DOCSLIB.ORG

The Prevalence, Economic, and Social Cost of Methamphetamine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Prevalence, Economic, and Social Cost of Methamphetamine THE PREVALENCE, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL COST OF METHAMPHETAMINE USE; AND THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC RECESSIONS, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, AND METHAMPHETAMINE ARRESTS ON CHILD ABUSE IN HAWAI`I A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY May 1, 2020 By Nancy S. C. Linn Dissertation Committee: Eric Hurwitz, Chairperson Andrew Grandinetti Alan Katz Yan Yan Wu Deborah Taira Keywords: Methamphetamine, meth prevalence, cost of meth use, periodicity of meth arrests © 2020, Nancy S. C. Linn ii ABSTRACT This is the first study in Hawai`i to estimate the prevalence and cost of methamphetamine (meth) use and the first investigation of the association of the impact of the periodicity of economic recessions, unemployment rates, and meth arrests on child abuse for the years 2007 to 2017, based on free, open source, and unrestricted data gathered for other purposes. The Hawai`i age-adjusted meth use prevalence was above the national estimates and ranged from 5,050 per 100,000 in 2007 to 3,387 per 100,000 in 2017, with a range from 3,114 to 5,219 per 100,000. The economic and social cost estimates were found to average between 41 to 68 billion dollars (range 15 to 105 billion dollars) when the lost potential from meth use and meth-related impacts were included. The quality-adjusted life-years approach, the Department of Transportation (DOT) Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (range 1-6, 6=death), and the DOT Value of a Statistical Life were included in the computation of lost potential of meth users and abused children using the RAND and state of Montana approach. When lost potential was not included, the cost of meth use was found to average between 120 to 173 million dollars per year (range 49 to 269 million dollars). The five factors for the cost estimates included: 1) treatment costs, 2) health burden, 3) child endangerment, 4) criminal justice costs, and 5) lost productivity attributable to meth. Meth arrests were found to lag unemployment rates by one year while child abuse lagged about four years behind unemployment and meth arrests, although the Granger causalities were not significant. Word count: 262 iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii Table of Tables .............................................................................................................. vii Table of Figures .............................................................................................................. x Table of Acronyms ........................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16 National Methamphetamine Problem ......................................................................... 18 What is Methamphetamine? .................................................................................... 33 Effects of Methamphetamine Use ........................................................................... 36 Hawai`i Methamphetamine Problem .......................................................................... 39 Objective 1. Estimation of the Prevalence of Methamphetamine Users in Hawai`i ...... 43 Objective 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 43 Part II Offenses Arrests ........................................................................................... 55 Methamphetamine Treatment Admissions .............................................................. 57 Wanted Meth Treatment but Did Not Receive ......................................................... 59 Objective 1. Methods ................................................................................................. 61 Part II Offenses Arrests Methodology ...................................................................... 61 Methamphetamine Treatment Admits Methodology ................................................ 62 Methamphetamine Treatment Wanted but Unavailable Methodology ..................... 63 Total Estimated Number of Meth Users in Hawai`i .................................................. 64 Objective 1. Results .................................................................................................. 69 Discussion and Public Health Implications ................................................................. 69 Strengths .................................................................................................................... 70 Assumptions and Limitations ...................................................................................... 70 Objective 2. Estimation of the Economic and Social Cost of Methamphetamine Use in Hawai`i .......................................................................................................................... 72 Objective 2. Introduction ............................................................................................ 72 Factor 1. Cost of Methamphetamine Treatment ...................................................... 76 1.A. Outpatient Drug Treatment Facilities ........................................................... 77 iv 1.B. Inpatient Drug Treatment Facilities .............................................................. 81 Factor 1. Methodology ......................................................................................... 