RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MAHARASHTRA
Report prepared for Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
By Venkat Gunale Professor, Department of Botany, University of Pune
Vikram Ghole Head and Co-ordinator, Department of Environmental Science, University of Pune
Ms. Mayura Arya Student Associate
January 2005
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A c k n o w le d g e m e n t
We are grateful to Mr. Mushtaq Antulay, Ex- Chairm an MPCB , S hri B .P. Pand ey, Chairm an MPCB and Dr. Dilip B oralk ar, Mem b er S ecretary, MPCB for their interest to p rep are the status rep ort and sup p ort.
Our sincere thank s m any researchers for their sup p ort and p rov id ing the d ata of their w ork . Dr. J ayashree Deshp and e, Dr. S alunk e, Dr. A. D. S aw ant, Dr. S .B . Chap hek ar, Dr. R .K . Triv ed y, Dr. P.K . Goel, Dr. V .B Gaik w ad , S cientists from NEER I, Dr. Gand he, Dr. Ghate, Dr. Anil K ulk arni, Dr. (Mrs.) K anhere, Prof. Y ed ek ar, Dr. S .N. Nand an, Dr. Ghosh, Dr. N.J . Paw ar, Dr. Thaned ar, and m any m ore.
We m ust p ut our gratitud e for the sup p ort w e got from authorities of Univ ersity of Pune and Dr. R ajend ra J agd ale, Director General S cience and Technology Park and his team for facilities and sup p ort in com p leting this rep ort.
We also thank Dr. V . S . K ale, Dr. A. Gad gil, Dr. G. K ew lram ani, Dr. A. Wak hare, Dr. M Pap rik ar and Dr. K .R . Dik shit, Dr. J . Did d ee and Dr. J . Dik shit and m any ind iv id uals for their d ata and m ap s used in p rep aration of this rep ort w hich is ev id ent from the large num b er of cited references.
Our thank s to Ms. Mayura Arya and Ms. S halak a Desai for their hard w ork and com p letion of the rep ort.
V . S . Ghole V . R . Gunale
J anuary 2005
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C o n te n t
Ack now led gem ent 3
Executiv e S um m ary 7
Chap ter 1: Maharashtra S tate 12 Chap ter 2: R iv ers of Maharashtra 23 Chap ter 3: Water Q uality b y M.P.C.B 28 Chap ter 4: The God av ari B asin 38 Chap ter 5: The Ward ha and Wainganga B asin 43 Chap ter 6: The K rishna B asin 44 R iv er Panchganga R iv er K oyana Chap ter 7: The B him a B asin 51 Mula, Mutha and Pav ana R iv ers Chap ter 8: The Tap i B asin 60 Chap ter 9: Other R iv ers 62 Chap ter 10: L ak es 70 R eferences 79
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L is t O f T a b le P a g e n o :
Tab le 1.1: Water Q uality Param eters 17 Tab le 1.2: Water Q uality S tand ard s b y MPCB 18 Tab le 1.3: Criteria for siting of Ind ustries b y MPCB 19 Tab le 2.1: S how ing Catchm ent area of Major R iv ers of Maharashtra 24 Tab le 2.2: S how ing Districts d rained b y R iv ers in Maharashtra. 25 Tab le 3.1: Water Q uality m onitoring b y MPCB und er MINAR S Project 29 Tab le 3.2: Water Q uality m onitoring MPCB und er GEMS Project 33 Tab le 3.3: Water Q uality m onitoring b y R O and S R O 34 Tab le 4.1: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of God av ari riv er 39 Tab le 4.2: Physico-chem ical characteristics of ground w ater from S angam ner area 40 Tab le 4.3: Physico- chem ical analysis of God av ari riv er and Nand ini riv er. 41 Tab le 4.4: Physico-Chem ical Characteristics Of God av ari and K ad w a R iv er. 42 Tab le 5.1: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of Penganga riv er 43 Tab le 6.1: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of K rishna riv er 45 Tab le 7.1: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of B him a riv er 51 Tab le 7.2: Water analysis from Mutha & Mula riv ers 54 Tab le 7.3: Av erage concentration of heav y m etals in Polygonum glabrum. 57 Tab le 7.4: Water Q uality of Mula- Mutha R iv ers 58 Tab le 8.1: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of Tap i riv er 60 Tab le 9.1 a & b : Water Q uality of the R iv er K alu 62 Tab le 9.2: Water analysis d one b y MPCB of Patalganga riv er 64 Tab le 9.3: Physico - Chem ical p aram eter of ind ustrial w aste 65 Tab le 9.4: S am p ling L ocations in Pili R iv er 68 Tab le 9.5: S am p ling L ocations in Nag R iv er 68 Tab le 10.1:Physico-chem ical p aram eters of Chatri L ak e 72 Tab le 10.2: Physico- Chem ical Param eters L ak es of Thane City 73 Tab le 10.3: Physico- Chem ical Param eters of L od he R eserv oir. 75 Tab le 10.4: Physico- Chem ical Param eters of Hartala lak e 76 5
L is ts o f M a p s P a g e N o :
Map 2.1: Major riv ers of Maharashtra 23 Map 2.2: Drainage Pattern of R iv ers of Maharashtra 27
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E x e c u tiv e S u m m a ry
A m eeting w as called b y Dr. D.B . B oralk ar, Mem b er S ecretary, MPCB in F eb ruary 2004 to tak e a rev iew of riv er p ollution in Maharashtra and to tak e long term R iv er Water Q uality Monitoring Program w ith the help of v arious Univ ersities and Institutions. It w as d ecid ed to p rep are the status rep ort on w ater p ollution b ased on the w ork d one b y v arious Institutions and Univ ersities. The w ork w as assigned to Prof. V enk at Gunale, Univ ersity of Pune to p rep are the status rep ort. The p resent rep ort cov ers general inform ation, d ev elop m ental activ ities and status of riv er w ater p ollution of Maharashtra state. M a h a ra s h tra is the third largest state in Ind ia b oth in area and p op ulation. Maharashtra state has area of 307,690 sq. k m . There are total 35 d istricts, cap ital b eing Mum b ai. The language sp ok en is Marathi. The p op ulation is 96,752,247 and the literacy is 77.3 There are 7 Ind ustrial R egions of Maharashtra. The Annual S urv ey of Ind ustries rev eals that the com p osition of the organiz ed ind ustrial sector in Maharashtra has changed in last four d ecad es. In 1960, the consum er good s ind ustries contrib uted 52 p ercent of the total v alue ad d ed b y all ind ustries follow ed b y cap ital good s ind ustries 28.3% and the interm ed iate good s ind ustries 19.7% . In 1997-1998 their resp ectiv e shares w ere 15.5% , 42.8 % and 41.7 % . The S tate of Maharashtra has m ajor riv ers such as the K rishna, B him a, God av ari, Tap i-Purna and Ward ha-Wainganga riv er. Major cities hav e d ev elop ed along the riv er b ank s and d ue to increase in ind ustrializ ation and urb aniz ation, these natural resources hav e b een d eteriorated b ut hum an activ ities trem end ously. Though stud ies on the p hysical chem ical and b iological p aram eters hav e b een stud ied b y v arious agencies œ institutional, gov ernm ental and non- gov ernm ental, serious m easures should b e tak en for the im p rov em ent of the riv er w ater quality status. T h e G o d a v a ri B a s in : R iv er God av ari and m any of its trib utaries show ed m od erate to heav y p ollution load d ep end ing on urb aniz ation and ind ustrializ ation. Extensiv e w ork has b een d one b y Dr. V .B . Gaik w ad , K THM College, Nashik as a p art of his Ph.D. he has used Pollution Pool Ind ex so as to co- relate the influencing p aram eters for the p eriod of 10 m onths. Dr. K . K . Deshm uk h and N. J . Paw ar w ork ed in S angam ner area on the Prav ara riv er w hich is the trib utary of the God av ari riv er.
7 Tile in 1998 analysed the w ater quality of the God av ari riv er from S om eshw ar to Panchak cov ering 12 k m area and the Nand ini riv er from K am b lew ad i to Dw arak a cov ering 8 k m area of Nashik city. Aher HR , Z injad DG, Gunjal PS , K uchek ar S R (2002), collected w ater from B hand ara to B ab haleshw ar for analysis. The results show that the p hysico-chem ical characteristic of w ater changes to d ow nstream from B hand ara to B ab haleshw ar d ue to hum an activ ities. Islam S R (2002) and Gyananath G. (2002) from S w am i R am anand Teerth Marathw ad a Univ ersity (S R TMU) w ork ed on contam ination of chem ical fertiliz ers in ground w ater and seasonal v ariations. S ulp hate and nitrate lev els w ere w ithin p erm issib le lim its b ut p hosp hate lev els higher than the p erm issib le lim its. Prof Y ed ek ar, S R TMU, has started w ork on God av ari near Nand ed to assess the sources and typ es of p ollution.
T h e W a rd h a a n d W a in g a n g a B a s in : Much stud ies hav e not b een d one on the Ward ha and Wainganga riv ers though MPCB stud ied the p hysico-chem ical p aram eters of Penganga riv er w hich is a trib utary of Ward ha.
T h e K ris h n a B a s in : The K rishna system occup ies 258,948 sq. k m of the area w ithin Maharashtra. It d rains d ifferent d istricts such as S atara, K olhap ur, S angli, S olap ur and sm all p art of Ahem d nagar. These areas hav e m any sugar p lants w hich use large quantities of w ater for their op erations and d ischarges of effluents. The utiliz ation of large am ounts of fertiliz ers and p esticid es ultim ately find its w ay into natural w ater b od y and contam inate it. The first rep ort on K rishna riv er w as of Dr. B oralk ar (1980). He analysed w ater sam p les from the K rishna R iv er Ecosystem b etw een the K arad - S angli area cov ering 120 k m . High lev els of nitrates w ere d ue to large quantities of nitrogenous fertiliz ers, w hich w ere used for agricultural p urp ose and from lib eral d ischarge of organic w astes. Another group Dr. Triv erd y and Goel w ork ing ov er last tw o d ecad es in w ater p ollution b oth lentic and lotic ecosystem from w estern Maharashtra. The stud ies d one b y S . K . S oam and J .P. S ingh (1997) on the K rishna riv er using S p atial m od eling ap p roach to w ater p ollution m onitoring in the sugar b elt of Maharashtra, The stretch-I, has b een id entified b y CPCB and MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control B oard ) for the restoration of w ater quality und er the National R iv er Action Plan (NR AP).
R iv e r P a n c h g a n g a : The stud y rev eals that the riv er is p olluted in sam e stretches near K olhap ur. A sud d en increase in the concentration of nitrogen and som e other com p onents
8 show ed that there is a d ischarge of organic effluent. B esid es, sev eral sm all d rains from the hum an settlem ents and the S hiroli ind ustrial area in the v icinity also p our sub stantial quantities of w astew aters in the riv er. Dr. Anil K ulk arni, CHM Institute, K olhap ur and faulty from S hiv aji Univ ersity are w ork ing on p ollution of Panchganga riv er.
T h e B h im a B a s in : The p hysical, chem ical and b iological analysis of Mula, Mutha and Pav ana riv er system s hav e b een stud ied w ith reference to p ollution since 1976 b y Dr. Gunale, Dr. Patw ard han, Dr. Ghate, Prof. Thaned ar, Dr. Gand he and m any stud ents from Env ironm ental S ciences and B otany Dep artm ent, Univ ersity of Pune and m any other Institutions from Pune. A d etail rep ort w as p rep ared b y Gunale and Patw ard han for IMPACT Ind ia w ith the help of Therm ax, Pune.
T h e T a p i B a s in : Tap i is the largest w est follow ing riv er of Maharashtra. Ab out 80% of its catchm ent falls w ithin the ad m inistrativ e b ound aries of the stateThere are few rep orts such as w ork d one b y CPCB and J agtap et al. w ith reference to w ater quality
O th e r riv e rs : R iv ers from Mum b ai and K onk an areas w ere inv estigated b y Dr. Chap hek ar, Dr. Hald ar, Dr. S aw ant and researchers from Institute of S cience Mum b ai. S tud ies carried out along the b ank s of the K alu riv er estuary at Am b iv ali and Titw ala rev ealed that the riv er w as p olluted at b oth sites. The intensity of p ollution w as greater at Am b iv ali d ue to the p resence of ind ustries in that area. Pollution at Titw ala w as d ue to the d iurnal tid al action. The Patalganga riv er is b eing used as a source of p ub lic w ater sup p ly for d rink ing, agricultural and irrigation p urp oses. The m ajor sources of p ollution to the riv er has b een id entified as: S ullage and sew age from K hop oli tow nship , K halap ur, other v illages on the b ank of the riv er. Effluents from the ind ustries located at up stream of K hop oli and other ind ustries b etw een K hop oli and Turad e. Washing of tank ers containing chem icals at S hilp hata and L ohop and d om estic d ischarges along the stretch of the riv er. Work on Dongark had i riv er b y J ad hav , A. N. and S aw ant, A. D. (1994) on the Env ironm ental Im p act Assessm ent of a lead sm elter and chem icals to d etect the reason of d eath of cattles d ue to lead p oisoning at Talasari situated on the b ord ers of Maharashtra and Dad ra- Nagar Hav eli. It w as alleged that the Pb p ollution in the env ironm ent w as d ue to the op eration of the sm elter.
9 Chak rab arti and Ghosh analysed the p hysico-chem ical and b iological p aram eters of six stations on Pili riv er, in Nagp ur.
L a k e s : Many researchers hav e stud ied lak es from v arious p art of the state. Many of these lak es / d am s shoed increasing inflow of w aste d ue to increasing d ev elop m ental activ ities along its catchm ent area lead ing to eutrop hication. Work of Pingle, K anhere and Gunale on lak es such as Pashan, K atraj from Pune. L ak e of K olhaur and S atara stud ied b y Dr. Triv ed y, Dr. Goel and Dr. K hatav k ar, Hartala and V elhala lak e from J algaon b y group led b y Dr. S .N.Nand an. Dr. S alim Ali L ak e from Aurangab ad b y Dr. J ayshree Deshp and e. All these stud ies ind icate grad ual changes from oligotrop hic tow ard s eutrop hic cond itions. The Ujani b ack w ater on B him a riv er has b een stud ied b y Dr. J agd ale and his stud ents, S TP, Univ ersity of Pune, in v iew of its im p ortance as w etland . They are of op inion that Ujani w etland should b e d eclared as one of the R am sar S ite in Ind ia. Ov er all, m ajor w aterb od ies b oth riv ers and lak es show contam ination. This is m ainly d ue to its p roxim ity to urb an areas and also d ue to certain d ev elop m ental activ ities.
C o n c lu s io n :
B a s e d o n th e p re s e n t s ta tu s o f w a te r p o llu tio n in th e S ta te o f M a h a ra s h tra fo llo w in g c o n c lu s io n s a re m a d e w h ic h c o u ld b e u s e d a s a g u id e lin e fo r fu tu re w o rk :
1. T h e a v a ila b le w o rk s h o w s s c a tte re d re p o rts h a v in g e a c h w ith d iffe re n t a p p ro a c h . B a s e d o n p re s e n t s ta tu s o f riv e r p o llu tio n in M a h a ra s h tra , th e re is n e e d to ta k e u p s y s te m a tic lo n g te rm m o n ito rin g p ro g ra m to a s s e s s th e p o llu tio n o f riv e rs a n d la k e s in o rd e r to h a v e u n ifo rm m o n ito rin g u s in g d e fin e d p ro to c o ls .
2 . S ig n ific a n t le v e ls o f p o llu tio n a re re p o rte d fro m U p p e r B h im a b a s in a ro u n d P u n e u rb a n , K ris h n a b a s in a lo n g K a ra d , S a n g li a n d K o lh a p u r, G o d a v a ri b a s in a lo n g N a s h ik .
3. T h e re is ra p id u rb a n iz a tio n a n d in d u s tria liz a tio n in th e c a tc h m e n ts o f U p p e r B h im a b a s in a n d G o d a v a ri b a s in , th e re fo re th e s e riv e r b a s in s c o u ld b e b ro u g h t u n d e r N a tio n a l R iv e r A c tio n P la n .
4. R iv e rs lik e K a lu a n d o th e rs w h ic h a re c lo s e to u rb a n a n d in d u s tria l a re a s s h o w e d c h e m ic a l p o llu ta n ts .
10 5 . S u c h a d a ta w ill h e lp to p la n fo r re s to ra tio n o f riv e r / la k e e c o s y s te m s in th e s ta te u s in g a p p ro p ria te m e c h a n is m .
6. T h e re is a n e e d to re g u la te U rb a n a n d In d u s tria l d e v e lo p m e n t p a rtic u la rly in th e c a tc h m e n t a re a s o f w a te r b o d ie s to e n s u re th e q u a lity o f w a te r a n d to p ro te c t h u m a n h e a lth .
7. T h e re is a n e e d to re v is e d e v e lo p m e n ta l z o n e s a lo n g th e w a te r b o o d le s , w h ic h a re life lin e s fo r w a te r s u p p ly .
8. Im p o rta n t a n d u n iq u e w a te r b o d ie s fro m th e s ta te c o u ld a ls o b e id e n tifie d fo r fu rth e r p ro te c tio n u n d e r p ro te c te d a re a n e tw o rk .
9. S e rie s o f m a p s c o u ld a ls o b e p re p a re d u s in g re m o te s e n s in g a n d G IS s h o w in g ty p e s o f la n d u s e p a tte rn in th e c a tc h m e n t a re a a n d d e g re e a n d ty p e s o f p o llu tio n .
10 . M a jo r th ru s t a re a s fo r re s e a rc h in re s to ra tio n e c o lo g y c o u ld b e id e n tifie d fo r fu n d in g to th e in s titu te s a n d u n iv e rs itie s fro m th e s ta te .
11. E d u c a tio n a n d a w a re n e s s is e q u a lly im p o rta n t a s p e c t in e n v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n . A s p e c ia l c h a p te r o n w a te r p o llu tio n b a s e d o n p re s e n t s ta te o f w a te r b o d ie s c o u ld a ls o b e in c o rp o ra te d a t s c h o o l le v e l.
12 . T h e m a jo r g ro u p w o rk in g in th e w a te r p o llu tio n id e n tifie d fo r lo n g te rm m o n ito rin g p ro g ra m :
• F o r g re a te r M u m b a i a n d K o n k a n : In s titu te o f S c ie n c e M u m b a i
• W e s te rn M a h a ra s h tra : C h . S a h u In s titu te , S h iv a ji U n iv e rs ity , K o lh a p u r, S c ie n c e C o lle g e , K a ra d
• G o d a v a ri riv e r: K T H M C o lle g e , N a s h ik , S R T M U , N a n d e d , S .B . C o lle g e , A u ra n g a b a d
• B h im a riv e r b a s in : U n iv e rs ity o f P u n e , S c ie n c e a n d T e c h n o lo g y P a rk , N C L , A R I, e tc
• W a rd h a a n d o th e r riv e rs : N E E R I, U n iv e rs ity o f N a g p u r a n d o th e r lo c a l c o lle g e s
• T a p i riv e r b a s in : N o rth M a h a ra s h tra U n iv e rs ity , C o lle g e s fro m D h u le .
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C h a p te r-1
MAHARASHTRA
1.1 In tro d u c tio n :
1.1 a ) P h y s io g ra p h y :
Maharashtra is the third largest state in Ind ia hav ing area of 307,690 S q. K m and p op ulation 96,752,247. It has 35 d istricts w ith the cap ital b eing Mum b ai. The state has strategic p osition w ith the Arab ian S ea in the w est. The Mum b ai city has its im p ortance for international trad e and b usiness. Maharashtra has a w estern coastline stretching 330 m iles (530 K m ) along the Arab ian S ea from Goa on the south to Dam an on the north. Maharashtra as a cultural region, easily d istinguished hav ing fiv e sub regions w ith d istinctiv e p hysiograp hic, historical, econom ic and cultural characteristics as follow s: K o n k a n the coastal area b etw een the crest of the Western Ghats hill system and the Arab ian S ea has high annual rainfall (75-100 inches). R ice is the m ain crop w hile Cashew s and m angoes as m ain fruits. D e s h (D e c c a n ) Maharashtra's central and m ost rep resentativ e sub region com p rises of sev en d istricts. The p rincip al riv ers are the God av ari, B him a, and K rishna, w hich rise in the Western Ghats and flow southw estw ard to the B ay of B engal. Pune city lies in this z one, w hich is k now n for its culture, ed ucation and for IT and B T. K h a n d e s h The sub region com p rises the tw o d istricts of the Tap ti (Tap i) R iv er v alley w here alluv ial b ottom land s p rod uce cotton, b anana, oilseed s, and tob acco. M a ra th w a d a This nam e is giv en to the fiv e Marathi-sp eak ing d istricts that w ere p art of the form er p rincely state of Hyd erab ad .Agriculture as source of liv elihood is greater in this sub region than in any other. V id a rb h a hav ing eight d istricts that constitute V id arb ha focus on Nagp ur, the third -largest city in Maharashtra. The b asaltic Deccan lav as reach their eastern lim it in the v icinity of Nagp ur.
