DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization of Transition Edge Sensors for the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization of Transition Edge Sensors for the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Characterization of Transition Edge Sensors for the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera on the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Yue Zhao A dissertation presented to the faculty of Princeton University in candidacy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Recommended for acceptance by the Department of Physics Advisor: Suzanne T. Staggs November 2010 c Copyright by Yue Zhao, 2010. Abstract The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) aims to measure the Cosmic Microwave Back- ground (CMB) temperature anisotropies on arcminute scales. The ACT project is producing high-resolution millimeter-wave maps of the sky, which can be analyzed to provide measure- ments of the CMB angular power spectrum at large multipoles to augment the extant data to improve estimation of such cosmological parameters as the scalar spectral index and its running, the density of baryons, and the scalar-to-tensor ratio. When combined with X-ray and optical observations, the millimeter-wave maps will help to determine the equation of state of dark energy, probe the neutrino masses, constrain the time of the formation of the first stars, and reveal details of the growth of gravitationally bound structures in the universe. This thesis discusses the characterization of the detectors in the primary receiver for ACT, the Millimeter Bolometer Array Camera (MBAC). The MBAC is comprised of three 32 by 32 transition edge sensor (TES) bolometer arrays, each observing the sky with an independent set of band-defining filters. The MBAC arrays are the largest pop-up detector arrays fielded, and among the largest TES arrays built. Prior to its assembly into an array and installation into the MBAC, a column of 32 bolometers is tested at approximately 0.4 K in a cryostat called the Super Rapid Dip Probe (SRDP). The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we will describe the SRDP measurements that supply important TES operating properties. Second, we will expand upon the ideal TES bolometer theory to develop an extended thermal architecture to model non-ideal behaviors of the ACT TES bolometers, emphasizing a characterization that accounts for both the complex impedance and the noise as a function of frequency. iii Acknowledgements Everything that has a beginning has an end. This thesis is the culmination of the last four years of my research on ACT TES bolometers. First and foremost, I must thank my grandfather, Professor Hsio-Fu Tuan, who taught me through his own example that despite all the sacrifices and hard work necessary for pursuing a career in science, it is a field of truth and beauty worthy of a lifetime’s devotion. I have always looked up to my grandfather as a pure scholar, and a man of passion who dedicated his life to the science and education of his motherland. It is still my dream to one day become a scientist as great as him. I miss him dearly. I am extremely grateful to have Professor Suzanne Staggs as my research advisor. She has not only guided my work with great insights, but also allowed great flexibility in my research method and schedule. Much of the ACT bolometer research presented in this thesis is a continuation of the earlier efforts of Rolando D¨unner and Tobias Marriage. Norman Jarosik made this research possible by designing and building the data acquisition system, and has continued to provide guidance whenever I have questions about any aspect of my research. I have directly worked with Michael Niemack, John Appel, Omelan Stryzak, Ryan Fisher, Lucas Parker, Thomas Essinger-Hileman and Krista Martocci on testing the TES column assemblies that eventually went into the MBAC. I thank Professor Lyman Page for providing comments on physics research in general. Even though I have not worked with them on TES research directly, I also thank Adam Hincks, Judy Lau, Glen Nixon, Katerina Visnjic and Professor Joe Fowler for making the experimental gravity group at Princeton a truly supportive and productive environment. More broadly, I would also like to thank all the collaborators of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope experiment and the Atacama iv B-mode Search experiment that I became involved with during my last few months at Princeton; it feels great to be part of a scientific community that strives to achieve the best. The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center fabricated the TES detectors that are pre- sented in this thesis. In particular Jay Chervenak provided much guidance on detector characterization. More generally, our detector characterization is based on the seminal works of John Mather, Harvey Moseley, Kent Irwin, Mark Lindeman, Enectal´ıFigueroa- Feliciano and Dan McCammon, although this list is certainly far from exhaustive. Before joining the ACT experiment, I worked with Professor Cristiano Galbiati on the Wimp Argon Programme, for which I spent a summer in the beautiful town of L’Aquila, Italy. Cristiano has always believed in my work, and I am very grateful for having him as my mentor. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their unconditional love. In particular for my parents: I deeply appreciate your support for your son’s career in a faraway land. I hope that I will see you again soon. v Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Contents vi List of Figures ix List of Tables xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Dynamicsoftheuniverse . 1 1.2 Constituents of the universe and distance measures . .......... 4 1.3 Inflation...................................... 6 1.4 Acceleratedexpansionanddarkenergy. ...... 8 1.5 PrimaryanisotropiesoftheCMB . 10 1.6 Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect, CMB polarization, lensing . ........... 14 1.6.1 TheSunyaev-Zel’dovicheffect . 14 1.6.2 WeaklensingandCMBpolarization . 