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Estudio De Especies De Pino Para Restauración De Sitios Degradados

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Estudio De Especies De Pino Para Restauración De Sitios Degradados ESTUDIO DE ESPECIES DE PINO PARA RESTAURACIÓN DE SITIOS DEGRADADOS TESTING OF PINE ESPECIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED SITES Mariela Gómez-Romero1*, José C. Soto-Correa2, José A. Blanco-García3, Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero2, Javier Villegas1, Roberto Lindig-Cisneros4 1Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecua- rias y Forestales, 3Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH). 58030. Morelia, Michoacán, México. ([email protected]). 4Laboratorio de Ecología de Restauración, Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CIEco UNAM Campus Morelia, Michoacán, México. RESUMEN ABSTRACT En condiciones de pérdida extrema de suelo se requieren In conditions of extreme soil loss, ecological restoration programas de restauración ecológica para optimar el esta- programs are required to optimize the establishment of blecimiento de cobertura vegetal y protección de suelos. vegetation and soil protection. A first step is to select Un primer paso es seleccionar especies que puedan tolerar species that can tolerate the conditions of degraded sites las condiciones de sitios degradados mediante ensayos de through species trials. In order to restore severely eroded especies. Con la finalidad de restaurar sitios severamente sites with the presence of gullies in Atécuaro, municipality erosionados con presencia de cárcavas en Atécuaro, mu- of Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico, we established a study of nicipio de Morelia, Michoacán, México, se estableció un species with Pinus cembroides, P. greggii, P. devoniana and estudio de especies con Pinus cembroides, P. greggii, P. P. pseudostrobus. There were three slope conditions: control devoniana y P. pseudostrobus. Hubo tres condiciones de (0-5°), mild (5°-30°) and strong (30°); in addition, there pendiente: testigo (0-5°), suave (5°-30°) y fuerte (30°); were three fertilization treatments (potassium phosphate, adicionalmente hubo tres tratamientos de fertilización ammonium nitrate, diammonium phosphate and a control). (fosfato de potasio, nitrato de amonio y fosfato diamónico The experimental design was of randomized complete y un testigo). El diseño experimental fue bloques comple- blocks with split plots and species planted in Latin square. tos al azar, con parcelas divididas y las especies plantadas Statistical analysis consisted of analysis of variance and the en cuadro latino. El análisis estadístico consistió en análisis statistical model was simplified by removing non-significant de varianza y el modelo estadístico fue simplificado elimi- terms for all response variables. Variables were survival, nando los términos no significativos para todas las varia- height and diameter from 2005 to 2011 and analyzed bles de respuesta. Se evaluó supervivencia, altura y diáme- chlorophyll at the end of the trial. Pinus cembroides was the tro del 2005 al 2011 y se analizó la clorofila al final. Pinus species of longer survival (81 %) but lower growth (76 cm); cembroides fue la especie de mayor supervivencia (81 %) P. pseudostrobus showed lower survival (38 %) (p0.0001) pero crecimiento menor (76 cm), P. pseudostrobus mostró and P. devoniana 80 % survival. Pinus greggii recorded menor supervivencia (38 %) (p0.0001) y P. devoniana greater growth (332 cm) (p0.0001) and responded to supervivencia de 80 %. Pinus greggii tuvo crecimiento ma- fertilization with diammonium phosphate, increasing the yor (332 cm) (p0.0001) y respondió a la fertilización con levels of chlorophyll a, b and total. Result analysis suggests fosfato diamónico aumentando los niveles de clorofila a, b that a mixed plantation of P. devoniana and P. greggii (P. y total. El análisis de resultados sugiere que una plantación pseudostrobus only slope 30°) may be the best option to mixta de P. devoniana y P. greggii (P. pseudostrobus sólo restore such sites. Pinus greggii (exotic to the study area) en pendiente 30°) podría ser la mejor opción para restau- can be used in early stages of restoration to create favorable rar estos sitios. Pinus greggii (exótica al área de estudio) se microsites for the establishment of endemic species such as P. devoniana, creating a cover to minimize erosion. *Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. Recibido: julio, 2012. Aprobado: octubre, 2012. Key words: degraded soils, revegetation, tepetate, survival, Publicado como ARTÍCULO en Agrociencia 46: 795-807. 2012. chlorophyll. 