HARTFORD CONSENSUS COMPENDIUM Hemorrhage control devices: Tourniquets and hemostatic dressings by John B. Holcomb, MD, FACS Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care Department of Defense Joint Trauma Systems Frank K. Butler, MD, FAAO, FUHM Chairman, Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care Department of Defense Joint Trauma Systems Peter Rhee, MD, MPH, FACS, FCCM Committee on Tactical Combat Casualty Care Department of Defense Joint Trauma Systems emorrhage control is the highest priority in on Trauma and the U.S. Department of Transportation caring for for an injured individual. To be max- working group evaluated the evidence for external hem- Himally effective, hemorrhage control must oc- orrhage control measures.2 The group’s conclusions on cur as soon as possible after the wounding event. tourniquets were that: (1) commercial windlass-type Unfortunately, uncontrolled hemorrhage remains tourniquets should be used in the prehospital setting 66 | the single most preventable cause of death after both for the control of significant extremity hemorrhage military and civilian injuries. One of the most impor- when direct pressure is ineffective or impractical, (2) tant lessons learned in the last 14 years of war is that improvised tourniquets should be used only if no com- using tourniquets and hemostatic dressings as soon mercial device is available, and (3) a tourniquet that as possible after injury is absolutely lifesaving.1 The has been properly applied in the prehospital setting resulting sustained focus on hemorrhage control has should not be released until the patient has reached evolved into the widespread use of two devices: com- definitive care. The recommendations on hemostatic mercially manufactured tourniquets and hemostatic agents were that: (1) topical hemostatic agents should dressings. Recent evidence from thousands of injured be used in combination with direct pressure for the patients has demonstrated that the use of tourniquets control of significant hemorrhage in the prehospital does not lead to amputations and the use of tourni- setting when sustained direct pressure is ineffective quets should be considered early on. Technological or impractical, and (2) topical hemostatic agents in a development has also resulted in wound dressings gauze can be used to enhance wound packing. that are impregnated with materials that help stop bleeding more effectively than plain gauze. The U.S. military experience during the conflicts in Afghani- Hemorrhage control with tourniquets stan and Iraq, with more than 50,000 combat casu- In the 26 years between the end of the Vietnam War in alties, taught the military trauma system that both 1975 and 2001, little changed in prehospital hemorrhage tourniquets and hemostatic dressings are extremely control. As a result, preventable deaths from extrem- important for quality care and improved outcome. ity hemorrhage also did not change in almost three decades. After the widespread implementation of the tourniquet recommendations from the Committee on Tourniquets in the civilian setting Tactical Combat Casualty Care (CoTCCC), a 10-year The wounding agents are usually different in battlefield review of 4,596 U.S. combat fatalities noted a significant and civilian trauma, but the lessons learned regarding decrease in combat fatalities from extremity hemor- hemorrhage control and optimal resuscitation are not. rhage.3 The dramatic decrease in deaths from extremity Recently, the American College of Surgeons Committee hemorrhage resulted from the now ubiquitous fielding V100 No 1S BULLETIN American College of Surgeons HARTFORD CONSENSUS COMPENDIUM One of the most important lessons learned in the last 14 years of war is that using tourniquets and hemostatic dressings as soon as possible after injury is absolutely lifesaving. of modern tourniquets and hemostatic dressings on complication is actually very rarely seen. Prolonged the battlefield and aggressive training of all levels of use of a tourniquet can potentially result in amputa- responders in their effective use.4 tion, but saving the life of the individual must always As noted earlier, deaths from extremity hemorrhage take precedence if the tourniquet cannot be removed. can largely be prevented by early use of tourniquets. Because of their proven lifesaving value, tourniquets Because of their effectiveness at hemorrhage con- are now ubiquitous on the modern battlefield, yet adop- trol and the speed with which they can be applied, tion has been slow in many civilian EMS systems. tourniquets are the best option for temporary con- Although limited, there are reports that the trol of life-threatening extremity hemorrhage in adoption of the military practice of tourniquets and the tactical environment when