Les Gangs Maori De Wellington: `` Some People Said That Tribes

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Les Gangs Maori De Wellington: `` Some People Said That Tribes Les gangs maori de Wellington : “ Some people said that tribes stopped existing in the 1970s ” Grégory Albisson To cite this version: Grégory Albisson. Les gangs maori de Wellington : “ Some people said that tribes stopped existing in the 1970s ”. Sociologie. Université d’Avignon, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012AVIG1112. tel-00872154 HAL Id: tel-00872154 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872154 Submitted on 11 Oct 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE École Doctorale 537 : Culture et Patrimoine Laboratoire Identité Culturelle, Texte et Théâtralité (ICTT) EA 4277 Thèse de doctorat d’études anglophones présentée par : Grégory ALBISSON Soutenue le : 7 décembre 2012 « Some people said that tribes stopped existing in the 1970s » : les gangs maori de Wellington Directrice : Madame la professeure Francine TOLRON Jury : Monsieur Ian CONRICH, professeur à l’UNIVERSITÉ DE DERBY, ROYAUME- UNI Madame Martine PIQUET, professeure à l’ UNIVERSITÉ PARIS- DAUPHINE Monsieur Laurent ROESCH, maître de conférences à l’UNIVERSITÉ D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE Monsieur Gilles TEULIÉ, professeur à l’ UNIVERSITÉ D’AIX-MARSEILLE Madame Francine TOLRON, professeure à l’ UNIVERSITÉ D’AVIGNON ET DES PAYS DE VAUCLUSE 0 « Some people said that tribes stopped existing in the 1970s » : les gangs maori de Wellington 1 2 Remerciements Je remercie ma directrice de thèse, Madame la professeure Francine TOLRON, de m’avoir gui- dé et encouragé pendant ces quatre années de thèse. J’exprime ici ma reconnaissance pour sa confiance, sa disponibilité et ses précieuses recommandations. Je remercie Madame la professeure Martine PIQUET, Monsieur le professeur Ian CONRICH, Monsieur le professeur Gilles TEULIÉ ainsi que Monsieur Laurent ROESCH, Maître de confé- rences à l’Université d’Avignon, d’avoir accepté de siéger au jury de ma thèse. Je remercie également les pré-rapporteurs. Je remercie le Stout Research Centre for New Zealand Studies de l’Université Victoria de Wel- lington de m’avoir accueilli si généreusement pour que je puisse effectuer mes recherches. Ce travail n’aurait pas été possible sans l’aide de Denis O’REILLY, de Waki McKINNON, de « Mark », de Roy DUNN, d’Edge TE WHAITI et plus particulèrement celle d’Harry TAM. Ces personnes ont toutes participé, en me laissant découvrir une partie de leur univers, à ce travail et je souhaite leur faire part de ma gratitude. Je remercie au même titre les policiers Paul BER- RY, Andrew FABBISH, John GODDARD et Cam STOKES. Je remercie Alan DUFF d’avoir accepté de s’entretenir avec moi au sujet des gangs maori et de ses écrits. Je remercie aussi Michael LAWS et John NEWTON pour leur correspondance. Un grand merci à la famille McDOUGALL pour ses suggestions et sa grande gentillesse quand j’étais à Wellington, à Mark GRAMS pour son aide, à la famille KHAILI pour son soutien amical ainsi qu’à ma mère et ma sœur Stéphanie pour leurs encouragements et leur contribu- tion. 3 4 SOMMAIRE Liste des illustrations ................................................................................................... 9 Lexique des termes maori ......................................................................................... 17 Introduction générale ................................................................................................ 23 Chronologie .................................................................................................................. 53 Préambule ..................................................................................................................... 65 Première partie I – L’âme des guerriers et l’âme des jardiniers : Black Power au tribunal de Waitangi ................................................................................. 81 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 81 1.1. - « The Biggest Challenge we Maoris have ever had to face » ................. 85 1.1.1. La métaphore du corps étranger ................................................................... 85 1.1.2. « Le navire à la dérive » ............................................................................... 96 1.1.3. Le guerrier… et son dû .............................................................................. 104 1.2. À la recherche du point-source................................................................116 1.2.1. Le gang dans l’histoire ............................................................................... 116 1.2.2. Le gangster devenu sociologue .................................................................. 126 1.2.3. Le passé défait ............................................................................................ 136 1.3. Représentation tribale et re-présentation tribale ..................................147 1.3.1. La quête de l’objet perdu ........................................................................... 147 5 1.3.2. L’essence précipitée ................................................................................... 156 1.3.3. Le non-sens et le sens................................................................................. 165 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................172 Deuxième partie II – Au-delà du patch ............................................................................................175 Introduction .........................................................................................................175 2.1. – Biographie d’un membre de gang ........................................................178 2.1.1. Crime, violence, travail et ennui ................................................................ 178 2.1.2. « He whanau kotahi tatou » : membres et sous-membres ........................ 187 2.1.3. « Our rangatiras » .................................................................................... 197 2.2. – « Un rien qui marche » .........................................................................207 2.2.1. Mongrel Mob et l’éthique du « mal diabolique » ....................................... 207 2.2.2. « Des milliers de règles tacites » : plusieurs gangs, plusieurs patchs ........................................................... 216 2.2.3. « Our Father Dogs in heaven and our rangatahi » ................................... 225 2.3 – Intérieur et extérieur : le revers d’une même médaille ? ...................233 2.3.1. Celles à qui le patch est interdit ................................................................ 233 2.3.2. Le bouc émissaire ne suffit pas .................................................................. 243 2.3.3. La ligne minimale de différentiation ......................................................... 249 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................261 6 Troisième partie III – « Back to the Marae » ..................................................................................265 Introduction .........................................................................................................265 3.1. – Se réinventer ...........................................................................................272 3.1.1. Gangsters et gangstas................................................................................. 272 3.1.2. La mise en place d’un schéma narratif ....................................................... 279 3.1.3. Une affaire maori ? .................................................................................... 287 3.2. – « Work for us is security for you » ............................................................. 299 3.2.1. Post-modernisme, subculture et tolérance ................................................. 299 3.2.2 Subventions, crime (dés)organisé et organisation des sanctions ................ 312 3.2.3. L’ambivalence des prisons ......................................................................... 325 3.3. – Vers un gang embourgeoisé ? ...............................................................338 3.3.1. Nga Mokai.................................................................................................. 338 3.3.2. Bandits sociaux ou gangsters repentis? ...................................................... 350 3.3.3. Une transparence troublante ....................................................................... 362 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................371 Conclusion générale ............................................................................................375 Annexes Annexe I - Compte-rendu du travail de terrain et notes biographiques ..............393 Annexe II – « Members of the Mongrel Mob » .......................................................407 7 Annexe III – Lettre d’un membre de gang détenu ..................................................410
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