The Passion of Joschka Fischer' by PAUL BERMAN
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T wrinkle her skin. Then each of the men orders the robbers to leave, which they do made in I960 and as vital as ever, he used uses one of her stockings as a burglar's not. They stuff her in a wardrobe, where some of the stylistics of the past, par- m mask. In broad daylight, they carry a lad- she smothers, but her death does not seem ticularly of Renoir—for his own ends, of der around the outside ofthe house and any more real than all the rest. It is as if course. Still, he used them. From then on, try to enter an upper window. Later they she were merely playing dead as part of he attacked or ignored them, often quite tramp noisily through tbe house. When this spoof lightheartedly. Band of Outsiders is a rev- 70 the owner appears, a woman, she merely olutionary souffle. • m In Godard's first feature. Breathless, C 03 r" o From the radicalism ofthe '60s to the interventionism ofthe '90s. The Passion of Joschka Fischer' By PAUL BERMAN I. many's federal govemment, let alone the the generation of 1968)—an unforesee- foreign ministry. A powerful man, there- ably rich and vivid scandal, fecund with AST JANUARY, Stem maga- fore a man with enemies. The photo- implications for Europe and modem life zine in Germany published a graphs gazed blearily at the world from and thirt\' or forty years of history. set of five grainy photographs the semi-glossy pages of Stern, and flames of Joschka Fischer, tbe Ger- of Christian Democratic wrath erupted at HE PHOTOGRAPHS WERE deliv- man foreign minister and vice once fi'om those many partisan enemies. ered to Stem by a tbirty-eight-year- Lchancellor, as a young bully in a street bat- Germany's foreign minister had disgraced Toid woman named Bettina Rohl, tle in Frankfurt. It was April 1973. The himself in those photographs; had embar- who described herself as an "independent photos showed: a figure in a black motor- rassed his nation; had lost the ability to journalist" but whose notoriety was owed cycle helmet, labeled as Fischer, facing ofl' represent Germany to the world; ought to mostly to her family background, which against another figure in a white police- be investigated, to be indicted, to resign. could hardly have been more sensational. man's helmet, witb a dented Volkswagen The street battles of 1973 took place Bettina Rohl was the daughter of Ulrike squatting in the background; the black- long ago, and it could have been supposed Meinhof. In the heyday of the left-wing helmeted Fischer drawing near, and a that Fischer's enemies, having given vent movement of the late 1960s and 1970s, skinny giri or maybe a long-haired boy to a thousand pent-up furies and Christ- Ulrike Meinhof was more than well- (this was an androgvTious era) running ian Democratic resentments, would eveu- known in West Germany. She was a to join him; Fischer and other people on tually calm down, and the scandal ofthose militant and a political theorist on the the attack, the white-helmeted cop going ancient photographs would fade. The edi- left's leftmost wing—one of the crazies, into a crouch; Fischer's black-gloved fist tors of Stem seem to have anticipated that you would have to say, except that crazi- raised as if to punch the crouching cop on sort of development. The magazine adver- ness and sanity were very much under the back, Fischer's comrades crowding tised its photographs on the cover with a interrogation. around; the cop huddled on the ground, quotation from Fischer CJa. ich war mili- In 1970, Ulrike Meinhof staged an Fischer and his comrades appearing to tanf), but the big story in that week's armed jailbreak to free an imprisoned kick him, with two additional people issue was Europe's meat crisis, illustrated comrade named Andreas Baader, who was watching. And no more dented Volks- by a giant sausage skewered on the tines of serving three years for his own violent wagen. Tbe photographer has evidently an oversized barbecue fork. Mad cow dis- antics. (He had set fire to a Frankfurt been circling around the skirmish, snap- ease, now that was a lasting story. department store.) Baader and Meinhof, ping his camera in what must have been The weeks went by, though, and the together v\ith Horst Mahler and a few a frenzy of adrenaline, each picture taken Fischer afFair, instead of fading, grew in other desperadoes of the revolutionary from a different angle. intensity and scale. Like the broken tape left, organized what became casually Those were brutal photographs. One on the door at the Watergate, or the girl- known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang, but glance at them and you were back in the ish confessions