under fire. This con- hemostatic dressings into civilian EMS and emergency cept can apply as well in the civilian arena, with its medicine practice is increasing. One of the key con- increasing number of mass casualty or active shooter cepts that emerged was placing the hemorrhage control events. These concepts become especially applica- devices in the hands of not only all medical provid- ble in terrorist-style bombing events on our home ers, but also the much more numerous nonmedical soil. Direct pressure and gauze compression dress- first-responding personnel. In the civilian sector, many ings can be effective; however, the lack of dedicated police officers and firefighters now carry these devices, | 67 personnel to apply continuous direct pressure, a less- making them widely and rapidly available. Effective than-secure environment, and extremity injuries training in, and use of, hemorrhage control devices that could lead to exsanguination are all indications by nonmedical personnel has been a critical element for rapid tourniquet application. In routine emer- in reducing preventable deaths. gency medical services (EMS) care, the so-called In patients with severe extremity bleeding, pressure dressing for massive external hemorrhage hemorrhage control is a priority. Most extremity is frequently inadequate and only effective when injuries do not require tourniquets, but patients with continuous direct manual compression is applied. life-threatening bleeding do require a tourniquet. As Because of the personnel constraints on most civilian in most trauma situations, over-triage is acceptable, EMS runs, tourniquets and hemostatic dressings are as tourniquets found not to be needed can be safely both medically and logistically beneficial.5 Despite removed on arrival at a hospital. The following descrip- the overwhelming evidence of benefit from the mili- tions are provided as examples of trauma victims for tary experience, recent data indicate that only a few whom tourniquet use is appropriate: EMS systems are using recommended commercially manufactured tourniquets and hemostatic dressings • There is pulsatile or steady bleeding from the for exsanguinating hemorrhage. wound. This situation continues despite numerous mili- tary publications documenting the lifesaving benefit • Blood is pooling on the ground. and low incidence of complications from prehospital tourniquets and hemostatic dressings used in combat • The overlying clothes are soaked with blood. casualties. Although it is somewhat obvious, tourni- quets are most effective in saving lives when applied • Bandages or makeshift bandages used to cover early, before the individual has gone into shock the wound are ineffective and steadily becoming from blood loss. Although tourniquet use has been soaked with blood. discouraged by EMS systems in the past because of concerns about ischemic damage to the extremity, this • There is a traumatic amputation of the arm or leg. SEPT 2015 ACS BULLETIN Supplement HARTFORD CONSENSUS COMPENDIUM Commercial windlass-type tourniquets should be used in the prehospital setting for the control of significant extremity hemorrhage when direct pressure is ineffective or impractical…. • There was prior bleeding, and the patient is now • Pulses distal to every tourniquet should be in shock (unconscious, confused, pale). checked. When treating an individual who is in obvious • Correctly applied tourniquets can cause signifi- shock from bleeding wounds, hemorrhage control cant pain, but this pain does not signify that the should be the first priority, before fluid resuscitation. tourniquet has been applied incorrectly or that it Effective hemorrhage control does not stop with the should be removed. initial tourniquet application. The military experi- ence with tourniquets has provided some key teaching • Pain should be managed with analgesics as appro- points about their use: priate, but not for patients in shock. • Waiting too long to place a tourniquet is a mistake. Mistakes regarding tourniquets include the following: • Tourniquets should be applied just proximal to the site of the severe bleeding and never placed • Not having an effective commercial tourniquet 68 | directly over a joint. available • Tourniquets should be tightened as necessary to • Not using a tourniquet when one should be used stop bleeding from the distal injury. • Using a tourniquet for minimal or minor bleeding • If bleeding is not controlled with one tourniquet, when one should not be used a second tourniquet should be applied just proxi- mal to the first. • Putting the tourniquet on too proximally • The need for a second tourniquet is especially appli- • Not making the tourniquet tight enough to effec- cable when applying tourniquets to generously tively stop the bleeding