Degenerate Quantum Gases of Strontium Simon Stellmer

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Degenerate Quantum Gases of Strontium Simon Stellmer Degenerate quantum gases of strontium dissertation by Simon Stellmer submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics of the University of Innsbruck in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of science advisors: Univ. Prof. Dr. Rudolf Grimm, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Dr. Florian Schreck, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Innsbruck, January 2013 ii ATTENTION: This is not the original version of the thesis! Changes have been made to the original version to correct a number of spelling and formatting errors. The contents, however, has remained entirely untouched. The original version can be obtained directly from the author, or through the University of Innsbruck. Summary The exploration of the quantum world is a fascinating and very active field of current re- search. Experiments with gases of ultracold atoms are building on a long history of precision measurements and have been particularly successful in reaching ever lower temperatures. The first Bose-Einstein condensate was created about two decades ago and ignited the inves- tigation of quantum-degenerate samples. But for a few exceptions, these experiments have utilized alkali atoms, which have a relatively simple electronic structure. Alkaline-earth atoms, on the other hand, carry two valence electrons and exhibit a rich electronic structure of singlet and triplet states, connected by narrow intercombination lines. Such transitions of mHz-width are driven in optical clock experiments, which are outperform- ing microwave clocks by orders of magnitude. The unique properties of these elements are at the basis of recently proposed schemes of quantum simulation, targeted at the investigation of quantum magnetism and spin models. The proposed experiments rely on the availability of quantum-degenerate gases, and require a supreme control over all relevant parameters. This thesis is aimed to provide a solid foundation for such experiments, choosing stron- tium as the atomic species. We report on the first Bose-Einstein condensation of this element, choosing the isotope 84Sr for its favorable scattering properties. This achievement received widespread recognition, and we are able to attain condensates of the two other bosonic isotopes, 86Sr and 88Sr, as well. The proposed schemes of quantum simulation require isotopes with nonzero nuclear spin, sparking considerable interest in the fermionic isotope 87Sr, which has a large nuclear spin of I =9/2. We develop a set of experimental techniques to control the spin composition of an atomic sample, and we present deeply-degenerate Fermi gases with a variable number of spin states. Dipolar quantum gases are another active field of research. Diatomic molecules in their internal ground state, made up of an alkali and an alkaline-earth atom, possess both an electric and a magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic Feshbach resonances, which are com- monly used to associate bi-alkali molecules, are absent or very weak in bi-alkaline-earth and alkali/alkaline-earth systems. We develop a novel technique of molecule association, demon- strated for the homonuclear case of Sr2. This approach uses atoms on doubly-occupied sites of an optical lattice as the starting point for a coherent optical transfer into the molecular state. Finally, we expand the capabilities of laser cooling to reach a long-standing goal: Bose- Einstein condensation without evaporative cooling, purely by laser cooling and thermaliza- tion within the atomic gas. This work holds prospects for the generation of a continuous atom laser. iii Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung von Systemen, deren Verhalten von den Gesetzen der Quantenmechanik bestimmt wird, ist ein faszinierendes und lebendiges Gebiet aktueller Forschung. Experi- mente mit Gasen von ultrakalten Atomen sind dabei ausgesprochen erfolgreich und blicken zuruck¨ auf eine lange Geschichte von Pr¨azisionsmessungen, bei denen immer tiefere Tempe- raturen erreicht wurden. Die ersten Bose-Einstein Kondensate (BECs) wurden vor etwa 20 Jahren erzeugt und er¨offneten die M¨oglichkeit, quantenentartete Materie zu studieren. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen wurden diese Versuche mit Alkaliatomen durchgefuhrt,¨ da diese eine relativ einfache elektronische Struktur aufweisen. Die elektronische Struktur von Erdalkaliatomen hingegen ist dank ihrer zwei Valenzelek- tronen sehr viel reichhaltiger und zeichnet sich durch Singlett- und Triplettzust¨ande sowie schmale Interkombinationsuberg¨ ¨ange aus. Solche Uberg¨ ¨ange werden etwa in optischen Uhren verwendet; diese erreichen eine um Gr¨oßenordnungen bessere Genauigkeit als Atomuhren, de- ren Funktionsweise auf einem Mikrowellenubergang¨ beruht. Die einzigartigen Eigenschaften der Erdalkaliatome erm¨oglichen neuartige Verfahren fur¨ Quantensimulationen. Die hierzu vorgeschlagenen experimentellen Studien, etwa von Quantenmagnetismus und Spinmodel- len, erfordern sowohl quantenentartete Gase von Erdalkaliatomen, als auch eine sehr genaue Kontrolle aller relevanten Parameter. