Primality Proving with Cyclotomy
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Classics Revisited: El´ Ements´ De Geom´ Etrie´ Algebrique´
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Classics Revisited: El´ ements´ de Geom´ etrie´ Algebrique´ Ulrich Gortz¨ Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract About 50 years ago, El´ ements´ de Geom´ etrie´ Algebrique´ (EGA) by A. Grothen- dieck and J. Dieudonne´ appeared, an encyclopedic work on the foundations of Grothen- dieck’s algebraic geometry. We sketch some of the most important concepts developed there, comparing it to the classical language, and mention a few results in algebraic and arithmetic geometry which have since been proved using the new framework. Keywords El´ ements´ de Geom´ etrie´ Algebrique´ · Algebraic Geometry · Schemes Contents 1 Introduction . .2 2 Classical algebraic geometry . .3 2.1 Algebraic sets in affine space . .3 2.2 Basic algebraic results . .4 2.3 Projective space . .6 2.4 Smoothness . .8 2.5 Elliptic curves . .9 2.6 The search for new foundations of algebraic geometry . 10 2.7 The Weil Conjectures . 11 3 The Language of Schemes . 12 3.1 Affine schemes . 13 3.2 Sheaves . 15 3.3 The notion of scheme . 20 3.4 The arithmetic situation . 22 4 The categorical point of view . 23 4.1 Morphisms . 23 4.2 Fiber products . 24 4.3 Properties of morphisms . 28 4.4 Parameter Spaces and Representable Functors . 30 4.5 The Yoneda Lemma . 33 4.6 Group schemes . 34 5 Moduli spaces . 36 5.1 Coming back to moduli spaces of curves . 36 U. Gortz¨ University of Duisburg-Essen, Fakultat¨ fur¨ Mathematik, 45117 Essen, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 2 Ulrich Gortz¨ 5.2 Deformation theory . -
Input for Carnival of Math: Number 115, October 2014
Input for Carnival of Math: Number 115, October 2014 I visited Singapore in 1996 and the people were very kind to me. So I though this might be a little payback for their kindness. Good Luck. David Brooks The “Mathematical Association of America” (http://maanumberaday.blogspot.com/2009/11/115.html ) notes that: 115 = 5 x 23. 115 = 23 x (2 + 3). 115 has a unique representation as a sum of three squares: 3 2 + 5 2 + 9 2 = 115. 115 is the smallest three-digit integer, abc , such that ( abc )/( a*b*c) is prime : 115/5 = 23. STS-115 was a space shuttle mission to the International Space Station flown by the space shuttle Atlantis on Sept. 9, 2006. The “Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences” (http://www.oeis.org) notes that 115 is a tridecagonal (or 13-gonal) number. Also, 115 is the number of rooted trees with 8 vertices (or nodes). If you do a search for 115 on the OEIS website you will find out that there are 7,041 integer sequences that contain the number 115. The website “Positive Integers” (http://www.positiveintegers.org/115) notes that 115 is a palindromic and repdigit number when written in base 22 (5522). The website “Number Gossip” (http://www.numbergossip.com) notes that: 115 is the smallest three-digit integer, abc, such that (abc)/(a*b*c) is prime. It also notes that 115 is a composite, deficient, lucky, odd odious and square-free number. The website “Numbers Aplenty” (http://www.numbersaplenty.com/115) notes that: It has 4 divisors, whose sum is σ = 144. -
Mathematical Circus & 'Martin Gardner
MARTIN GARDNE MATHEMATICAL ;MATH EMATICAL ASSOCIATION J OF AMERICA MATHEMATICAL CIRCUS & 'MARTIN GARDNER THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Washington, DC 1992 MATHEMATICAL More Puzzles, Games, Paradoxes, and Other Mathematical Entertainments from Scientific American with a Preface by Donald Knuth, A Postscript, from the Author, and a new Bibliography by Mr. Gardner, Thoughts from Readers, and 105 Drawings and Published in the United States of America by The Mathematical Association of America Copyright O 1968,1969,1970,1971,1979,1981,1992by Martin Gardner. All riglhts reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. An MAA Spectrum book This book was updated and revised from the 1981 edition published by Vantage Books, New York. Most of this book originally appeared in slightly different form in Scientific American. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-060996 ISBN 0-88385-506-2 Manufactured in the United States of America For Donald E. Knuth, extraordinary mathematician, computer scientist, writer, musician, humorist, recreational math buff, and much more SPECTRUM SERIES Published by THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Committee on Publications ANDREW STERRETT, JR.,Chairman Spectrum Editorial Board ROGER HORN, Chairman SABRA ANDERSON BART BRADEN UNDERWOOD DUDLEY HUGH M. EDGAR JEANNE LADUKE LESTER H. LANGE MARY PARKER MPP.a (@ SPECTRUM Also by Martin Gardner from The Mathematical Association of America 1529 Eighteenth Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20036 (202) 387- 5200 Riddles of the Sphinx and Other Mathematical Puzzle Tales Mathematical Carnival Mathematical Magic Show Contents Preface xi .. Introduction Xlll 1. Optical Illusions 3 Answers on page 14 2. Matches 16 Answers on page 27 3. -
