Journal of Avian Biology JAV-02404

Kearns, A. M., Joseph, L., Austin, J. J., Driskell, A. C. and Omland, K. E. 2020. Complex mosaic of sexual dichromatism and monochromatism in Pacific robins results from both gains and losses of elaborate coloration. – J. Avian Biol. 2020: e02404

Supplementary material

Supplemental Material Appendix 1.

Table A1. Details of specimens examined in molecular analyses. Sampling is indicated as sampled for this study (S), unsampled (-) or obtained from Genbank (G). For details of phenotypic sampling see Supplemental Material Table A2.

Voucher Tissu Number and/or Common subspecie Continent / Yea ND ACO BR CLOC CLT CSD GAPD PCB Phenoty Species name State / Island e Genbank name s Archipelago r 2 1 M K C E H D pe type accession

Solomon toepa 195 AMNH-763811 Pacific Robin pusilla dennisi Guadalcanal G ------S Islands d 3

Solomon toepa 195 AMNH-763812 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Guadalcanal G ------S Islands d 3

kulambangr Solomon 200 AMNH DOT-198 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Kulambangra tissue G G S G S S S S - ae Islands 4

kulambangr Solomon 200 AMNH DOT-232 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Kulambangra tissue G G S G S S S S - ae Islands 4

kulambangr Solomon 200 AMNH DOT-287 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Kulambangra tissue - G S G S S S S - ae Islands 4

kulambangr Solomon 200 UWBM 76317 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Kulambangra tissue G G S G S S S S - ae Islands 3

AMNH DOT- Solomon 200 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Makira-Ulawa tissue G G S G S S S S - 15012 Islands 6

AMNH DOT- Solomon 200 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Makira-Ulawa tissue - G S G S S S S - 15308 Islands 6

Solomon 200 KUNHM 12830 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Makira-Ulawa tissue - G S G - S S S - Islands 6

Solomon toepa 193 AMNH-227996 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha San Cristobal G ------S Islands d 0

Solomon toepa 193 AMNH-228014 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha San Cristobal G ------S Islands d 0

septentrion Solomon toepa 192 AMNH-225212 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Bougainville G ------S alis Islands d 8

septentrion Solomon toepa 192 AMNH-225215 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Bougainville G ------S alis Islands d 8

septentrion Solomon toepa 192 AMNH-225222 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Bougainville G ------S alis Islands d 8

LSUMNS ambrynensi Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tissue G G S G S S S S - B45776 s

LSUMNS ambrynensi Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Vanuatu Espiritu Santo tissue - G S G S S S S - B45780 s

LSUMNS ambrynensi Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Vanuatu Espiritu Santo tissue - G S G S S S S - B45834 s

toepa 193 AMNH-336607 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga G ------S d 7

toepa 193 AMNH-336608 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga G ------S d 6

toepa 193 AMNH-336852 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga G ------S d 6

toepa 192 AMNH-212404 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai G ------S d 6

toepa 192 AMNH-212407 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai G ------S d 6

1 toepa 192 AMNH-212428 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu G ------S d 6

toepa 193 AMNH-336995 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum G ------S d 7

toepa 193 AMNH-336998 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum G ------S d 7

toepa 193 AMNH-337002 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum G ------S d 7

toepa 192 AMNH-215796 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu G ------S d 6

toepa 192 AMNH-215798 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava G ------S d 6

toepa 192 AMNH-215801 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava G ------S d 6

toepa 193 AMNH-336842 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla subs nov Vanuatu Tanna G ------S d 6

toepa 193 AMNH-336844 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla subs nov Vanuatu Tanna G ------S d 5

toepa 193 AMNH-336857 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla subs nov Vanuatu Tanna G ------S d 6

toepa 192 AMNH-223663 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Kandavu G ------S d 4

toepa 192 AMNH-251418 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kandavu G ------S d 4

toepa 192 AMNH-251426 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kandavu G ------S d 4

kleinschmid KUNHM 24291 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Fiji tissue - G S G S S S S - ti

kleinschmid KUNHM 24379 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Fiji tissue G G S G S S S S - ti

kleinschmid KUNHM 24381 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Fiji Viti Levu tissue G G S G S S S S - ti

kleinschmid toepa 192 AMNH-251450 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla Fiji Viti Levu G ------S ti d 5