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, eine experimentelle Grundlage fur¨ diese Untersu- chungen zu schaffen. Als Atomsorte wurde dazu das Element Strontium ausgew¨ahlt. Wir pr¨asentieren die erste Bose-Einstein Kondensation dieses Elementes, wobei hierfur¨ das Iso- top 84Sr auf Grund seiner gunstigen¨ Eigenschaften ausgew¨ahlt wurde. Dieser Erfolg sorgte fur¨ weltweite Anerkennung, und bald darauf konnten auch BECs der beiden anderen boso- nischen Isotope, 86Sr und 88Sr, erzeugt werden. Die angesprochenen Vorschl¨age zur Quantensimulation basieren auf einem Isotop mit von Null verschiedenem Kernspin und wecken daher Interesse am fermionischen Isotop 87Sr, welches einen vergleichsweise großen Kernspin von I =9/2 besitzt. Wir demonstrieren eine Reihe experimenteller Techniken, mit Hilfe derer sich die Besetzung der Spinzust¨ande in einem atomaren Ensemble kontrollieren l¨asst, und erreichen tiefentartete Fermigase mit einer frei einstellbaren Anzahl von Spinkomponenten. Dipolare Quantengase sind ein weiteres hochaktuelles Forschungsthema. Zweiatomige Molekule,¨ bestehend aus einem Alkali- und einem Erdalkaliatom, besitzen in ihrem Grundzu- stand sowohl ein elektrisches als auch ein magnetisches Dipolmoment. Magnetische Feshbach- Resonanzen, wie sie ublicherweise¨ zur Assoziation von Bialkali-Molekulen¨ verwendet werden, sind in Bi-Erdalkali- oder Alkali-Erdalkali-Systemen jedoch nicht vorhanden oder ausgespro- chen schwach. Aus diesem Grunde haben wir eine neuartige Methode der Molekulassoziation¨ iv v entwickelt und dokumentieren diese am Beispiel des homonuklearen Molekuls¨ Sr2. Unsere Herangehensweise nutzt als Ausgangspunkt zwei Atome auf einem doppelt besetzten Platz eines optische Gitters, um diese durch einen koh¨arenten optischen Transfer in einen moleku- laren Bindungszustand zu uberf¨ uhren.¨ Abschließend wenden wir uns einem seit langem bestehenden Ziel zu: der Erzeugung von Bose-Einstein Kondensaten nicht durch Verdampfungskuhlung,¨ sondern nur durch La- serkuhlung¨ und gleichzeitiger Thermalisierung zwischen den Atomen. Wir erreichen dieses Ziel mit Hilfe fein abgestimmter, r¨aumlich strukturierter Dipolpotentiale. Dieses Verfahren k¨onnte fur¨ die Erzeugung eines kontinuierlichen, koh¨arenten Atomstrahls verwendet werden. vi Contents Summary iii Zusammenfassung iv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Quantum simulation . .............................. 2 1.2 Polar open-shell molecules ............................ 6 1.3 Quantum degeneracy in atomic gases ...................... 8 1.3.1 Bose-Einstein condensation ....................... 9 1.3.2 Degenerate Fermi gases .......................... 11 1.4 Thesis overview .................................. 13 2 Strontium: an alkaline-earth element 17 2.1 The discovery of strontium ............................ 17 2.2 Nuclear properties ................................ 19 2.3 Electronic properties ............................... 19 2.3.1 Optical transitions ............................ 20 2.3.2 Metastable states ............................. 22 2.3.3 Nuclear and electron spin ........................ 23 2.4 Scattering properties ............................... 25 2.5 Other two-electron systems ............................ 29 2.6 Experiments with thermal gases of strontium .................. 35 2.7 Optical cooling procedure ............................ 36 2.7.1 The blue MOT .............................. 36 2.7.2 Repumping ................................ 38 2.7.3 The red MOT ............................... 41 2.7.4 Loading of the dipole trap ........................ 52 3 Experimental setup 57 3.1 Vacuum system .................................. 58 3.2 Magnetic field coils ................................ 60 3.3 Control system .................................. 64 3.4 Optical access ................................... 64 3.5 Laser systems ................................... 65 3.5.1 The blue laser system ........................... 65 vii viii Contents 3.5.2 The green laser system .......................... 70 3.5.3 The red laser system . ......................... 72 3.5.4 The optical dipole trap .......................... 77 3.5.5 The lattice ................................. 80 4 Publication: Bose-Einstein condensation of strontium 83 5 Publication: Double-degenerate Bose-Fermi mixture of strontium 91 6 Publication: Bose-Einstein condensation of 86Sr 99 7 Publication: Detection and
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