The Entropy Conundrum: a Solution Proposal
OPEN ACCESS www.sciforum.net/conference/ecea-1 Conference Proceedings Paper – Entropy The Entropy Conundrum: A Solution Proposal Rodolfo A. Fiorini 1,* 1 Politecnico di Milano, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Milano, Italy; E- Mail: [email protected] * E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +039-02-2399-3350; Fax: +039-02-2399-3360. Received: 11 September 2014 / Accepted: 11 October 2014 / Published: 3 November 2014 Abstract: In 2004, physicist Mark Newman, along with biologist Michael Lachmann and computer scientist Cristopher Moore, showed that if electromagnetic radiation is used as a transmission medium, the most information-efficient format for a given 1-D signal is indistinguishable from blackbody radiation. Since many natural processes maximize the Gibbs- Boltzmann entropy, they should give rise to spectra indistinguishable from optimally efficient transmission. In 2008, computer scientist C.S. Calude and physicist K. Svozil proved that "Quantum Randomness" is not Turing computable. In 2013, academic scientist R.A. Fiorini confirmed Newman, Lachmann and Moore's result, creating analogous example for 2-D signal (image), as an application of CICT in pattern recognition and image analysis. Paradoxically if you don’t know the code used for the message you can’t tell the difference between an information-rich message and a random jumble of letters. This is an entropy conundrum to solve. Even the most sophisticated instrumentation system is completely unable to reliably discriminate so called "random noise" from any combinatorially optimized encoded message, which CICT called "deterministic noise". Entropy fundamental concept crosses so many scientific and research areas, but, unfortunately, even across so many different disciplines, scientists have not yet worked out a definitive solution to the fundamental problem of the logical relationship between human experience and knowledge extraction. -
P-Adic Class Invariants
LMS J. Comput. Math. 14 (2011) 108{126 C 2011 Author doi:10.1112/S1461157009000175e p-adic class invariants Reinier Br¨oker Abstract We develop a new p-adic algorithm to compute the minimal polynomial of a class invariant. Our approach works for virtually any modular function yielding class invariants. The main algorithmic tool is modular polynomials, a concept which we generalize to functions of higher level. 1. Introduction Let K be an imaginary quadratic number field and let O be an order in K. The ring class field HO of the order O is an abelian extension of K, and the Artin map gives an isomorphism s Pic(O) −−! Gal(HO=K) of the Picard group of O with the Galois group of HO=K. In this paper we are interested in explicitly computing ring class fields. Complex multiplication theory provides us with a means of doing so. Letting ∆ denote the discriminant of O, it states that we have j HO = K[X]=(P∆); j where P∆ is the minimal polynomial over Q of the j-invariant of the complex elliptic curve j C=O. This polynomial is called the Hilbert class polynomial. It is a non-trivial fact that P∆ has integer coefficients. The fact that ring class fields are closely linked to j-invariants of elliptic curves has its ramifications outside the context of explicit class field theory. Indeed, if we let p denote a j prime that is not inert in O, then the observation that the roots in Fp of P∆ 2 Fp[X] are j j-invariants of elliptic curves over Fp with endomorphism ring O made computing P∆ a key ingredient in the elliptic curve primality proving algorithm [12]. -
Kummer Surfaces for Primality Testing
Kummer surfaces for primality testing Eduardo Ru´ız Duarte & Marc Paul Noordman Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico, University of Groningen [email protected], [email protected] Abstract We use the arithmetic of the Kummer surface associated to the Jacobian of a hyperelliptic curve to study the primality of integersof the form 4m25n 1. We providean algorithmcapable of proving the primality or compositeness of most of the− integers in these families and discuss in detail the necessary steps to implement this algorithm in a computer. Although an indetermination is possible, in which case another choice of initial parameters should be used, we prove that the probability of reaching this situation is exceedingly low and decreases exponentially with n. Keywords: Primality, Jacobians, Hyperelliptic Curves, Kummer Surface 2020 MSC: 11G25, 11Y11, 14H40, 14H45 Introduction Determining the primality of an arbitrary integer n is a fundamental problem in number theory. The first deterministic polynomial time primality test (AKS) was developed by Agrawal, Kayal and Saxena [3]. Lenstra and Pomerance in [25] proved that a variant of AKS has running time (log n)6(2+log log n)c where c isaneffectively computablereal number. The AKS algorithm has more theoretical relevance than practical. If rather than working with general integers, one fixes a sequence of integers, for example Fermat or Mersenne numbers, one can often find an algorithm to determine primality using more efficient methods; for these two examples P´epin’s and Lucas-Lehmer’s tests respectively provide fast primality tests. Using elliptic curves, in 1985, Wieb Bosma in his Master Thesis [5] found analogues of Lucas tests for elements in Z[i] or Z[ζ] (with ζ a third root of unity) by replacing the arithmetic of (Z/nZ)× with the arithmetic of elliptic curves modulo n with complex multiplication (CM). -
