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Constructing the Witch in Contemporary American Popular Culture
"SOMETHING WICKED THIS WAY COMES": CONSTRUCTING THE WITCH IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE Catherine Armetta Shufelt A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2007 Committee: Dr. Angela Nelson, Advisor Dr. Andrew M. Schocket Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Donald McQuarie Dr. Esther Clinton © 2007 Catherine A. Shufelt All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Dr. Angela Nelson, Advisor What is a Witch? Traditional mainstream media images of Witches tell us they are evil “devil worshipping baby killers,” green-skinned hags who fly on brooms, or flaky tree huggers who dance naked in the woods. A variety of mainstream media has worked to support these notions as well as develop new ones. Contemporary American popular culture shows us images of Witches on television shows and in films vanquishing demons, traveling back and forth in time and from one reality to another, speaking with dead relatives, and attending private schools, among other things. None of these mainstream images acknowledge the very real beliefs and traditions of modern Witches and Pagans, or speak to the depth and variety of social, cultural, political, and environmental work being undertaken by Pagan and Wiccan groups and individuals around the world. Utilizing social construction theory, this study examines the “historical process” of the construction of stereotypes surrounding Witches in mainstream American society as well as how groups and individuals who call themselves Pagan and/or Wiccan have utilized the only media technology available to them, the internet, to resist and re- construct these images in order to present more positive images of themselves as well as build community between and among Pagans and nonPagans. -
Surviving and Thriving in a Hostile Religious Culture Michelle Mitchell Florida International University, [email protected]
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-14-2014 Surviving and Thriving in a Hostile Religious Culture Michelle Mitchell Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14110747 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the New Religious Movements Commons Recommended Citation Mitchell, Michelle, "Surviving and Thriving in a Hostile Religious Culture" (2014). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1639. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1639 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida SURVIVING AND THRIVING IN A HOSTILE RELIGIOUS CULTURE: CASE STUDY OF A GARDNERIAN WICCAN COMMUNITY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in RELIGIOUS STUDIES by Michelle Irene Mitchell 2014 To: Interim Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts and Sciences This thesis, written by Michelle Irene Mitchell, and entitled Surviving and Thriving in a Hostile Religious Culture: Case Study of a Gardnerian Wiccan Community, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Lesley Northup _______________________________________ Dennis Wiedman _______________________________________ Whitney A. Bauman, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 14, 2014 The thesis of Michelle Irene Mitchell is approved. -
Religion and the Return of Magic: Wicca As Esoteric Spirituality
RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD March 2000 Joanne Elizabeth Pearson, B.A. (Hons.) ProQuest Number: 11003543 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11003543 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION The thesis presented is entirely my own work, and has not been previously presented for the award of a higher degree elsewhere. The views expressed here are those of the author and not of Lancaster University. Joanne Elizabeth Pearson. RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC: WICCA AS ESOTERIC SPIRITUALITY CONTENTS DIAGRAMS AND ILLUSTRATIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xi INTRODUCTION: RELIGION AND THE RETURN OF MAGIC 1 CATEGORISING WICCA 1 The Sociology of the Occult 3 The New Age Movement 5 New Religious Movements and ‘Revived’ Religion 6 Nature Religion 8 MAGIC AND RELIGION 9 A Brief Outline of the Debate 9 Religion and the Decline o f Magic? 12 ESOTERICISM 16 Academic Understandings of -
A Christian Perspective on the Occult Moderate Occultism: Witchcraft by Richard G