on Linda Tripp's treacher- was more formally and correctly called the days of left-wing street fighting from the ous recording, the photographs in Stem Red Army Fraction. In American English, late 1960s and 1970s, when young mili- seemed to pull slowly at a curtain that, as the Gennan word Fraktion is usually ren- tants in West Germany were always pour- it opened, revealed ever more distant dered as "faction," which falls easily on the ing into the streets, and Volkswagens were peaks of unsuspected scandals (or non- ear; but anyone who remembers the old getting dented right and left. And the scandals, depending on your interpreta- Communist phrase book will recognize photographs, having conjured the past, tion). The controversy spread to France. that "fraction," in English, used to be a provoked an outcrj'. The Joschka Fischer In London, The Observer, playing the part perfectlylegitimate and precise term, con- of 2001 was amember ofthe partv called, of the yellow press, gave the polemic a noting a disciplined party unit akin to a in expressively anti-bureaucratic fashion, slightly demented sexual twist. The cell—the opposite of a faction, which is a "tbe Greens"—a man ofthe left on its hip- Italians weighed in. The Fischer affair party unit that has escaped the party's dis- per, friskier side. He happened to be the achieved at last a large enough dimension cipline. A Marxist-Leninist party does not very first Green to hold a ministry in Gter- and a sufficiently accusatory tone to be have factions, unless tbe party is in dis- described rather grandly but not inaccu- array. But a Marxist-Leninist party does have fractions, or party units that go out PAUL BERMAN is the author of yl rately as "the trial of the generation of into the world and militate as best they Two Utopias: The Political Joumey of the 1968" by the editors of the Paris daily can, according to plan. Generation of 1968 (Norton). Liberation (who know something about 36 : AUGUST 27 & SEPTEMBER 3, 2001 Bettina Rohl's photographs of Joschka Fischer (in black helmet) attacking a policeman, Frankfurt, April 1973 Baader and Meinhof's Red Army Frac- organize her guerrilla army, which meant support that made each of tbose groups tion was tiny. But it went out into the that, in matters of age, she towered over nearly indestructible during the next world and proved to be extremely violent. the New Left's rank and file, the student decades. Kidnappings, bank holdups, murders; the naifs. She knew how to drape the grand The Red Army Fraction was not exactly group refrained from nothing. A bombing ideals of German philosophy across her invulnerable. Iu 1972, the West German in 1972 killed four American soldiers. A organization and its doings. To be sure, police did manage to arrest a number of few years later someone machine-gunned her guerrilla army was reviled by an key warriors. They arrested Meinhof her- to death the prosecutor who wanted to try overwhelming majority of West Germans, self. But arrests only rendered the group the group for killing the soldiers. Reprisals the put-upon bystanders and potential fashionable. Jean-Paul Sartre expressed were a specialty. The Red Army Fraction victims and frightened citizens. an admiring appreciation—a cagey admi- was hardy, too. The West German author- But in the universities and the counter- ration, designed to leave him unstained ities did their repressive best, but the cultural districts in Frankfurt and Berlin by any crimes that the guerrillas might guerrilla organization managed to keep and a few other places, her tiny organiza- commit. Meinhof wrote the famous itself alive, recruiting new members from tion drew on the active and even enthu- philosopher a letter, inviting him to visit ever younger generations to replace the siastic support of a not-so-small number Baader in jail, "to give us the protection fallen, and persisting in its killings and of people, plus the passive support of far of your name and your gifts as a Marx- kidnappings from decade to decade into larger numbers, the leftists who vvould ist, philosopher, journalist and moral- the mid-1990s—a long run in a well- never have endorsed a program of vio- ist." Sartre came. But the martyrdom only ordered place such as Germany. lence and who wanted nothing to do vvith deepened. One of the imprisoned war- Even today, a political legacy from the murders, but vvho would have said that, riors had already committed suicide by old Baader-Meinhof tendency has man- even so, the Red Army Fraction did have the time of Sartre's visit, and in 1976 aged to linger on, though without a clan- reason to despise German bourgeois soci- Meinhof likewise committed suicide in destine wing, or so it is said.