16 1.7 The Atacama Cosmology Telescope . 18 1.8 Overview ..................................... 19 2 Ideal TES bolometer theory 21 2.1 Superconductors as thermal detectors . ...... 21 2.2 Small signal theory for the ideal TES; responsivity calculation . 25 vi 2.3 Noisecalculation ................................ 29 2.3.1 Some mathematical definitions; Gaussian and white noise ...... 29 2.3.2 Thermalfluctuationnoise . 32 2.3.3 TESJohnsonnoise............................ 33 2.3.4 Load (shunt) resistor Johnson noise . 35 2.4 Compleximpedance ............................... 36 3 Dark measurements of ACT TES bolometers 38 3.1 TES column assemblies and dark measurements . ...... 38 3.2 Current readout calibration; open and closed loop measurements . 41 3.2.1 Determintion of Mratio and parasitic resistance . 46 3.3 Calibration of frequency domain measurements . ........ 48 3.3.1 Transferfunctions ............................ 51 3.3.2 Calibration of the load resistor Johnson noise spectrum ....... 52 3.3.3 Calibration of the TES complex impedance . 55 3.3.4 Calibration of the TES noise spectrum . 57 3.3.5 Asymmetry between the calibration of the complex impedance and thenoisespectrum ............................ 60 3.4 Periodogram analysis of Johnson noise . ...... 60 3.5 Improved periodogram analysis of Johnson noise . ........ 65 3.5.1 Periodogramaveraging. 66 3.5.2 Periodogramwindowing . 66 3.6 Estimating load resistances from Johnson noise . ......... 69 3.6.1 Calibration of ROX2 resistance-temperature correspondences from ROX1................................... 71 3.7 Current-voltage characteristic (I-V curve) measurements . 72 4 Characterization of thermal architectures of ACT TES bolometers 77 4.1 Simple calculations of electrical and thermal properties of ACT TES bolometers 79 4.1.1 Heatcapacities .............................. 79 4.1.2 Thermalconductances . 81 vii 4.2 ModelingACTTESbolometers. 84 4.2.1 Compleximpedance ........................... 88 4.2.2 Noisederivation ............................. 88 4.3 TESbolometersformodeling . 91 4.4 Dataacquisitionandanalysis . 93 4.5 Results,robustnessoffits . 99 4.6 Alternativemodel ................................ 113 4.7 Conclusion .................................... 118 5 Possible explanations for anomalous ACT TES bolometer behaviors 121 5.1 The thermal conductance from the MoAu bilayer to the silicon substrate . 122 5.2 Possible limitations of the model . 125 5.3 Anomalousheatcapacities. 126 5.4 Suggestions for further characterization measurements and future TES designs127 References 130 viii List of Figures 1.1 Various CMB power spectra from theoretical prediction: the temperature power spectrum (TT, in blue), the EE polarization power spectrum (ma- genta), the BB polarization spectra at two different tensor-to-scalar ratios (r = 0.01 and r = 0.10, in black), and the contribution to BB polariza- tion from lensing-converted EE polarization (red). The XX power spec- trum refers to the correlation of the field X with itself, such as that de- fined in Equation 1.12, where the field X can be the temperature field, the E-mode polarization field, or the B-mode polarization field here (see Sec- tion 1.6.2). More generally, the XY power spectrum refers to the correlation of the field X with the field Y. The cosmic variance for the temperature power spectrum is also shown (dashed blue). The data plotted assumes τ(the optical depth) = 0.1 and nS(the scalar spectral index) = 0.96. Figure courtesy of Thomas Essinger-Hileman. 12 2.1 The electrothermal circuit of an ideal TES. A typical electrical circuit with readout is shown on the left, and its Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in the middle. The thermal circuit is shown on the right. ...... 25 ix 3.1 An ACT TES column assembly sitting in a (partial) copper carrier. The different components of the column assembly are labeled in the figure. The copper carrier is used in the SRDP testing and is not installed in the MBAC, where the column assemblies are closely stacked together. The ROX1, not shown in this figure, is attached to the copper carrier. The ROX2 is glued ontothesiliconcircuitboard. 39 3.2 Simplified SRDP testing setup. Please refer to the text for detailed descriptions. 42 3.3 SRDP open loop measurements to determine Mratio, the ratio of the input inductance to the feedback inductance. In this figure, the SQUID readout VSQ as we sweep the current through the TES is drawn in blue, and the readout as we sweep the current through the feedback line is drawn in red.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Development of Phonon-Mediated Cryogenic
    DEVELOPMENT OF PHONON-MEDIATED CRYOGENIC PARTICLE DETECTORS WITH ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR RECOIL DISCRIMINATION a dissertation submitted to the department of physics and the committee on graduate studies of stanford university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Sae Woo Nam December, 1998 c Copyright 1999 by Sae Woo Nam All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Blas Cabrera (Principal Advisor) I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Douglas Osheroff I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Roger Romani Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies: iii Abstract Observations have shown that galaxies, including our own, are surrounded by halos of "dark matter". One possibility is that this may be an undiscovered form of matter, weakly interacting massive particls (WIMPs). This thesis describes the development of silicon based cryogenic particle detectors designed to directly detect interactions with these WIMPs. These detectors are part of a new class of detectors which are able to reject background events by simultane- ously measuring energy deposited into phonons versus electron hole pairs. By using the phonon sensors with the ionization sensors to compare the partitioning of energy between phonons and ionizations we can discriminate betweeen electron recoil events (background radiation) and nuclear recoil events (dark matter events).