12 V id arb ha region is p red om inent w ith the cotton, oilseed s, and m illets of the b lack -soil v alleys in its w estern sector and rice and trop ical forests of the higher-rainfall eastern section. The S tate of Maharashtra has m ajor riv ers such as the K rishna, B him a, God av ari, Tap i-Purna and Ward ha-Wainganga riv er. F orests com p rising only 17% of the state area cov ers, the eastern region and the S ahyad ri R ange, w hile op en scrub on the p lateau. Water is the m ost p recious natural resource of the state, greatly in the d em and , and m ost unev enly d istrib uted . A large num b er of v illages lack d rink ing w ater, esp ecially d uring the sum m er m onths.
1.1 b ) C lim a te i) R a in fa ll The av erage rainfall ov er Maharashtra is 135 cm . A m ajor p art of the p recip itation is receiv ed b y the S W m onsoon. R egional d istrib ution of the rainfall ranging from m ore than 600 cm ov er Ghats to less than 50 cm in the east central Maharashtra.
ii) S o il The soils of Maharashtra are resid ual, d eriv ed from the und erlying b asalts. In the sem i-d ry p lateau, the b lack -cotton soil is clayey, rich in iron, b ut p oor in nitrogen and organic m atter; it is m oisture-retentiv e. S oils of Maharashtra is b asalt or d eriv ed from b asalt, either as loose sed im ents of coastal colluv ial or alluv ial origin or as laterite or old er or m ore recent d eep w eathering p rofiles. Alluv ial d ep osits of the Tap i b asin exhib it consid erab le thick ness.
1.1 c ) P o p u la tio n As p er the 2001 census, Maharashtra has a p op ulation of 96.75 m illion, m ak ing it the second m ost p op ulous state in the country, after Uttar Prad esh. Maharashtra is the only state in the country to hav e 7 cities w ith ov er one m illion p op ulation. The state is the m ost p referred d estination for m igrants from all ov er the country and has contrib uted ab out 19 p ercent to the p op ulation grow th of the state in the last d ecad e alone (1991-2001).
1.1d ) In d u s trie s The state accounted for 22 p ercent of net v alue ad d ed in the organiz ed ind ustrial sector of the country in 1997-1998. The Annual S urv ey of Ind ustries rev eals changes in last four d ecad es. In 13 1960, the consum er good s ind ustries contrib uted 52 p ercent of the total v alue ad d ed b y all ind ustries follow ed b y cap ital good s ind ustries 28.3% and the interm ed iate good s ind ustries 19.7% . In 1997-1998 their resp ectiv e shares w ere 15.5% , 42.8 % and 41.7 % , w hich ind icates a m ajor shift. In d u s tria l R e g io n s o f M a h a ra s h tra The state has 35 d istricts and they are group ed into sev en ind ustrial regions such as Greater Mum b ai, K onk an, Pune, Nasik , Aurangab ad , Am rav ati and Nagp ur. 1) T h e G re a te r M u m b a i a n d P e rip h e rie s o f th e S u b u rb s in T h a n e a n d R a ig a d D is tric ts . This is one of the m ost im p ortant ind ustrial z one of Ind ia b ecause it is located near the Gatew ay of Ind ia- com m ercial and econom ic cap ital of Ind ia. More than fifty p ercent of the factories and m an- p ow er are concentrated in this region. Textile w as the largest group in the initial stage of d ev elop m ent of ind ustries b ut now engineering, chem ical, transp ort, softw are and electronics are also other lead ing group s. Ind ustries hav e d isp ersed from Mum b ai to Thane, K alyan, Am b ernath, B ad alp ur and Panv el com p lex. On the Western railw ay line this b elt stretches up to Tarap ur, Dahanu and touches the b ord er of Gujarat state. 2 ) M u m b a i- P u n e C o rrid o r a n d G re a te r P u n e Outsid e Mum b ai - Thane ind ustrial region, Panv el is the m ain ind ustrial center on Mum b ai - B angalore and Mum b ai- Panaji national highw ays. K hop oli has d ev elop ed at the b ase of S ahyad ri as the com p lex of engineering, chem ical, p ap er p ulp and m any sm all-scale ind ustries. Tata hyd roelectric p ow er generation station sup p lies am p le electricity to the neighb ouring region. A new ind ustrial com p lex Pim p ri- Chinchw ad near Pune extend ing up to Talegaon. L arge factories p rod ucing m achines, autom ob iles, electrical and electronic good s, p lastics and p harm aceuticals are located along the Pune- Ahm ed nagar, Pune- S holap ur and Pune œS atara road s. All these hav e sp read out from the fringe of the old city. More recently, Pune also is k now n for IT and B T. 3) S h o la p u r T e x tile Z o n e S holap ur and B arsi are cotton textiles centers in S E Maharashtra. They hav e sp ecializ ed in p ow er loom s. Maharashtra Ind ustrial Dev elop m ent Corp oration has d ev elop ed m any centers in S angli, K olhap ur, Ichalk aranji, Mad hav nagar and Miraj in S outhern Maharashtra. 4) W e s te rn T a p i V a lle y In d u s tria l Z o n e
14 Agro- b ased ind ustries hav e d ev elop ed in the Tap i v alley. Cotton, ground nuts, b anana and sugarcane are the agricultural raw m aterials in K had esh (Dhule and J algaon d istricts). R ecently MIDC areas are d ev elop ed near Dhule and J algaon. 5 ) E a s te rn T a p i V a lle y In d u s tria l Z o n e This is the cotton-p rod ucing z one. B erarsi, Achalp ur and B ad nera are the lead ing ind ustrial centers situated near the central railw ay line in the d istricts Am rav ati, Ak ola, V ard ha, Chand rap ur and Nagp ur. Near K am p tee- Nagp ur m ineral b ased ind ustries are w ell d ev elop ed d ue to local coal, lim estone and m anganese m ines. Here, engineering, transp ort equip m ent, cem ent and m etal p rod uct m anufacturing ind ustries are located . 6) K ris h n a – P a n c h g a n g a B a s in In d u s tria l R e g io n This is a unique triangular agro b ased region in Maharashtra. The region has ind ustries lik e sugar and cotton textiles in K olhap ur and Ichalk aranji. Units p rod ucing agricultural im p lem ents, oil engines, sp are p arts of engines and transp ort v ehicles hav e d ev elop ed near J aysingp ur and Miraj. 7) P ra v a ra - N ira V a lle y R e g io n This is a p rosp erous b elt of sugar ind ustries w ith B aram ati, Phaltan, K op aragaon, S angam ner and B elap ur as m ain centers. MIDC has d ev elop ed sm all-scale ind ustries and infrastructure. 8) U p p e r G o d a v a ri V a lle y In d u s tria l B e lt This is the extension of Pune ind ustrial region. Many ind ustrial p lants m ostly electronics and agrob ased are p red om inant in and around Nashik hav e d ev elop ed . 9) K o n k a n In d u s tria l R e g io n After the estab lishm ent of MIDC ind ustrial activ ities took p lace in R aigad , R atnagiri and S ind hud urg d istricts. Taloja, R oha, Patalganga, Mahad , Nagothane and Nanore in R aigad d istrict; Chip lun, L otep arshuram , R atnagiri, Dap oli and S angam eshw ar in R atnagiri and K ud al in S ind hud urg d istrict hav e d ev elop ed near Mum b ai- Goa national highw ay and K onk an railw ay line.
1.1e ) U rb a n iz a tio n Maharashtra, the m ost highly urb aniz ed state in Ind ia Dev elop m ent of rail and road netw ork and the state‘s strategic location has led to p rom otion in the exp ort of good s, a large num b er of m ark et centers. This led to the string d ev elop m ent of tow ns along the railw ays and highw ays. In 1901 it w as only 16.59% of its p op ulation d w elling in tow ns and in 1991, 30.5 % of p op ulation of 15 the state w as urb an. Urb anisation in the state has b een p rim arily d ue to the increasing concentration of p op ulation in the existing tow ns.
1.2 W a te r: In d ia n S c e n a rio
There is an ernom ous unm et d em and for w ater. Ev en as clean w ater sources are b eing v iciously attack ed b y p ollution and ov erexp loitation, hard ly any riv er or ground w ater aquifer around urb an areas w hich escap es the p erils of p ollution. Excess use of w ater for irrigation coup le w ith the use of agrochem icals, w hich has resulted into saliniz ation p articularly in Western Maharashtra.
1.3 W a te r Q u a lity Is s u e s
P o llu tio n fro m v a rio u s s o u rc e s th a t a re re s p o n s ib le fo r c o n ta m in a tio n o f th e w a te r s u c h a s :
• R elease of p ollutants from m unicip al, ind ustrial effluents. Dum p ing of solid w aste from v arious activ ities.
• L eaching of agricultural land s carrying m aterials used d uring agricultural p ractices such as fertiliz ers and p esticid es.
• R un off from city streets, from solid w aste storage sites, com m ercial activ ities in the urb an env ironm ent and from ind ustrial sites and storage areas.
• Erosion of soil and sed im entation in w ater b od ies.
In c re a s in g h u m a n a c tiv ity th a t e n d a n g e rs w a te r re s o u rc e s th ro u g h :
• Increasing contam ination w ith chem icals. Ov er use of w ater, w ith lesser recharging.
• Increasing p ollution of surface w ater
• Increasing fecal m atter
16 Assessm ent of w ater quality requires a w id e range of p aram eters such as p hysical, chem ical and b iolob ical.
Assessing the quality of w ater follow ing p aram eters are analysed :
W a te r Q u a lity P a ra m e te rs P h y s ic a l C h e m ic a l B io lo g ic a l Tem p erature Dissolv ed Oxygen B acteria Taste B iochem ical oxygen d em and (Pathogen) Colour Chem ical oxygen d em and ,TOC Coliform and
Od our Alk alinity,p ttm ,acid ity other B acteria Turb id ity R ed ox p otential,am m onia, nirates, Algae F oam and F roth nitrites, p hosp hates V iruses Cond uctiv ity S ulp hid es, sulp hates, hard ness, S olid s (Dissolv ed ) chlorid es,fluroid es,calcium
S olid s (S usp end ed ) Magnesiun, S ilica
p H B arium ,Cad m ium ,Chrom ium ,L ead Manganese,S elenium ,S ilv er Z inc, d etergents,p honels,p esticid es, rad ioactiv ity, arom atic hyrocarb ons, m ercury, arsenic
Tab le 1.1: Water Q uality Param eters (S ource: Triv ed y, P.K . and Goel, P.K . (1986). Chem ical and B iological Method s for Water Pollution S tud ies. p p 4.)
F ollow ing stand ard s and guid elines are rep orted as a b ack ground inform ation for read y reference.
17 Tab le 1.2 Water Q uality S tand ard s for B est Designated Usages b y MPCB Category of F resh A-l A -II A -III A -IV WB eastte Ur sage Unflltered P ub lic Pub lic w ater s up p ly w ith Not fit for h um an F it for Agricu lture, w ater sup p ly after ap p rov ed treatm ent consum p tion, F ish & Ind ustrial cooling & ap p rov ed d isinfection equal to coagulation, Wild life Prop agation. p rocess w ater. Chem ical Q ualities : M a x im u m a llo w asbeldei mc eo n tcaetinontr a& t io n 1. Toxic S ub stances Arsenic (As) 0.3m g/l 0.03 m g/l 1.0 m g/l 0.1 m g/l C ad m ium (Ca) 0.01 m g/l 0.01 m g/l - - C hrom ium (Hexa Cr) 0.05 m g/l 0.05 m g/l 0.05 m g/l 0.2 m g/l C yanid e (Cn) 0.05 m g/l 0.1 m g/l 0.05 m g/l 0.2 m g/l L ead (Pb ) 0.1 m g/l 0.1 m g/l - 0.1 m g/l B oron - - - 2.0 m g/l M ercury (Hg) 0.001 m g/l 0.001 m g/l 0.001 m g/l - G ross alp ha activ ity 3PC I/I 10-9u c/m l 3 PC I/I 3 PC I/I Gross B eta activ ity 30 P CI/I 10-9 uc/m l 30 P CI/I 30 P CI/I 2. S ub stances affecting health F luorid e (F ) 1.5 m g/l 1.5 m g/l - 1.0 m g/l
Nitrates (NO3) 45 m g/l 45 m g/l - - 3. S ub stances affecting the p otab ility of w ater
PH 6.5 to 8.5 6.0 to 8.5 6.5 to 9.0 6.5 to 9.0 T .D.S . - T.D .S . T.D .S . - Total S olid s 1500 m g/l. 150 0 m g/l. - - Total S usp end ed S olid s 25 m g/l - - - Total Hard ness (Caco3) 50 m g/l 500 m g/l . - Total R esid ual Chlorine - - - - Electrical cond uct at 25 - - 1000x10 -6 m hos 3000 x10 -6 m hos oFCre e Carb on Di Oxid e - - 12 m g/l - F ree Am m onical - - 1.2 m g/l - ONitl r&og Gerne ase - - 0.1 m g/l - P esticid es - - 0.02 m g/l - B iotic Ind ex - - 6.0 m g/l - T otal Am m onical 1.5m g/l 1.5m g/l - 50 m g/l NCihtrlorgideens (Cl) 600 m g/l 600 m g/l - 600 m g/l S ulp hates 40 m g/l 40 m g/l - 1000 m g/l Cop p er (Cu) 1.5 m g/l 1.5 m g/l - - Manganese (Mn) 0.5 m g/l 3.0 m g/l - - Iron (F e) 1.0m g/l 5.0m g/l - - S od ium - - - - Z inc (Z n) 15.0 m g/l 1.5 m g/l 5.0 m g/l 5.0 m g/l Phenolic Com p ound s 0.002 m g/l 0.002 m g/l 0.05 m g/l - Alk yl B enz ene 1.0 m g/l 1.0 m g/l - - Mineral Oil 0.3 m g/l 0.3 m g/l Am m onia 1.5 m g/l 1.5 m g/l B .O.D. (5 d ays 20 0C) 2.0 m g/l 5.0 m g/l 10 m g/l 30 m g/l (Monthly av g of (Monthly av g of Atleast 10 sam p les) Atleast 10 sam p les) C.O.D. - - - 150 m g/l D.O. Not less than 5 m g/l 4.0 m g/l Not less than 3 m g/l Not less than 2 m g/l B acteria (MPN/100) Coliform B act. 250 Not greater than 5000 18 T a b le 1.3: C R IT E R IA F O R S IT IN G O F IN D U S T R IE S W IT H R E F E R E N C E T O C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F R IV E R Z O N E S
S r.No. Classification Criteria Typ e of Ind ustry
F resh w aters A-II
(a) 3 K m s. On the either sid e of riv er No Dev elop m ent z one for any typ e of nd ustries. Only sp ecified Non - Ind ustrial isted activ ities are allow ed . (b ) F rom 3 K m s. to 8 K m s. F rom riv er Classified Green and Orange category of (H.F .L .) on either sid e. Ind ustries irresp ectiv e of Inv estm ent, w ith requisite p ollution control d ev ices. (c) B eyond 8 K m s from riv er (H.F .L .) Any typ e of ind ustry w ith requisite p ollution on either sid e. control d ev ices.
A-II (a) 1 K m . On either sid e of riv er Dev elop m ent z one. Only sp ecified Non - (H.F .L .) Ind ustrial listed activ ities are allow ed . (b ) 1 K m . To 2 K m s. On either sid e. Classified Green and Orange category of Ind ustries irresp ectiv e of Inv estm ent, w ith requisite p ollution control d ev ices. (c) B eyond 2 K m s. Any typ e of ind ustry w ith requisite p ollution control d ev ices.
A-III (a) Up to 1/2 K m . On either sid e No Dev elop m ent z one for any typ e of ind ustries. Only sp ecified Non- Ind ustrial listed aciv ities are allow ed . A-IV (b ) 1/2K m . To 1 K m . On either sid e Classified Gree and Orange category of Ind ustries irresp ectiv e of Inv estm ent, w ith requisite p ollution control d ev ices. ( c) B eyond 1 K m . Any typ e of ind ustry w ith requisite p ollution control d ev ices.
19
N o te : 1) Distances m entioned in the p olicy note ab ov e are shortest d istances m easured as the crow flies.
2) High F lood L ev el (H.F .L .) of riv er w ill b e consid ered as b ank of the riv er for m easuring the d istances.
3) If the rid ge line is nearer than p rescrib ed z one b ond ary, restriction ap p ly up to the rid ge line.
4) Arrangem ent for p ollution control shall b e foolp roof irresp ectiv e of the location.
5) In‘ No Dev elop m ent Z one', the p erm issib le activ ities and non - p erm issib le activ ities are sep arately p rescrib ed .
6) Categorisation of ind ustries is suggestiv e in nature and m ay b e rev iew ed and m od ified b y the B oard , from tim e to tim e.
7) Existing ind ustries in 'Non - Confirm ing Z one‘ w ill b e allow ed to continue w ith ad equate p ollution control arrangem ents. Exp ansion, d iv ersification, m od ernisation, sub sitution shall b e allow ed sub ject to red uction in p ollution load at source.
8) This d oes not ab solv e the Project Prop onent from ob serv ing any other R ules / R egulations ap p licab le in sp ecified areas lik e Coastal R egulation Z one / B hatsa R iv er B asin etc.
9) Cases in p ip e line w ould b e d ealt on m erits of each case and w ould b e consid ered b eyond a d istance of 500 m trs. F rom H.F .L . as p er the Prev ailing p olicy.
10) The ab ov e classification also cov ers lak es and other w ater b od ies, exclud ing und erground w ater sources.
11) Dev elop m ent activ ities in coastal areas w ill continue to b e regulated b y Ministry of Env ironm ent and F orests's notification (CR Z Notification) d ated 19.02.1991.
20 1.4 N a tio n a l W a te r P o lic y 2 0 0 2 National Water Policy has outlined the im p ortance of regular m onitoring of surface and ground w ater. A p art of National Water Policy 2002 is rep rod uced b elow rev elent to p resent rep ort. In v iew of the v ital im p ortance of w ater for hum an and anim al life, for m aintaining ecological b alance and for econom ic and d ev elop m ent activ ities of all k ind s, and consid ering its increasing scarcity, the p lanning and m anagem ent of the resource and its op tim al, econom ical and equitab le use has b ecom e a m atter of utm ost urgency. Concerns of the com m unity need to b e tak en into account for w ater resources d ev elop m ent and m anagem ent. Grow th p rocess and exp ansion of econom ic activ ities inev itab ly lead to increasing d em and s for w ater for d iv erse p urp oses: d om estic, ind ustrial, agricultural, hyd ro-p ow er, nav igation, recreation, etc. S o far, the m ajor consum p tion use of w ater has b een for irrigation. While the gross irrigation p otential is estim ated to hav e increased from 19.5 m illion hectare at the tim e of ind ep end ence to ab out 95 m illion hectare b y the end of the year 1999-2000, further d ev elop m ent of a sub stantial ord er is necessary if the food and fib er need s of our grow ing p op ulation are to b e m et w ith. The country‘s p op ulation, w hich is ov er 1027 m illion (2001 AD) at p resent is exp ected to reach a lev el of around 1390 m illion b y 2025 AD. Another im p ortant asp ect is the w ater quality. Im p rov em ents in existing strategies, innov ation of new techniques resting on a strong science and technology b ase are need ed to elim inate p ollution of surface and ground w ater resources, to im p rov e w ater quality. S cience and technology and training hav e to p lay im p ortant roles in w ater resources d ev elop m ent and m anagem ent in general. The National Water Policy w as ad op ted in S ep tem b er 1987. S ince then, a num b er of issues and challenges hav e em erged in the d ev elop m ent and m anagem ent of w ater resources. Therefore, the National Water Policy (1987) has b een rev iew ed and up d ated . A w ell d ev elop ed inform ation system , for w ater related d ata in its entirety, at the national / state lev el, is a p rim e requisite for resource p lanning. A stand ard iz ed national inform ation system should b e estab lished w ith a netw ork of d ata b ank s and d ata b ases, integrating and strengthening the existing Central and state lev el agencies and im p rov ing the quality of d ata and the p rocessing cap ab ilities. S tand ard s for cod ing, classification, p rocessing of d ata and m ethod s/ p roced ures foe its collection should b e ad op ted . Ad v ances in inform ation technology m ust b e introd uced to create a m od ern inform ation system p rom oting free exchange of d ata am ong v arious agencies. S p ecial
21 efforts should b e m ad e to d ev elop and continuously up grad e technological cap ab ility to collect, p rocess and d issem inate reliab le d ata in the d esired tim e fram e. Ap p rop riate riv er b asin organiz ations m ust b e estab lished for the p lanned d ev elop m ent and m anagem ent of a riv er b asin as a w hole or riv er sub -b asins, w herev er necessary. S p ecial m ulti- d iscip linary units should b e set up to p rep are com p rehensiv e p lans tak ing into account not only the need s of irrigation b ut also harm oniz ing v arious other w ater uses, so that av ailab le w ater resources are d eterm ined and p ut to op tim um use hav ing regard to existing agreem ents or aw ard s of Trib unals und er the relev ant law s. The scop e and p ow ers of the riv er b asin organiz ations shall b e d ecid ed b y the b asin states them selv es.
F ollow ing are the w ater quality asp ects: • B oth surface w ater and ground w ater should b e regularly m onitored for quality. A p hased p rogram m e should b e tak en for im p rov em ents in w ater quality. • Effluents should b e treated to accep tab le lev els and stand ard s b efore d ischarging them into natural stream s • Minim um flow should b e ensured in the p erennial stream s for m aintaining ecology and social consid erations. • Princip le of ”Polluter Pays‘ should b e follow ed in m anagem ent of p olluted w ater. • Necessary legislation is to b e m ad e for p reserv ation of existing w ater b od ies b y p rev enting encroachm ent and d eterioration of w ater quality.