KUNHM 24333 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla taveunensis Fiji tissue - G S G S S S S -

toepa 192 AMNH-251429 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla taveunensis Fiji Taveuni G ------S d 4

toepa 192 AMNH-251436 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla taveunensis Fiji Taveuni G ------S d 4

toepa 190 AMNH-129055 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Upolu G ------S d 4

toepa 192 AMNH-206033 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii G ------S d 4

toepa 192 AMNH-223665 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu G ------S d 4

Petroica toepa 192 AMNH-212389 Norfolk Robin multicolor Norfolk Island Norfolk G ------S multicolor d 6

Petroica toepa 191 AMNH-607229 Norfolk Robin multicolor Norfolk Island Norfolk G ------S multicolor d 2

Petroica toepa 191 AMNH-607244 Norfolk Robin multicolor Norfolk Island Norfolk G ------S multicolor d 3

Petroica toepa 191 AMNH-607253 Norfolk Robin multicolor Norfolk Island Norfolk G ------S multicolor d 3

Petroica toepa 191 AMNH-607265 Norfolk Robin multicolor Norfolk Island Norfolk G ------S multicolor d 2

JN597213_MV1 Red-capped Petroica Australia G ------021 Robin goodenovii

JN597214_MV2 Red-capped Petroica Australia G ------589 Robin goodenovii

JN597215_D27 Red-capped Petroica Australia G ------5 Robin goodenovii

Red-capped Petroica ANWC_B20858 Australia Queensland tissue G S S S - - - S - Robin goodenovii

Red-capped Petroica New South ANWC_B29265 Australia tissue - S S S - S - S - Robin goodenovii Wales

Red-capped Petroica South ANWC_B32768 Australia tissue - - S S - S S S - Robin goodenovii Australia

2 Red-capped Petroica Northern ANWC_B32848 Australia tissue - S S S S S S S - Robin goodenovii Territory

Red-capped Petroica Western ANWC_B33173 Australia tissue - S S S S S - S - Robin goodenovii Australia

Red-capped Petroica South ANWC_B48250 Australia tissue - S S S S S S S - Robin goodenovii Australia

Red-capped Petroica South ANWC_B48410 Australia tissue - - S S - S S S - Robin goodenovii Australia

Red-capped Petroica South ANWC_B51915 Australia tissue - S S S S S S S - Robin goodenovii Australia

Red-capped Petroica Western ANWC_B54051 Australia tissue - S S S S S S S - Robin goodenovii Australia

3 Table A2. Details of specimens examined in phenotypic analyses. Sampling is indicated as sampled (S) or unsampled (-) for the genetic (G), morphometric (M) and spectrophotometry (P) datasets. For details of genetic sampling see Table A1.

Continent / Voucher Number Common name Species name subspecies Archipelago State / Island SEX G M P

AMNH-763812 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Guadalcanal F S S -

DMNH-11939 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal F - S -

DMNH-11940 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal F - S -

DMNH-11941 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal F - S -

DMNH-11942 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal F - S -

AMNH-763811 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal M S S S

DMNH-11935 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal M - S S

DMNH-11936 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal M - S S

DMNH-11937 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal M - S S

DMNH-11938 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla dennisi Solomon Islands Guadalcanal M - S S

AMNH-219374 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kulambangrae Solomon Islands Kulambangra F - S -

AMNH-225203 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kulambangrae Solomon Islands Kulambangra F - S -

AMNH-219370 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kulambangrae Solomon Islands Kulambangra M - S S

AMNH-225202 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kulambangrae Solomon Islands Kulambangra M - S S

AMNH-227991 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228006 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228007 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228008 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228009 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228010 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228011 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228012 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228013 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal F - S -

AMNH-228016 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - - S

AMNH-227989 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - S -

AMNH-227995 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - S -

4 AMNH-227996 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M S S S

AMNH-228000 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - S S

AMNH-228001 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - S S

AMNH-228014 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M S S S

AMNH-228015 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla polymorpha Solomon Islands San Cristobal M - S S

AMNH-225214 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville F - S -

AMNH-225222 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville F S S -

AMNH-225223 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville F - S -

AMNH-225227 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville F - S -

AMNH-225229 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville F - S -

AMNH-225205 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S -

AMNH-225208 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S -

AMNH-225204 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S S

AMNH-225206 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S S

AMNH-225207 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S S

AMNH-225212 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M S S S

AMNH-225213 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S S

AMNH-225215 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M S S S

AMNH-225220 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla septentrionalis Solomon Islands Bougainville M - S S

