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Volume 1 Issue 3 2012
The Journal of Phytopharmacology (Pharmacognosy and Phytomedicine Research) Phytopharmacology of Alternanthera brasiliana (Amaranthaceae): A Brazilin plant
Firoj Alam *1 , Nitin Kumar 1, A. Khatoon 1
1. Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026 [Email: [email protected]]
Abstract: Alternanthera brasiliana L. (Amaranthaceae) is evergreen, perennial herbs, native to tropical and sub tropical regions of Brazil, Australia & South America. Alternanthera are grown for edging beds and for bedding. The hardy plant stand trimming, and can be easily propagated by cutting or by division. All of its parts are used in traditional system of medicine; leaves are the most important parts which are use medicinally.
Keywords: Alternanthera brasiliana, Amaranthaceae, Taxonomy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Actions
Introduction: World Health of indigenous drugs from plant origin forms a major part of complementary and Organization (WHO) and European Union alternative medicine/traditional medicine (EU) issued several guidelines and acts (CAM/TM). The world market for herbal concerning safe and appropriate use of medicine, including herbal products and raw herbal medicines.1 3 Safety issues related to materials has been estimated to have an herbal medicine are complex, and comprise annual growth rate between 5 &15%. The possible toxicity of natural herbal Indian medicinal plants based industry is constituents, presence of contaminants or growing at the rate of 7–15% annually. 5 adulterants, and potential interactions between herbs and prescription drugs. 4Use
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Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O. kuntze, Here the aim was to summarize the more (Amaranthaceae) is an important herb found recent common actions and therapeutic as a perennial herb, native to tropical and application of Alternanthera brasiliana and subtropical regions of Australia and South its active constituent. America; five species have been recorded Taxonomic classification: from India. Through almost all of its parts are used in traditional system of medicines, Kingdom Plantae leaves are the most important parts which Subkingdom Tracheobionta are use medicinally. 6 It is a herb indigenous Super division Spermatophyta to Brazil, described as perennial, prostrate Division Magnoliophyta and branchy, presenting a circular to Class Magnoliopsida polygonal stem, long internodes and swollen Subclass Caryophyllidae nodes at which opposite leaves attach. The Order Caryophyllales inflorescence is cymes, composed of hermaphrodite, actinomorphous and Family Amaranthaceae monocyclic flowers. 7 Genus Alternanthera Species brasiliana Alternanthera brasiliana is a brazilin plant
occurring in several regions, being known as Vernicular name: “penicilina” or terramicina, widely used by Latin Alternanthera rural communities as medicinal agent to cure brasiliana different disease, such as inflammation, and dolorous or infection processes, wound Unani Machhechhi healing, analgesic, antitumor activity, Tamil Ponnonkanni immunomodulator and lymphocyte proliferation. Alternanthera brasiliana Siddha Ponnonkanni focusing the influence of different kind of Ayurvedic Matsyaakshi, lights to produce compound with possible matsyaakshika, minaakshi. analgesic action. 8 It used against cough & diarrhoea in Brazilian popular medicine. 9
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Geographical source: hermaphrodite, actinomorphous and monocyclic flowers. It is evergreen, perennial herbs, native to tropical and sub tropical regions of Australia & South America. Several species are grown for their ornamental leaves which are variegated green and yellow, or bronze and green, or red and pinkish brown. Five species have been recorded from India. It is found throughout hotter parts of India, ascending to an altitude of 1,200 m in Himalayas; also cultivated as a pot herb. 6 It is found especially around tank and ponds. 10
Morphology:
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O. Kuntze,
Amaranthaceae is an herb indigenous to Brazil, described as perennial, prostrate and branchy 7.5 45.0 cm long, presenting a Figure 1: Leaves & Flowers of circular to polygonal stem in transection, Alternanthera brasiliana long internodes and swollen nodes, at which The leaves are simple, entire, decussate, opposite leaves attach. Branches 7.5 45.0 oval lanceolate and purple, presenting cm long, glabrous, the ultimate ones with uniseriate epidermis, pluricellular non two lines of hair, nodes often villous; leaves glandular trichomes coated by papillose 2.5 7 5 cm, even longer when growing in cuticle, anomocytic and diacytic stomata on watery places, rather fleshy, sometime both surfaces; the mesophyll is dorsiventral, obscurely denticulate; flowers with collateral vascular bundles and druses. inconspicuous, white, in clusters; seeds The stem, in secondary growth, has the 1.25 1.5mm, sub orbicular. The dermal system similar to the leaf; the inflorescence is cymes, composed of angular collenchyma alternates with the