22 Chapter – 2
2. River of Maharashtra
The major rivers of Maharashtra are Godavari, Krishna, Bhima, Tapi-Purna,Wardha and Wainganga. The rivers can be broadly divided into two categories – the east – flowing that drain into the Bay of Bengal, and the west – flowing into the Arabian Sea. The Former cover a greater part of Maharashtra state (about 75 %). Except for the Tapi river, most west draining streams of Konkan are short and have high-gradients.
The Godavari with its tributaries drains the largest percentage, almost half of the area of the state. Godavari has source frm the Sahyadris at Trimbak, 25 Km west of Nashik. Its most important tributary basin, is Wardha-Wainganga rivers whivh join to form the Pranhita which oins Godavari near Sironcha in Chandrapur district. The next important river is Krishna, which emerges from the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar. Its most important tributary River Bhima
joins it in R aichur d istrict. The Tap i riv er rises from B etul p lateau in Mad hya Prad esh. The other riv ers are term ed the K onk an stream s; they are short and oriented east œw est flow ing roughly p arallel to each other. The north K onk an stream s are Pinjal, V aitarna, B hatsal and Ulhas w hile the S outh K onk an stream s are Am b a, K und alik a, S av itri, V ashisthi, S hastri, K ajv i, Waghothan and Gad .
Tab le 2.1: S how ing Catchm ent area and Channel length of S om e Major R iv ers of Maharashtra ( S ource: Geograp hy of Maharastra) R iv e r C a tc h m e n t a re a in k m 2 S tre a m le n g th in k m E a s t- flo w in g R iv e rs God av ari* 53630 545 Wainganga 61093 609 Ward ha 24087 483 Penganga 23895 676 Purna 2431 142 Manjra* 9960 B him a* 34314 550 Nira 6342 203 S ina 12092 313 K rishna* 15190 232 K oyna 4890 118 Panchganga 2575 74 Dud hganga 2350 103
W e s t -flo w in g R iv e rs Tap i 51504 239 Purna 18929 274 Girna 10061 260 V aitarna 3637 171 Ulhas 3864 145 S av itri 2899 99 S astri 2174 64 V ashishthi 2239 48
• In Maharashtra (ap p roxim ate)
24 S ince all riv ers are m onsoon d om inated , the annual flow p attern changes in accord ance w ith the m onsoon rainfall. The R iv ers show 1. Dry or v ery low non-m onsoon season flow s, 2. Norm al m onsoon flow s, and 3. Infrequent, high- m agnitud e flood s.
Tab le 2.2: show ing Districts d rained b y R iv ers in Maharashtra.
R iv e r R iv e r B a s in A re a in D is tric ts D ra in e d M a h a ra s h tra (s q . k m .) God av ari 151,083 Nashik , Ahem d nagar, Aurangab ad , Osm anab ad , B hir Nand ed , Parb hani, J alna, Nagp ur, Ward ha, Y av atm al Chand rap ur, B hand ara, p arts of Am rav ati, Ak ola and B uld ana
K rishna 74,069 S atara, K olhap ur, S angli, S olap ur and sm all p art of Ahem d nagar B him a (p art of K rishna B asin) 34,134 Pune, S olap ur, Ahem d nagar and S atara. Tap i 52,226 Parts of Am rav ati, Ak ola and B uld ana and J algaon and Dhulia Districts
K onk an riv ers 29,854 Thane, Mum b ai, R aigad , R atnagiri (includ ing S ind hud urg Districts)
(S ource: Dik shit, K .R . (1986) Maharashtra in Map s. p p 26.) (Drainage Pattern Map of R iv ers of Maharashtra show en on p age 16)
25 S o m e o f th e o u ts ta n d in g h y d ro lo g ic a l c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e riv e rs o f M a h a ra s h tra a re a s fo llo w s :
∑ Most riv ers d isp lay a sim p le fluv ial regim e w ith only one p ronounced m axim um . ∑ Monsoon flow s generally rise rap id ly w ith the onset of m onsoon rainfall b ut the flow lev els and d ischarges fall less rap id ly at the end of the m onsoon season. ∑ Monsoon m onths are characteriz ed b y m ultip le short and sharp p eak s, and on som e occasions the d aily d ischarge m ay increase b y an ord er of m agnitud e in one d ay. ∑ Most riv ers d isp lay rem ark ab le inter-annual as w ell as intra- annual v ariations in the stream flow s as w ell as in the flood m agnitud es. ∑ S om e riv ers exp erience up to one to three ord ers of m agnitud e v ariations in d ischarge d uring the m onsoon season. ∑ Unit d ischarge is generally higher for sm aller catchm ents in the Ghat z one or S atp ud a R anges, and w ith an increase in the catchm ent area the unit d ischarge d ecreases. ∑ The d ischarge m axim a is usually achiev ed in the m onth of J uly in the up p er K rishna b asin, in August in the B him a and Wainganga b asins, in August and S ep tem b er in the Tap i b asin, and in S ep tem b er in the low er God av ari b asin. ∑ The riv ers of the Ghat z one exp erience low flood v ariab ility, b ut the riv ers of the sem i- arid z one are characteriz ed b y high v ariab ility and flashy d ischarges.
26
C h a p te r-3
M a h a ra s h tra P o llu tio n C o n tro l B o a rd (M P C B )
Maharashtra Pollution Control B oard (MPCB ) is im p lem enting v arious env ironm ental legislations in the state of Maharashtra, m ainly includ ing Water (Prev ention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prev ention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Cess) Act, 1977 and som e of the p rov isions und er Env ironm ental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules fram ed there und er lik e, B iom ed ical Waste (M& H) R ules, 1998, Haz ard ous Waste (M& H) R ules, 2000, Municip al S olid Waste R ules, 2000 etc. MPCB is functioning und er the ad m inistrativ e control of Env ironm ent Dep artm ent of Gov ernm ent of Maharashtra.
S om e of the im p ortant functions of MPCB are:
To p lan com p rehensiv e p rogram for the p rev ention, control or ab atem ent of p ollution and secure executions thereof,
To collect and d issem inate inform ation relating to p ollution and the p rev ention, control or ab atem ent thereof,
To insp ect sew age or trad e effluent treatm ent and d isp osal facilities, and air p ollution control system s and to rev iew p lans, sp ecification or any other d ata relating to the treatm ent p lants, d isp osal system s and air p ollution control system s in connection w ith the consent granted ,
S up p orting and encouraging the d ev elop m ents in the field s of p ollution control, w aste recycle reuse, eco-friend ly p ractices etc.
To ed ucate and guid e the entrep reneurs in im p rov ing env ironm ent b y suggesting ap p rop riate p ollution control technologies and techniques
Creation of p ub lic aw areness ab out the clean and healthy env ironm ent and attend ing the p ub lic com p laints regard ing p ollution.
28
F ollow ing is a rep resentativ e d ata on riv er m onitoring und er Glob al Env ironm ental Monitoring system (GEMS ) p rogram m e and Monitoring of Ind ian Aquatic Water R esources (MINAR S ) p rogram m es.
Tab le 3.1 Water Q uality d ata m onitored b y M.P.C.B . und er MINAR S Project
S r.No. S tation Param eter Min Max Av erage 1 1252 Ph 7.5 9 8.27 Girna riv er B OD 3 8 5.5 J algaon COD 16 32 22.67 DO 6.1 7.3 6.8 Tot.Coliform 150 175 165 2 1092 Ph 7.3 7.7 7.53 K alu riv er B OD 5 7 6.33 Atale v illage COD 16 96 45.33 DO 5.5 6.5 6.07 Tot.Coliform 140 350 238.33 3 1461 Ph 7 7.6 7.45 B hatsa B OD 5 8.5 6.73 riv er COD 16 40 25 DO 5.4 6 5.78 Tot.Coliform 175 275 206.25 4 1212 Ph 7.6 8 7.88 Ward ha B OD 5.5 9 6.58 riv er COD 16 40 26 R ajura B rid ge DO 5.4 6.5 5.73 Tot.Coliform 95 200 127.5 5 1318 Ph 6.8 7.3 7.07 Mahim Creek B OD 6 60 31.33 COD 144 376 234.67 DO 3.5 4.9 4.2 Tot.Coliform 175 275 208.33 6 1317 Ph 7 7.8 7.53 Thane Creek B OD 5 32 24.33 Elep hanta COD 172 364 246.67 Island DO 3.4 5.2 4.23 Tot.Coliform 120 275 198.33 7 1315 Ph 7.4 8.8 8.25 Ward ha riv er- B OD 4 11.5 10.95 Pulgaon COD 24 88 37.6 DO 4.6 7.1 5.98 Tot.Coliform 110 250 177.08
29 8 1463 Ph 6.8 8.6 7.55 Nira riv er- B OD 4 13 6.53 S arola B rid ge COD 16 48 24 DO 4.7 7.3 6.1 Tot.Coliform 70 250 137.08 9 1192 Ph 6.8 7.2 7.05 B him a riv er B OD 5.5 9 7.13 Daund COD 20 24 23 DO 2.9 5.4 4.53 Tot.Coliform 150 225 181.25 10 1191 Ph 6.9 7.4 7.15 B him a riv er B OD 4.5 19 9.75 Pargaon COD 16 40 26 DO 3.2 5.7 4.45 Tot.Coliform 175 250 206.25 11 1190 Ph 6.8 7.5 7.1 B him a riv er B OD 15 58 29.75 D/s of B and - COD 32 96 74 gard en DO 0.5 4.1 2.43 Tot.Coliform 115 250 156.25 12 1189 Ph 7 7.5 7.23 B him a riv er B OD 9.5 44 18.63 Pune D/s of COD 24 80 40 v ithalw ad i DO 1.2 4.8 3.3 Tot.Coliform 175 275 225 13 1094 Ph 6.5 8.2 7.53 Ulhas riv er B OD 3 9.5 5.41 B ad lap ur W/W COD 16 32 18.8 DO 5.6 7.5 6.7 Tot.Coliform 95 275 172.5 14 1093 Ph 6 8.2 7.56 Ulhas riv er B OD 3 6.2 4.97 Mohane NR C COD 16 24 18.8 B und DO 4.9 7..7 6.63 Tot.Coliform 110 275 173.75 15 1316 Ph 6.5 7.9 7.5 B asin creek B OD 6 38 20.25 Dist-Thane COD 56 352 212 DO 2.5 6 4.48 Tot.Coliform 95 200 153.75 16 1462 Ph 6.6 7.9 7.3 Patalganga B OD 3 9.5 5.79 riv er-MIDC W/W COD 16 24 20.4 DO 5.4 7.2 6.53 Tot.Coliform 110 350 162.92
30
17 1151 Ph 6.6 7.9 7.35 Patalganga B OD 3 10 6.39 S hilp hata B rid ge COD 16 32 20.8 DO 4 7 6.33 Tot.Coliform 110 275 177.08 18 1314 Ph 7 8.9 8.18 Tap i riv er B OD 3 9 5.89 Ub ad v illage COD 16 32 24 DO 5.2 7.4 6.5 Tot.Coliform 110 350 188.75 19 1251 Ph 7.4 9 8.3 Tap i riv er B OD 3 7.5 5.24 B husav al COD 16 32 21.3 DO 5.1 7.3 6.27 Tot.Coliform 110 275 174.1 20 1313 Ph 7.6 9 8.44 Tap i riv er B OD 3 9 5.63 Ajanad V illage COD 16 32 23.2 DO 4.8 7.4 6.18 Tot.Coliform 110 225 158.33 21 1311 Ph 6.9 7.7 7.23 Panchganga B OD 7.8 10 8.6 riv er Ichalk aranji COD 24 36 30.67 DO 3.2 6.2 4.77 Tot.Coliform 250 350 291.67 22 1153 Ph 7 8.5 7.74 K rishna riv er B OD 2.8 8 5.26 R ajap ur w eir COD 16 28 20.4 DO 5.4 7 6.44 Tot.Coliform 110 275 183.33 23 1310 Ph 7 8.4 7.73 K rishna riv er B OD 3 9 5.63 K urund w ad COD 16 170 37.5 DO 5.3 7 6.43 Tot.Coliform 16 350 223.83 24 1152 Ph 7.3 8.6 7.8 K und alik a riv er B OD 4.8 9 7.1 COD 16 28 22.67 DO 5.9 6 5.97 Tot.Coliform 150 275 198.33 25 1253 Ph 7.6 8.1 7.83 Girna riv er B OD 3.4 7 5.98 Malegaon COD 16 20 19 DO 5.6 6.7 6.05 Tot.Coliform 150 200 173.45
31 26 1211 Ph 7 8 7.54 God av ari riv er B OD 2 36 8.58 D/s of Nashik COD 20 52 29.6 DO 3.5 7 5.64 Tot.Coliform 110 350 220 27 1096 Ph 7.2 8 7.55 God av ari riv er B OD 3 35 8.69 R am k und COD 16 56 25.2 DO 3.2 7.5 5.56 Tot.Coliform 120 350 200.83 28 1095 Ph 7 8.5 7.87 God av ari riv er B OD 4 9 5.93 Gangap ur Dam COD 16 32 20.4 DO 5.3 7 6.33 Tot.Coliform 170 350 218.3 29 1209 Ph 7 8.8 8.06 God av ari riv er B OD 3 27 7.11 R aher COD 5.6 64 23.36 DO 3.1 7.2 5.9 Tot.Coliform 120 225 180.42 30 1312 Ph 7.3 8.7 7.69 God av ari riv er B OD 3 20 7.23 J aik w ad i COD 16 56 24.4 DO 4.6 7 5.6 Tot.Coliform 170 350 222.5 31 1188 Ph 6.9 27 9.47 B him a riv er B OD 4 10 6.52 Narsingp ur COD 16 44 24.8 DO 5.3 7.3 6.33 Tot.Coliform 120 275 153.33 32 1194 Ph 7 8.1 7.46 K rishna riv er B OD 3 9 5.46 Dhom Dam COD 16 32 11.2 DO 5 7.2 6.13 Tot.Coliform 70 350 188.75 33 1210 Ph 7.3 8.8 8.13 God av ari riv er B OD 2.8 78 12.61 Nand ed COD 16 96 33.6 DO 4.4 7.7 6.23 Tot.Coliform 95 275 172.08
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Tab le 3.2 Water Q uality d ata m onitored b y M.P.C.B oard und er GEMS Project
S r.No. Monitoring S tation Param eter Min Max Av erage 1 28 Ph 7 8.7 7.93 B him a riv er B OD 4 9 6.36 Tak li COD 16 52 24.89 DO 4.4 7.2 6.07 Tot.Coliform 120 350 188.33 2 12 Ph 7.3 8.8 8.07 God av ari riv er B OD 3 56 10.32 Dhalegaon COD 16 88 25.11 DO 0.7 7.2 5.94 Tot.Coliform 120 350 199.17 3 37 Ph 7 8.6 7.88 K rishna riv er B OD 4 9 6.32 S angli COD 20 56 26.67 DO 4.3 7.2 6.07 Tot.Coliform 95 350 182.92 4 36 Ph 7.1 8.5 7.86 K rishna riv er B OD 4 8.5 6 K arad COD 16 32 23.5 DO 4.2 7.2 6.38 Tot.Coliform 70 170 127.92 5 11 Ph 7 8.6 8.03 Wainganga B OD 4.4 12 6.57 riv er - Ashti COD 16 32 23.11 DO 5 7.1 6.26 Tot.Coliform 110 175 146.67
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T a b le 3.3:R iv e r w a te r Q u a lity m o n ito re d b y R e g io n a l / S u b R e g io n a l O ffic e s d u rin g th e y e a r 2 0 0 2 -2 0 0 3
S r.No. R iv er Monitoring S tation R egion / Class of B .O.D. C.O.D. D.O. Area Water Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. S R O Thane II 1 V aitarna R iv er - Thane 5 - - 20 - - 6.6 R O K alyan 2 B hatsa R iv er D/s of L ib erty Oil Mill K alyan A-I 4 7.5 5.5 16 40 28 5.9 7 6.5 3 Murb ad i R iv er Nr. Murb ad MIDC B rid ge K alyan A-II 4 5 4.5 16 32 24 5.4 7 6.6 4 V aitarna R iv er Nr.B hiw and i-Wad a R d . B rid ge K alyan A-II 5 9 7 32 40 36 6.1 7.1 6.6 5 Tansa R iv er Nr.Monatona Tyre B rid ge K alyan A-II 4 5 4.5 16 20 18 6.8 7 6.9 R O Nagp ur 6 Nag R iv er Asoli B rid ge Nagp ur A-IV 52 145 98 170 231 200 0.7 4.75 2.72 7 Nag R iv er B hand ew ad i Nagp ur A-IV 80 130 105 200 340 270 - - - 8 Pilli R iv er K orad i R oad Nagp ur A-IV 20 35 27 70 120 95 3 5 4 9 Pilli R iv er K am p tee R oad Nagp ur A-IV 10 15 12 15 30 22 4.5 5.5 5 10 B ag R iv er U/s of S im p lex Pap er Mill L td . At Changera, Dist. Gond ia Nagp ur A-II 2.8 5.2 3.64 16 48 24 5.79 6.81 6.34 11 B ag R iv er D/s of S im p lex Pap er Mill L td . At Changera, Dist. Gond ia Nagp ur A-II 3 10.6 4.84 16 100 37.6 6.12 6.98 6.32 S R O Nagp ur II 12 Wena R iv er Wena Dam Up p er Nagp ur A-II 2.7 3.32 2.9 12 24 17 6.22 6.88 6.5 13 Wena R iv er Near S uk li Dam Nagp ur A-II - - 2.3 - - 24 - - 6.59 14 Wena R iv er Nr.National Highw ay Nagp ur B rid ge, B utib ori A-II 2.8 4 3.6 16 28 22 5.29 7.09 6.2 15 K anhan R iv er D/s of CIPL at B rid ge V ill. Mathani. Nagp ur 2.86 3.2 3.05 16 20 17 5.92 6.28 6.14 16 Wena R iv er At K and hali V illage Nagp ur A-II - - 2.8 - - 16 - - 6.23 17 Wena R iv er D/s Hinganghat at B rid ge on Hyd erab ad National Highw ay Nagp ur A-II - - 2.64 - - 20 - - 6.23 18 Wainganga R iv er U/s of M/s Ellora Pap er Nagp ur A-II 2.6 5.6 3.4 16 24 18.4 5.73 6.89 6.15 Mill L td ., Dev ad a K hurd , Tq.Tum sar,Dist.B hand ara 19 Wainganga R iv er D/s of M/s Ellora Pap er Nagp ur A-II 2.96 5.4 3.94 16 36 26.4 5.06 6.77 5.92 Mill L td ., Dev ad a K hurd , Tq.Tum sar,Dist.B hand ara 20 Wainganga R iv er D/s of M/s Ord anance Nagp ur A-II 2.4 3.6 2.85 16 40 20 6.15 6.62 6.35 F actory, J aw aharnagar, Dist. B hand ara. 21 Wainganga R iv er D/s of M/s Ord anance Nagp ur A-II 2.8 4.24 3.41 20 36 24.8 6.02 6.26 6.1 F actory, J aw aharnagar, Dist. B hand ara.