85 Factor 1. Limitations ............................................................................................ 86 Factor 2. Health burden .......................................................................................... 87 2.A. Health burden Associated With Meth Use.................................................... 87 2.B. Health burden associated with meth production .......................................... 89 Factor 2. Methodology ......................................................................................... 90 Factor 2. Limitations ............................................................................................ 91 Factor 3. Meth-related child endangerment ............................................................ 91 3.A. Child Protective Services ............................................................................. 92 3.B. Foster Care .................................................................................................. 94 Factor 3. Methodology ......................................................................................... 98 Factor 3. Limitations ............................................................................................ 99 Factor 4. Criminal Justice Costs ........................................................................... 100 4.A. Hawai`i Department of Public Safety ......................................................... 101 4.B. Judiciary ..................................................................................................... 103 Factor 4. Methodology ....................................................................................... 104 Factor 4. Limitations .......................................................................................... 105 Factor 5. Lost Productivity Attributable to Meth .................................................... 106 5.A. Premature Mortality Due to Meth ................................................................ 106 5.B. Lost Productivity Associated With Absence for Treatment ......................... 109 5.C. Lost Productivity Associated With Meth Use Unemployment ..................... 113 Factor 5. Limitations .......................................................................................... 115 Objective 2. Overall Methodology............................................................................ 116 Objective 2. Overall Implications and Discussion .................................................... 122 Objective 2. Overall Limitations ............................................................................... 124 Objective 3. Investigation of the EffectS of Economic Recessions, Unemployment Rates, and Methamphetamine Arrests on Child Abuse in Hawai`i .............................. 125 Objective 3. Introduction .......................................................................................... 125 Objective 3. Methods and Results ........................................................................... 138 Objective 3. Discussion ........................................................................................... 161 Implications for Public Health ................................................................................... 163 v Strengths .................................................................................................................. 164 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 164 Overall Strengths and Limitations ............................................................................... 165 Overall Public Health Implications ............................................................................... 165 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 167 References
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Criminalization of Pregnancy: Rights, Discretion, and the Law
    THE CRIMINALIZATION OF PREGNANCY: RIGHTS, DISCRETION, AND THE LAW by GRACE ELIZABETH HOWARD A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Political Science Written under the direction of Cynthia R. Daniels And approved by ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey OCTOBER, 2017 ©2017 Grace Elizabeth Howard ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Criminalization of Pregnancy: Rights, Discretion, and the Law By GRACE ELIZABETH HOWARD Dissertation Director: Cynthia R. Daniels In my dissertation I conduct an inquiry into the legal phenomenon of pregnancy-specific crime. I discuss my theory of pregnancy exceptionalism in US jurisprudence, explore whether these laws are applied evenly in the population, and if not, why, and ultimately ask how, when, and if the law matters in practice. In order to answer these questions, I analyze pregnancy related US Supreme Court opinions to understand the court’s interpretation of the constitution as it relates to pregnant or potentially pregnant women. Next, I conduct a systematic analysis of state bills and statutes creating pregnancy-specific crimes, with an emphasis on the prosecution of pregnant women for crimes against the fetuses they gestate. Then, I examine arrest cases of pregnant women for crimes against their fetuses in the three states where such crimes have been officially codified: South Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee. Next, I present my analysis of interviews with prosecutors involved in developing these punitive policies, in order to understand their motivations for doing so.
    [Show full text]
  • Responding to the Meth Problem: Towards Informed Practice