AMNH-217520 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba F - S -

AMNH-217521 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba F - S -

AMNH-217522 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba F - S -

AMNH-217516 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba M - S S

AMNH-217517 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba M - S S

AMNH-217518 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Aoba M - S S

AMNH-215802 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Espiritu Santo F - S -

UF-42869 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Espiritu Santo F - S -

AMNH-213914 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua F - S -

AMNH-215791 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua F - S -

AMNH-215793 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua F - S -

AMNH-213909 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-213910 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-213911 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-215787 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

5 AMNH-215788 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-215789 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-215790 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Gaua M - S S

AMNH-213559 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu M - S S

AMNH-213908 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Melapau ? M - S S

AMNH-212429 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu F - S -

AMNH-213558 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu Paama M - S S

AMNH-223667 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla ambrynensis Vanuatu M - S S

AMNH-336619 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336620 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336621 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336622 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336623 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336626 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F - S -

AMNH-336852 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga F S S -

AMNH-336606 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336607 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M S S S

AMNH-336608 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M S S S

AMNH-336609 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336610 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336612 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336613 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336614 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336616 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-336617 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla cognata Vanuatu Erromenga M - S S

AMNH-212428 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Efate F S S -

AMNH-212425 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Efate M - S S

AMNH-212412 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai F - S -

AMNH-212413 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai F - S -

AMNH-212414 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai F - S -

AMNH-212415 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai F - S -

AMNH-212416 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai F - S -

AMNH-212404 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai M S S S

AMNH-212405 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai M - S S

6 AMNH-212406 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai M - S S

AMNH-212407 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla feminina Vanuatu Mai M S S S

AMNH-336999 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum F - S -

AMNH-337002 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum F S S -

AMNH-337003 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum F - S -

AMNH-336995 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum M S S S

AMNH-336996 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum M - S S

AMNH-336997 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum M - S S

AMNH-336998 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla similis Vanuatu Aneiteum M S S S

AMNH-215801 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava F S S -

AMNH-215794 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava M - S S

AMNH-215795 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava M - S S

AMNH-215796 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava M S S S

AMNH-215798 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla soror Vanuatu Vanua Lava M S S S

AMNH-336853 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F - S -

AMNH-336854 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F - S -

AMNH-336855 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F - S -

AMNH-336856 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F - S -

AMNH-336857 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F S S -

AMNH-336858 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna F - S -

AMNH-336845 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S -

AMNH-336847 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S -

AMNH-336850 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S -

AMNH-336851 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S -

AMNH-336842 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M S S S

AMNH-336843 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S S

AMNH-336844 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M S S S

AMNH-336846 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S S

AMNH-336848 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S S

AMNH-336849 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla tannensis Vanuatu Tanna M - S S

AMNH-251414 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu F - S -

AMNH-251418 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu F S S -

DMNH-11325 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu F - S -

AMNH-223663 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M S S S

7 AMNH-251419 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251420 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251423 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251425 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251426 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M S S S

AMNH-251428 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251456 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251457 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

DMNH-11326 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla becki Fiji Kadavu M - S S

AMNH-251447 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Vanua Levu F - S -

AMNH-251438 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Vanua Levu M - S -

AMNH-251440 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Vanua Levu M - S S

AMNH-251443 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Vanua Levu M - S S

AMNH-251446 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Vanua Levu M - S S

AMNH-607407 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu F - S -

AMNH-607410 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu F - S -

DMNH-11323 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu F - S -

AMNH-251449 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S -

AMNH-607409 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S -

AMNH-206545 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

AMNH-251450 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M S S S

AMNH-251453 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

AMNH-251458 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

AMNH-607406 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

AMNH-607408 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

DMNH-11324 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla kleinschmidti Fiji Viti Levu M - S S

AMNH-251429 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla taveunensis Fiji Taveuni M S S S

AMNH-251436 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla taveunensis Fiji Taveuni M S S S

AMNH-206023 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii F - S -

AMNH-206033 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii F S S -

AMNH-206035 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii F - S -

AMNH-206043 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii F - S -

AMNH-206026 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S -

AMNH-206021 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

8 AMNH-206022 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206025 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206027 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206028 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206030 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206031 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206041 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206044 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Savaii M - S S