34
S r.No. R iv er Monitoring S tation R egion / Class of B .O.D. C.O.D. D.O. Area Water Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. S R O Pune II 22 Ind rayani R iv er Aland i Pune A-II 6.4 12 8.95 20 32 30.6 3.92 6.49 5.19 23 Ind rayani R iv er Moshi Pune A-II 10 12.8 11 32 44 35 3.72 6.4 5.11 24 Mula - Mutha R iv er D/s Theur Pune A-II 9 130 55.6 24 284 119 2.86 6.35 4.6 S R O Pim p ri Chinch. 25 Paw ana R iv er R av et Weir Pune 3 34 15 12 80 29.6 3.5 7.8 6.44 26 Paw ana R iv er Chinchw ad gaon Pune 7 75 28 20 220 79.2 - 6.8 5.63 27 Paw ana R iv er Pim p rigaon Pune 8.9 110 41 20 260 103 - 6.5 3.69 28 Paw ana R iv er K asarw ad i Pune 14 105 61 40 320 154 - 5 2.04 29 Mula R iv er S anghv i Pune 6 118 47 20 308 125 - 5.2 2.18 30 Paw ana - Mula R iv er d ap od i Pune 7.6 95 44 20 288 125 - 6.4 2.78 S R O S olap ur 31 B him a R iv er U/s of New B rid ge at Pand harp ur S olap ur 5 10 7 20 36 28.8 - - - 32 B him a R iv er D/s of Gop alp ur at Pand harp ur S olap ur 5 10 6.8 16 36 26.4 - - - S R O S atara 33 K rishna R iv er Mahuli S atara 7 15 11 20 40 30 5.6 6.3 5.95 34 K rishna R iv er K rishna-V ena confluence, Mahuli S atara 7.2 12 9.1 20 32 26 6.23 6.85 6.54 35 V enna R iv er Mahuli S atara 7.8 18 12.9 24 28 26 5.8 6.1 5.95 36 Nira R iv er S hirw al S atara 10 16 13 32 40 36 6.9 7.01 6.95 37 Urm od i R iv er Nagthane S atara 8.04 11 9.52 24 28 26 4.9 6.59 5.75 S R O J algaon I 38 Tap i R iv er B husaw al intak e J algaon A-II 3 7.5 5.3 16 32 19 5.1 7.3 6.2 39 Girna R iv er Girna Pum p ing S tation J algaon A-II 3 8 5.5 16 32 23 6.1 7.3 6.8 S R O J algaon II 40 R angaw ali R iv er Nr. S uruchi Hotel, Nav ap ur J algaon - - 6.5 - - 28 - - 4.2 41 Arunaw ati R iv er D/s of shirp ur J algaon - - 8 - - 40 - - 5.2 42 B urai R iv er At Chim tane J algaon 43 Tap i R iv er S arangk hd a J algaon 5 6 5.5 12 20 16 4.8 5.1 4.9 44 Gom ai R iv er D/s of S hahad a J algaon - - 10 - - 52 - - 5.2 45 Panz ara R iv er D/s of Dhule J algaon 8 18 14.3 24 56 36 4.6 5.2 4.9 46 Pati R iv er At Mulw ad after confluence of Tap i R iv er J algaon - - 8 - - 16 - - 5.3
35 S r.No. R iv er Monitoring S tation R egion / Class of B .O.D. C.O.D. D.O. Area Water Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. R O Nashik 47 God av ari R iv er S om eshw ar Nashik A-II 4.5 19.6 19.5 12 128 36.2 4.7 5.2 5.05 48 God av ari R iv er Anand v ali Nashik A-II 4 18 10 12 132 38.5 4.7 4.8 4.78 49 God av ari R iv er Chik ali Nala Nashik A-II 3.5 14.5 10.9 20 92 39.7 3.5 5.2 4.77 50 God av ari R iv er V ictoria B rid ge Nashik A-II 4 11 10.1 12 80 31 3.7 5.3 4.7 51 God av ari R iv er S aik hed a V illage Nashik A-II 4 23 10.5 12 100 33.5 3.9 5.1 4.82 52 God av ari R iv er Nand ur Dam Nashik A-II 4.5 23 9.75 12 90 29.5 4.9 5.8 5.17 53 Dharna R iv er Dharna Dam Nashik A-I 4.5 19 8.1 12 80 25.2 4.9 5.5 4.9 54 Dharna R iv er MES Pum p ing S tation Nashik A-II 5 24.5 8.9 12 120 30.4 4.8 5.2 4.9 55 Dharna R iv er B hagur Pum p ing S tn. Nashik A-II 4.5 26 9.1 12 160 35.6 4.7 5 4.8 56 Dharna R iv er Wald av R iv er Nashik A-II 4.5 21 8.1 12 64 22.8 4.9 5.1 5 57 Dharna R iv er S ansari Nashik A-II 4 23.5 9.6 12 140 33.6 5.1 5.5 5.3 58 Dharna R iv er Pune R d . B rid ge Nashik A-II 4.4 24 10 16 124 35.6 4.8 5.2 5.1 S R O Ahm ed nagar 59 S ina R iv er Nr. B rid ge at Nalegaon Nashik A-II - - 4 - - 16 - - - 60 Praw arana R iv er At K olar Nashik A-II - - 5.5 - - 28 - - 4.9 S R O K olhap ur 61 Panchganga riv er At S hirol K olhap ur A-II 5 15 7.2 16 40 27 1.4 7.1 5.73 S R O S angli 62 K rishna R iv er U/s of Mai Ghat S angli A-II 2.75 29 - 16 32 20 4.8 6.2 - 63 K rishna R iv er D/s of Mai Ghat S angli A-II 2.5 28.5 - 5.4 5.6 - 5.4 5.6 - S R O R atnagiri 64 Muchk und i R iv er Nr. Highw ay Wak ed R atnagiri A-II 1.5 2.2 1.9 12 20 16 5.3 6.8 6.3 S R O Chip lun 65 V ashisti R iv er U/s of M/s Theem Pap er Chip lun A-II 1.8 6.75 4.3 8 40 24 6 6.9 6.45 66 V ashisti R iv er D/s of M/s Theem Pap er Chip lun A-II 1.5 7.5 4.5 8 64 36 5.5 6.6 6.05 67 J agb ud i R iv er U/s of K hed Chip lun A-II 3 12.8 7.9 8 32 20 6.3 6.5 6.4 R O Am rav ati 68 Penganga R iv er Maslap en Washim A-II - - - 16 64 - - - - 69 Penganga R iv er Asegaonp en Washim A-II 4.8 4.8 4.8 32 32 32 5.34 5.34 5.34 70 Penganga R iv er S uk ali Washim A-II 5.16 5.16 5.16 36 36 36 5.29 5.29 5.29 71 Penganga R iv er Uk ali Washim A-II 5.2 5.2 5.2 44 44 44 5.12 5.12 5.12 72 Penganga R iv er Ek b urji Dam , Washim A-II 6.2 6.2 6.2 56 56 56 5.84 5.84 5.84 73 Penganga R iv er B elk hed Y av atm al A-II 5.2 10.4 7.8 44 84 64 4.37 6.38 5.39 74 Penganga R iv er Um ark hed Y av atm al A-II 2.64 14.5 8.55 16 60 38 5.44 6.9 6.15 75 Penganga R iv er Nand ed road b rid ge Y av atm al A-II 5.2 19.8 12.5 44 84 64 4.37 6.38 5.39 76 Penganga R iv er V illage w ad a Y av atm al A-II 3.8 15 12.4 24 64 22 5.14 6.64 5.87 77 Ped hi R iv er K und (Haturna) Y av atm al A-II 2.62 6.9 4.99 - - - 3.45 6.35 5.07 78 Ped hi R iv er Haturna Y av atm al A-II 3 14 7.01 - - - 1.05 6.04 4.61 79 Ped hi R iv er B hatk uli Y av atm al A-II 2.74 18 8.84 - - - - 5.94 3.64 80 Ped hi R iv er Dad hi-Ped hi Y av atm al A-II 5.84 13.2 10.1 - - - 2.1 5.68 4.4 81 Purna R iv er V ishroli Y av atm al A-II 2.8 4.8 3.8 - - - 4.01 6.12 5.27 82 Purna R iv er Cb z -A ' p ur road . Y av atm al A-II 2.6 4.3 3.65 - - - 3.88 6.34 5.2 83 Purna R iv er Asegaon Y av atm al A-II 3.1 5.76 4.34 - - - 3.81 6.29 5.24 84 Purna R iv er K holap ur Y av atm al A-II 3.2 8.2 5.83 - - - 3.56 6.14 4.91 85 Purna R iv er L asur Y av atm al A-II 2.8 9.6 4.56 - - - 3.65 6.21 5.08
36
S r.No. R iv er Monitoring S tation R egion / Class of B .O.D. C.O.D. D.O. Area Water Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. Min Max Av g. R O R aigad 86 Patalganga R iv er Gagangiri Maharaja R aigad A-II 4 7 4.8 12 20 16 5.2 7 6.1 Tem p le K hop oli 87 Patalganga R iv er S av roli R aigad A-II 3 7.5 5.26 16 28 22.1 3.8 7.6 5.43 88 Patalganga R iv er V ayal Pum p House R aigad A-II 4 6 5.08 16 24 21.8 3.2 7.4 6.02 89 Patalganga R iv er K harp ad e S aline Water Z one R aigad A-II 4 19 12.2 14 86 44.3 2.9 6.5 4.28 S R O R aigad - II 90 Ulhas R iv er K arjat B rid ge R aigad 5 9 6.3 16 24.8 24 4.5 7.4 6 91 B alganga High w ay B rid ge R aigad 7 18 12 24 104 57 2.1 6 4.1 92 B hogaw ati R iv er High w ay B rid ge R aigad 4 8 5.9 24 40 32 5.9 7 6.4 93 Am b a R iv er Palighat R aigad 4 9 5.6 16 40 21 5.4 7.3 6.1 S R O R aigad - III 94 K und alik a R iv er K olad B rid ge R aigad A-II 4 78 7.57 76 68 77.3 4.6 7 6.3 95 K und alik a R iv er MIDC J ack w ell Dhatav R aigad A-II 4.5 78 7.86 76 64 78 4 7.3 6.25 96 K und alik a R iv er V erse V illage R aigad A-II 4 79.5 7.89 16 80 30.7 4 7.5 5.8 97 K und alik a R iv er Areye K hurd R aigad S aline Z one 3 800 114 16 7643 250 - 5.8 3.68 98 K alu R iv er B irw ad i J ack w ell R aigad A-II 2 5.2 5 12 32 22 5.3 7 6.15 99 S av itri R iv er Dad ali B rid ge R aigad A-II 3 12 7.5 16 72 44 4.8 7.5 6.15 100 S av itri R iv er MIDC J ack w ell, Nangalw ad i R aigad A-II 2 11 6 8 40 24 5 7 6 101 S av itri R iv er S hed av Doh R aigad A-II 1 9 5.4 12 32 22 5.6 7 6.3 S R O Aurangab ad - I 102 God av ari R iv er K aigoan Tok a Aurangab ad A-II 8 120 27.6 24.8 3040 382 3.2 7.2 5.4 103 God av ari R iv er Up S tream of Paithan Aurangab ad A-II 3.5 13 8.2 8 42.4 25 4.6 86 19.2 104 God av ari R iv er Dow n S tream of God av ari Aurangab ad A-II 3 33 11 6 32 18.6 4.8 7.2 6.23 R iv er, Paithan 105 God av ari R iv er Wad v ali V illage Aurangab ad A-II 4 12.5 8.1 8 34 22.5 5.4 7.1 6.2 106 S uk na R iv er J alna R d . B rid ge Chik althana Aurangab ad A-II 14 210 135 49.2 605 393 6.4 6.9 6.65 107 S uk na R iv er S uk na Dam Aurangab ad A-II 4.5 32 13.1 12 120 30.2 2.2 7.6 5.08 S R O Aurangab ad - II 108 God av ari R iv er S hahagre Aurangab ad A-II 5 29 11.5 2 92 42.2 5.3 5.8 11.5 109 S ind fana R iv er D/S Majalgaon Aurangab ad A-II 8 32 13.7 2 112 43.4 4.6 6.8 5.4 S R O Aurangab ad - III 110 Manjara R iv er S angv i Aurangab ad II 6 13 9.5 18 34 26 5.2 7.2 6.2 111 Manjara R iv er D/S K aflam Aurangab ad II 8 15 11.5 26 36.8 31.4 6.7 7.2 6.92 112 Manjara R iv er B hatk hed a Aurangab ad II 5.5 12 8.75 14.8 32.4 23.6 4.9 7 5.95 113 Terna R iv er Erand w ad i Aurangab ad II 5.5 13 9.25 21.2 34.8 28 6.1 7.1 6.6 114 Terna R iv er Ujani Aurangab ad II 4.5 12 8.25 24 30.4 27.2 5.8 7.1 6.45 115 Terna R iv er Hattanga Aurangab ad II 4 11 7.5 22.8 29.2 26 5.6 7 6.3 S R O - Nand ed 116 God av ari R iv er U/S Nand ed Nand ed II 6.5 29 15.2 16.4 108 48.5 3.6 7.3 5.85 117 God av ari R iv er D/S Nand ed Nand ed II 7 64 50.5 21.2 222 64.6 - 8 5.66
37
C h a p te r-4
4.T h e G o d a v a ri B a s in
T h e G o d a v a ri R iv e r S y s te m God av ari p rop er has its origin at Trim b ak eshw ar. God av ari system w ithin Maharashtra is the largest riv er system as far as its aerial extent is consid ered . Together w ith its eastern trib utaries lik e Ward ha-Wainganga it sp read s ov er 151,803 sq k m w ithin Maharashtra. The God av ari R iv er d rains the largest area of the state. It flow s through Nashik , Ahem d nagar, Aurangab ad , Osm anab ad , B hir, Nand ed , Parb hani, J alna, Nagp ur, Ward ha, Y av atm al, Chand rap ur, B hand ara, and p arts of Am rav ati, Ak ola and B uld ana. The areas are k now n for the ind ustries, agriculture and also are center for trad e and religion. Major cities llik e Nashik , Ahem d nagar, Aurangab ad , and Nagp ur in the recent years hav e m any ind ustries d ev elop ed , a lot of agriculture is also p racticed in these area. Nashik and Nand ed are m ajor urb an areas along the b ank of God av ari and religious p laces.
Present status of R iv er God av ari: Num b er of w ork ers hav e m onitored the riv er w ater quality. 1. Work carried out b y the C.P.C.B (1995) on the God av ari riv er rev els that the B OD v alues ind icated that the riv er stretch from Gangap ur to Nand ed w as found p olluted and the rem aining stretch w as found relativ ely clean in the years 1990 to 1999. The riv er w ater at Dow n S tream of Nasik w as grossly p olluted and m axim um B OD v alue w as 8.9m g/l d uring 1995.
2 . The w ork d one b y Dr. V .B . Gaik w ad and Dr. V .R . Gunale (1997-98) on w ater quality of God av ari riv er in and around Nashik region. Pooled Pollution L ev el: a unique ap p roach w as im p lem ent b ased up on p ooling the rank of other p ollutants. The fractional rank s d ue to ind iv id ual p ollutants at a site w ere ad d ed and their cum ulativ e av erage w as henceforth referred to as Pooled Pollution L ev el. This ap p roach ind icates ov erall cum ulativ e p ollution, rep resenting the contrib ution of all p ollutants in a year at one site. The d ecreasing ord er of p olluted sites w ere as follow s: God v ari + Ahilya S angam > Chik hali Nala (B .M.) > Und erb rid ge > Gad age Maharaj Math > Mod k eshw ar tem p le > God av ari + K ap ila S angam > Talk uteshw ar tem p le > Gharp ure Ghat (D.M.) > Ganagw ad i B rid ge > Ek lahara (B .M.) > Ek lahara (A.M.) > Hans R aj Y ogashram > Pitrutirth >
38 K ushaw art > R am tirth > K ashyap i R iv er > Chik hali Nala (D.M.) > Dasak b rid ge > S om eshw ar > Gharp ure ghat (A.M.) > R am w ad i B rid ge > R am k und > K ashyp i + God av ari sangam > K .T.H.M. Point > Chak ratirth > Gangasagar > Anand w ali > Ganeshgaon b rid ge > Chik hali Nala (A.M.) > Dam d ow nstream . Physical p aram eters, esp ecially turb id ity and colour, ind icated that God av ari w ater d oes not m eet the norm s to the p otab le w ater. S ub sequent chem ical p atterns hav e ad d ed ev id ences to sub stantiate the sam e. F inally it has b een sum m ariz ed that a single p ollutant w as not b e haz ard ous to create an im p act; instead p ooled p ollution lev el m ak es v ital im p act on b iological p rocesses and hence it need s to b e consid ered seriously.
3. Work carried out b y the M.P.C.B . (2002-2003) on the R iv er w ater quality status of God av ari riv er show s the follow ing results; Tab le 4.1: Water analysis d one b y M.P.C.B . S r.No Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO .1 D/s of Nashik (M) 7.5 4 8.5 8 29 .6 5.6 4 2 R am k und (M) 7.55 8.69 25.2 5.56 3 Gangap ur Dam (M) 7.87 5.93 20.4 6.33 4 R aher (M) 8.06 7.11 23.36 5.9 5 J aik w ad i (M) 7.69 7.23 24.4 5.6 6 DhangarTak li, Nand ed 8.13 12.61 33.6 6.23 7 Dhalegaon (G) 8.07 10.32 25.11 5.94 8 S om eshw ar, Nashik 8.11 19.5 36.2 5.05 9 Anand v ali, Nashik 8.3 10 38.5 4.78 10 Chik ali Naila, Nashik 8.2 10.8 39.7 4.77 11 V ictoria B rid ge, Nashik 8.3 10.12 31 4.7 12 S aik hed a V illage, 8.4 10.5 33.5 4.82 13 Nand ur Dam , Nashik 8.3 9.75 29.5 5.17 14 U/s of Paithan, 7.6 8.2 24.9 19.2 15 D/s of Paithan, 7.8 11 18.6 6.2 16 Wad v ali V illage, 7.9 8.1 22.5 6.2 17 S hahgad 7.71 11.5 42.2 11.5 18 U/s of Nand ed 7.71 15.22 48.5 5.8 19 D/s of Nand ed 7.68 50.5 64.6 5.7
4. In the stud y cond ucted b y K . K . Deshm uk h and N. J . Paw ar in S angam ner area on the Prav ara R iv er, 68-ground w ater sam p les w ere tak en in tw o seasons- p re m onsoon and p ost m onsoon. 54 of them w ere from irrigated area and 14 from non-irrigated area. R ap id chem ical changes ev id enced b y d iv erse hyd ro-chem ical characteristics in the irrigated agricultural z one hav e lead to faster chem ical ev olution of ground w ater. As against this, in the
39 non-irrigated agriculture less hyd ro-chem ical d iv ersity reflected slow p rocess of chem ical ev olution of ground w ater. ln ad d ition to sugar ind ustry sev eral allied ind ustrial units hav e also com e up in the area. The effluents from sugar ind ustry, w ith little or no treatm ent hav e b een stored in lagoons and then d ischarged into the natural stream flow ing through the agricultural area for a d istance of ab out 8 to 9 k m . This effluent stream finally m eets the Prav ara riv er at S angam ner. While flow ing through the natural stream , the effluent infiltrates through the soil z one into the near b y d ug / b ore w ells thereb y ad v ersely affecting natural ground w ater quality.
Tab le 4.2: S um m ary of p hysico-chem ical characteristics of ground w ater from S angam ner area, District Ahm ed nagar, Maharashtra. Pre m onsoon Post m onsoon
P a ra m e te r M in . M a x . M in M a x
p H 7.6 8.6 7.9 8.9 EC uS /cm 360 10,360 513 11,100 TDS (p p m ) 230.4 6630.4 328.32 7104 Na ep m 0.7 16.5 0.30 21.4 K ep m 0.01 0.09 0.1 0.64 Ca ep m 0.64 8.6 1.8 24.21 Mg ep m 0.56 12 0.6 38.47 Cl ep m 0.25 16.9 1.26 42.59 HCO3 ep m 1.34 12.37 2.22 11.83 S 04 ep m 0.57 3.54 0.36 3.11 NO p p m 0.21 196 0 121.5 B p p m 0 6.28 0.05 5.1
5 . Num b er of w ork ers Aher HR , Z injad DG, Gunjal PS , K uchek ar S R (2002), B hosle (2003) and Islam (2002) m ad e surv ey of the w ater p ollution in God av ari riv er Prav ara riv er and Nand ed and the w hich show s that Chem ical analysis of w ater sam p les from Prav ara riv er b asin and Prav ara left b ank canal show s that the w ater is characteriz ed b y alk aline earth. Water sam p les from thirteen sp ots of d ow n stream from B hand ara to B ab haleshw ar w ere collected for analysis at an interv al of ten k ilom eters. The results show that the p hysico-chem ical characteristic of w ater changes to d ow nstream from B hand ara to B ab haleshw ar d ue to hum an activ ities.
6. Nand ed is another m ajor tow n on the b ank of God av ari recoiv es d om estic w aste. Work b y Islam S R , Gyananath G. (2002) from S w am i R am anand Teerth Marathw ad a Univ ersity on contam ination of chem ical fertiliz ers in ground w ater and seasonal v ariations. Attem p t is m ad e
40 to und erstand the im p lications of chem ical fertiliz ers on ground w ater quality of Nand ed . The m ean record ed v alues of sulp hate, p hosp hate and nitrate lev els w ere found 10.26-34.83 m g/l, 0.052-0.194 m g/l and 3.43-11.37 m g/l, resp ectiv ely. S ulp hate and nitrate lev els w ere w ithin p erm issib le lim its b ut p hosp hate lev els higher than the p erm issib le lim its. Pap er p resents a case stud y on the influence of seasonal v ariations on ground w ater quality in Nand ed d istrict, Maharashtra. The stud y show s a m ark ed seasonal trend in v arious p hysico-chem ical p aram eters in ground w ater.