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Firoj et. al. www.phytopharmajournal.com chlorenchyma; it occurs druses and a 60.0; iron, 16.7; riboflavin, 0.14; niacin, 1.2; cambial variant, consisting of concentrical and vitamin C, 17.0mg/100g;carotene, arcs of extra cambia outside the first 1926 g/100g; and energy, 73kcal. cambium and aligned vascular bundles in Stigmasterol, lanosterol, β sitosterol, a the pith. 7 saturated aliphatic ester, and a saturated ester are also reported to be present. 6 Some Traditional Uses: elements, such as P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Traditionally, the plant is used as a Zn, Sr, and Pb were detected in all samples, galactagogue, cholagogue, abortifacient and and the elements Cl, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, Br, Rb, febrifuge. It is also used for indigestion. The Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, and Ba were detected in leaves are used like spinach, and in soups. It some samples. 11 is claimed to be a good fodder which Bioassay guided fractionation of a water increases milk in cattle. In some parts of soluble phase of an ethanolic leaf extract Bihar, the plant is used for hazy vision, night was carried out with the aim of identifying blindness, diarrhea, dysentery and post natal compounds responsible for the complaints. The poultice of the herb is antiproliferative effect of the crude extract reported to be used for boils. An ether on lymphocytes. extract of the plant yields an active principle having antiulcerative property. It has very Six flavonoids were identified: kaempferol high iron content, and may be used as a 3 O robinobioside 7 O α L salad. The herb is said to possess diuretic rhamnopyranoside or robinin (1), quercetin properties and its decoction is taken in 3 O robinobioside 7 O α L gonorrhea. 6 rhamnopyranoside or clovin (2), quercetin 3 O robinobioside (3), kaempferol 3 O Phytochemistry: robinobioside (4), kaempferol 3 O Analysis of the edible portion of rutinoside 7 O α Lrhamnopyranoside (5) Alternanthera brasiliana gave the following and kaempferol 3 O rutinoside (6). Their values: moisture, 77.4; protein, 5.0; fat, 0.7; structures were elucidated by 1H and 13C fibre, 2.8; carbohydrates, 11.6; minerals, NMR data and agree with literature data. 2.5g/100g; calcium, 510.0; phosphorus,
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Alternanthera brasiliana contains mainly 3
O robinobioside derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin. The kaempferol skeleton was present in four of the six flavonoids isolated.
Additional glycosylation was observed at C 7 for 1, 2 and 5. Only two flavonoids (5, 6) showed a rutinosyl instead of a robinobiosyl moiety at C 3. These results demonstrate that the 1→6 galactopyranosyl rhamnopyranosyl linkage is prevalent among the A. brasiliana flavonol glycosides.
Flavonoids 1 6 are reported here for the first time for Alternanthera. Kaempferol 3 Orobinobioside and 3 O rutinoside inhibited lymphocyte proliferation to a greater extent and were twice as active as the crude extract. 4, 12 The anti inflammatory effects observed in vivo can be attributed to the effects of these flavonoids on T cell function, thereby accounting for the medicinal properties of Alternanthera brasiliana. 9
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β – Sitosterol Robinin
Riboflavin Niacin
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and capsaicin test in mice (10 mg/kg, i.p.). The methanolic extracts (blue and white lights) at 10 mg/kg body weight caused inhibition of 51 and 62.5% against writhing
test and 22 and 45.5% against capsaicin test, respectively. 9 lanosterol Wound Healing Activity Figure 2. Structures of some phytoconstituents isolated from Wound healing activity of methanolic Alternanthera brasiliana extract of leaves of Alternanthera brasiliana was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats and Pharmacological Actions: by Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic activity model, compared to the control group, percent contraction of wound was Methanolic and hydro alcoholic extracts significantly higher in Alternanthera obtained from A. brasiliana invitro brasiliana (5% w/w) treated group. cultivated plantlets and callus presented Methanolic extract of Alternanthera analgesic properties in recent findings with brasiliana significant increase angiogenesis different in vivo pharmacological models. 