AMNH-206058 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-206059 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-206876 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-206878 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-206882 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-223666 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu F - S -

AMNH-206868 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S -

AMNH-607413 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S -

AMNH-607414 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S -

AMNH-129055 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M S S S

AMNH-206050 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-206055 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-206869 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-206871 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-206872 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-206873 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M - S S

AMNH-223665 Pacific Robin Petroica pusilla pusilla Samoa Upolu M S S S

9

Table A3. Degree of sexual dichromatism inferred from MANOVA of plumage colour variables. Subspecies within each plumage mode are denoted by the first three letters of the archipelago and subspecies. Only ambrynensis (vanamb) is shown for the dichromatic plumage mode as an example of the degree of distinctiveness between males and females within the dichromatic plumage coloration mode. For subspecies polymorpha (solpol), two tests are performed, one comparing females and red-headed morph males, and the other comparing females and the black-headed morph males. F statistic and probability (>F) is reported for each plumage colour variable. The Pillai statistic (P), approximate F statistic (F) and probability (>F) is reported for the MANOVA across all variables. Significance is denoted in bold, and using symbol codes: ‘***’ < 0.001, ‘**’ < 0.01, ‘*’ < 0.05.

Back Crown Throat

All Variables Brigthness Saturation Hue Brigthness Saturation Hue Brigthness Saturation Hue P=0.98029, aF=44.218, F=120.17, F=315.09, F=62.834, F=250.4, F=368.57, F=43.901, F=249.15, F=239.95, F=170.21, Dichromatic vanamb p=7.171e-06*** p=7.541e-09*** p=5.971e-12*** p=6.247e-07*** p=3.417e-11*** p=1.797e-12*** p=5.83e-06*** p=3.549e-11*** p=4.713e-11*** p=6.071e-10*** Elaborate N.A., residuals have rank 5 F=11.711, F=23.503, F=0.0143, F=17.163, F=6.4769, F=0.0555, F=87.395, F=33.054, F=39.191, Monochromatic vantan < 9 p=0.0188* p=0.004682** p=0.9096 p=0.008972** p=0.05158 . p=0.8231 p=0.0002359*** p=0.002233** p=0.001525** N.A, residuals have rank 4 F=14.158, F=7.0561, F=25.713, F=1.6945, F=1.4287, F=1.6489, F=57.13, F=2.0922, F=44.602, vansim < 9 p=0.01973* p=0.05661 . p=0.007126** p=0.2629 p=0.298 p=0.2684 p=0.001642** p=0.2216 p=0.002613** P=0.94009, aF=24.41, F=15.977, F=39.156, F=9.4126, F=8.9678, F=19.477, F=9.2078, F=115.7, F=52.328, F=58.937, sampus p=4.656e-07*** p=0.0006074*** p=2.684e-06*** p=0.00563** p=0.006677** p=0.0002198*** p=0.006088** p=3.151e-10*** p=3.01e-07*** p=1.162e-07*** N.A., residuals have rank 6 F=0.8879, F=8.4301, F=0.6484, F=40.077, F=149.53, F=21.851, F=306.44, F=108.29, F=21.638, solden < 9 p=0.3824 p=0.02721* p=0.4514 p=0.0007266*** p=1.821e-05*** p=0.003415** p=2.229e-06*** p=4.613e-05*** p=0.003498** solpol N.A., residuals have rank 7 F=2.9527, F=2.6818, F=0.3377, F=83.493, F=48.122, F=15.243, F=5.1805, F=5.4342, F=1.3094, (black M) < 9 p=0.1294 p=0.1455 p=0.5794 p=3.865e-05*** p=0.0002238*** p=0.005867** p=0.05697 . p=0.05253 . p=0.2901 solpol N.A., residuals have rank 8 F=0.0013, F=4.0256, F=2.3274, F=6.7447, F=2.6805, F=21.349, F=18.355, F=12.465, F=7.4352, (red M) < 9 p=0.9722 p=0.07972 . p=0.1656 p=0.03176* p=0.1402 p=0.001709** p=0.002672** p=0.007725** p=0.02598* Dull N.A, residuals have rank 2 F=3.0134, F=0.2896, F=0.0152, F=0.3479, F=1.05, F=0.3741, F=0.357, F=2.9982, F=3.2051, Monochromatic vansor < 9 p=0.2247 p=0.6443 p=0.9133 p=0.6151 p=0.4133 p=0.603 p=0.6108 p=0.2255 p=0.2153