7. Tile (1998) as his M.S c. p roject analysed w ater quality of the God av ari riv er from S om eshw ar to Panchak cov ering 12 k m area and the Nand ini riv er from K am b lew ad i to Dw arak a cov ering 8 k m area of Nashik city. The p hysico- chem ical analysis of w ater from v arious stations w ere as follow s; Tab le 4.3: Physico- chem ical analysis of God av ari riv er and Nand ini riv er. S r. N o . S ta tio n P a ra m e te r P h D O B O D C O D H a rd n e s s C a M g C h lo rid e A lk a lin ity O il & G re a s e G o d a v a ri 1 S om eshw ar 7.6 4.9 7.5 17 90 50 25 40.5 48 90 2 Anand w ali 7.5 5 12 31 75 37 24 56.19 55 75 3 K .T.H.M. 7.8 5.1 7.4 15 52 24 1 39.15 65 56 4 R am w ad i 8.5 3.6 32 80 60 28 21 34.75 120 68 5 R am k und 8.6 3.8 34 75 85 42 30 40 135 80 6 Am ard ham 7.8 3.2 37 92 80 45 26 37.75 160 45
N a n d in i 7 K am b lew ad i 8.2 2 45 110 80 47 26 215 125 46 8 S hahunagar 8 2.7 63.3 117 100 55 35 257 138 66 9 V inaynagar 8.1 1.2 48 122 70 38 28 225 193 43 10 Dw ark a 7.8 1.5 44.6 113.5 66 35 22 220 150 40 11 Tak li 7.6 2.4 40 112 120 64 40 171.9 160 75 12 Panchak 7.8 4.1 35 80.5 104 57 35 148.8 138 56 V alues are giv en in m g / l excep t Ph
Another w ork er S unita Nand e (2000) m onitored the Phyisco-Chem ical Characteristics of God av ari and K ad w a R iv er near S innar, w here she had selected total 9 sites along b oth the
41 riv ers. 5 sites on God av ari and 2 along K ad w a and these tw o m et each other near Nand ur Mad yam eshw ar w eir, 2 sites w ere tak en at this p oint. God av ari R iv er is im p ortant in the d ev elop m ent of agricultural and ind ustrial sectors of Nashik and the ad joining areas. Unfortunately the sam e riv er is b eing p olluted b y ind iscrim inate d isp osal of sew age and ind ustrial w aste, heav y use of fertiliz ers and p esticid es and hum an activ ities. R iv er p ollution has alread y acquired a serious d im ension in Ind ia. Tab le 4.4: Physico-Chem ical Characteristics Of God av ari and K ad w a R iv er. P h y s ic o -C h e m ic a l C h a ra c te ris tic s O f G o d a v a ri a n d K a d w a R iv e r A t V a rio u s S a m p lin g S ite P a ra m e te rs S ite 1 S ite 2 S ite 3 S ite 4 S ite 5 S ite 6 S ite 7 S ite 8 S ite 9 P h y s ic a l Tem p erature 23.8 23.6 23.5 22.7 22 21 23.2 23.5 23.2 Cond uctiv ity 227 241 228 334 310 278 279 484 252 Ph 8 7.9 8.4 8 7.7 8 8.3 8.3 7.9 T.D.S . 5 4.2 9.2 9.7 6 7.3 6.2 11 6.7
C h e m ic a l Alk alinity 150 125 290 180 190 275 175 215 185 CO 11 13.2 14 20.9 8.8 12 13.2 26.4 19.2 Chlorid es 35.5 42.6 36.5 46.86 42.6 35.5 44 96.56 85.2 Total Hard ness 112 112 175 164 172 144 180 200 164 Ca+ + Hard ness 28.05 25.65 16.03 36.06 34.4 32.06 28.85 38.06 27.25 Mg+ + Hard ness 83.95 86.35 158.9 127.9 137.6 111.9 161.1 161.1 126.9 DO 5.8 5.2 4 6.7 7.6 6.2 6.3 6.2 5.2 B OD 20 17 30 37 25 18 17 21 21 COD 52 40 84 100 74 61 48 55 66 S ulp hate 53.5 55.8 69.4 59.4 58.6 61.6 46.6 54.2 73.6 Phosp hate 0.172 0.1 0.269 0.258 0.175 0.246 0.169 0.213 0.099 S od ium 6 8 9 10 11 10 8 12 10 Potassium 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1
Another group from sw am i R am anand Teerth Marathw ad a Univ ersity, Nand ed is regularly m onitoring God av ari R iv er p ollution from Nand ed area und er the guid ance of Prof. Y ed ek ar (p ersonal com m unication).
42
C h a p te r- 5
5 . T h e W a rd h a a n d W a in g a n g a B a s in
T h e W a in g a n g a a n d W a rd h a R iv e r S y s te m s After confluence of the Wainganga and the Ward ha riv er it is k now n as Pranhita riv er. It is one of the largest trib utaries of God av ari system . The im p ortant trib utaries of the Wainganga system , b esid es Ward ha, are K anhan and Mul. The B em b la and Penganga b oth the trib utaries of Ward ha also hav e siz eab le catchm ent areas. Together w ith these riv ers, Pranahita has catchm ent area of 1.09 lak h sq. k m .
Work carried out b y M.P.C.B (2002-2003) on v arious p aram eters of Penganga riv er show s the follow ing results;
Tab le 5.1: Water analysis of Penganga riv er S r.No. Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO 1 Maslap an 7.5 6 - 2 6 - 2 Asegaon 7.82 4.8 32 5.34 3 S uk ali 7.56 5.16 36 5.29 4 Uk ali 7.8 5.2 44 5.12 5 Ek b urji Dam 7.8 6.2 56 5.84 6 B elk hed 8.13 7.8 64 5.39 7 Um ar K hed 7.89 8.55 38 6.15 8 Nand ed R d . B rid ge 8.13 12.5 64 5.39 9 V illage w ad a 7.65 12.4 22 5.87
43
C h a p te r-6
6. The Krishna Basin
T h e K ris h n a R iv e r S y s te m The K rishna system occup ies 258,948 sq. k m of the area w ithin Maharashtra. Physiograp hically all the area of K rishna catchm ent w ithin Maharashtra can b e consid ered as p art of the up p er K rishna b asin. The K rishna riv er is the next im p ortant riv er after riv er God av ari. It d rains d ifferent d istricts such as S atara, K olhap ur, S angli, S olap ur and sm all p art of Ahem d nagar. It has a num b er of trib utaries, of w hich the B him a R iv er is m ost im p ortant and joins it in K arnatak a S tate. These areas hav e m any sugar p lants, w hich use large quantities of w ater for their op erations and d ischarges of effluents. The sugar field s also utiliz e large am ounts of fertiliz ers and p esticid es that ultim ately find its w ay into natural w ater b od y and contam inate it. K arad city in S atara d istrict is an im p ortant trad e, agro-ind ustrial and ed ucational center. K arad station is used b y six large co-op erativ e sugar m ills and K oyana Hyd ro p roject for load ing and unload ing m achinery etc, w hich p ollute the w ater through agricultural runoffs; fertiliz ers and p esticid e and d om estic w aste. K olhap ur and S olap ur hav e m any ind ustries d ev elop ed , w hich also p ollute the w ater and has ad v erse effect on the aquatic flora and fauna. Most of the d om estic w aste and ind ustrial w aste are found to b e d ischarged into the w ater w ith p artial or no treatm ent. Thus m ak ing the w ater unfit of hum an consum p tion and also ham p ers the life harb ouring in the w ater.
1. Work d one b y Dr. B oralk ar and others d uring J uly œDecem b er 1980 on the K rishna R iv er Ecosystem b etw een the K arad - S angli area w hich is ab out 120 k m . This is w here the riv er is sub jected to m axim um hum an activ ities in this state. 8 stations w ere selected to stud y riv er such as; 1. S angam (K arad ), 2. K rishna B rid ge (K arad ), 3. K hub i, 4.K ole, 5. J ack w ell (S angli), 6. Ganesh Tem p le (S angli) 7. Harip ur Nak a (S angli) 8. Harip ur. At these stations d ifferent p hysico-chem ical p aram eters w ere analysed . The D.O content v aried b etw een 0 to 13.6 m g / l, the B OD of the w ater w as b etw een 21 to 130 m g /l the alk alinity ranged b etw een 6.0 m g /l to 256 m g / l. S ulp hates ranged from 0.0487 to 847.0 m g / l. the 44 Chlorid es concentrations w as b etw een 3.1 to 280.6 m g / l. The Most Prob ab le Num b er of coliform s (MPN) stud ies to asses the fecal p ollution load w as m ore than 2400 cells / m l of the riv er w ater. This region entails sp ecial significance for the riv er w ater quality as m ore than sev en sugar factories d ischarge their effluents d irectly or ind irectly into the riv er. High lev els of nitrates w ere d ue to large quantities of nitrogenous fertiliz ers, w hich w ere used for agricultural p urp ose and from lib eral d ischarge of organic w astes.
2 . S urv ey carried out b y the C.P.C.B . (1995) on the K rishna riv er show s that B OD v alues ind icated that the w ater quality d eteriorated ov er the p eriod 1990 to 1999 at Mahab aleshw ar, K arad , S angli and R ajap ur. The B OD v alues increased from 3.1 m g/l to 5.2 m g/l at Mahab aleshw ar, 4.5 m g/l to 5.5 m g/l at K arad and 4.1m g/l to 6.0 m g/l at S angli d uring 1990 to 1999 resp ectiv ely. The w ater quality w as v ery b ad at the stations Mahab aleshw ar, K arad , S angli and R ajap ur d uring 1999 as com p are to the years of 1990 and 1995.
3. Work carried out b y the M.P.C.B . (2002-2003) on the K rishna riv ers show s the follow ing results;
Tab le 6.1: Water analysis of K rishna riv er S r.No. Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO 1 R ajap ur Weir (M) 7. 7 5.2 6 20 .4 6.4 4 2 K urund w ad (M) 7.7 5.63 37.5 6.43 3 Dhom Dam (M) 7.46 5.46 11.2 6.13 4 S angli (G) 7.88 6.32 26.67 6.07 5 K arad (G) 7.86 6 23.5 6.38 6 Mahuli, S atara 7.78 11 30 5.9 7 K rishna-V ena Confluence 7.7 9.1 26 6.5 8 U/s Maighat, S angli 8.1 15.5 20 5
4. Triv ed y, R .K et al. (1991) stud ied heav y m etal such as: Cu, Mn, Cd , Ni, Z n and Iron from the R iv er K rishna, Maharashtra, d uring the year 1987. The sam p ling w as d one at 7 sites sp read ov er 260 K m . The sites w ere sub jected to d ifferent Iev el of hum an activ ity & p ollution; how ev er, there w as no p oint source of p ollution. Av erage concentration of v arious m etals in the riv er w as: Cu 0.02 to 0.08 m g/L , Mn 0.07 to 5.2 m g/L , Cd 0.001 to 0.04 m g/L , Nick el 0.19 45 to 0.91 m g/L , Z n 0.19 to 0.99 m g/L and Iron 0.35 to 1.49 m g/L . Concentration at sev eral p laces exceed ed the d rink ing w ater and irrigation stand ard s. In another w ork carried out from 1985-87 w ith the ob jectiv e to stud y the sources of p ollution in the riv er. 10 S am p ling sites w ere stud ied . It w as seen that K rishna riv er, after the Dhom d am , is sub jected to v arious d egrees of p ollution. As p er v arious p hysico-chem ical criteria stud ied m ainly B OD, COD, DO, N NH3, Chlorid es, it ap p ears that no site is free from p ollution. Ev en site 1 w hich is just after the Dhom d am is p olluted d ue to influence of cultural activ ities and agriculture and p ossib le occasional d ischarge from a hand m ad e p ap er m ill.
5 . The stud ies d one b y S . K . S oam and J .P. S ingh (1997) on the K rishna riv er using S p atial m od elling ap p roach to w ater p ollution m onitoring in the sugar b elt of Maharashtra, w hich is one such p olluted riv ers of the country, flow s in the states of Maharashtra, K arnatak a and And hra Prad esh. The p resent stud y is tak en up for the m onitoring, id entification and suggesting p relim inary m easures of w ater p ollution control in the S atara-S angli stretch (stretch-I) also k now n as the country's sugar-b elt, of the K rishna b asin in Maharashtra w ith the help of Geograp hic Inform ation S ystem (GIS ). The stretch-I, has b een id entified b y CPCB and MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control B oard ) for the restoration of w ater quality und er the National R iv er Action Plan (NR AP). S atara - S angli S tretch The total geograp hical area of the K rishna b asin in S atara is 10,816 k m 2 (4% ) and that of S angli is 8,572 k m 2 (3.2% ). F ertiliser and Pesticid e Consum p tion: To get higher yield s in the cultiv ated land , farm ers ap p ly m ore and m ore of chem ical fertiliz ers. The total p esticid e consum p tion in Maharashtra is 711 MT/Y ear, of w hich 7% is consum ed in S atara and 6.4% in S angli. In these tw o b asin d istricts organo-chlorine share is the highest. The ap p lication rate p er hectare is ab out 0.09. Water Consum p tion and Effluent Discharge: Major ind ustrial sectors are in p ow er, fertiliser, sugar and cem ent ind ustries. In S atara and S angli fifteen m ed ium to large siz e sugar ind ustries are located . There are m any liquor factories located along the stretch-I. The quantity of w ater that is consum ed for d om estic, ind ustrial and irrigation uses are resp ectiv ely 66, 18 and 3366 MCM. Corresp ond ingly, the am ount of effluent that is b eing d ischarged from urb an, ind ustrial and irrigation are 29, 14 and 673 MCM. F rom the sugar factories and its surround ing d om estic locations ab out 13400 and 1525 cub ic m eter of effluents are b eing d ischarged ev eryd ay. S oam and S ingh used d ifferent factors those affect the w ater quality are p hysical, chem ical and socio-econom ic p aram eters of the riv er b asin. Using GIS , the d atab ase on p ollution load , the 46 relationship b etw een p ollution load w ith p op ulation, fertiliser consum p tion and factory location, and the riv er z onation hav e b een assessed and grap hically p resented .
6.1 R iv e r P a n c h g a n g a Panchganga is a trib utary of K rishna riv er, it originates at K erli at a d istance of 72 k m from R ad hanagari Dam and p asses through Ichalk arnji City, located at a d istance of 48 k m from K erlik . It m eets K rishna at Narsob aw ad i. Along the b ank of the riv er, there are tw o m ajor tow ns œ K olhap ur and Ichalk arnji w ith their ind ustrial activ ities they hav e p olluted the riv er w hich is their source of w ater sup p ly. 1. S tud ies d one b y Triv ed y (1990) on riv er Panchganga rep orted it to b e consid erab ly p olluted near the K olhap ur city d ue to the d isp osal of sew age and ind ustrial w aste from tw o nalas. The w ater sup p ly to the city is m ad e from the riv er and the w ater is collected from a p lace, just near the outfall of sew age and ind ustrial w aste carrying nalas. The stud y w as carried out on the sites b efore and after these outfalls; p hysico-chem ical and b iological characteristics of the riv er hav e b een stud ied . The stud y rev eals that the riv er is facially p olluted throughout it stretch near K olhap ur. A sud d en increase in the concentration of nitrogen and som e other com p onents show ed that there is a d ischarge of organic effluent after site 1, b ut the results of b iological analysis confirm ed the increased p ollution after the entry of the nalas. The v alue of Nygaard 's com p ound ind ex in the riv er ranged from 10.5 to 12.0 and the v alue of Palm er's algal genus ind ex from 20 to 29.0 b oth ind icating high organic p ollution of the riv er. Ecological stud y of the R iv er Panchganga p assing through K olhap ur a religious and ind ustrial city of southw estern Maharashtra show s that the riv er receiv es the w astew aters m ainly from a d rain called J ayanti Nalluh, w hich carries sew age, tannery effluents and other w aste-w aters from the city. B esid es, sev eral sm all d rains from the hum an settlem ents and the S hiroli ind ustrial area in the v icinity also p our sub stantial quantities of w astew aters in the riv er.
2 . S tud y carried out b y Goel and B hosale (2001) on the riv er Panchganga, w here fiv e sam p ling sites w ere selected on the b asis of the m agnitud e of p ollution and usage of the riv er stretch. The w ater w as analysed for a num b er of p hysico-chem ical and b iological p aram eters ov er a p eriod of one year cov ering all the seasons. The m axim um COD w ent up to 200 m g/L ind icating organic p ollution. S im ilarly, am m onia, nitrate and inorganic p hosp horus also record ed higher v alues up to 3.36, 6.55 and 0.83 m g/L resp ectiv ely. Ecological stud ies w ith sp ecial
47 reference to b iological com p onent on riv er Panchganga at K olhap ur show s a large p rop ortion of the catchm ent is com p rised of urb aniz ed and ind ustrial areas w ith consid erab le hum an activ ity influencing the riv er. The lev els of the p aram eters lik e nitrogen, p hosp horus, chlorid e, sulp hid e and COD clearly rev eals the p olluted nature of the riv er. Many of the algal sp ecies out of the total 61 rep orted from the riv er lik e E ugle na, S c e ne d e s mus , S p irulina, M ic roc ys tis , C h lamyd onmnas and A nabe na are recogniz ed p ollution ind icators. Z oop lank ton also com p rises of som e p ollution tolerant sp ecies lik e B rac h ionus , K e rate lla, C yc lop s and C h yd orus . The stud y ind icates that b oth chem ical and b iological asp ects rev eal a grossly p olluted nature of the riv er hav ing alm ost insignificant self p urification cap acity to assim ilate p ollution in this stretch. The p rob lem b ecom es m ore grav e, esp ecially d uring the sum m er season.
3. In another stud y b y Triv ed y and Nak ate (2000) on the heav y m etal account in the riv er show s that cop p er content w as 10-to 50 µg/ l w hich is in fact the highest d esirab le lim it for w ater quality. Manganese concentration at site 1 to3 w as in the range of 20-to 130 µg/ l b ut the sam e w as usually ab ov e 1000 µg/ l and up to 2160 µg/ l at site 4. Thus the m unicip al d rain is the m ain source of m anganese Cad m ium concentration w as b elow 5 m g/L in the riv er w ater, w hile the p rescrib ed stand ard for the sam e is 10-µg/ l in the riv er w ater. Nick el concentration in the ind ustrial d rain (K ab noor d rain) w as in the range of 10 to 40 µg/l, w hile in the m unicip al d rain it w as 30-to 90 µg/ l. The concentration of z inc w as m uch higher in the K ab noor d rain 170-to1320 µg/L , w hile it w as only 51 to 130 µg/L in the m unicip al d rain. The higher concentration in the form er d rain is d ue to ind ustrial d ischarge. The concentration of cob alt w as in the range of 10 to 50µg/L how ev er; lead concentration at site 3 and 4 w as around 100µg/L or ab ov e on few occasions, w hich is ab ov e the p rescrib ed lim it.
4. Inv estigations d one b y Goel and Autad e (1995) on the ecological stud ies on the R iv er Panchganga exhib its that the m angnitud e of p aram eters lik e nitrogen, p hosp hrous, chlorid e, sulp hid e and COD clearly rev eals the p olluted nature of the riv er. A total of 61 algal sp ecies w ere found in the riv er of w hich m any lik e E ugle na, S c e ne d e s mus , S p irulina. M ic roc ys tis , C h lamyd omonas and A nabae na fall in the category of p ollution ind icators. The z oop lank tons also consist of m any p ollution tolerant sp ecies lik e B rac h ionus , K e rale lla, C yc lop s and C h yd orus . 48 The results of the stud y show s that the riv er is suffering from p ollution arising out of the d ischarge of d iv erse w astew aters from p oint and non p oint sources, w hich has resulted in alm ost insignificant self-p urification cap acity of the riv er in this p articular stretch.
5 . Meenal B ap at (2003) as a p art of her Ph.D Thesis und er guid ance of R .K .Triv ed y on the w ater quality of the riv er K rishna and Panchganga d uring 2001-2002. Data on p hysico chem ical characteristics of the riv er K rishna in three seasons from its origin in Mahab aleshw ar (Gom uk h) to term inus at Narsob aw ad i show ed that it w as alarm ing state, the d issolv ed oxygen content of this riv er w as v ery low alm ost throughout the riv er. Most of the v alues w ere b elow 5.0 m g/L p utting a serious question m ark on the surv iv al of fish and other organism s. V ery low DO v alues w ere record ed at Wai d ow nstream (Muk ti Dham ), K arad d ow nstream , Walw a and at v arious sites in S angli often b elow 3.0 m g/L suggesting a v ery heav y p ollution of the riv er at these p oints d ue to d isp osal of sew age F ollow ing w ere the sam p ling sites of riv er K rishna; 1. Gom uk h. 2. Dhom Dam Dow nstream , 3. Ganesh Mand ir (Wai), 4. Muk ti Dham (Wai), 5. Mahuli (S atara), 6. K arad B rid ge U/S , 7. K arad B rid ge D/S . 8. K arv eU/S , 9. K arv eD/S , 10. K ole, 11.Walw a, 12.Aud um b ar Mand ir, 13. K .T.Weir (D/S ) S angli, 14. K rishna Warna S angam , 15. Narsob achi w ad i and follow ing are the sites of riv er Panchganga1. S id heshw ar Tem p le, 2.B efore J ayanti nallah 3. After J ayanti nallah, 4. Ganga Ghat 5. S hiroli B rid ge, 6. S hahu Dham . Dr Anil K ulk arni (1992-93 and 2001) assessed the quality of surface and ground w ater from Panchganga riv er area and analysed w ater qualiy ind ices. He show ed that 70% of p ollution is d ue to d om estic w aste.
6.2 R iv e r K o y a n a
S tud ies b y Triv ed y et al. (1990) on the K oyana riv er show s that the p resence of few p ollution tolerant sp ecies lik e O s c illatoria, S p irulina, N av ic ula etc. ind icate that the organic p ollution has b een slow ly setting in the riv er. It is ob serv ed that the w ater of the riv er K oyana is quite clean b ut the d isp osal of d om estic sew age at K arad has consid erab ly d eteriorated the w ater quality and p hytop lank ton flora.
Work d one b y K hatav k ar (2000) on the heav y m etal content of K rishna and K oyana riv ers rev els that the lev el of heav y m etals w as not v ery high in the riv ers ov erall. Maxim um concentration of all the heav y m etals w as alw ays found at sites 6 in the riv er K rishna, w hich is exp lainab le b y high concentration of m etals b rought ab out b y S heri Nala. Iron concentration in the riv er K rishna 49 v aried from 623 to 3425 µg/L against w orld av erage of 670 µg/L in p resent stud ies too; it ap p ears that the high iron content at site 6 w as only d ue to a heav y inflow of sew age. In the riv er K oyana iron concentration w as m uch less than the riv er K rishna b ut the nullahs; esp ecially K arad Nalla had higher concentration, w hich is again d ue to S ew age & S trom w ater. World s m ean concentration of Z inc is 20 µg/ L B oth the riv ers had m uch higher concentration than this. Although the z inc ap p ears to b e naturally high in this area, w aste d ischarge also contrib utes significantly as z inc concentration w as quite high in nullahs m eeting the R iv er. S im ilar trend w as found w ith regard to m anganese.