A Christian Perspective on the Occult Moderate Occultism: Witchcraft by Richard G. Howe, Ph.D. Witchcraft It May Not Be What You Think Richard G. Howe, Ph.D. 1 Preliminaries 2 What kind of thoughts does the term 'Witchcraft' bring about? What kind of thoughts does the term 'Witchcraft' bring about? 3 4 Deborah Ann Light and Don Frew of Covenant of the Goddess with Bishop Swing and Charles Gibbs of the United Religions Initiative visit together before the Opening Ceremony of the Parliament. 5 6 An Important Distinction 7 8 The Many Names of Witchcraft • The term Wica (one 'c') was introduced by Gerald Gardner in the late 1940s/early 1950s. Gardner is generally regarded as the founder of the modern witchcraft movement. • This aspect is sometimes referred to as "Gardnerian Witchcraft." Wicca 9 Gerald Gardner 1884-1964 • The term Wica (one 'c') was introduced by Gerald Gardner in the late 1940s/early 1950s. Gardner is generally regarded as the founder of the modern witchcraft movement. • This aspect is sometimes referred to as "Gardnerian Witchcraft." • The term 'witchcraft' encompases both "Gardnerian" Witches (i.e., Wiccans) as well as witches who do not regard themselves as "Gardnerian" (e.g., Alexandrian) Wicca Witchcraft 10 Alex Sanders 1926-1988 • The term Wica (one 'c') was introduced by Gerald Gardner in the late 1940s/early 1950s. Gardner is generally regarded as the founder of the modern witchcraft movement. • This aspect is sometimes referred to as "Gardnerian Witchcraft." • The term 'witchcraft' encompases both "Gardnerian" Witches (i.e., Wiccans) as well as witches who do not regard themselves as "Gardnerian" (e.g., Alexandrian) Wicca • The term 'neo-pagan' not only includes Wiccans and Witches, "but also includes the groups (and individuals) that try to Witchcraft 'reconstruct' ancient, pre- and non-Christian religious systems—such as the Norse, Celtic, Greek, Roman, and Egyptian Neo-Paganism religions—as well as the followers of various obscure, forgotten, and neglected occult teachings from around the world." [Alexander, Mainstream, p. -
Chapter 20 Wicca, Witchcraft and the Goddess Revival
Wicca, witchcraft and the Goddess revival: An examination of the growth of Wicca in post-war America. Item Type Book chapter Authors Ball, Caroline Citation Ball, C. (2018) 'Wicca, Witchcraft and the Goddess Revival: An examination of the growth of Wicca in post-war America', in Beavis, M.A. & Hwang, H.H-S., M. (eds.) 'Goddesses in Myth, History and Culture', Lytle Creek, CA: Mago Books. Publisher Mago Books Download date 25/09/2021 14:21:48 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622746 Chapter 20 Wicca, Witchcraft and the Goddess Revival: An examination of the growth of Wicca in post-war America Caroline Ball Preface When dealing with a topic as unfamiliar as Wicca is to many, it seems important before progressing further to establish just what is meant by the terms ‘pagan’, ‘neopagan’, ‘witch’ and ‘Wiccan’, both to scholars and those to whom the terms apply. There is a great deal of debate concerning this matter, which does not look to be reconciled any time soon, and many, scholars included, are wont to use these terms interchangeably. It does not help that in many cases there is no single specific definition accepted by both groups, as in the case of Wicca; or that the official dictionary definition is outdated and reflects a quite clearly Christian bias. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defines a ‘pagan’ as “heathen; unenlightened or irreligious”. One can see immediately how offensive, not to mention inaccurate, such a description would seem to pagans, who are neither unenlightened nor irreligious. In general, one must look at the context in which the word is used to determine its meaning. -
Feminist Spirituality in Diana Rivers' Feminist Utopian Novels
No man's land: Feminist Spirituality in Diana Rivers' feminist Utopian novels Andrew James Cognard-Black A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department: English Major: English (Literature) Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1994 11 For Jennifer, whose love and support has made this possible Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv CHAPTER 1. NO MAN'S LAND: UTOPIA AND FEMINIST SPIRITUAUTY 1 Introduction 1 Feminist Spirituality 4 CHAPTER 2. NO MAN'S LAND: JOURNEY TO ZEUNDAR 18 Introduction 18 The Eutopian Text of Journey to Zelindar 19 The Spiritual Journey of Sair 20 CHAPTER 3. IN SEARCH OF NO MAN'S LAND: DAUGHTERS \ OF THE GREAT STAR 40 Introduction 40 The Dystopian Text of Daughters of the Great Star 41 The Political Journey of the Star-Children 43 CPiAPTER4. NO MAN'S LAND: LOOKING BACKWARD 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I woiold like to thank Dr. Susan Carlson, Dr. Anne Cognard, Dr. Marie Lathers and Dr. Nina Vliller for their help during this project. Special thanks also go out to Dr. Judy Jones for introducing Diana Rivers' work to me. I would also like to thank my family for their support and love which has made graduate school more bearable. CHAPTER 1 NO MAN'S LAND: UTOPIA AND FEMINIST SPIRITUALITY We can think of the "wild zone" of women's culture spatially, experientially, or metaphysically. Spatially it stands for an area which is literally no-man's land; a place forbidden to men.. -
Individual Belief and Practice in Neopagan Spirituality