10 P=0.99867, aF=83.539, F=0.4898, F=0.92, F=0.7029, F=9.0082, F=10.103, F=3.5213, F=11.315, F=4.0695, F=10.053, vanfem p=0.08472 . p=0.5017 p=0.3625 p=0.4235 p=0.01492* p=0.01121* p=0.09332 . p=0.00834** p=0.07445 . p=0.01135* P=0.77199, aF=1.5048, F=0.0353, F=0.595, F=1.5648, F=0.0856, F=4.9083, F=1.3224, F=13.832, F=1.2328, F=17.629, vancog p=0.3677 p=0.8541 p=0.4554 p=0.2348 p=0.7748 p=0.04682* p=0.2726 p=0.002931** p=0.2886 p=0.001235**

Figure A1. Unrooted allele networks for each nuclear intron. Alleles are scaled by sample size and colored and labeled by subspecies (see inset for key). Predicted unsampled haplotypes are represented by black circles and the number of mutations between haplotypesare indicated by hatched lines.

Figure A2. Variation in morphometrics across subspecies within each archipelago. Boxplots show the range in variation in wing length, tail length and bill length between subspecies within each archipelago (males, solid; females, spots). Symbols within each archipelago follow the key to subspecies (males, solid symbols; females, open symbols; russet-headed P. p. polymorpha males, white square box with smaller blue box inside). See Supplemental Material

Table A2 for sample sizes.

11 Figure A3. Variation in patterns of sexual dichromatism in the Pacific robin radiation. Boxplotsdepict the range of variation in plumage hue of the back, crown and throat plumage patches in males (green) and females (yellow) from sexually dichromatic, elaborate monochromatic and dull monochromatic taxa. Differing russet-headed (r) and black- headed (b) males of P. p. polymorpha are plotted separately. The range in variation in plumage brightness and saturation is shown in Fig. A5, Fig. 4, Table A2 for sample sizes.

Figure A4. Variation in patterns of sexual dichromatism in the Pacific robin radiation. Boxplotsdepict the range of variation in plumage brightness of the back, crown and throat plumage patches in males (green) and females (yellow) from sexually dichromatic, elaborate monochromatic and dull monochromatic taxa. Differing russet-headed (r) and black-headed (b) males of P. p. polymorpha are plotted separately. The range in variation in plumage hue and saturation is shown in Supplementary material Appendix 1, Fig. A4, Fig. 4. See Supplementary material Appendix 1,

Table A2 for sample sizes. Note: Brightness is measured as total reflectance, so in dichromatic taxa, patches of duller light brown in females reflect more light and are measured as brighter than the corresponding patches of black on males.

12 Figure A5. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for morphometric variables across archipelagos and for all plumage color variables across subspecies within each mode of sexual plumage color. LDA was performed separately for each sex. Biplots show LD1 and LD2 on the x and y axes with arrows indicating the strength of influence of each morphometric or color variable.

Figure A6. Species-level ancestral state reconstructions of the three modes of sexual coloration plumage coloration and the presence or absence of elaborate plumage. See Fig. A7 for the subspecies-level ancestral state reconstructions.

Figure A7. Subspecies-level ancestral state reconstructions of the three modes of sexual coloration plumage coloration and the presence or absence of elaborate plumage. See Figure A6 for the species-level ancestral state reconstructions.

13 BRM CSDE SoK VA CLOCK RC RC RC SoK FK RC RC FT VA FT SoP FK VA SoP SoP SoK SoK FT FK RC VA FK

FK GAPDH CLTC FK SoP VA RC RC FK SoP VA FT SoK SoP SoP VA FK VA (A) FT SoK SoP

SoP RC PCBD SoK

VA SoK FT ACO1 FK FK VA RC RC VA SoK FT VA SoP RC FT

Sample size per haplotype: RC Key to subspecies and sample sizes 1 2 3 5 10 30 septentrionalis SOL SoK (4) kulambangrae n = 7 dennisi V S n = 0 SoP (3) polymorpha n = 3 F soror n = 4 RC VA (3) ambrynensis pusilla n = 9 feminina RC taveunensis(1) cognata FT becki n = 0 tannensis kleinschmidti (3) NI similis FK