50
C h a p te r-7
7. T h e B h im a B a s in
B h im a R iv e r s y s te m
B h im a The B him a riv er rises in Western Ghats, at an altitud e of ab out 945 m etres and flow s south-east w ard s through Maharashtra and K arnatak a. It flow s for 861 k m b efore joining the K rishna near K ud lu in R aichur taluk . It has a d rainage area of 70,614 sq k m out of w hich 18,315 sq k m lies in K arnatak a.
7.1 M u la , M u th a a n d P a v a n a R iv e rs This is one of the riv er b asin hav ing rap id grow th of urb aniz ation and ind ustrializ ation. Major city lik e Pune has d ev elop ed along the b ank s of Mula- Mutha riv ers, w hile Pav ana R iv er p asses through tow nship of Pim p ri- Chinchw ad . Estab lishm ent of ind ustries lik e chem ical ind ustry, p ap er and p ulp , autom ob iles and m echanical etc in the cities, has led to significant im p act on the quality of w ater. Most of the d om estic w aste and ind ustrial w aste are d ischarged into the w ater- course w ith little or no treatm ent. The im p lication of such inhum an p ractices causes m assiv e p ollution and threat to flora and fauna of the w ater-b od y.
1. S tud ies carried out b y the M.P.C.B . (2002-2003) on the B him a riv er on p aram eters such
as PH, B O, COD and DO show s the folling results;
Tab le 7.1: Water analysis of B him a riv er S r.No. Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO 1 Daund (M) 7.0 5 7.1 3 2 3 4.5 3 2 Pargaon (M) 7.15 9.75 26 4.45 3 D/s of B and gard en, Pune (M) 7.1 29.7 74 2.4 4 D/s of V ithalw ad i, Pune (M) 7.23 18.6 40 3.3 5 Tak li, S olap ur D/s (G) 7.93 6.36 24.89 6.07 6 U/s of New B rid ge, 7.6 7 28.8 - 7 D/s of Gop alp ur, Pand harp ur 7.6 6.8 26.4 -
51 2 . Work d one b y V .R .Gunale for Ph.D (1974 to 1977) on the w ater quality lev el at the confluence of Mula- Mutha riv ers in Pune city. S am p les from 9 stations w ere collected on these riv ers such as; S angam B rid ge, B und Gard en, V ithalw ad i, Holk ar B rid ge, Dap od i B rid ge etc. The p hysico-chem ical as w ell as algal analysis w ere d one m onthly for 4 years. It w as seen that the D.O. ranged from 0 to 6m g/ l. At S angam B rid ge the DO had d rop p ed to z ero lev el resulting in an unfav ourab le env ironm ent for the b iota. The CO2 ranged from 3 œ13m g / l. B OD w as 75 to 200 m g/ l in sum m er m onths. The nitrate lev el w as from 1.944 to 3.720 m g/l and the p hosp hate content ranges b etw een 0.5 to 2.5 m g / l. The riv ers receiv ed effluents from the d om estic w aste. The p resence to m any algae ind icated that these riv ers w ere organically p olluted and has a high d egree of anaerob ic d ecom p osition that also giv es rise to characteristic od our.
3. S tud ies cond ucted b y S .G. Tup e, R .S . J ad hav , S .S . Z injard e, V .R . Gunale and B .K . Patw ard han (1999) on the b acteriological quality of the Mula-Mutha riv ers for a p eriod of three m onths J anuary, F eb ruary and March at sev en d ifferent sites along the Mula-Mutha riv ers, Pune. The analysis rev ealed the p resence of high total v iab le counts, ind icators of faecal p ollution nam ely, E s c h e ric h ia c oli and faecal S trep to-cocci, p athogens such as S almone lla sp ecies and V ibrio c h ole ras at m ost of the d ow nstream sites. The quality of w ater at the up stream K had ak w asla site, from w here Pune city gets its w ater sup p ly, had a low er load of b acteria and on m ost occasions d id not show the p resence of the tw o p athogens. Water at the d ow nstream sites, flow ing out of the city lim its, is b acteriologically of p oor quality and is unfit for hum an use.
The results of Total V iab le Count (TV C) at the sev en show s that the v iab le counts at the K had ak w asla site are the least, b ut there is an increase in the total num b er of E -organism s thereafter. At the v ery next site, i.e. V ittalw ad i, there is an increase in the v iab le counts and high counts p ersist at all the d ow nstream sam p ling sites. The m ean counts, they ob tained at the sev en sites, w ere 4 x 103 at K had ak w asla, 10 x 105 at V itthalw ad i, 3 8 x 105 at Ganv are b rid ge, 40 x i 0s at S angam b rid ge, 24 x 105 at Aund h b rid ge, 34 x I05at Holk ar b rid ge and 84 x I05at at B und gard en.
4. IMPACT Ind ia inv ited Univ ersity of Pune to carry out system atic surv ey for Pav ana,Mula and Mutha riv ers w ith the sup p ort from Therm ax, Pune. A rep ort on w ater quality w as p rep ared and sub m itted to Honourib le Gov ernor, Maharashtra state and also Collector, Com m issioners of b oth the Municap al Corp oration. This rep ort w as p rep ared to tak e step s 52 to im p rov e the cond ition of riv er ecosystem . As a follow up of this PMC and PCMC hav e initiated m easures to red uce the inflow of the w aste. Then, PMC w ith the help of S chool of Health S ciences, Univ ersity of Pune took regular m onitoring of riv ers. Gunale, V .R . and Patw ard han, B . (2000) on the riv ers show ed that Dissolv ed oxygen content has d ecreased w hile alk alinity and w ater hard ness hav e increased . Increasing lev els of calcium , m agnesium , p hosp hates, sulp hates, chlorid es and heav y s hav e all b een rep orted . S tud ies cond ucted the last 20 years hav e consistently rep orted eutrop hication of the riv er w ater, an im p ortant ind icator of w ater p ollution. The Pim p ri Chinchw ad ind ustrial com p lex along the b ank s of the Pav ana R iv er has ad d ed to the ind ustrial and d om estic effluents. (Gunale, 1978: Paw ar, 1985; Wagh et al, 1987; S hirw alk ar, 1991; V irw ab haram , 1995). The increase in p ollution result from the d ischarge of ind ustrial d om estic effluents into the riv ers w ithout p retreatm ent. There are few ind ustries w ith full-scale effluent treatm ent p lants and m any w ith no m echanism for effluent treatm ent at all. Many of the m ost p olluting ind ustries are sm all-scale op erations and cannot afford w aste treatm ent p lants (Gunale, 1978). It w as ob serv ed from the concentrations of d issolv ed oxygen d ecreases d ow nstream ind icating increase in the p ollution of S angam B rid ge, the quality of w ater is highly p olluted w hich is ev id ent from DO v alues, w hich are less than one p p m . The concentration of B OD and COD increases d ow nstream ind icating p resence of high oxygen d em and ing w aste in w ater. Increase in the Cl- content of w ater d ow nstream suggest that there is inp ut of d om estic effluents in the riv er. In general, the electrical cond uctiv ity of w ater increases in the d ow nstream d irection reflecting higher ionic content of w ater. Decrease in p H of w ater d ow nstream is slightly acid ic and m ight b e the result of m ixing of acid ic w aste w aters.
The DO concentrations at Wak ad , Aund h and Dap od i on the iecreases d ow nstream . This suggests that the riv er w ater is highly p olluted from Aund h to Dap od i. This stretch of the riv er also show s concom itant increase in the B OD and COD v alues. The v alue of COD and B OD slightly d ecreases at Dap od i, d ue to m ixing of Mula R iv er w ith Pav ana riv er w ater. The v alues of Cl and PO4 show continues increase from Wak ad to Dap od i ind icating increase inp ut of d om estic effluents in the riv er. The EC of the w ater goes on increasing from Wak ad to Dap od i, suggesting that the load of d issolv ed solid s in w ater is also increasing. The p H v alue also show s increase sup p orting ab ov e interference. The riv er stretch b etw een Aund h and Dap od i is highly p olluted .
53 The DO v alues of the riv er w ater are fairly low at all the stations of Pav ana, ind icating that the riv er w ater is highly p olluted . The inference is sup p orted b y higher v alues of B OD and COD.
The Cl and PO4 concentration increases d ow nstream , ind icating m ixing of d om estic effluents in the riv er. The EC v alues of the riv er are on low er sid e at Thergaon. How ev er, the v alue increases b y m any fold s at S angv i and Holk ar B rid ge, ind icating m ixing of concentrated effluents from b oth d om estic as w ell as ind ustrial sources. The increase in p H v alues d ow nstream sup p orts this inference. B y and large, the riv er stretch b etw een Thergaon and Holk ar B rid ge can b e consid ered as highly p olluted .
Tab le 7.2: Water analysis from Mutha & Mula riv ers for the m onth of August 1998. K had ak - V itthal-w ad i Garw are S angam B und Aund h Holk ar w asla b d g. gard en b d g. Tem p . 25.8 25 24.5 225.3 23.9 23.5 23.8 p H 6.8 7.1 7.5 6.5 7.3 6.4 6.7 EC 86 160 294 552 542 678 623 Alk alinity 65 195 200 160 150 155 160
F ree CO2 2.2 4.4 6.6 11 8.8 4.4 4.4 DO 10.14 8.51 0.0 2.0 2.7 8.31 6.69 B OD 2.1 4.5 14.4 48.6 28.1 62 45 COD 4 8 32 108 56 124 92 Phosp horus 0.06 0.17 0.84 0.22 0.25 0.1 0.28 S ulp hate 1.75 1 3 2 2 .5 1.5 1.1 Chlorid e 28.4 34.08 41.18 29.82 28.4 22.72 28.4 Hard ness 38 148 140 136 126 120 116 Ca 12.024 40.08 36.87 36.072 31.26 28.86 30.46 Mg 1.949 11.695 11.69 11.21 11.695 12.18 9.746
5 . Thaned ar (2001) stud ied the Mula, Mutha R iv er for its p hysico-chem ical p aram eters. F iv e sam p ling stations stud ied w ere: S tation 1 K had ak w asla Dow n stream - S tation, 2 K arv enagar, S tation 3 Tw o Wheeler B rid ge (T.W. B rid ge), S tation, 4 S angam B rid ge, S tation 5 B und gard en. It is seen that K had ak w asla, K arv enagar, Tw o w heeler b rid ge stations, the p H v alue of riv er w ater is w ithin the p erm issib le lim it of 6.5 to 8.5 for m ost p art of year. Hence it can b e conclud ed that riv er w ater is suitab le for use for d om estic p urp oses. F or S angam B rid ge station the p H v aries from 6.6
54 to 9.1 and for B und Gard en station the p H v aries from 6.3 to 8.8, w hich show s that p H v alue exceed s the p erm issib le lim it and hence not suitab le for use as d om estic p urp ose. The v alue of Dissolv ed Oxygen changed from K had ak w asla station to B und gard en in d ecreasing v alue. The DO at K had ak w asla is 7 to 8 m g/l, w hich is v ery good for aquatic life and d egrad ation of organic m atter. The DO at K arv enagar is in lim it 3 to 4 m g/l, b ut DO content in riv er is v ery less at Tw o-Wheeler B rid ge, S angam B rid ge and B und Gard en. It is seen that at the last three stations DO is d ecreased up to 0 m g/l w hich is v ery alarm ing, as this lev el show s that at this p hase no aquatic life is p resent in riv er and also w hatev er d egrad ation of organic m atter tak es p lace is d ue to anaerob ic b acteria. B OD at K had ak w asla station exceed s the p erm issib le lim it (30 m g/lit). B ut at the K arv enagar, Tw o-Wheeler B rid ge, S angam B rid ge, B und Gard en stations this v alue exceed s the p erm issib le lim it and it has reached up to 500 m g/l at S angam B rid ge, w hich is v ery high, and accord ing to B IS stand ard s the effluent of this m uch am ount should not b e d isp osed into inland w ater. COD show s that at K had ak w asla station COD of riv er w ater is v ery less. At the K arv enagar station m axim um v alue is ab out 300m g/l and for Tw o-Wheeler B rid ge, S angam B rid ge, B und gard en stations the v alue v aries b etw een 300 to 650 m g/l w hich is accord ing to the B IS stand ard s v ery high com p ared to the p erm issib le v alue (i.e. 250 m g/l) for effluent d ischarged into inland surface w aters. The sulp hates v alue and chlorid es are w ithin the p erm issib le lim it (200 m g/ lit) and (250 m g/ lit) resp ectiv ely for all the stations.
6. Work d one b y N.J . Paw ar and I.J . S haik h in a sm all w atershed area near K ed gaon in the Pune d istrict of Maharashtra on a sm all stream , Had al Od ha that has an aerial extend of 135 sq k m , d rains this w atershed . It d ischarges into the J anal Od ha that ultim ately joins the B him a R iv er. S am p les w ere tak en from 29 stations. The p aram eters such as p H, nitrates and chlorid es of the w ater w ere analysed . The concentration of nitrate (as NO3) ranges from 2.2 p p m to 64 p p m . While Chlorid e Cl ranges from 3.3 to1511 p p m . The v alue of p H ranges form 6.9 to 9.08. The sam p le show ed high v alues of nitrate coincid ing w ith agricultural land use ind icating fertiliz ers as the m ain source of nitrate p ollution of ground w ater also the area is irrigated for sugarcane cultiv ation esp ecially form d ow n-stream p art of the b asin. In another w ork d one b y Gand he, R .V . and Gand he, K . on the R iv erine Waterm ould s from the Mula and Mutha R iv ers. F iv e sam p ling stations w ere on Mutha riv er and six on Mula riv er. These tations w ere selected in relation w ith the p oint source of p ollution such as outfall 55 d ischarge of d om estic w aste, ind ustrial effluent release and non-p oint source such as agricultural runoffs. It w as conclud ed that S ap role gniale s and L age nid iale s show ed d istinct seasonal p eriod icity. A total of 11 genera and 34 sp ecies w ere isolated from 11 d ifferent sam p ling stations of the riv ers. The w ater b od ies constantly receiv ed d om estic w aste throughout the year and therefore, conv erting into organically rich hab itat. T h raus toth e c a c lav ata w as isolated as a p ollution ind icator.
7. Work d one on the Mula, Mutha and the Pav ana R iv ers b y the stud ents of Univ ersity of Pune as their M.S c. Project. Mad huri Dixit (1996) analysed ground w ater and show ed that the d isp osing of w aste on the ground and in w ater b od ies resulted in p ollution. In the stud y salinity and alk alinity w ere found to b e higher at V ishrantw ad i and L ohegaon. This w as d ue to the fact that the ap p lication of fertiliz ers causes leaching of salts into the ground , causing w ater to b ecom e alk aline. S tud ies d one b y B asil Top p o (1997) on the Mula-Mutha show s that the riv er is heav ily p olluted b y ind ustrial and d om estic effluents and hence the riv er w ater is unfit for hum an consum p tion. It is p rov ed b y the p resence of p ollutants in the riv er w ater, the p resence of heav y m etals in high concentration and extensiv e grow th of w ater hyacinth. The p rob lem of w ater hyacinth can b e tack led b y m ak ing use of it for hum an b enefits. It can b e used for com p ost, p ulp for p ap er, and b iogas generation. It can also b e used as b iofliter for w ater p ollution control.
R av ind ra K shirsagar (1997) on the p hysico-chem ical and b iological analysis of w ater show ed , that w aters at all the six sites w ere used for cleaning of cattle and utensils, w ashing clothes, and b athing. Garb age w as d isp osed of in the canal w aters. High B OD v alues w ere ob serv ed though nev er b eyond 3p p m ,w hich is d ue to fast flow ing nature of the w ater. Presence of b lue-green algae, chloroccocoiles, ind icates organic p ollution in the w aters. High MPN v alues at all sites show s that the w ater has high b acterial counts and is not p otab le. F rom the m etal analysis of w ater, it w as seen that iron w as found at all sites, b ut the concentration w as less com p ared to the stand ard v alue, and other toxic m etals lik e cad m ium and chrom ium w ere ab sent. Work d one b y Priya Chand a (1998) on the chem ical analysis of ground w ater sam p les from the b asaltic aquifers rev eals that the v alue of nitrates w as high. The areas show ed higher nitrate concentration w ere coincid ent w ith intensiv e agricultural land use. The high v alues of nitrates in the sugarcane field s can b e consid ered as strong ev id ence that fertiliz er is a m ajor source of nitrate contam ination of ground w ater in the area.
56
The w ork d one b y Mrud ula K ale and Ashw ini Erand e (2000, the analysis of heav y m etals in riv er w ater sam p les rev eals that the concentrations of cop p er, cad m ium and nick el w ere w ell b elow the p erm issib le lev els in surface w aters as com p ared to the Ind ian stand ard s, how ev er only m ercury w as found to b e alm ost ten tim es higher than the p erm issib le lim its. L arge fluctuations w ere ob serv ed am ong all m etals w ith resp ect to seasonal p attern. This m ay b e d ue to the quality of sew age and ind ustrial effluents giv en out ev ery m onth. The use of agro- chem icals could hav e contrib uted in the total load of heav y m etals in the riv er w ater. S tud ies carried out b y P.B ineesha in 1995 to estim ate the am ount of accum ulation of heav y m etals in Polygonum glabrum along the b ank s of these riv ers show ed the follow ing result.
A v e ra g e c o n c e n tra tio n o f C u , Z n , C d a n d P b (µg /g ) S r. N o . S a m p lin g S ite s T o ta l C u Z n C d P b 1 K had ak w asla 188.5 52.2 23.04 312.2 2 V ithalw ad i 189.6 538.1 47.08 484.1 3 Natraj Causew ay 177.2 42 42.46 602.4 4 B und Gard en 86.7 164.6 43.63 490 5 Holk ar B rid ge 263.2 247.1 67 569.5
Tab le 7.3: Av erage concentration of heav y m etals in Polygonum glabrum.
S tud ies b y V .B . Gaik w ad (2001) in Pune city illustrated that there are m ore than 12 nallas of w hich 8 are m ajor. The riv er Mula œ Mutha flow s through the city for a d istance of 5k m b ut these nallas are p art of this riv er system collectiv ely flow s for m ore than 40 k m . More than 90% p ollution contrib ution to the riv er is d ue to these nalas. Garb age and solid w aste are d um p ed into them . The city has trem end ous p op ulation grow th and thus w aste generation. Thus this riv er is d om estic and ind ustrial effluent load of 554 m illion liters of liquid effluent generated each d ay. 422 m illion liters (82.1% ) are released d irectly into the riv er w ithout treatm ent Paranjp ye 1997. 57
S ta tu s R e p o rt o f W a te r Q u a lity (1997) g iv e n b y M .P .C .B . S r.N o . S a m p lin g S ite s p H D O B O D C O D S u s p e n d e d O il & S u lp h a te s C h lo rid e s P h o s p h a te s S o lid s G re a s e 1 Near Dattaw ad i - 7.6 - 67.5 200 614 7.6 35 55 5.78 Mahatre B rid ge 2 Confluence of 7.62 - 74 220 276 7.2 29 51 10.9 Gaik w ad Nala & R iv er 3 R iv er D/S of 7.83 - 50 120 184 2.4 40 49 5.06 Mahatre B rid ge confluence of Am b il Ad ha and riv er 4 Confluence of 7.71 - 32.5 96 72 6 27 37 3.11 Tilak Nalla 5 U/S of Asthab huja 7.71 - 42.5 120 56 4.8 35 33 2.8 Causew ay 6 D/S of Maharshi 7.67 - 20 52 40 2.8 42 34 2.5 S hind e B rid ge 7 U/S of S hiv aji B rid ge 7.59 - 118 348 184 7.2 31 54 5.28 near Am riteshw ar Ghat 8 U/S of Dengale 7.72 3.36 28.5 64 44 3.6 39 30 1.66 B rid ge 9 U/S of S angam 7.77 3.03 9.8 28 18 2 40 32 1.84 10 U/S of Wellesy 7.72 3.45 22.8 68 12 1.6 42 42 1.7 B rid ge
Tab le 7.4: Water Q uality of Mula- Mutha R iv ers
58 S tud ies d one b y M.Hood a, A. S uk hatank ar, R . Menon, J . V ok k alk ar and A. Mirand e d uring (1991-1992) on the p ollution S tatus of R iv er Pav ana in its Pim p ri Chinchw ad Municip al Corp oration stretch conclud ed the follow ing results: 1) The stretch of riv er und er stud y falls und er the CL AS S III, that is the riv er w ater has cond irab le p otential for further use if cleaned up . 2) The m ajor p olluting sources of the riv er are K alew ad i Nalla and Thergaon Nalla and the p ollutants d ischarged b y them hav e b een analysed to b e of ind ustrial origin. 3) The d em ograp hic and ind ustrial grow th statics show trem end ous grow th b y the year 2001. This w ill lead to further d ecline in riv er w ater quality. 4) The riv er w ater on the entire stretch that is from Thergaon w ier (B ig) is not suitab le for d rink ing p urp ose. Hence und er no circum stances should the w ater b e used for d rink ing in this stretch.