ATKIN's ECPP (Elliptic Curve Primality Proving) ALGORITHM
ATKIN’S ECPP (Elliptic Curve Primality Proving) ALGORITHM OSMANBEY UZUNKOL OCTOBER 2004 ATKIN’S ECPP (Elliptic Curve Primality Proving ) ALGORITHM A THESIS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KAISERSLAUTERN BY OSMANBEY UZUNKOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS October 2004 abstract ATKIN’S ECPP ALGORITHM Uzunkol, Osmanbey M.Sc., Department of Mathematics Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Pfister October 2004, cxxiii pages In contrast to using a strong generalization of Fermat’s theorem, as in Jacobi- sum Test, Goldwasser and Kilian used some results coming from Group Theory in order to prove the primality of a given integer N ∈ N. They developed an algorithm which uses the group of rational points of elliptic curves over finite fields. Atkin and Morain extended the idea of Goldwasser and Kilian and used the elliptic curves with CM (complex multiplication) to obtain a more efficient algorithm, namely Atkin’s ECPP (elliptic curve primality proving) Algorithm. Aim of this thesis is to introduce some primality tests and explain the Atkin’s ECPP Algorithm. Keywords: Cryptography, Algorithms, Algorithmic Number Theory. ii oz¨ Herg¨unbir yere konmak ne g¨uzel, Bulanmadan donmadan akmak ne ho¸s, D¨unleberaber gitti canca˘gızım! Ne kadar s¨ozvarsa d¨uneait, S¸imdi yeni ¸seylers¨oylemeklazım... ...............Mevlana Celaleddini’i Rumi............... iii I would like to thank first of all to my supervisor Prof. Dr . Gerhard Pfister for his help before and during this work. Secondly, I would like to thank also Hans Sch¨onemann and Ra¸sitS¸im¸sekfor their computer supports in computer algebra system SINGULAR and programming language C++, respectively. -
Constructive and Computational Aspects of Cryptographic Pairings
Constructive and Computational Aspects of Cryptographic Pairings Michael Naehrig Constructive and Computational Aspects of Cryptographic Pairings PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn, voor een commissie aangewezen door het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 7 mei 2009 om 16.00 uur door Michael Naehrig geboren te Stolberg (Rhld.), Duitsland Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: prof.dr. T. Lange CIP-DATA LIBRARY TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT EINDHOVEN Naehrig, Michael Constructive and Computational Aspects of Cryptographic Pairings / door Michael Naehrig. – Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2009 Proefschrift. – ISBN 978-90-386-1731-2 NUR 919 Subject heading: Cryptology 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 94A60, 11G20, 14H45, 14H52, 14Q05 Printed by Printservice Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Cover design by Verspaget & Bruinink, Nuenen c Copyright 2009 by Michael Naehrig Fur¨ Lukas und Julius Promotor: prof.dr. T. Lange Commissie: prof.dr.dr.h.c. G. Frey (Universit¨at Duisburg-Essen) prof.dr. M. Scott (Dublin City University) prof.dr.ir. H.C.A. van Tilborg prof.dr. A. Blokhuis prof.dr. D.J. Bernstein (University of Illinois at Chicago) prof.dr. P.S.L.M. Barreto (Universidade de S˜ao Paulo) Alles, was man tun muss, ist, die richtige Taste zum richtigen Zeitpunkt zu treffen. Johann Sebastian Bach Thanks This dissertation would not exist without the help, encouragement, motivation, and company of many people. I owe much to my supervisor, Tanja Lange. I thank her for her support; for all the efforts she made, even in those years, when I was not her PhD student; for taking care of so many things; and for being a really good supervisor. -
Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography
Elliptic Curves Number Theory and Cryptography Second Edition © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Continued Titles #%%#&(1'('%*"* -+$.'#*-%/$(.) +/%(%5/%*) ('%*"*'(-!%+,#'+('*(%)/*-%''#*-%/$(. !)!-/%*) )0(!-/%*) ) !-$ "*%+#''*'"*#+,()"*(!*+ !.%#)$!*-4 '!-1%--4*" -+$'#*-%/$(.) +/%(%5/%*) % *'2+-%.'(*+"(,'(,,'+,(' ) **&*"++'%! -4+/*#-+$4 #"*(%%#''#!-%0(!-$!*-4 #"*(%%#'* !.$! 0% !/*!-!4"-*()%!)//** !-)%(!. #"*(%%#' 0) (!)/'0(!-$!*-42%/$++'%/%*).!*) -
Deterministic Elliptic Curve Primality Provingfor a Special Sequence Of