BRITTA RENSING Individual Belief and Practice in Neopagan Spirituality Basic components of postmodern spirituality Postmodern spirituality is basically characterized by a set of elements which constitute the framework of spiritual belief and practice: the underlying im- portance of subjective experience, the interpretation of this personal experi- ence according to, for example, Eastern, occult or mystical traditions, a defi- nite distancing from the dogma of religious organisations with a tendency towards anti-institutionalism and stressing the religious autonomy of the practitioner. This leads to an integrated interpretation of the world for the individual and to the notion of ‘spirituality’ becoming an alternative for the notion of ‘religion’ for the practitioner (Knoblauch 2006: 106–8). Based on these observations it can be postulated that all spirituality is temporary, as practitioners do not focus on a fixed aim in life, but rather on the ways and means to find and approach an aim like this (Ebertz 2005: 207). These com- ponents function as a map for spiritual individualism and for neopagan spir- ituality as well. Two basic common characteristics of neopagan spirituality Neopaganism is one of the fast growing spiritual practices today. Estimations of numbers vary. Helen Berger estimates that there are about 200,000 neopa- gans in the United States and takes the figure of 300,000 posited by Aidan Kelly as the basis for her more conservative number (Berger 1999: 9). The National Census carried out by the Office of National Statistics in the United Kingdom in 2001 found a total of 38,000 pagans including the most promin- ent group of Wiccans, with 7,000 members—which in comparison with, for example, Baha’i (5,000) is a significant number (Office for National Statistics 2004). -
Neopaganism: a Twenty-First Century Synthesis of Spirituality and Nature
NEOPAGANISM: A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SYNTHESIS OF SPIRITUALITY AND NATURE By PAUL CHASE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 2 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................6 Lynn White ..................................................................................................................... 7 Eugene Hargrove ............................................................................................................ 9 James Lovelock and Stephan Harding.......................................................................... 11 Riane Eisler................................................................................................................... 15 Thomas Berry................................................................................................................ 18 Mary Evelyn Tucker and John Grim ............................................................................ 20 Matthew Fox ................................................................................................................. 23 Rosemary Radford Ruether.......................................................................................... -
Modern Pagan Religious Conversion Revisited
Galtsin, D. (2016). Modern Pagan religious conversion revisited. Sacra, 14(2), 7–17. 7 Modern Pagan Religious Conversion Revisited Dmitry Galtsin, Russian Academy of Science Library e-mail: [email protected] Abstract When modern Paganism emerged as a new religious movement in Western Europe and America in the 1950s and 1960s, its followers described the experience of conversion that alluded to the conversion narrative models that were already well-spread in the religious mainstream. In their conversion narratives from the 1960s to the 2000s, reflected both in their Pagan writings and scholarly literature, we can see motives recognizable from generic Christian prototypes. A Pagan “crisis” conversion is perceived as an altered state of consciousness, which helps gain access to some sort of ultimate truth concerning reality. Keywords modern Paganism, religious conversion, new religious movements Introduction Modern Paganism as a new religious movement is mostly a religion into which people convert consciously, accepting its tenets and practices at a rather mature age. No wonder that the problem of religious conversion must inevitably become important for the academic study of Paganism. An important part of the whole conversion complex in any religion is the conversion narrative – a text which may be used both for legitimizing one’s religious choice, and for positioning a religion for outsiders. It is remarkable, though, how modern Pagans and Heathens are reluctant to use the very word “conversion”. It is for them associated too closely with Christian models of religious inculcation and active proselytism. One of the respondents in a sociological study of Paganism said about conversion, It’s a word that is loaded with Christian baggage, appropriate for Christians, not us. -
A Brief Introduction to Pagan Traditions in America [Pluralism Project CD Rom, "On Common Ground: World Religions in America," Columbia University Press, 1997, Rev