Supplementary Figure 1. WING LENGTH TAIL LENGTH BILL LENGTH 9 66 44 65 SOL 8.75 64 42 8.5 63 62 40 8.25 61 length (mm)

length (mm) 8 length (mm) 60 38 59 7.75 58 36 57 34 7.5 56 SoS SoK SoD SoP SoS SoK SoD SoP SoS SoK SoD SoP

70 50 9.2 9.0 68 V 8.8 66 45 8.6 64 8.4 62 length (mm) length (mm) length (mm) 8.2 60 40 8.0 58 7.8 56

VSo VA VF VC VT VSi VSo VA VF VC VT VSi VSo VA VF VC VT VSi 66 F 44 9.0 64 42 8.5 62 40

length (mm) 8.0 60 length (mm) 38 length (mm)

58 36 7.5 34 56 FT FK FK FB FT FK FK FB FT FK FK FB van vit van vit van vit

64 S 44 9.5 62 42 9.0 60 40 8.5

58 38 length (mm) length (mm) length (mm) 56 36 8.0

54 34 SaP SaP SaP SaP SaP SaP Savaii Upolu Savaii Upolu Savaii Upolu

♂ Key to subspecies: V ♀ VSo F FK ♂ ♀ van ASI FT SoS ♂ ♀ VA FK vit SoK VF FB SoD S VC ♂ ♀ SaP VT Savaii SoP SaP Upolu VSi

Supplementary Figure 2 Supplementary Figure3. THROAT CROWN BACK SOL 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Key tosubspecies: Hue 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 A A

Hue DICHROMATIC 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 Hue0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 SoD SoK SoP SoS ♂ FB FB FB ♀ FK FK FK FT FT SoK SoK SoK SoS SoS SoS V V V A A A V VS VSi V VC V VF A o T

♂ Hue 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 Hue0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.0 0.2 0.4 Hue 0.6 0.8 1.0 ELABORATE ♀ SaP SaP SaP SoD SoD SoD f f SoP SoP f SoP b b b r r r VSi VSi VSi ♂ ♂ V V V F T T S T ♀ ♀ FK FK FB FT SaP DULL 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Hue 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 Hue0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 Hue 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 VC VC VC VF VF VF VS VS VS o o o THROAT CROWN BACK Supplementary Figure4. 100

20 40 Brightness60 80

10 15 Brightness20 25 30 35 Brightness DICHROMATIC 10 15 20 25 30 35 SOL FB Key tosubspecies: FB A A SoD SoK FB SoP SoS ♂ FK FK FK ♀ SoK FT FT SoK SoS SoK SoS V SoS A V A V A V VS VSi V VC V VF A o T 100 20 40 60 80 Brightness 10 15 Brightness20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35

♂ Brightness ELABORATE SaP SaP SaP ♀ SoD SoD SoD f f SoP SoP f b SoP b b r r VSi r VSi VSi V V ♂ T T V ♂ T F S ♀ ♀ FK FK FB FT SaP DULL 100

20 40 60 80 Brightness 10 15 20 25 30 35 Brightness Brightness 10 15 20 25 30 35 VC VC VC VF VF VF VS VS VS o o o (A) MORPHOMETRICS (B) DICHROMATIC PLUMAGE (C) DULL MONOCHROMATIC PLUMAGE MALE MALE FEMALE MALE 2 BackH4a fijbec 2.5 ThroatH4a

fijkle 20 WL vancog 0 TL solkul vanfem 0.0 ThroatB1BackB1BackS5aCrownS5a 5 solsep ThroatS5aCrownB1

LD2 (8.25%) vansor vanamb -2 BackH4a −2.5 ThroatH4a LD2 (12.28%)

BL 10 -2 0 2 4 −5.0

CrownH4a LD1 (91.44%) Fiji Solomon Islands BackH4a Samoa Vanuatu ThroatS5aBackS5a 0 CrownB1ThroatB1BackB1CrownS5a −7.5 −5 0 5 10

LD1 (87.72%) LD2 (30.21%) 0 3 LD1 (73.87%) FEMALE BL CrownS5a FEMALE BackB1 CrownB1 ThroatB1 ThroatS5a

2 BackS5a 10 ThroatH4a

vancog

1 vanfem ThroatH4a 5 TL vansor 0 WL −5 0 BackS5aCrownS5a LD2 (13.51%) ThroatS5aCrownB1ThroatB1BackB1 -1 fijbec −10 fijkle BackH4a −5 -2 solkul CrownH4a CrownH4a LD2 (9.49%) -3 solsep −10 -2 0 2 vanamb CrownH4a LD1 (84.45%)