795 AGROCIENCIA, 16 de noviembre - 31 de diciembre, 2012 puede usar en etapas iniciales de la restauración para crear INTRODUCTION micrositios favorables para el establecimiento de especies nativas, como P. devoniana, creando una cobertura para eforestation causes soil loss due to lack of minimizar la erosión. plant protection that favors wind and water erosion (Serrano, 2002). Soil loss also Palabras clave: suelos degradados, revegetación, tepetate, super- Ddepends on the percentage of ground plant cover vivencia, clorofila. and susceptibility to erosion. In deforested sites, the erosion process continues due to overgrazing, INTRODUCCIÓN and soil damage may be irreversible (Betancourt- Yánez et al., 2000). This is a social and economic a deforestación causa pérdida de suelos de- problem because low fertility of degraded soils bido a la falta de protección vegetal y final- limits crop production (Acevedo-Sandoval et al., mente ocurre la erosión por viento y agua 2003). Forestry in Mexico is mostly focused on the L(Serrano, 2002). La pérdida de suelo depende tam- genus Pinus since it represents 60 % of commercial bién del porcentaje de cobertura vegetal del suelo timber species for its broad geographic distribution y de la susceptibilidad a la erosión. En sitios defo- and high economic value. Legal timber and restados, el proceso erosivo continúa debido al so- cellulose harvest per year in Mexico is equivalent brepastoreo y el daño al suelo puede ser irreversible to 6.9 million m3, of which 85 % comes from pine (Betancourt-Yánez et al., 2000). Esto es un proble- species. The total annual timber harvest (legal or ma social y económico porque la fertilidad baja de illegal) is 43 million m3, of which 66 % is harvested suelos degradados limita la producción de cultivos informally for fuelwood (Caballero-Deloya, 2010), (Acevedo-Sandoval et al., 2003). En México, la ac- causing serious deforestation problems. In the state tividad forestal se centra principalmente en el gé- of Michoacán, the main cause is land use change, nero Pinus porque representa 60 % de las especies forest fires and illegal logging. Deforestation causes maderables comerciales por su amplia distribución losses of 260 000 ha per year in temperate forests geográfica y su valor económico alto. La cosecha de (Sáenz-Romero and Lindig-Cisneros, 2004). madera y celulosa anual legal equivale en México The increasing deterioration of forest resources a 6.9 millones m3, de los cuales 85 % proviene de in Mexico and erosion associated with land use especies de pinos. La cosecha anual total de made- change and inadequate agropastoral practices make ra (legal o ilegal) representa 43 millones m3, de los it necessary to efficiently reforest for commercial cuales 66 % es cosechado informalmente para leña purpose, soil remediation and ecological restoration combustible (Caballero-Deloya, 2010), causando (Cetina-Alcalá et al. 1999); the loss of soil and gully serios problemas de deforestación. En el estado de formation is a global issue (Nagasaka et al., 2005, Michoacán, la causa principal es el cambio del uso Zhang and Dong, 2010). However, conventional de suelo, los incendios forestales y la tala ilegal. La planting may not be suitable in extreme conditions deforestación causa pérdidas de 260 000 ha por año of soil loss, particularly when gullies are present. en bosques templados (Sáenz-Romero y Lindig- On these surfaces, more complex ecological Cisneros, 2004). restoration programs are required to optimize the El deterioro creciente de los recursos forestales en successful establishment of plant cover and soil México y la erosión asociados al cambio de uso del protection. In the vast majority of very disturbed suelo y a prácticas agropastoriles inadecuadas, hacen surfaces, you cannot restore the original vegetation, necesario reforestar eficientemente para fines comer- but it is possible to induce the development of ciales, para la recuperación de suelos y la restauración protective vegetation that allows conserving and ecológica (Cetina-Alcalá et al., 1999); la pérdida de enhancing soil fertility (Vázquez-Yanes et al., suelo y la formación de cárcavas es un problema glo- 1999). It is therefore necessary to add fertilizer to bal (Nagasaka et al., 2005; Zhang y Dong, 2010). Sin return to the ground at least a small fraction of the embargo, una plantación convencional puede no ser nutrients lost. Plants under stress conditions tend adecuada en condiciones de pérdida extrema de sue- to lose photosynthetic capacity and decrease the lo, en particular si hay cárcavas. En estas superficies chlorophyll content of leaves (Carter and Knapp, 796 VOLUMEN 46, NÚMERO 8 ENSAYO DE ESPECIES DE PINO PARA RESTAURACIÓN DE SITIOS DEGRADADOS se requieren programas de restauración ecológica más 2001). Total chlorophyll is the sum of chlorophylls complejos que optimicen el establecimiento exitoso a and b. Chlorophyll a is the major pigment and its de la cubierta vegetal y protección de suelos. En la presence in appropriate amounts in the leaves and gran mayoría de las superficies muy alteradas no es
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