3/3/16, 8:54 AM A Brief Introduction to Pagan Traditions in America [Pluralism Project CD Rom, "On Common Ground: World Religions in America," Columbia University Press, 1997, rev. 2002] Roots in Ancient Cultures The many present-day American religious communities clustered under the name Paganism have roots in ancient cultures from all over the world. "Pagan" originally meant "country dweller," implying a life lived off the land, close to the seasons and cycles of nature. Today, the many congregations and communities of "Neo-Pagans" in America, different as they may be, would all describe their tradition as an Earth Religion, in which all life is seen to be sacred and interconnected. Many American Pagans are active participants in the environmental movement, seeking to live in a way that honors the Earth and the cycles and balances of nature. With the twentieth-century resurgence of Paganism has come an attempt to reconstruct, historically and sometimes creatively, the long history of Pagan religious traditions. Through the lens of twentieth-century concerns, modern-day Pagans have made a serious attempt to reconstruct the history of the Earth- centered traditions maintained in ancient times without written records or scriptures. With a keen interest in ecology and in the Earth, Pagan movements pay special attention to the many feminine faces of the Divine. Both women and men are involved in Paganism, but the tradition is especially open to women taking on leadership roles. The modern Pagan resurgence has been stimulated by highly speculative and imaginative research and writing. The work of folklorist Margaret Murray, beginning in the 1920s, caught the imagination of many with its theories of persistent Goddess worship and Pagan tradition in the Christianized West. -
Cultural Appropriation in Contemporary Neopaganism and Witchcraft
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College Spring 5-2017 Cultural Appropriation in Contemporary Neopaganism and Witchcraft Kathryn Gottlieb University of Maine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Gottlieb, Kathryn, "Cultural Appropriation in Contemporary Neopaganism and Witchcraft" (2017). Honors College. 304. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/304 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CULTURAL APPROPRIATION IN CONTEMPORARY WITCHCRAFT AND NEOPAGANISM by Kathryn A. Gottlieb A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Anthropology and Sociology) The Honors College University of Maine May 2017 Advisory Committee: Lisa K. Neuman, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Native American Studies, Advisor Sarah Harlan-Haughey, Assistant Professor of English and CLAS Honors Preceptor Nancy Lewis, Instructor, Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies Darren Ranco, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Chair of Native American Programs Katrina Wynn, Archivist and Humanities Professional Abstract This thesis examines the discourse surrounding cultural appropriation in contemporary witchcraft and neopaganism, particularly online. The aim of this thesis is to look at how cultural appropriation became such a central topic in the witch and neopagan community and to see what can be learned about the community as a whole from this discourse. Definitions, neutralization techniques, and the development of alternative practices and terminologies are all discussed, as well as how cultural appropriation relates to the history of witchcraft as a whole. -
The Gendered Wiccan Altar
THE GENDERED ALTAR: WICCAN CONCEPTS OF GENDER AND RITUAL OBJECTS by JESSE DANIEL SLOAN B.A. University of Central Florida, 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2008 ABSTRACT Many ethnographic accounts within the annals of anthropological literature describe the religious beliefs and magical rituals of peoples throughout the world. Fewer scholars have focused on the relatively young Neo-Pagan religious movement. “Neo-Pagan,” explains Helen Berger in Voices from the Pagan Census (2003), “is an umbrella term covering sects of a new religious movement, the largest and most important form of which is…Wicca” (Berger et al. 2003: 1). This thesis examines the relationship between practice and ideology by analyzing the material culture of Wiccan altars as used by Wiccans in Central Florida, USA. Particular attention is paid to beliefs concerning concepts of gender associated with ritual objects, and concepts of gender and sexuality as understood by practitioners. Many Wiccans see divinity as manifested in two complementary beings: the Goddess and the God. The fertility that these divine beings achieve through sexual union is the subject of an elaborate ritual called the Great Rite. A pair of Wiccans, often a masculine High Priest and a feminine High Priestess, conduct this ritual by manipulating specific objects, which are believed to be strongly gendered. I argue that Wiccan rituals reflect, construct, and reinforce the Wiccan precept of a gender-balanced cosmos through the interaction of these primary ritual actors and the gendered objects they manipulate.