    Responding to the Dangers of Methamphetamine Towards Informed Practices Amanda V. McCormicka, Darryl Plecasb, and Irwin M. Cohenc © December 2007 a Amanda McCormick is the Research Coordinator with the British Columbia Centre for Social Responsibility b Dr. Darryl Plecas holds the RCMP Research Chair at the University College of the Fraser Valley. He is also the Director of the Centre for Criminal Justice Research and a professor with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University-College of the Fraser Valley c Dr. Irwin M. Cohen is the Director for the British Columbia Centre for Social Responsibility and a professor with the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University-College of the Fraser Valley Acknowledgment: This report was made possible through an initiative of the Public Safety Advisory Committee of the City of Chilliwack: Councillor Sharon Gaetz, Chair Councillor Chuck Stam, Co-Chair Mayor Clint Hames Dr. Darryl Plecas, University College of the Fraser Valley Amanda McCormick, University College of the Fraser Valley Dr. Irwin Cohen, University College of the Fraser Valley Superintendent Gary Brine, Chilliwack RCMP Inspector Keith Robinson, RCMP S/Sgt. Gerry Falk, Chilliwack RCMP Cst. Donna Collins, Drug Awareness Program, Chilliwack RCMP Mike Weightman, ICBC Kathy Funk, BIA Andrea Ormiston, Crown Counsel Ernie Charlton, Community Member Bruce Hutchinson, Community Member Dianne Garner, Community Member Sherry Mumford, Fraser Health Authority Taryn Dixon, Chilliwack School District Robert Carnegie, Director of Corporate Services, City of Chilliwack Fire Chief Rick Ryall, City of Chilliwack Assistant Fire Chief Ian Josephson, City of Chilliwack Garrett Schipper, Manager of Regulatory Enforcement, City of Chilliwack Karen Stanton, Manager of Development Services, City of Chilliwack The authors would like to express their thanks to Patrick Neal for his assistance in collecting the information necessary for the completion of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Addiction and Basic Counselling Skills
    Leader’s Guide Drug Addiction and Basic Counselling Skills Treatnet Training Volume B, Module 1: Updated 13 February 2008 1 Instructions 1. Introduce yourself. 2. Explain the purpose of this series of trainings sponsored by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: “The capacity building programme mission is to transfer technology and knowledge on substance abuse intervention to service providers in the participating local areas. Service providers include managers, physicians and psychiatrists, counsellors, psychologists, social workers, peer educators, outreach workers, and other professionals working in the substance abuse field.” 3. Thank participants for their interest in this series of trainings before starting your presentation. 1 Volume B: Elements of Psychosocial Treatment Module 3: Module 1: Module 2: Cognitive Behavioural and Drug Addiction and Basic Motivating Clients for Treatment and Relapse Prevention Counselling Skills Addressing Resistance Strategies Workshop 1 Workshop 1 Workshop 1 Workshop 2 Workshop 2 Workshop 2 Workshop 3 Workshop 3 Workshop 3 Workshop 4 Instructions Review the organization of Volume B using the provided chart. 2 Module 1: Training goals 1. Increase knowledge of the biology of drug addiction, principles of treatment, and basic counselling strategies 2. Increase skills in basic counselling strategies for drug addiction treatment 3. Increase application of basic counselling skills for drug addiction treatment activities 3 Instructions 1. Read the training goals to your audience. 2. Explain that it is very important that participants not only gain new knowledge during this training but that they also practise the new skills so that they can apply them to their everyday work with clients who have substance abuse problems.
    [Show full text]
  • A Potential Role for Organic Cation Transporter 3 Evan N
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Corticosterone-Induced Potentiation of Cocaine Seeking: A Potential Role for Organic Cation Transporter 3 Evan N. Graf Marquette University Recommended Citation Graf, Evan N., "Corticosterone-Induced Potentiation of Cocaine Seeking: A Potential Role for Organic Cation Transporter 3" (2012). Dissertations (2009 -). Paper 279. http://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/279 CORTICOSTERONE-INDUCED POTENTIATION OF COCAINE SEEKING: A POTENTIAL ROLE FOR ORGANIC CATION TRANSPORTER 3 by Evan N Graf, B.S. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2012 ABSTRACT Corticosterone-Induced Potentiation of Cocaine Seeking: A Potential Role For Organic Cation Transporter 3 Evan N Graf Marquette University, 2012 While it is known that stress plays a role in the relapse of cocaine-seeking behavior, recent studies demonstrate that stress may be acting as a “stage setter” rather than directly triggering further cocaine use. This model suggests stimuli that do not normally evoke relapse under stress-free conditions may result in drug seeking when the exposure occurs under stressful conditions. In this study, we examined the corticosterone-dependent potentiation of cocaine-induced reinstatement by a stressor, electric footshock (EFS), in rats following cocaine self- administration and extinction. We found that in rats with a history of drug exposure under low intake conditions, footshock alone did not reinstate cocaine seeking, but did result in a potentiation of reinstatement in response to a subthreshold dose of cocaine (2.5 mg/kg, ip.).
