Die Science-Fiction-Literatur Der DDR

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Die Science-Fiction-Literatur Der DDR Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie am Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Karsten Greve Berlin 2015 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR 1. Gutacher: Professor Doktor Hans Richard Brittnacher 2. Gutacher: Professor Doktor Linus Hauser Tag der Disputation: 01.09.2016 2 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Danksagung Die vorliegende Dissertation ist im Herbst 2015 an der Freien Universität Berlin eingereicht worden. Dafür, dass ich sie fertigstellen konnte, bin ich vielen Menschen zu Dank verpflichtet. Zu allererst und besonders meinem Doktorvater Herrn Professor Doktor Hans Richard Brittnacher. Ich danke ihm für seine Betreuung und seine wertvollen Ratschläge, mehr aber noch für seine Schriften, die mir ein Vorbild dafür geworden sind, was es heißt, Literaturwissenschaft couragiert und klar zu betreiben. Mein Dank gilt außerdem Herrn Professor Doktor Linus Hauser, der sich bereit erklärte, meine Arbeit als Zweitgutachter zu begleiten. Endlich danke ich den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern des Kolloquiums, das ich über viele Jahre besuchte, für ihren Zuspruch, ihre Hinweise und ihre Kritik. 3 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Because it is there George Mallory 4 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Inhalt Einleitung ..........................................................................................................8 1. Methodische Vorüberlegungen ...................................................................15 1.1 Was ist Science Fiction?........................................................................ 15 1.2 Was ist eine Geschichte der DDR-SF? ................................................. 42 2. Abriss zur Forschungsgeschichte................................................................50 2.1 Die Forschung in der DDR ................................................................... 50 2.2 Forschungsbeiträge aus dem westlichen Ausland............................... 57 2.3 Die Forschung nach 1990 ..................................................................... 62 2.4 Zwischenbetrachtung: Die Bilanz der Utopieforschung...................... 69 3. Die Ahnen ....................................................................................................72 3.1 In der Art von Jules Verne ................................................................... 72 3.2 Die Ingenieursphantasie....................................................................... 78 3.3 Revolution: Sozialistische SF in der Weimarer Republik ................... 84 4. Die Geschichte der DDR-SF im Überblick .................................................96 4.1 Einzelstücke aus der SBZ ..................................................................... 96 4.2 Atomkraft und Wettlauf der Systeme (1949-1958) ........................... 100 4.3 SF im Zeitalter der Raumfahrt (1959-1971) ...................................... 116 4.4 Experimente (1972-1980).................................................................... 140 4.5 Verseuchte Erden und die Menschmaschine (1981-1990)................. 167 5. Klassische und ausländische SF in der SBZ und DDR............................190 6. Ausflüge: SF und die Autoren der Hochliteratur.....................................200 5 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR 7. Zur Geschichte einzelner Themen und Motive ........................................208 7.1 Von der Klima- zur Menschenregulation........................................... 208 7.2 Helden und Opfer................................................................................ 224 7.3 Das Raumschiff ................................................................................... 236 7.4 Kontakt mit dem Fremden ................................................................. 254 7.5 Die Wundermaschine: Zur Prä-Astronautik...................................... 267 8. Zusammenfassung.....................................................................................284 9. Nachwort: Zeitgemäße und unzeitgemäße SF .........................................292 10. Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis .........................................................295 10.1 Primärquellen ................................................................................... 295 10.1.1 Ältere SF ..................................................................................... 295 10.1.2 SF-Literatur aus der SBZ und DDR.......................................... 298 10.1.3 Verschiedene SF neu aufgelegt in der SBZ und DDR............... 309 10.1.4 SF-Filme und -Hörspiele (Produktionen aus der DDR)............ 