59
C h a p te r-8
7. T h e T a p i B a s in
Tap i is the largest w est follow ing riv er of Maharashtra. Ab out 80% of its catchm ent falls w ithin the ad m inistrativ e b ound aries of the state. One of its m ain trib utary from the left b ank , riv er Purna m aintains sim ilar w estw ard orientation lik e Tap i. Other m ajor trib utaries of the riv er Tap i from the left b ank are Waghur, Girna, Panjra and B urai. The Tap i d rains through p arts of Am rav ati, Ak ola, B uld ana, J algaon and Dhulia Districts. These cities are fam ous for ind ustries and are im p ortant trad e centers. As in recent years p op ulation has increased , and so hav e ind ustries. Most of the d om estic w astes and ind ustrial w astes w ere found to b e d ischarged into the w ater w ith p artial or no treatm ent these p ollute the w ater and hav e ad v erse effect on the aquatic flora and fauna
1. Work d one b y the C.P.C.B . (1995) on the Tap i R iv er w ater quality show s that B OD v alues ind icated that the w ater quality of the riv er d eteriorated at Ajnand V illage, B husav al and K athore and at the rem aining stations, the w ater quality w as relativ ely good d uring the years 1990, 1996 and 1999.
2 . S tud ies carried out b y the M.P.C.B . (2002-2003) on the Tap i riv er on p aram eters such
as PH, B O, COD and DO show s the folling results; Tab le 8.1: Water analysis of Tap i riv er S r.No. Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO 1 Ub ad V illage (M) 8.1 8 5.8 9 2 4 6. 5 2 B husaw al (M) 8.3 5.24 21.3 6.27 3 Ajanad V illage (M) 8.44 5.63 23.2 6.18 4 S arangk hed a, J algaon 8.35 5.5 16 4.9 5 B husaw al Intak e, 8.2 5.3 19 6.2
60 3. Work d one b y J .J agtap , B . K achaw e, L .Deshp and e and P.K elk ar on the w ater quality of Purna riv er for irrigation p urp ose w as m onitored at v arious locations along 78 k m stretch up stream and d ow nstream , from J igaon d am in B uld ana d istrict. The assessm ent w as carried out d uring p re- m onsoon, m onsoon and p ost- m onsoon seasons. The results ind icate higher concentrations of certain ions d uring p re- m onsoon and p ost œ m onsoon seasons w hich m ay attrib ute to seep age of ground w ater from aquifer to surface w ater b od y. The sod ium p ercentage in the stud y area ranges b etw een 35-62% , 28-39 % and 45-76% of the surface w ater d uring p re-m onsoon season, m onsoon and p ost-m onsoon resp ectiv ely. F rom the stud ies it w as conclud ed b y the author that the w ater sam p les collected form the stud y area are w ithin the p erm issib le lim its for irrigation p urp ose.
3. S tud ies cond ucted b y M.R . K um anat, on the Aner R iv er, w hich is an im p ortant trib utary of R iv er Tap i. It joins Tap i near Ghod gaon v illage. A Dam w as constructed for irrigation p urp ose for Tehasil S hirp ur and Tehasil Chop d a. Three stations w ere selected on the riv er and three stations w ere selected on the d am . Physico-chem ical and algal analysis of the w ater w as d one m onthly. The w ater p ollution tolerant genera and sp ecies w ere record ed from 3 stations of Aner d am and riv er. As b y the Palm er‘s p ollution ind ex num b er, the total score of all the three stations of the d am and the riv er w as greater than 20 confirm ing high lev el of organic p ollution. It w as also seen that the riv er w as m uch contam inated or p olluted than that of d am d ue to the d isturb ance and contam ination from hum an activ ities at the site.
61
C h a p te r-9 9. O th e r R iv e rs
K a lu R iv e r G. N. Mhatre, S . B . Chap hek ar, I. V . R am ani R ao, M. R . Patil and B . C. Hald ar (1979). The K alu is a sm all riv er originating in the Western Ghats w hich, after flow ing w estw ard s for ab out 80 k m , receiv es another sm all riv er-the B hatsai-and later m eets the Ulhas riv er near K alyan, an ind ustrial sub urb of B om b ay. It receiv es effluents from " m ore than 150 ind ustrial units b efore it m eets the Arab ian S ea. In the stud y area 6 sites w ere tak en for the analysis.
Tab le 9.1 a: Water Q uality of the R iv er K alu, sam p led d uring March œ May 1978 P a ra m e te rs A m b iv a li T itw a la Colour Colourless to Pink Colourless p H R ange 2.7 œ 7.0 6.1 œ 6.3 S alinity (Cl- g/L ) 1.0 œ 4.6 4.1 œ 4.5 Heav y m etals in w ater Hg 0.0001œ 0.006 0.0006 œ 0.005 Pb 0.08 œ 0.69 0.25 œ 0.50 Cd 0.01 œ 0.86 0.017 œ 0.07 Cu 0.01 œ 0.12 0.0 œ 0.31
Tab le 9.1 b : Heav y m etal content in S ed im ent, and Plant sp ecies in the K alu riv er ecosystem
P la n ts C o n c e n tra tio n o f m e ta ls in (µg /g ) A m b iv a li T itw a la Heav y m etals in sed im ent Hg 1.5 œ 140 39.0 œ 52.0 Pb 5.4 œ 10.6 3.8 œ 4.4 Cd 0.62 œ 12.6 0.42 œ 6.8 Cu 91.0 œ 864 78.0 œ 89.0
62 Pycreus macrostachyos
3.3 œ 110 1.4 Hg 100 3.0 Pb 2.5 œ 10.0 2.5 Cd 9.0 œ 26.4 23.0 Cu
S tud ies carried out along the b ank s of the K alu riv er estuary at Am b iv ali and Titw ala rev ealed that the riv er w as p olluted at b oth sites. The intensity of p ollution w as greater at Am b iv ali d ue to the p resence of ind ustries in that area w hereas no ind ustries existed at Titw ala. Pollution at Titw ala w as d ue to the d iurnal tid al action. The fauna stud ied also had accum ulations of m etals such as Hg, Pb , Cd and Cu. In another stud ies carried out b y S .A.S algare and R .N. Acharek ar on the effect of ind ustrial p ollution on the p lants grow ing near K alu riv er. The effluents are d um p ed into this riv er. To d etect the toxic effects of p olluted w ater of K alu riv er on the content of am ino acid s of its v egetation, 10 w eed s w ere collected from the 2 sites of K alu riv er. The stud ies show ed that the ind ustrial p ollution at K alu riv er inhib ited the content of the 3 am ino acid s stud ied v iz . arginine, glutam ic acid , v aline. Ind ustrial p ollution at the K alu riv er caused m axim um inhib ition in the content of glutam ic acid (40.65% ) and in v aline (44.83% ). In sim ilar stud ies it w as seen that the The stud ies conclud ed that the Ind ustrial p ollution at K alu riv er inhib ited the content of all the 3 m inerals; sod ium , calcium and m agnesium in all the 3 w eed s; C e los ia arge nte a, C orc h orus c ap s ularis , C orc h orus olitorius . It w as p ointed out that v ery high p ercentage of inhib ition in the content of all the 3 m inerals in all the 3 w eed s inv estigated w as record ed in the collections m ad e from Am b iv ali than Titw ala.
63
P a ta lg a n g a R iv e r Work carried out b y M.P.C.B (2002-2003) on v arious p aram eters of Patalganga riv er show s the follow ing results; Tab le 9.2: Water analysis of Patalganga riv er S r.No. Monitoring S tation PH B OD COD DO 1 MIDC Water Work s 7.3 5.7 9 20.4 6.53 2 S hip hata B rid ge (M), R aigad 7.35 6.39 20.8 6.33 3 Gagangiri Maharaj Tem p le, 7.2 4.8 16 6.1 4 S av roli, R aigad 7.17 5.26 22.1 5.43 5 V ayal Pum p House, R aigad 7.15 5.08 21.8 6.02 6 K harp ad e (S aline Z one), 7.12 12.18 44.31 4.28
S tud y carried out b y Ingle, S . and S uryaw anshi, S . A. (1991) on the B iv alv e, L am ellid ens corrianus (L ea) w ith reference to Patalganga R iv er Pollution. The riv er is b eing used as a source of p ub lic w ater sup p ly for d rink ing, agricultural and irrigation p urp oses. The m ajor sources of p ollution w ere: S ullage and sew age from K hop oli tow nship , K halap ur, other v illages on the b ank of the riv er. Effluents from the ind ustries located at up stream of K hop oli and other ind ustries b etw een K hop oli and Turad e. Washing of tank ers containing chem icals at S hilp hata and L ohop and d om estic d ischarges along the stretch of the riv er.
The D.O. ranged 2.6 to 9.0 m g/l. CO2 ranged b etw een 0.0 to 15.0 m g/l. The B .O.D ranged b etw een 1.6 to 4.8 m g/l. S ilicates content show ed v ery less v ariation at the sam p ling stations and ranged b etw een 1.2 to 7.8 m g/l. Com p arativ ely low lev els of Nitrates w ere record ed throughout the stud y. It ranged from 0.1 to 8.4 µg/l. Phosp hates ranged from 0.12 to 0.55µg/l. Cad m ium lev els ranged from ND to 4.0 µg/l in w ater and ND to 0.43 µg/g in the sed im ents. F e and Mn show ed the highest lev els of 278 µg/l & 125 µg/l in the w ater and 2095 µg/g & 440.9 µg/g in the sed im ents resp ectiv ely. Concentration of other m etals in w ater w ere Co ND œ 10 µg/L , Cu 1 œ 350 µg/L , Ni 3.5 - 25 µg/L , Pb ND œ 100 µg/L and Z n 3 œ 130 µg/L . The concentrations of these m etals in the sed im ent w ere found to b e Co 8 œ 64 µg/g, Cu 14 œ 104 µg/g, Ni 7 œ 193 µg/g, Pb 13 œ 67 µg/g and Z n 24 œ 204 µg/g.
Work d one b y T. Chak rab arti, T.K .Ghosh, A.Chanork ar, L .M.S angolk ar (2003) on Patalganga riv er. The p hysico-chem ical, m icrob iological and b iological p aram eters show that the p H of the riv er w ater v aried b etw een 7.6 t0 8.18 d uring sum m er season w hile in w inter it ranged from 7.05 to 7.97. 64 The DO w as less than 4 m g/ l at 5 sam p ling stations and at one of the sam p ling station it w as b elow 3 m g/l d uring sum m er ind icating stress cond ition for m ajor b iological form s. While in w inter DO w as fav ourab le to aquatic organism s. F airly high B OD and COD v alues w ere record ed at all stations. This suggests p ollution from the ind ustrial d ischarges. Presence of fecal coliform and E . c oli ind icated fresh sew age p ollution. Chlorop hyceae and cyanop hyceae w ere m ost d om inant throughout the riv er stretch. Presence of T abe llaria, C h lore lla and O s c illatoria ind icated organic p ollution in riv er. There w as also red uction in the num b er of fish p op ulation.
In d u s tria l a re a s o f w e s te rn In d ia . F or this stud y MIDC-Thane area hav e b een selected . The area has m any ind ustries such as chem ical ind ustry, textile, d yeing and p rinting, electrop lating, p ulp and p ap er, refineries, sugar factories and d istillery ind ustries. In such ind ustries d ifferent p rocesses and sub -p rocess lik e b ating, p ick ling, tanning, d yeing and fat liquoring causes w ater p ollution. 15 w ater sam p les w ere analysed from this ind ustrial area.
Tab le 9.3: Physico - Chem ical p aram eter of ind ustrial w aste T h a n e M ID C Parameters
Physical Total S olid s 2629 T.D.S 2516.5 T.S .S 137.5 C h e m ic a l Cl 62.41 S o 2438 Alk alinity 200 Acid ity 75 Hard ness 840 COD 2460 Nitrate 10.5 Phosp horous 6.55
65
P ili R iv e r S tud ies d one b y T. Chak rab arti and T.K .Ghosh on the p hysico-chem ical and b iological p aram eters of six stations on Pili riv er, in Nagp ur ind icated that station 1 show ed DO v alue 9.5 m g/l and S 5 and S 6 m easured 1.0 m g/l and 0.1 m g/l d uring w inter and sum m er seasons resp ectiv ely. V ariation in p H w as w ithin 7. and 8.12 ind icating slight alk aline cond itions w hich fav our aquatic grow th. The COD and B OD v alues w ere b elow 250 and 120 m g/l resp ectiv ely. The p resence of high v alues of COD and B OD at station S 6 ind icates that the riv er receiv es a high quantity of organic and inorganic w astes from ind ustries and household s nearb y. High conentration of p hytop lank ton w as noticed in sum m er w hile the rev erse occurred in case of z oop lank ton w hich tend to d ecrease in sum m er at m ost of the stations. The p resence of fecal coliform at all the six stations ind icated that the w ater w as unfit for d rink ing w ithout treatm ent.
S u rv e y o f N a g a n d P ili R iv e rs in N a g p u r, M a h a ra s h tra (1999) The Nag and Pili R iv ers w ere stud ied b y N.N. R ao, A. U. Mahajan, T. Nand y & S . N. K aul that originate in the w estern catchm ent areas of Nagp ur city flow tow ard s east of the city. Water reserv oirs that feed these riv ers Nag and Pili are Am b az ari lak e and Gorew ad a lak e, resp ectiv ely. Throughout their course trav eling around 16 and 19 k m for Nag and Pili riv ers, resp ectiv ely w ithin the m unicip al lim its. In the recent years d ue to insufficient ov erflow of w ater and release of all sew erage and other d om estic w aste into these riv ers, esp ecially Nag riv er, is refered to as ”op en sew ers‘ p resenting aesthetically unp leasant look , em anate m alod or, and p ose a great health risk . A surv ey stud y w as p erform ed und er Ministry of Env ironm ent & F orests, Gov ernm ent of Ind ia, fund ed p roject. Findings • Am b az ari and Gorew ad a lak es are the source of fresh w ater to riv ers Nag and Pili, resp ectiv ely. The p hysico-chem ical characteristics of w ater sam p les from b oth these lak es conform to CPCB criteria for classification of Inland S urface Water and IS 2296:1982 und er Class D • The S hannon Wiener d iv ersity ind ex of Am b az ari lak e is 2.7 ind icating m esotrop hic status, w hile the d iv ersity ind ex of Gorew ad a lak e is 3.7 ind icating oligotrop hic status a cleaner cond ition of the lak e • The freshw ater inflow in Nag riv er occurs w henev er there is an ov erflow from Am b az ari lak e
66 • The B OD and COD concentrations in Nag riv er w ater sam p les v aries from 82 to 295 m g/L and 162 to 560 m g/L , resp ectiv ely. The B OD and COD concentrations in Nag riv er are com p arab le w ith raw sew age characteristics of selected cities in Ind ia • The d issolv ed oxygen concentration in Nag riv er is nil. The fecal coliform s (F C) concentration in Nag riv er w ater sam p le w ere higher com p ared to the F C concentrations in sew age of Gand hinagar, B hilai and B arod a cities • Concentration of B OD, COD and fecal coliform s counts in Nag riv er v irtually ind icate that raw sew age is flow ing in Nag riv er • F low in Nag riv er is 175.4 m ld . This constitutes 174.9 m ld d om estic w astew ater and 0.492 m ld ind ustrial w astew aters and there is no fresh w ater entering in Nag riv er • In Pili riv er there is p erennial fresh w ater inflow d ue to ov erflow of excess w ater from Gorew ad a lak e • A total of 118.36 m ld w ater flow in Pili riv er. This constitutes 12.96 m ld fresh w ater, 105.35 m ld d om estic w astew ater and 0.0435 m ld ind ustrial w astew ater • The m axim um ob serv ed DO at the origin of Pili riv er is 6.6 m g/L w hich grad ually d ecreases to 0.1 m g/L b efore confluence w ith Nag riv er • The concentration of B OD increases from 5 m g/L to 70 m g/L and COD from 57.5 m g/L to 217 m g/L . This ind icates grad ual d egrad ation of riv er on its course • Unlik e Nag riv er, Pili riv er is not fully urb an riv er as the northern p art of its catchm ent area is not inhab ited • The m easured quantity of d om estic w astew ater in b oth Nag and Pili riv ers is 285.25 m ld w hich is 74.7% of total w ater sup p ly of 382 m ld to Nagp ur city • The total flow in Nag riv er is 175.40 m ld and in Pili riv er is 118.36 m ld . Out of w hich 72.56 m l is p um p ed from Nag riv er for irrigation and 221.2 m ld of w ater flow s d ow n after confluence in the riv er • F iv e group s of z oop lank tons w ere record ed in Nag riv er and eight group s w ere record ed in Pili riv er • S tructure of v egetation along the Nag riv er ind icate d om inance of w asteland sp ecies.
67 T a b le 9.4 : S a m p lin g L o c a tio n s in P ili R iv e r
A p p ro x im a te S a m p lin g Descrip tion D is ta n c e fro m L o c a tio n G o re w a d a la k e , K m . 1. Gorew ad a lak e 0 2. 500 m d /s Gorew ad a L ak e 0.5 3. J affar nagar 3.5 4. K orad i road corssing 5.0 5. J arip atk a 7.0 6. K am p tee road crossing 12.0 7. K alm na B asti 17.0 8. 100 m u/s confluence p oint at Paw angaon 19.0
Tab le 9.5 : S am p ling L ocations in Nag R iv er A p p ro x im a te S a m p lin g D e s c rip tio n D is ta n c e fro m L o c a tio n A m b a z a ri la k e , K m . 1. Am b az ari lak e 0 2. Insid e V R CE Cam p us 1.0 3. B ehind Univ ersity Girls Hostel 1.5 4. B ehind S hank arnagar Post Office 2.0 5. R am d asp eth (b ehind NIT Chairm an‘s B unglow ) 2.75 6. R am d asp eth (near Univ ersity L ib rary) 3.25 7. Dhantoli (u/s Dagad i Pool) 4.50 8. Im am w ad a b rid ge 5.25 9. S am rat Ashok square 7.25 10. B hola Ganesh square 8.50 11. Hiv arinagar b rid ge 10.00 12. B hand ara road b rid ge 12.75 13. B haratw ad a b rid ge (u/s confluence p oint) 15.75 14. Paw angaon d /s of confluence p oint 16.25
68
S o n v a d D a m a n d D e v b h a n e D a m o f D h u le .
Inv estigation w ere d one b y S .N.Nand an & D.S .J ain to exam ine the w ater quality of S onv ad Project Dam & Dev b hane Dam of Dhule District of Maharashtra. Algal and w ater sam p les of S onv ad Project Dam and Dev b hane Dam w ere collected at m onthly interv als from 3 d ifferent stations from F eb ruary 2000 to J anuary 2002 In total of Com p osition of 4 group s of algae 196 taxa w ere record ed b elonging 55 genera at 3 station of sonv ad d am & 178 taxa of 59 genera of d ev eb hane d am of Dhule. The m ost p ollution tolerant sp ecies w ere found in stations of S onv ad d am and 3 stations of Dev b hane d am .
P a n z a ra D a m a n d R iv e r P im p a ln e r, D is t- D h u le The ab ov e area w as stud ied b y Dr. Y .S .More and Dr.S .N.Nand an. The inv estigation carried out the lim nology of Panz ara Dam and riv er of Pim p alner, Dist- Dhule.Three stations of Dam DS I, DS II, DS III and three station of riv er R S I, R S II and R S III w ere selected for the stud y from J an.1994 to Dec.1995. Panz era riv er is a trib utary of riv er Tap ti. Algal and w ater sam p les w ere collected at m onthly interv als from d am & riv er stations. from b oths the sites m ore than 300 algal taxa w ere record ed from four group s of algae (Chlorop hyceae, Cyanop hyceae, B acillariop hyceae & Euglenop hyceae. It w as p rov ed that the riv er w ater is organically p olluted in increasing ord er from R S I, to R S III In the p resent inv estigation p op ulation of Cyanop hyceae & Chlorop hyceae w as d om inant than other algal group s in riv er. The 4 group s p op ulation of algae w as less in the d am as com p are to the riv er sites. Physico-chem ical p aram eters and m ultifactorial correlations w ere stud ied b y statistical m ethod s. It w as conclud ed that d am w ater sites w ere not m ore p olluted than that of riv er sites, w hich is sup p orted b y all ind ices.
69
C h a p te r-10 10 . L a k e s
D h o m re s e rv o ir Dhom reserv oir acquires sp ecial significance as it falls und er a v ery sp arsely inhab ited area and the hum an activ ity is v ery low . The w ater of this reserv oir is also used for d rink ing. R .K . Triv ed y, (1995) w ork ed on assessing the cond itions and show ed the lev el of d issolv ed oxygen content (5.6 to 12.2 m g./l) also ind icates the sam e fact. V alues of COD w ere usually b elow 20 m g/l. Am m onia content in p olluted w ater b od ies is usually ab ov e 1.0 m g/L . in the Dhom reserv oir m ost of the v alues w ere b elow 0.4 m g/ l. Calcium , S od ium , Potassium and m agnesium content w as low . How ev er, the higher concentration of nitrogen and p hosp horus is of concern. Higher chlorid e content (3.52 to 71.0 m g/l) and m ost p rob ab le num b er of coliform s (4 to 63/100 m l) also ind icates tow ard s m ild fecal p ollution of the reserv oir. How ev er, the w ater quality of this reserv oir is suitab le for d rink ing and w ater can b e used d irectly after chlorination. The p hytop lank ton com p osition of the reserv oir ind icates that w ater of this reserv oir is slow ly getting m esotrop hic.