    [Show full text]
  • Meth, HIV, and the Superstrain: “A Wake-Up Call”
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Risky Subjectivity : : The Effects of Cultural Discourses of Addiction on Methamphetamine Using HIV+ Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Diego Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0x61w1jt Author Gideonse, Theodore Karwoski Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Risky Subjectivity: The Effects of Cultural Discourses of Addiction on Methamphetamine Using HIV+ Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Diego A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Theodore Karwoski Gideonse Committee in charge: Professor Janis H. Jenkins, Chair Professor Suzanne Brenner Professor Norman Bryson Professor Steven Parish Professor Thomas Patterson Professor Nancy G. Postero 2013 Signature Page The Dissertation of Theodore Karwoski Gideonse is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the man who in the text I call Sam. iv Table of Contents Signature Page .......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication .................................................................................................................................. iv Table of
    [Show full text]
  • Building and Sustaining a Methamphetamine Community Coalition
    Building and Sustaining a Methamphetamine Community Coalition A Resource Guide for California Communities Spring 2007 A Product of the California Governor’s Prevention Advisory Council Methamphetamine Implementation Workgroup Table of Contents Preface......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... 3 Section 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 5 Section 2: Building a Community Coalition........................................................................... 12 Step 1: Starting a Coalition ................................................................................................... 14 Step 2: Building the Collaboration ........................................................................................ 16 Step 3: Needs Assessment .................................................................................................. 19 Step 4: Developing a Plan .................................................................................................... 25 Step 5: Evaluation................................................................................................................. 31 Section 3: Approaches and Strategies................................................................................... 33 Strategy
    [Show full text]
  • The Methamphetamine Problem
    ORIGINAL PAPERS Galbraith The methamphetamine problem The methamphetamine problem Commentary on . Psychiatric morbidity and socio-occupational dysfunction in residents of a drug rehabilitation centre{ Niall Galbraith1 BJPsych Bulletin (2015), 39,218-220, doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.115.050930 1University of Wolverhampton, UK Summary This paper introduces the reader to the characteristics of Correspondence to Niall Galbraith methamphetamine. Explored within are the drug’s effects on those who consume ([email protected]) it as well as the history and prevalence of its use. The highly addictive nature of First received 18 Feb 2015, accepted methamphetamine is compounded by its affordability and the ease with which it is 16 Apr 2015 produced, with North America and East Asia having become established as heartlands B 2015 The Author. This is an open- for both consumption and manufacture. The paper discusses recent cultural access article published by the Royal depictions of the drug and also the role that mental health professionals may take in College of Psychiatrists and distributed under the terms of the Creative designing and delivering interventions to treat methamphetamine addiction. Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Declaration of interest None. 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The nature of methamphetamine with amphetamine, methamphetamine-seeking behaviour may persist even when tolerance is reached.13 The trajectory Methamphetamine (‘meth’) is a stimulant which increases of methamphetamine use over a 10-year period has levels of monoamines (particularly dopamine, but also been found to resemble that of heroin more so than that noradrenaline and serotonin) in the central nervous of cocaine.14 Methamphetamine is also associated with system.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter Template
    Copyright by Alexis Dettlaff Schrubbe 2013 The ThesisCommittee for Alexis Dettlaff Schrubbe Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Spreading Awareness, Not Illness: HIV/AIDS and Youth in the Russian Federation APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: Thomas J Garza Mary C. Neuburger Spreading Awareness, Not Illness: HIV/AIDS and Youth in the Russian Federation by Alexis Dettlaff Schrubbe, BA Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin August 2013 Dedication This research is dedicated to those across the globe working on the frontlines of risk attempting to extinguish an ever-perpetuating infectious wildfire. It is also dedicated to those who spend countless hours in labs working on developing affordable medications and further to those working on the frontlines of a cure. Lastly, this is dedicated to PLWHA the world over and the memory of those whom we have already lost. Acknowledgements Many thanks to my overwhelmingly brilliant and supportive advisors, Dr. Thomas Garza and Dr. Mary Neuburger. I am humbly grateful for the guidance you have given me through my research and furthermore for sharing with me priceless tools I will need to employ in my further academic pursuits. I would also like to acknowledge Allegra Azulay’s unending persistence and dedication in aiding me through my Master’s coursework. v Abstract Spreading Awareness, Not Illness: HIV/AIDS and Youth in the Russian Federation Alexis Dettlaff Schrubbe, MA The University of Texas at Austin, 2013 Supervisor: Thomas J.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveillance of Drug Abuse Trends in the State of Ohio
    Ohio Substance OSAM Abuse Monitoring Network Meeting Eighteen, January 23, 2009 June 2008 – January 2009 Surveillance of Drug Abuse Trends in the State of Ohio Center for Interventions, Treatment and Addictions Research Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine Robert G. Carlson, Ph.D. Raminta Daniulaityte, Ph.D. Tamara Hansen Reese, M.P.H. Lawrence Hammar, Ph.D. Russel Falck, M.A. Kent State University Sonia A. Alemagno, Ph.D. Peggy Shaffer-King, M.A. Institute for Health and Social Policy University of Akron Richard C. Stephens, Ph.D. Ohio Department of Alcohol and Drug Addiction Services 280 N. High St., 12th Floor Columbus, OH 43215-2537 (614) 644-9140 A Report Prepared for the Ohio Department of Alcohol and Department of Alcohol & Drug Addiction Services Drug Addiction Services In Collaboration with Wright State University and Kent State University TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary (OSAM-O-Gram) 1 Drug Abuse Trends in the Akron-Canton Area (Summit and Stark Counties) 5 Drug Abuse Trends in the Athens Area (Athens, Vinton and Hocking Counties) 13 Drug Abuse Trends in the Cincinnati Area (Hamilton County) 22 Drug Abuse Trends in the Cleveland Area (Cuyahoga County) 31 Drug Abuse Trends in the Columbus Area (Franklin County) 38 Drug Abuse Trends in the Dayton Area (Montgomery County) 46 Drug Abuse Trends in the Toledo Area (Lucas County) 61 Drug Abuse Trends in the Youngstown Area (Mahoning and Columbiana Counties) 73 Department of Alcohol & OSAM-O-GRAM Drug Addiction Services Dateline: Ohio June 2008 – January 2009 Toledo Area: Cleveland Area: • Decreases in availability of crack and powdered cocaine; • Some users report declining availability of crack and • Increasing, moderate to high availability of heroin.