312 10.1.5 In der BRD verlegte DDR-SF..................................................... 312 10.1.6 Andere Belletristik aus der DDR............................................... 313 10.1.7 Journalistische und populärwissenschaftliche Quellen............ 313 10.1.8 Behördliche Dokumente............................................................. 315 10.1.9 Weitere SF-Literatur.................................................................. 318 10.1.10 Weitere SF-Filme und -Serien ................................................. 319 10.1.11 Utopien, Dystopien, Alternativgeschichten............................. 320 10.1.12 Andere Belletristik ................................................................... 320 10.1.13 Andere Primärquellen.............................................................. 321 10.1.14 Onlinenquellen ......................................................................... 322 6 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR 10.2 Sekundärquellen ............................................................................... 323 10.2.1 Bibliographien, Lexika, Nachschlagewerke .............................. 323 10.2.2 Studien zur DDR-SF................................................................... 323 10.2.3 Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte der DDR ..................................... 326 10.2.4 Theorie und Geschichte der Science Fiction.............................. 328 10.2.5 Gattungs-, Erzähl- und Fiktionstheorie .................................... 331 10.2.6 Weitere Sekundärliteratur......................................................... 332 7 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Einleitung Die vorliegende Studie behandelt die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR. Das ist gegenwärtig gewiss kein allzu populäres Themenfeld. Im Gegenteil: In der aktuellen Hitparade der germanistischen Forschungsthemen belegt die SF-Literatur der DDR einen der hinteren, billigen Plätze. Die Gründe für ihre abgeschlagene Platzierung liegen offen zu Tage. Soweit es die Germanistik betrifft, haftet der Gattung generell der Ruf an, zumindest in der Breite eine einigermaßen triviale Erscheinung zu sein: SF – das ist eben eine Literatur für den Feierabend, die mit ihren, im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes, fernen Welten und banalen Spektakeln das Bedürfnis nach Flucht aus der Wirklichkeit bedient. SF – das ist eben eine Literatur, die auf biedere, vormoderne Erzähl- und Sprachmittel setzt, die ihren Leser, im Kleid des Gigantischen, das ohnehin schon Gewusste noch einmal1 wissen lässt. SF – das ist eben keine Kunst. Dass diese Vorurteile in der Germanistik trotz aller Pluralität in der Disziplin und trotz aller Abgesänge auf U und E, High and Low usw. wirksam sind2, merkt man nicht nur dort, wo sie offen ausgesprochen werden, sondern auch angesichts der Lehrpläne der germanistischen Fakultäten. Während ihre Schwesterdisziplin3, die Anglistik, ihren Studenten doch mit einiger Selbstverständlichkeit Vonnegut, Le Guin oder Phillip K. Dick vorlegt, spart die germanistische Lehre die deutsprachige SF weiträumig aus. Autoren wie Kellermann, Laßwitz oder Dominik sind vielleicht noch den Namen nach bekannt – gelesen und behandelt werden ihre Schriften im universitären Alltag jedoch kaum. Im Falle der SF der DDR kommt nun noch mindestens ein Vorurteil dazu, das der Lust des Germanisten, sich weiter mit diesem Themengebiet auseinanderzusetzen, abhold ist. Es ist das Vorurteil über die ostdeutsche 1 Zum Zusammenhang von Wiederholung und ästhetischer Minderwertigkeit in der Rezeptionsästhetik vgl. Jauß 1979, S. 126-162. Eine Kritik bietet Brittnacher 1994, S. 20 f. 2 Vgl. dazu auch Innerhofer 1996, S. 12. 3 Freilich hat die SF auch in der Filmwissenschaft und der Slawistik einen leichteren Stand als in der Germanistik. 8 Die Science-Fiction-Literatur der DDR Gesinnungs- und Propagandaliteratur. Man mag es folgendermaßen ausformulieren: Die Literatur der DDR sollte nach Willen der politischen Eliten des Landes in der Bevölkerung Konsens zur Staatraison produzieren und in ihrer Breite – zu der die SF ja zu gehören scheint – kam sie diesem Auftrag treu nach. Gemeinhin umschließt dieses Vorurteil einen ästhetischen und einen moralischen Vorwurf. Denn die Rede von Propaganda, Erziehung und Gesinnung wertet die Literatur der DDR nicht nur gegenüber dem modernen Ideal literarischer Autonomie ab, sondern denunziert ihre vermeintliche ästhetische Rückständigkeit obendrein auch noch als Dienst an einer ungerechten Diktatur. So steht die Beschäftigung mit der SF der DDR unter einem gleich mehrfach ungünstigen Stern: Man scheint es eigentlich nur mit einer Art Belletristik zu tun zu haben, in der sich das Eskapismusbedürfnis des eingeschlossenen DDR-Bürgers mit dem ungerechten Indoktrinationswillen des DDR-Staates vermengt. Das sieht nicht schön aus. Für Germanisten, die nach Möglichkeit kongenial in Aktion treten möchten,
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