including spatial modulation (SM) and spatial multiplexing (SMP) [5]. The bandwidth limitation of LEDs is considered as one of the big challenges of achieving high efficiency in VLC systems [6]. Optical MIMO could be willing to offer a large data transmission rate by transferring data in the transponder and spatial spectrum [7]. Different pre-frequency domain equalization (Pre-FDE) mechanisms could be reported to improve LEDs bandwidth, such as analog Pre-FDE [6], digital Pre-FDE [8] in addition to the adaptive digital Pre-FDE [9]. VLC OFDM MIMO technique requires a detector for separating data from specific LEDs. Generally, there are two types of receivers with different concentrator designs that can be used in VLC-MIMO systems to increase VLC systems capacity [10]. These are categorized into two major optical categories; one of them is referred to imaging receiver (ImR) and the other is called a non-imaging receiver (NImR). The space division multiplexing VLC (SDM-VLC) technique is a promising technique for high speed indoor wireless communication. C. Chen et al. [11] suggested two protocols to boost an indoor SDM-VLC contour. There are two VLC link configurations: line-of-sight (LoS) which is mostly used in commercial systems and non-line-of-sight (Non-LoS) [12]. Thanks to OFDM for its high spectral efficiency, high capacity, and its ability to resolve multi-path channels. However, OFDM suffers from sensitivity to carrier frequency offset and synchronization errors. There is a lot of work that has been done to develop this, such as the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), the wavelet transform (WT), and wavelet packets (WP). The traditional OFDM techniques utilize inverse fast Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform (IFFT/FFT) systems at the transceiver for data multiplexing to simultaneously relay them through subcarrier numbers. The cyclic prefix (CP) is added before data transmission to minimize the inter-symbol-interference/inter-channel-interference (ISI/ICI) and to increase the bandwidth efficiency. Furthermore, CP reduces the channels of spectral inclusion. Wavelet (WT) fairly reflects a new term. It is used instead of FFT in OFDM. Wavelet- OFDM is named by orthogonal wavelet division multiplexing (OWDM), which is related to the inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) rather than inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) [13,14]. The great reason for utilizing DWT based on the OFDM system is the length of the basic functions which combat the narrowband interference better and inherently further resistant to ICI. R. Mishra et al. [15] studied the overview and performance estimation results of OFDM techniques including the traditional-OFDM and wavelet-OFDM. The authors in [16] proposed a new wavelet-OFDM analytical system which confirms Wi-Fi standard hiring the transmitter’s windowing function (rectangular waveform). Authors in [17] investigated a wavelet-OFDM for 4G of wireless communication. R. Asif et al. [18] elaborated the FFT-OFDM performance technique in opposite to WT based multicarrier system utilizing a simple zero-forcing (ZF) equalization in the time domain. Moreover, the wavelet has been applied in other different fields such as civil structures [19,20]. The Meyer WT is both orthogonal and symmetric [14]. This provides a numerical ap- proach to the DWT/IDWT through the use of a low pass filter (LPF)/high pass filter (HPF). To implement a wavelet transformation, these filters must satisfy the orthonormal basis, which means that they must be normalized and orthogonal to each other. Wael. H et al. utilized (16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, and 128-QAM) and different types of wavelet filters Daubechies (Db-3, Db-5, Db-8, Db-10) and Haar filter to compare the performance between the FFT-OFDM and WT-OFDM [21]. Symmetry 2021, 13, 270 3 of 19 1.2. Frame Work This section shows, in brief, the novelty of our work and difference between it and the related previous work. Furthermore, it explains clearly our framework. For once, an imaging VLC-MIMO technique based on traditional FFT-OFDM has been proposed by C. Chen et al. [22] with a raw 1.2 Gbps bit rate for various channels. The technique used the dual property of the space/frequency domain pre-equalization scheme. Towards the aim of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) improvement, a pre-space domain equalization (Pre-SDE) is performed after the Pre-FDE at a target BER of 10−3. In comparison with the system which uses only Pre-FDE, a communication coverage improvement by 52.6% is achieved in our system. In this paper, through VLC, we propose a wavelet-OFDM, instead of FFT-OFDM [22], for both the space and frequency domain pre-equalization technique for the first time. In the proposed system, due to the nature of WT overlapping symbols, the CP is eliminated. The removal of CP, which can be used to avoid multipath besides the Inter-Symbol In- terference (ISI), enables the WT to make full use of its spectral efficiency. This leads to improving system performance in terms of the coverage contour and data rate. In this eval- uation, we executed a Monte Carlo protocol to efficiently estimate an indoor VLC-MIMO performance characterized by N-channels.
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