13 and tensile strength. 14 The methanolic extracts of Alternanthera Antibacterial activity brasiliana (L.) Kuntze plantlets cultured under different spectral quality of light s The wh ole plant of Alternanthera brasiliana were analyzed by two chemical nociception (L) Kuntz shows antibacterial activity, and 15 models in mice. The results showed a the plant used in bronchitis and asthma. highest biomass yield in plantlets developed The crude methanolic extract of under blue and white light treatments. Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze have Analgesic effect of methanolic extracts antimicrobial activities against obtained from A. brasiliana growing under Staphylococcus aureus, S taphylococcus different lights and some reference drugs on epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Bacillus acetic acid induced abdominal constrictions
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Firoj et. al. www.phytopharmajournal.com subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Candida antibiotic, and antiviral against virus herpes albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These simplex I. 16 The plant also shows microbes produced resistant against antioxidant activity. 17 methanolic extract of Alternanthera Conclusion: brasiliana. 16 It is seen from the literature that Effect on lymphocyte proliferation in Alternanthera brasiliana is a very important human plant for its large number of medicinal The extract of the Alternanthera brasiliana properties as well as important chemicals Kuntze yielded six di and triglycosyl like riboflavin, niacin, stigmasterol, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. These lanosterol, β sitosterol, and flavonoids. The are kaempferol 3 O robinobioside 7 O α L plant shows many pharmacological activities rhamnopyranoside or robinin, quercetin 3 like anti inflammatory, analgesic, wound O robinobioside 7 O α L healing, antitumor, immunostimulant and rhamnopyranoside or cloven, quercetin 3 antimicrobial activities. It is used against Orobinobioside, kaempferol 3 O inflammation, cough and diarrhoea in robinobioside, kaempferol 3 O rutinoside 7 Brazilian popular medicine. O α Lrhamnopyranoside and kaempferol 3 Acknowledgement: O rutinoside. Their structures were elucidated based on the 1H and 13C NMR The authors are thankful to Hon’ble data and are reported here for the first time Chancellor, Integral University, Lucknow, in this genus. Kaempferol 3 India, for providing literature survey facility Orobinobiosides and kaempferol 3 O to carry out the work. rutinoside significantly inhibited the human Reference: lymphocyte proliferation in vitro to a greater extent (IC50= 25 g mL 1). 10 1. A. A. Izzo. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, Blackwell Miscellaneous actions Publishing, 2004, 1–16. The areal part of Alternanthera brasiliana 2. E. Lewis. Journal of use in cystitis 2, throat and general infarction, Ethnopharmacology, 2001, 141–164.
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3. A.T. Borchers, S. Sakai, G.L. 10. C.P. Khare. Indian medicinal plants. Henderson, M.R. Harkey, C.L. Keen, Springer, 2007, 39. J.S. Stern, K. Terasawa, M.E. 11. M.J. Salvador, S. Moreira, D.A. Gershwin. Journal of Dias, and O.L.A.D. Zucchi. Ethnopharmacology, 2000, 1–13. Instrumentation science & 4. M. J. Bogusz, H. Hassan, E. Enazi, Technology, 2004, 32 (3), 321–333. Z. Ibrahim, M. Tufail. Journal of 12. N. Sawangjaroen, K. Sawangjaroen. Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Analysis, 2006, 41, 554–564. 2005, 67–72. 5. Kshiti S. Introduction of Ayurveda 13. N.C.B. Silva, A.F. Macedo, C.L.S. and Human Potential: The First Life Lage, M.A. Esquibel, Alice Sato, Science. The Journal of Brazilian Archives of Biology and Phytopharmacology. 2012; 1(2): 1 5. Technology, 2005, 48 (5), 779 786. 6. Anonymous. The Wealth of India 14. C.C. Barua, A. Talukdar, S.A. Raw Materials, Council of Scientific Begum, D.K. Sarma, D.C. Pathak, & Industrial Research, New Delhi, A.G. Barua, R.S. Bora, Indian of 2005, 206 207. Journal Experimental Biology, 2009, 7. M.R. Duarte, M.C. Debur. Brazilian 47, 1001 1005. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15. R.W. Bussann, A. Glenn, D. Sharon. 2004, 40 (1), 85 92. Indian journal of traditional 8. A.F. Macedo, C.L. Lage, M.A. Knowledge, 2010, 9 (4), 742 753. Esquibel, M.M. de Souza, K.L. da 16. G. Coelho de Souza, A.P.S. Hass, Silva, R. Niero, V.Cechinel Filho, G.L. Von Poser, E.E.S. Schapoval, Acta Farm. Bonaerense.2009, 23 (4), E. Eliosabetsky. Journal of 515 519. Ethnopharmacology, 2004, 90, 135– 9. C.O. Brochado, A.P. Almeida, B.P. 143. Barreto, L.P. Costa, L.S. Ribeiro, R.L.C. Pereira, V.L.G. Koatz, S.S. Costa. Journal of Braz. Chem. Soc., 2003, 14 (3), 449 451.
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