    [Show full text]
  • Ultimate Performance of a Cold-Electron Bolometer with Strong Electrothermal Feedback
    15th International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology Ultimate Performance of a Cold-Electron Bolometer with Strong Electrothermal Feedback Leonid Kuzmin Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden ABSTRACT A novel concept of the Cold Electron Bolometer (CEB) with strong electrothermal feedback has been proposed. The concept is based on direct electron cooling of the absorber that serves as negative electrothermal feedback for incoming signal. This feedback is analogous to TES (transition edgesensor) but additional dc heating is replaced by deep electron cooling to minimum temperature. It could mean a principle breakthrough in realization of supersensitive detectors. Noise properties are considerably improved by decreasing the electron temperature. The loop gain of electrothermal feedback could exceed 1000. The response time is reduced by electrothermal feedback to 1Ons in comparison with the intrinsic e-ph time constant of 10tts. The CEl3 gives opportunity to increase dynamic range by removing all incoming power from supersensitive absorber to the next stage of readout system (SQUID) with higher dynamic range. Saturation problems are not so severe for CEB as for TES: after exceeding the cooling power there is only slight deviation from linear dependence for voltage response. The full saturation comes at the level of 100pW when temperature of absorber achieves Tc of Al. Ultimate performance of the CEB is determined by shot noise of the signal readout. For background load Po -19 1/2 ---10fW- and quantization level Te= 50mK, the limit NEP is equal to 10 W/Hz . The estimations show that it is realistic to achieve ultimate NEP at 100 mK with SQUID readout system and NEP=10 -18W/Hz1/2 at 300mK for background load of 10fW.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2107.12493V1 [Physics.Ins-Det] 26 Jul 2021 Compensates for Changes in Incident Power, Which Increases the Linearity of the Bolometer
    Strong Negative Electrothermal Feedback in Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors Shubh Agrawal,1, a) Bryan Steinbach,1, b) James J. Bock,1, 2 Clifford Frez,2 Lorenzo Minutolo,1 Hien Nguyen,2 Roger O’Brient,2 Anthony Turner,2 and Albert Wandui1 1)Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA 2)Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA (Dated: July 28, 2021) We demonstrate strong negative electrothermal feedback accelerating and linearizing the response of a thermal kinetic inductance detector (TKID). TKIDs are a proposed highly multiplexable replacement to transition-edge sensors and measure power through the temperature-dependent resonant frequency of a superconducting microresonator bolometer. At high readout probe power and probe frequency detuned from the TKID resonant frequency, we observe electrother- mal feedback loop gain up to L ≈ 16 through measuring the reduction of settling time. We also show that the detector response has no detectable non-linearity over a 38% range of incident power and that the noise-equivalent power is below the design photon noise. I. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION feedback produces fast, linear, and photon noise limited sen- sors for millimeter-wave detection10–12 and X-ray calorime- 13 We present observations of strong negative electrothermal ters with eV energy resolution . feedback in a thermal kinetic inductance detector (TKID). 14 TKIDs are cryogenic bolometers that detect minute power Lindeman proposed a mechanism through which elec- fluctuations by measuring the temperature fluctuations of a trothermal feedback would occur in a TKID when the fre- suspended absorber1–6. The suspended absorber is connected quency of the readout probe signal was detuned from the res- to a thermal bath with a weak thermal link so that the inci- onant frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrothermal Feedback in Kinetic Inductance Detectors
    Electrothermal Feedback in Kinetic Inductance Detectors T Guruswamy,∗ C N Thomas, S Withington, and D J Goldie Quantum Sensors Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK (Dated: August 3, 2021) In Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs) and other similar applications of superconducting microres- onators, both the large and small-signal behaviour of the device may be affected by electrothermal feedback. Microwave power applied to read out the device is absorbed by and heats the superconduc- tor quasiparticles, changing the superconductor conductivity and hence the readout power absorbed in a positive or negative feedback loop. In this work, we explore numerically the implications of an extensible theoretical model of a generic superconducting