−5.0 −2.5 0.0 2.5 2 0 −2 −4 −25 0 25 50 LD1 (53.53%) LD2 (14.29%) (D) ELABORATE MONOCHROMATIC PLUMAGE LD1 (90.51%)

FEMALE sampus MALE sampus ThroatH4a BackH4a 10 solden solden solpolb solpol 5 solpolr vansima vansima vansimt 5 vansimt

0 BackB1 ThroatS5aCrownB1ThroatB1 CrownS5a LD2 (35.82%) ThroatH4a LD2 (3.54%) BackS5a CrownB1 0 ThroatS5aThroatB1BackB1CrownS5a BackS5a

CrownH4a -5 BackH4a CrownH4a −5

−10 −5 0 5 10 -10 0 10 20 30 LD1 (60.72%) LD1 (93.07%)

Supplementary Figure 5. SPECIES LEVEL parsimony likelihood good modes of sexual A good B plumage coloration mult mult dichromatic SOL SOL elaborate dull VFS VFS

bivittata bivittata

archboldi archboldi

bood bood

phoe phoe

rodi rodi

rose rose

aust aust

long long

macr macr

trav trav

good C good D elaborate plumage mult mult present SOL SOL absent VFS VFS

bivittata bivittata

archboldi archboldi

bood bood

phoe phoe

rodi rodi

rose rose

aust aust

long long

macr macr

trav trav

Supplementary Figure 6 SUBSPECIES LEVEL goodenovii goodenovii parsimony multicolor likelihood multicolor SOL septentrionalis SOL septentrionalis modes of sexual A SOL kulambangrae B SOL kulambangrae SOL dennisi SOL dennisi plumage coloration SOL polymorpha SOL polymorpha dichromatic VAN soror VAN soror FIJ taveunensis FIJ taveunensis elaborate FIJ kleinschmidti (vanua) FIJ kleinschmidti (vanua) dull SAM pusilla SAM pusilla FIJ kleinschmidti (viti) FIJ kleinschmidti (viti) FIJ becki FIJ becki VAN similis VAN similis VAN tannensis VAN tannensis VAN cognata VAN cognata VAN ambrynensis VAN ambrynensis VAN feminina VAN feminina bivittata bivittata bivittata bivittata bivittata caudata bivittata caudata archboldi archboldi boodang boodang boodang boodang boodang campbelli boodang campbelli boodang legii boodang legii phoenicea phoenicea rodinogaster inexpectata rodinogaster inexpectata rodinogaster rodinogaster rodinogaster rodinogaster rosea rosea australis australis australis australis australis rakiura australis rakiura longipes longipes macrocephala dannefaerdi macrocephala dannefaerdi macrocephala chathamensis macrocephala chathamensis macrocephala toitoi macrocephala toitoi macrocephala marrineri macrocephala marrineri macrocephala macrocephala macrocephala macrocephala traversi traversi goodenovii goodenovii elaborate plumage multicolor multicolor SOL septentrionalis SOL septentrionalis present C SOL kulambangrae D SOL kulambangrae SOL dennisi SOL dennisi absent SOL polymorpha SOL polymorpha VAN soror VAN soror FIJ taveunensis FIJ taveunensis FIJ kleinschmidti (vanua) FIJ kleinschmidti (vanua) SAM pusilla SAM pusilla FIJ kleinschmidti (viti) FIJ kleinschmidti (viti) FIJ becki FIJ becki VAN similis VAN similis VAN tannensis VAN tannensis VAN cognata VAN cognata VAN ambrynensis VAN ambrynensis VAN feminina VAN feminina bivittata bivittata bivittata bivittata bivittata caudata bivittata caudata archboldi archboldi boodang boodang boodang boodang boodang campbelli boodang campbelli boodang legii boodang legii phoenicea phoenicea rodinogaster inexpectata rodinogaster inexpectata rodinogaster rodinogaster rodinogaster rodinogaster rosea rosea australis australis australis australis australis rakiura australis rakiura longipes longipes macrocephala dannefaerdi macrocephala dannefaerdi macrocephala chathamensis macrocephala chathamensis macrocephala toitoi macrocephala toitoi macrocephala marrineri macrocephala marrineri macrocephala macrocephala macrocephala macrocephala traversi traversi Supplementary Figure 7