L e n tic w a te r re s o u rc e s in S o u th w e s te rn M a h a ra s h tra : S ud ies b y Triv ed y, et al (1988) on the quality of lentic w ater esources in S outh w estern Maharashtra rev eals that only one w aterb od y, K oyna can b e classified as oligotrop hic b y all chem ical and b iological classifications. Waterb od ies lik e, R ad hanagri, Dhom , K as, Med ha, Nahav i, K ad egaon are oligotrop hic or m esotrop hic accord ing to the schem es b ased on chem ical p aram eters. It w as seen that the w ater b od ies show ing oligotrop hy or m esotrop hy b y chem ically oriented system s, infact, hav e b ecom e m esoeutrop hic or eutro-p hic as ind icated b y b iological p aram eters. S tud ies show that total concentration of p hytop lank ton is a reasonab ly good ind icator of trop hic status of w ater b od y. Am ong the v arious algal group s, an ov erab und ance of d iatom s certainly ind icates clean cond itions, b ut b oth Chlorop hyceae and Cyanop hyceae w ere d om inant in a highly p olluted w ater b od y. The freshw ater lak es and reserv oirs in the S outh- w estern Maharashtra are und er threat and are show ing signs of gross d eterioration. Im m ed iate conserv ation m easures and reconsid eration in utiliz ation strategy is required if these w ater b od ies are to b e sav ed for p osterity. 70
L a k e s o f S a ta ra a n d K o lh a p u r In a stud y b y K hatav k ar, (1990) w ork ed on the p hytop lank ton com p osition of four w ater b od ies in S atara and K olhap ur d istricts of southw estern Maharashtra w as carried out to assess their p ollution lev el. Presence of sev eral p ollution tolerant sp ecies such as C los te rium. C os marium. S c e ne d e s mus , Pand orina, A nabae na, M ic roc ys tis , O s c illaloria, N av ic ula, N itz s c h ia, E ugle na, Ph ac us and L ip od nd is rev ealed the high p ollution lev els in these w ater b od ies. In another w ork d one b y K hatav k ar and Triv ed y (1995) on four m an-m ad e reserv oirs in S outh Western Maharashtra and fall in the tw o d istricts - S atara and K olhap ur. Tw o w ater b od ies L ak e R ank ala and Am b ed k ar Tank w ere situated in K olhap ur. S ham b hu lak e is situated at S hingnap ur and Y am ai at Aund h w hich falls in S atara d istrict. Out of four w ater b od ies tw o v iz S ham b hu and R ank ala m ainly used for d rink ing w ater sup p ly and other tw o Y am ai and Am b ed k ar Tank are used for irrigation and other p urp oses. S ham b hu lak e is ap p arently free from Pollution.
L a k e s in K o lh a p u r F iv e lak es in K olhap ur w ere stud ied b y Triv ed y (1983) on such as: R ank ala, R ajaram , K alam b a, K otteerth and R esid ency. All w ater b od ies contain high quantities of nutrients and turned eutrop hic. Ab und ance of cyanop hycean p hytop lank ton and the occurrence of thick w ater b loom s confirm ed their eutrop hic status. Only one lak e w as sub jected to least hum un activ ity w and w as least p olluted ind icated b y low nutrient content, p hytop lank ton d ensity and d istinct p hytop lank ton com p osition. There w as alarm ing d eterioration of quality of freshw aters in K olhap ur city.
L a k e s o f S a ta ra Inv estigations d one b y K ulk arni (1988) on p hysico œ chem ical characteristics of tw o freshw ater b od ies situated at Aund h in S atara d istrict of Maharashtra. Monthly ob serv ations show that these tw o w ater b od ies hav e b ecom e highly eutrop hic d ue to d iv erse hum an activ ities lik e cloth w ashing, b athing and entry of agricultural run - off. Consid erab le quantities of nitrogen and p ho- sp horus are found in d etritus and liv ing b iom ass.
71
C h a tri L a k e in th e V ic in ity o f A m ra v a ti C ity The stud y w as carried out b y U. S . Chaud hari, S eem a J ohari and P. R . Chaud hari (1997) on the Chatri lak e w hich is situated aw ay from the b usy city. It has a catchm ent of 9076 sq.k m . This lak e w as once used for d rink ing w ater p urp ose. S ince 'Up p er Ward ha Project' cam e into existence the lak e w ater is not used for d rink ing p urp ose. The p resent situation is such that, the lak e w ater is reced ing and b ecom es shallow d ue to heav y sed im entation. It ap p eared from the ob serv ations that low sod ium and p otassium content and red uction of p hotic z one d ue to high turb id ity resulted in low p hytop lank ton d ensity in the lak e. Thus lak e is oligotrop hic in nature. Increased chlorid es in w ater m ight b e d ue to feacal m atter of anim al w ho cam e to the lak e d aily in large num b er for d rink ing and graz ing. As the lak e is not p olluted b y d om estic w astew ater increasing chlorid e content p rob ab ly m ay b e d ue to the feacal released in lak e. Manganese contents w ere quite d ue to low algal grow th and m acrop hytes.
F rom the ab ov e results, it ap p ears that, d ue to high turb id ity the lak e d oes not hav e any sub m erged flora and less d iv ersified b iota. Hence, the lak e is oligotrop hic w ith p oor nutrient content and less algal grow th. Another reason is d ue to low inp ut of organic nutrients from external sources. Tab le 10.1: Physico-chem ical p aram eters of Chatri L ak e.
S r. P ra m e te rs M o n th s N o F e b ru a ry M a rc h A p ril M a y 01. p H 8.55 7.91 7.68 9.85
02. Tem p erature in "C 20.90 29.12 29.16 29.30 03. Do in m g/L 12.19 3.05 8.08 3.80 04. B od in m g/L 3.55 4.63 24.08 4.70 05. Total d issolv ed solid s in m g/L 40.00 64.00 40.00 80.00 06. Turb id ity in NTU 49.84 67.96 49.46 84.50 07. Total alk alinity as CaCO, in m g/L 1393.00 500.00 345.00 1815.00 O8. B icarb onate alk alinity as CaCo, in 920.00 250.00 345.00 766.00 09. Carb onate alk alinity as CoCo, in m g/L 320.00 250.00 00.00 908.00 10. Hyd roxid e alk ainity as CoCo, in m g/L 153.00 00.00 00.00 141.00 11. Chlorid es in m g/L 37.57 28.61 17.47 32.14
72 12. S up hates in m g/L 2.41 2.25 1.64 1.03 13. Manganese in m g/L 0.06 0.06 1.10 0.23 14. S oid um in m g/L 0.00 0.00 1.12 1.80 15. Potassium in m g/L 0.89 1.10 2.24 3.91 16. S alinity in m g/L 37.60 28.64 17.50 32.17 17. Nitrate in m g/L 0.31 0.35 0.37 1.16 18. Total Phosp horus in m g/L 0.79 0.73 0.96 1.24 19. Inorganic p hosp horus in m g/L 0.47 0.44 0.52 0.28 20. Organic Phosp horus in m g/L 0.32 0.29 0.44 0.96 21. F ree CO, in m g/L 2.20 2.24 4.99 5.62 22. Chlorop hyil-a in m g/m 1 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.06
U rb a n E c o s y s te m - A C a s e S tu d y o f th e C ity o f T h a n e . S tud ies cond ucted b y T. Chand rashek har (1999) on Thane City for his Ph. D. Thesis. He stud ied the p hyisco-chem ical p aram eters of the lak es of the city. The result is as follow s Tab le 10.2: L ak es of Thane City
e
k e e e e
e e
a k k k k e r k k
e a
L a a a k a a
a e k e L L L a L
L n L
w
k a k i
i i e
L i a a l l a h
a L h a l k e i
v o a a s l L L c a d a k
r e g e a m u m n a L a a n d m e
k
r h u i h u L s r a h r a e h
d d k l k s l i a h v u c a l i k a i d a a a h a r a h b p a a i a P a ra m e te rs a S L K K K B N K A M J U B R M DO m g/l 6.5 7.03 6.17 5.83 5.77 5.17 4.57 6.5 6.53 5.5 1.1 1.5 4.27 4.23 B OD m g/l 13.7 4.44 15.3 12.7 8.67 18.7 15.3 12.7 6.83 14 47.3 22.7 26.3 50.7 COD m g/l 48 19 35 37 12 44.3 36 31.7 12.3 33 137 75.7 130 197 Mn m g/l 0.1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.36 0.9 0 0 0 0.48 0.42 0.12 Cu m g/l 0.02 0.61 0 0.78 0.55 0.11 0.13 0.01 0.02 0 0 0 0.02 0.08 Z n m g/l 0.9 0.07 0 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.1 0.94 0 0.1 0.1 0.17 0.11 0.07 Mg m g/l 12.3 13.7 25 23.7 20 8.1 11.7 14.1 18.7 12 26.4 19 18.8 23 Cd m g/l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pd m g/l 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phosp hate m g/l 3.7 1.67 2.72 4.03 0.69 4.17 3 3.17 1.5 2.2 5.5 5.17 12.1 15 Nitrate m g/l 0.2 0.08 0.1 0.22 0.19 0.09 0.04 0.3 0.17 0.4 0.25 0.15 0.07 0.05 S ulp hate m g/l 65 27.7 78 61.7 83 62.7 86 118 164 127 94 95 108 99.3 73
F rom his stud ies, he conclud ed that all the lak es are in d ifferent stages of d egrad ation m ainly d ue to the lack of m aintenance and m isuse of the w ater b od ies. All the lak es are eutrop hicated . None of them is good for d rink ing or d om estic use. The quality has d eteriorated d ue to the uncontrolled entry of d om estic w aste com ing from the surround ing areas. Im m ersion of Ganesh Id ols d uring the festiv als, w ashing of anim als, clothes, v ehicles and solid w aste are d um p ed w hich lead to such cond ition of the lak es.
Pashan Lake L ak e Pashan w ithin Pune urb an area has b een extensiv ely stud ied . As early as 1980 Pingle analysed p hysico-chem ical and b iological p aram eters. He show ed d iv ersity in p hytop lank ton and oligotrop hic nature of w ater w ith excep tion of m esotrop hic in sum m er and along littoral z one. Then, after 18 years Dr. (Mrs.) K hanhere took d etail surv ey in v iew of changing catchm ent area. S he stud ied v arious k ey p aram eters to assess the changing quality of w ater. The lak e show ed increasing grow th of m acrop hytes b oth rooted and floating, com m on algal b loom s. B iological Ind ex show ed lak e b ecom ing eutrop hic d ue to increasing inflow of w aste and d ep osition of soil and other d eb ris. Now , this lak e has b een d ew atered to rem ov e the d ep osited sed im ents w ith an aim to restore it. There are num b er of M.S c. Project on this lak e d ue to its p osition and b eing an urb an w ater b od y.
L o d h e W a te r R e s e rv o ir F ro m T a s g a o n T a h s il S tud ies carried out b y K hab ad e S .A., Mule M.B . and S athe S .S . (2000) on L od he R eserv oir w here they analysed the Physico- Chem ical Param eters of L od he w ater m onthly d uring J uly 1999 to J une 2000 from 2 sites: S ite I (S -I) w hich lies near the d am ‘s earthen em b ank m ents and S ite II (S -II) is near the feed ers canal w hich recharge the reserv oirs w ater. The L od he R eserv oir is m an m ad e the local p eop le use the w ater for v arious p urp oses such as d om estic use, agriculture and culture etc. Presently in the up p er catchm ent area farm ers are p racticing grap e cultiv ation, floriculture, etc. in the v icinity. In future there is threat of contam ination of L od he w ater reserv oir from the surface runoff of used fertiliz ers and p esticid es. The results rev ealed that there w ere significant seasonal v ariation in som e p hysico œ Chem ical p aram eters and found that they are in the norm al range ind icating b etter quality w ater resource.
74
Tab le 10.3: Physico- Chem ical Param eters of L od he R eserv oir.
S ite P a ra m e te rs S 1 S 2 p H 8.4 8.3 Electrical Cond uctiv ity 0.489 0.501 Total Alk alinity 324.3 310.1 Hard ness 196 207.5 Magnesium 23.2 21.9 Calcium 42.32 43.4 Chlorid es 36.7 36.7 R esid ual chlorine Ab sent Ab sent DO 8.79 8.98
F ree CO2 Ab sent Ab sent
Hyd rogen S ulp hid e (H2S ) 0.57 0.572 Total S olid s 541.19 502.2 V alues are giv en in m g/l, E.C in µm hos/cm and p H
D r. S a lim A li S a ro v a r (D e lh i G a te L a k e ). The stud ies w ere carried out b y Dr. J ayashree Deshp and e (2001). The lak e is situated in the foothills of —Manju Hills“ near — Delhi Darw aja“ of Aurangab ad . This lak e that w as once m easuring 52 hectares now has shrunk to 20 hectares b ecause of urb aniz ation and lack of p rop er m anagem ent. The lak e w ater is getting p olluted b ecause of the release of sew age from CIDCO area, hum an activ ities, cattle w ashing and graz ing etc. The lak e w as d iv id ed into east and w est z ones to stud y its p hysico- chem ical and p hytop lank ton stud ies.
In the East and West z one CO2 ranged from 3.8 to9.2. The B OD in the East z one w as from 14 to 60, w hile in the West z one it w as from 15 to 68. The COD w as ranging from 154 to 280 in the East z one w hile in the West z one it w as ranging from 150 to 282. In the East z one range of Chlorid es w as 35 to 218, S ulp hate: 120 to 190, Phosp hate: 3.8 to7.2 and Nitrate 0.06 to 0.70 and in the West z one range of Chlorid es w as 42 to 295, S ulp hate: 128 to 248, Phosp hate: 4.0 to 9.8 and Nitrate 0.02 to 0.60. All the year around the East z one had a fishy od our w hile in the West Z one it had grassy and m ud d y od our.
75
H a rta la L a k e o f J a lg a o n D is tric t In the inv estigations d one b y S .N. Nand an and S .R . Mahajan (2000) on the p hysico-chem ical d ata of w ater of Hartala L ak e located near the v illage Hartala of Taluk a Muk tainagar of J algaon. Palm er‘s p ollution ind ices w ere calculated for assessing the organic p ollution of the lak e. At all stations of Hartala lak e 32 p ollution tolerant sp ecies of algae w ee record ed and these w ere resp onsib le for the d ev elop m ent of d etectab le od our in w ater. The Hartala lak e sup p orted grow th fishes, crab , b iv alv es w hich w ere unfit for hum an consum p tion yet w ere eaten b y p eop le from Muk tainagar, V arangaon, B husaw al and J algaon city. Three stations w ere und er quantitativ e and qualitativ e stud y of 4 group s of algae along w ith the p hysico-chem ical analysis. The results of w hich are in the follow ing tab le:
Tab le 10.4: Physico- Chem ical Param eters of Hartala lak e. P a ra m te rs S ta tio n H -I S ta tio n H -II S ta tio n H -III Od our F ishy F ishy F ishy Tem p erature 28.67 25.75 26.75 F ree CO2 65.8 52.24 43.38 Dissolv ed 02 11.83 11.97 13.23 B icarb onate 251 250 241.7 Total Alk alinity 251 250 250 Calcium 29.48 29.58 29.82 Magnesium 11.25 11.68 11.08 Hard ness 119.75 121.65 120 Chlorid e 21.17 29.59 20.35 Phosp hate 0.16 0.16 0.15 Nitrate 3.77 2.32 1.9 Total S olid s 3099 1580 1572 PH 7.89 7.91 8.08 Palm er's Pollution 38 36 33 ind ex
76 H a rta la a n d V e lh a la la k e
Inv estigations d one b y S .R .Mahajan and S .N.Nand an on Hartala and V elhala lak e of J algaon d istrict show s that b oth the lak es are p olluted using algae as ind icators.The Hartala lak e is located near the v illage Hartala w hile V elhala lak e is located near v illage V elhala of B husaw al taluk a Dist-J algaon. The sam p les of w ater and algae w ere collected at m onthly interv als from 3 stations each of Hartala and V elhala L ak e and analysed for p hysico-chem ical p aram eters. F rom the stud ies 32 p ollution tolerant sp ecies of algae from 3 stations of Hartala lak e and 23 p ollution tolerant sp ecies of algae from 3 stations of V elhala lak e w ere ob serv ed . Pollution ind ex of algal genera (Palm er, 1969) at stations of Hartaia L ak e and stations of V elhala L ak e w as calculated .
P a n s h e t a n d U ja n i CWPR S und ertook p ilot stud y on tw o reserv oir, one in the up stream reaches of B him a riv er b asin in Maharashtra state, v iz . Panshet and other in the low er reach v iz . Ujani The stud y on d ynam ics of aeration of w ater d ischarged from low er lev el outlets of d am s w ould also b e useful to k now the actual DO status of w aters and its p otential to get rejuv enated w hen d ischarged d ow nstream . A three d im ensional m athem atical m od el w as d ev elop ed and calib rated w ith the help of extensiv e w ater quality d ata collected ov er d ifferent seasons in the tw o reserv oirs. The ob serv ed w ater qualities of these tw o reserv oirs sp eak ab out the cum ulativ e effect of surround ing geology, land use p attern and ov er all nature of w aste that they receiv e. The b iod iv ersity and grow th of aquatic flora and fauna found in Ujani reserv oir w ould help in clearing fear ab out rap id d eterioration of w ater quality in d ow nstream reserv oirs. How ev er, the stud y ind icated need for tim ely action for p rev enting and controlling untreated d isp osal from p oint non- p oint sources to av oid further d eterioration.
Ujani wetland A stud y d one b y Ms. Pooja K anw ar und er the guid ance of Prof.Dr R . J agd ale on the Ujani w etland , w hich is a m an- m ad e w etland and is am ongst the 16 w etland s, the Gov ernm ent of Ind ia has chosen it for im m ed iate conserv ation. The b ack w ater of Ujani is a huge shallow exp anse harb oring num b er of m igratory sp ecies of b ird s. It has high d iv ersity and hence high conserv ation
77 v alue. This w etland is a p art of Up p er B him a B asin. The m ost im p ortant p art of b ird hab itat is located near B hiw an a sm all tow n located 100 k m s from Pune on the Pune- S olap ur National Highw ay.
B ased on the hab itat suitab ility stud ies and assessm ent of im p acts of v arious p aram eters, for increasing the suitab ility of the hab itat for flam ingoes authors strongly recom m end the follow ing : 1. The region through w hich the road goes is the m ost suitab le hab itat for flam ingoes. To b an use of sub m erged road . 2.Creation of p rotected island s near K um b hargao region. 3.Control on cattle graz ing in d raw -d ow n area. 4.R egulation of fishing activ ity. 5.No new p um p ing stations to b e allow ed in the suitab le hab itat. 6. R estriction on the agriculture d uring d raw -d ow n p eriod in the sensitiv e z one. 7.Control the grow th of aquatic m arcop hytes.
78 R e fe re n c e s :
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W e b s ite s
‹ http ://ed ugreen.teri.res.in/exp lore/w ater/riv er.htm ‹ http ://enfor.nic.in/cp cb /rw q/9495/rw q_ gd v .htm l ‹ http ://enfor.nic.in/cp cb /rw q/98/rw q_ gd v .htm l ‹ http ://env for.nic.in/cp cb /nesletter/p ollind /riv lak e.htm l ‹ http ://env for.nic.in/p aryaab s/v 20n12/p a-12w p .p d f ‹ http ://icm r.nic.in/annual/eoh.htm ‹ http ://m p cb .m ah.nic.in ‹ http ://w aterresources.k ar.nic.in/riv er_ system s.htm ‹ http ://w gb is.ces.iisc.ernet.in/b iod iv ersity/d ocum ents/riv ers.htm ‹ http ://w w w .k arad info.com ‹ http ://w w w .trad ew ingtrav el.com /m aharashtra/k olhap ur.jsp ‹ w w w .ces.ind ia.org/p rogram m e/grp /m ov ie.sw f ‹ w w w .cesind ia.org/d te-sup p lem ent/ind ustry20040215/fall-outs.htm ‹ w w w .cp cb .d elhi.nic.in/ad sorb s26.htm ‹ w w w .cp cb .d elhi.nic.in/ad sorb s28.htm ‹ w w w .d ev alt.org/w ater/w aterinInd ia/issues.htm ‹ w w w .gisd ev elop m ent.net/ap p lication/env ironm ent/w aterw ap 10001.htm ‹ w w w .im ap ind ia.com /p m ap s/p m aharashtra.htm ‹ w w w .m aharashtraw eb .com /Maharashtra/Geograp hy.asp ‹ w w w .m ap sofind ia.com /sitem ap .htm ‹ w w w .m um b ainet.com /cityinfo/geogm aha.htm ‹ w w w .sm allind ustryind ia.com /p ub lications/trad erep /nand ed .htm ‹ w w w .v id cngp .com /Map Maha.htm ‹ w w w .v igyanp rasar.com /com com /feature61a.htm ‹ w w w .w eb ind ia123.com /Maharashtra/land /lam d .htm ‹ w w w .w rm in.nic.in/resource/w resource1.htm
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