THE OPEN BOOK SERIES 1 ANTS X Proceedings of the Tenth Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium Deterministic elliptic curve primality proving for a special sequence of numbers Alexander Abatzoglou, Alice Silverberg, Andrew V. Sutherland, and Angela Wong msp THE OPEN BOOK SERIES 1 (2013) Tenth Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium msp dx.doi.org/10.2140/obs.2013.1.1 Deterministic elliptic curve primality proving for a special sequence of numbers Alexander Abatzoglou, Alice Silverberg, Andrew V. Sutherland, and Angela Wong We give a deterministic algorithm that very quickly proves the primality or com- positeness of the integers N in a certain sequence, using an elliptic curve E=Q with complex multiplication by the ring of integers of Q.p 7/. The algorithm uses O.log N/ arithmetic operations in the ring Z=N Z, implying a bit complex- ity that is quasiquadratic in log N . Notably, neither of the classical “N 1” or “N 1” primality tests apply to the integers in our sequence. We discuss how this C algorithm may be applied, in combination with sieving techniques, to efficiently search for very large primes. This has allowed us to prove the primality of several integers with more than 100,000 decimal digits, the largest of which has more than a million bits in its binary representation. At the time it was found, it was the largest proven prime N for which no significant partial factorization of N 1 or N 1 is known (as of final submission it was second largest). C 1. Introduction With the celebrated result of Agrawal, Kayal, and Saxena[3], one can now un- equivocally determine the primality or compositeness of any integer in determinis- tic polynomial time. -
The Entropy Conundrum: a Solution Proposal
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Politecnico di Milano OPEN ACCESS www.sciforum.net/conference/ecea-1 Conference Proceedings Paper – Entropy The Entropy Conundrum: A Solution Proposal Rodolfo A. Fiorini 1,* 1 Politecnico di Milano, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Milano, Italy; E- Mail: [email protected] * E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +039-02-2399-3350; Fax: +039-02-2399-3360. Received: 11 September 2014 / Accepted: 11 October 2014 / Published: 3 November 2014 Abstract: In 2004, physicist Mark Newman, along with biologist Michael Lachmann and computer scientist Cristopher Moore, showed that if electromagnetic radiation is used as a transmission medium, the most information-efficient format for a given 1-D signal is indistinguishable from blackbody radiation. Since many natural processes maximize the Gibbs- Boltzmann entropy, they should give rise to spectra indistinguishable from optimally efficient transmission. In 2008, computer scientist C.S. Calude and physicist K. Svozil proved that "Quantum Randomness" is not Turing computable. In 2013, academic scientist R.A. Fiorini confirmed Newman, Lachmann and Moore's result, creating analogous example for 2-D signal (image), as an application of CICT in pattern recognition and image analysis. Paradoxically if you don’t know the code used for the message you can’t tell the difference between an information-rich message and a random jumble of letters. This is an entropy conundrum to solve. Even the most sophisticated instrumentation system is completely unable to reliably discriminate so called "random noise" from any combinatorially optimized encoded message, which CICT called "deterministic noise". -
The Smallest Inert Prime in a Cyclic Number Field of Prime Degree
Math: Res: Lett: 18 (2011), no: 00, 10001{10017 c International Press 2011 THE SMALLEST INERT PRIME IN A CYCLIC NUMBER FIELD OF PRIME DEGREE Paul Pollack Abstract. Fix an odd prime `. For each cyclic extension K=Q of degree `, let nK denote the least rational prime which is inert in K, and let rK be the least rational prime which splits completely in K. We show that nK possesses a finite mean value, where the average is taken over all such K ordered by conductor. As an example (` = 3), the average least inert prime in a cyclic cubic field is approximately 2:870. We conjecture that rK also has a finite mean value, and we prove this assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis. For the case ` = 3, we give an unconditional proof that the average of rK exists and is about 6:862. 1. Introduction For each odd prime p, let n2(p) denote the least quadratic nonresidue modulo p. In 1961, Erd}os[9] showed that n2(p) possesses a finite mean value. More precisely, with pk denoting the kth prime in the usual increasing order, Erd}osproved that 1 1 X X pk n (p) ! ; as x ! 1: π(x) 2 2k 2<p≤x k=1 The infinite series on the right-hand side converges rapidly to about 3:675. Erd}os's result was generalized by Elliott: For each prime p ≡ 1 (mod k), let nk(p) denote the least kth power nonresidue modulo p; for p 6≡ 1 (mod k), set nk(p) = 0. Answering a question of Erd}os,Elliott showed [6] that nk(p) possesses a finite mean value for every k.