    [Show full text]
  • Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of April 2012 Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis Kathleen M. Grant VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, [email protected] Tricia D. Le Van VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, [email protected] Sandra M. Wells University of Nebraska Medical Center, [email protected] Ming Li University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Scott F. Stoltenberg University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub Part of the Psychiatry and Psychology Commons Grant, Kathleen M.; Le Van, Tricia D.; Wells, Sandra M.; Li, Ming; Stoltenberg, Scott F.; Gendelman, Howard E.; Carlo, Gustavo; and Bevins, Rick A., "Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis" (2012). Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology. 562. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychfacpub/562 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Kathleen M. Grant, Tricia D. Le Van, Sandra M. Wells, Ming Li, Scott F. Stoltenberg, Howard E. Gendelman, Gustavo Carlo, and Rick A. Bevins This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ psychfacpub/562 J Neuroimmune Pharmacol (2012) 7:113–139 DOI 10.1007/s11481-011-9288-1 INVITED REVIEW Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis Kathleen M. Grant & Tricia D. LeVan & Sandra M. Wells & Ming Li & Scott F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Methamphetamine Problem
    ORIGINAL PAPERS Galbraith The methamphetamine problem The methamphetamine problem Commentary on . Psychiatric morbidity and socio-occupational dysfunction in residents of a drug rehabilitation centre{ Niall Galbraith1 BJPsych Bulletin (2015), 39,218-220, doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.115.050930 1University of Wolverhampton, UK Summary This paper introduces the reader to the characteristics of Correspondence to Niall Galbraith methamphetamine. Explored within are the drug’s effects on those who consume ([email protected]) it as well as the history and prevalence of its use. The highly addictive nature of First received 18 Feb 2015, accepted methamphetamine is compounded by its affordability and the ease with which it is 16 Apr 2015 produced, with North America and East Asia having become established as heartlands B 2015 The Author. This is an open- for both consumption and manufacture. The paper discusses recent cultural access article published by the Royal depictions of the drug and also the role that mental health professionals may take in College of Psychiatrists and distributed under the terms of the Creative designing and delivering interventions to treat methamphetamine addiction. Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Declaration of interest None. 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The nature of methamphetamine with amphetamine, methamphetamine-seeking behaviour may persist even when tolerance is reached.13 The trajectory Methamphetamine (‘meth’) is a stimulant which increases of methamphetamine use over a 10-year period has levels of monoamines (particularly dopamine, but also been found to resemble that of heroin more so than that noradrenaline and serotonin) in the central nervous of cocaine.14 Methamphetamine is also associated with system.
    [Show full text]
  • English Language Searches) V
    34Q533_Cover 19-03-2003 10:01 Pagina 1 Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in framework joint action new synthetic drugs ISSN 1725-4485 15 5 16 TD-44-02-844-EN-C About the EMCDDA The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is one of the decentralised agencies set up by the European Union to carry out specialised technical or scientific work. Its role is to gather, analyse and disseminate ‘objective, reliable and comparable information’ on drugs and drug addiction and, in doing so, provide its audiences with a sound and evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level. Among the Centre’s target groups are policy-makers who use this EMCDDA information to help formulate coherent national and Community drug strategies. Also served are professionals and researchers working in the drugs field and, more broadly, the European media and general public. RISK ASSESSMENTS EMCDDA risk assessments are publications examining the health and social risks of individual synthetic drugs on the basis of research carried out by the agency and its partners. Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs RISK ASSESSMENTS EMCDDA ISBN 92-9168-137-7 ,!7IJ2J1-gibdhc! > 34Q533_Cover 19-03-2003 10:01 Pagina 2 34Q533_Binnen 18-03-2003 09:19 Pagina 1 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Report on the risk assessment of PMMA in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs 34Q533_Binnen 18-03-2003 09:19 Pagina 2 Information on the EMCDDA can be found on its web site (http://www.emcdda.eu.int).
    [Show full text]