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Estimation of Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils at Selected Sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin, Southwestern Florida

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Estimation of Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils at Selected Sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin, Southwestern Florida Estimation of Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils at Selected Sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin, Southwestern Florida Lake Okeechobee Moore F Haven OrtonaF Lock Lock CHARLOTTE COUNTY GLADES COUNTY LEE COUNTYF La Belle HENDRY COUNTY North Fort Gator Slough Canal Franklin Myers Lock River Orange River L-1 Canal e he Fort tc Myers a h Tamiami Canal a s Ù41 o Lehigh lo Cape a Acres Coral C Ù41 COLLIER COUNTY GULF OF MEXICO PALM BEACH COUNTY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 01-65 Prepared in cooperation with the SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Estimation of Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils at Selected Sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin, Southwestern Florida By Pamela A. Telis U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 01–65 Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District Tallahassee, Florida 2001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 North Bronough Street Federal Center Tallahassee, FL 32301 Denver, CO 80225 888-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Soil Characteristics and Landscape Groups ............................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Estimating Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils ................................................................................................................... 5 Soil Infiltration Measurements ................................................................................................................................... 5 Regression Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................................... 16 FIGURES 1. Map showing Caloosahatchee River Basin and location of soil infiltration sites in southwestern Florida ............ 3 2. Diagram showing double-ring infiltrometer setup .................................................................................................. 7 3. Plots showing soil infiltration rate as a function of time for sites where data could not be fitted to Horton’s equation .................................................................................................................................................................... 8 4. Plots showing soil infiltration rate as a function of time for sites fitted to Horton’s equation ............................... 10 5. Plots showing estimated saturated soil infiltration rates for sites by landscape group compared with lowest saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity used in the integrated surface-water and ground-water model ............. 15 TABLES 1. Typical soil profiles and associated hydraulic conductivities used in the integrated surface-water and ground-water model for various landscape groups.................................................................................................. 4 2. Description of soil infiltration sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin ................................................................. 6 3. Estimates of infiltration rates of saturated soils based on average incremental infiltration rates for time periods greater than 20 minutes ............................................................................................................................... 10 4. Estimates of infiltration rates of saturated soils based on regression analysis ........................................................ 14 Contents III Estimation of Infiltration Rates of Saturated Soils at Selected Sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin By Pamela A. Telis ABSTRACT pacted and rocky soil may not represent the rates of less disturbed soils at sites within the same land- Soil infiltration measurements were made at scape groups. 23 sites in the Caloosahatchee River Basin in Glades, Hendry, and Lee Counties in southwestern Florida. The sandy soils of the basin are character- INTRODUCTION ized by high infiltration rates limited in some areas by a high water table during the wet season. The Caloosahatchee River has been dredged, Because soil characteristics are similar within the lengthened, and deepened over the past century to drain basin, soils are classified by landscape group water from Lake Okeechobee into the Gulf of Mexico. based on landscape cover and associated drainage. Additionally, the river has been channelized to: In accordance with this designation by the South (1) meet agricultural demands in the basin for irrigation Florida Water Management District, 11 sites are and drainage for crops, such as citrus and sugar cane; classified in the rock landscape group, 7 in the flat- (2) transport goods within the basin and across the state woods landscape group, 4 in the slough landscape of Florida; and (3) provide reliable, high-quality water group, and 1 in the depression landscape group. supply to expanding urban centers of Fort Myers and smaller communities. Today (2000), the Caloosa- Data for 16 sites were fit to Horton’s equa- hatchee River Basin serves an urban area of more than tion by using a regression analysis to estimate the 250,000 people and an agricultural area that encom- infiltration rates of saturated soils. For some sites, passes more than 1,295 km2 (square kilometers) in an outlier value was removed prior to the regres- southwestern Florida. The growth in population is sion analysis. Seven of the sites did not yield data expected to continue and increase dramatically through that fit Horton’s equation. The flatness of the plot- 2020. Agricultural land acreage also is expected to ted data suggests that saturated conditions may expand as unimproved pasture and other lands become have been reached early in the test. The infiltration productive through irrigation and drainage. rate of saturated soils for these sites was estimated Beginning in 1997, development of a water- by averaging the data collected after the first 20 management plan for the Caloosahatchee River Basin minutes of the test. was implemented to assist officials in the decision- For all sites, the estimated infiltration rates making process regarding potential water-supply needs in southwestern Florida through 2020. The objectives of saturated soils ranged from 9.8 to 115 centime- of the plan are to estimate the future water-supply ters per hour in flatwoods, 3.4 to 66 centimeters needs of urban and agricultural areas, weigh those per hour in rock, and 2.5 to 55 centimeters per hour demands against historically used water sources, and in slough. The estimated soil infiltration rate at the identify areas where the demands cannot be met with- one site in the depression was 181 centimeters per out causing harm to the water resources and environ- hour. Five sites were located on irrigation control ment (Caloosahatchee Advisory Committee, written berms where infiltration rates of the highly com- commun., 1999). Introduction 1 In accordance with this water-management plan, Soil Characteristics and Landscape Groups an integrated surface-water and ground-water (ISWGW) model was constructed to examine current Most of the soils in the Caloosahatchee River and future water usage and sources and to test water- Basin are characterized as shallow and sandy and have management techniques in the Caloosahatchee River high infiltration rates that are limited in some areas by Basin. The ISWGW model, developed by the Danish a high water table during the wet season. The nearly Hydrologic Institute, uses the MikeSHE model (Jacob- 70 different soil types in the model area have similar sen, 1999), which simulates surface-water and ground- physical characteristics and hydraulic characteristics. water interaction within a watershed. Model compo- Because of these similarities, the landscape cover and nents used for the simulation include irrigation associated drainage were the principal attributes for schemes, seasonal crop evapotranspiration demands, combining soil types into hydrologic response groups. and infiltration through various soil
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