microresonator device for a typical KID, incorporating recent work on the power flow between superconductor quasiparticles and phonons. This model calculates the large-signal (changes in operating point) and small-signal behaviour of a device, allowing us to determine the effect of electrothermal feedback on device responsivity and noise characteristics under various operating conditions. We also investigate how thermally isolating the device from the bath, for example by designing the device on a membrane only connected to the bulk substrate by thin legs, affects device performance. We find that at a typical device operating point, positive electrothermal feedback reduces the effective thermal conductance from the superconductor quasiparticles to the bath, and so increases responsivity to signal (pair-breaking) power, increases noise from temperature fluctuations, and decreases the Noise Equivalent Power (NEP). Similarly, increasing the thermal isolation of the device while keeping the quasiparticle temperature constant decreases the NEP, but also decreases the device response bandwidth.
    [Show full text]
  • Photon-Noise-Limited Cold-Electron Bolometer Based on Strong Electron Self-Cooling for High- Performance Cosmology Missions
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-019-0206-9 OPEN Photon-noise-limited cold-electron bolometer based on strong electron self-cooling for high- performance cosmology missions L.S. Kuzmin1,2, A.L. Pankratov2,3, A.V. Gordeeva2,3, V.O. Zbrozhek2, V.A. Shamporov2,3, L.S. Revin2,3, 1234567890():,; A.V. Blagodatkin2,3, S. Masi4 & P. de Bernardis4 Bolometers for balloon and space missions have seen extensive development because of their capacity to test primordial conditions of the Universe. The major improvements consist in lowering the operating temperature to reach higher sensitivities. Here we show that an array of 192 cold-electron bolometers (CEB) demonstrates photon-noise-limited operation at the cryostat temperature of 310 mK due to effective self-cooling of the absorber. The direct electron cooling of nanoabsorber placed between normal metal - insulator - superconductor junctions has considerably higher efficiency than indirect cooling through massive suspended platform, that requires overcoming a weak electron-phonon conductance. The electron temperature reached 120 mK without a power load, and 225 mK with a 60 pW power load with self-noise of a single bolometer below 3 Á 10À18 WHzÀ1=2 at a 0.01 pW power load. This bolometer works at electron temperature less than phonon temperature, thus being a good candidate for future space missions without the use of dilution refrigerators. 1 Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. 2 Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, GSP-41, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia. 3 Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, GSP-105, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Photon-Noise-Limited Cold-Electron Bolometer Based on Strong Electron Self-Cooling for High- Performance Cosmology Missions
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-019-0206-9 OPEN Photon-noise-limited cold-electron bolometer based on strong electron self-cooling for high- performance cosmology missions L.S. Kuzmin1,2, A.L. Pankratov2,3, A.V. Gordeeva2,3, V.O. Zbrozhek2, V.A. Shamporov2,3, L.S. Revin2,3, 1234567890():,; A.V. Blagodatkin2,3, S. Masi4 & P. de Bernardis4 Bolometers for balloon and space missions have seen extensive development because of their capacity to test primordial conditions of the Universe. The major improvements consist in lowering the operating temperature to reach higher sensitivities. Here we show that an array of 192 cold-electron bolometers (CEB) demonstrates photon-noise-limited operation at the cryostat temperature of 310 mK due to effective self-cooling of the absorber. The direct electron cooling of nanoabsorber placed between normal metal - insulator - superconductor junctions has considerably higher efficiency than indirect cooling through massive suspended platform, that requires overcoming a weak electron-phonon conductance. The electron temperature reached 120 mK without a power load, and 225 mK with a 60 pW power load with self-noise of a single bolometer below 3 Á 10À18 WHzÀ1=2 at a 0.01 pW power load. This bolometer works at electron temperature less than phonon temperature, thus being a good candidate for future space missions without the use of dilution refrigerators. 1 Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. 2 Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, GSP-41, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia. 3 Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, GSP-105, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
    [Show full text]