15. Diodorus Siculus and the island of Hvar, Dalmatia: testing the text with GIS Vincent Gaffney Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, U.K. Zoran Stanöié Department of Archaeology, University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. 15.1 Introduction point the island is only 4km from the mainland. It is about 68km long and nowhere exceeds 15km in width. 'In the end, what ancient historians now The long, narrow shape of the island is dominated by require of archaeologists is something much a high mountainous spine which is topped over the simpler, much more primitive — a most part by a bevelled plain at about 300m, but rises willingness to devote themselves to precisely to 626m at the highest peak named Sv. Nikola. The formulated historical questions and a far coastline is precipitous but the northern central section greater consciousness of the value of is dominated by the low, fertile Stari Grad plain. statistics, for which pencil and paper and elementary numeracy are on the whole The dominant limestone geology of the island has sufficient, though a simple computer would produced typical karst scenery. Steep slopes and caves do no harm,' (Sir Moses Finley, Archaeology abound, the soils are generally terra rossa variants and and History, reprinted in The Use and Abuse the Mediterranean vegetation is characterised by pine of History, 1986:99). forests on the steeper slopes, whilst olives, vines, Given that the paper in which the above quote originally appeared was published twenty years ago, it would be unfair to present the statement as wholly representative of the contemporary relationship between ancient history, archaeology and computer science. However, the interaction between the three disciplines is still a subject of discussion and debate (Yorston 1987) and much remains to be said on the subject. In this short paper we wish to discuss the archaeological context of one particular historical event, the colonisation of the Island of Hvar by the Parian Greeks in 385/4 B.C. and its violent aftermath. The circumstances surrounding these events were conveniently, if belatedly, chronicled by the historian Diodorus Siculus in the first century B.C. and the broad outline has been confirmed by later work. But is this broad agreement enough? Diodorus, in common Figure 15.1: Location of the Island of Hvar within Europe. with other classical sources tells us little about the political and economic situation on the island preceding lavender and rosemary dominate the lower and flatter the arrival of the Greeks. Consequently, the text has areas. The climate of Hvar is particularly pleasant and many limitations, even by historical standards. Some the population of the island is now largely devoted to further insight into these problems has resulted from a catering for the tourists that flock there during the recent survey of the archaeological sites of the island summer months. The island of about 11,000 people, is (Gaffney et al. in prep). More significant is the recent largely found in three coastal settlements; Hvar, Stari development of GIS technology and its increasing Grad and Jelsa. The rest are scattered throughout the application to archaeological data in general, and to the small inland villages (Fig. 15.2). Hvar data in particular (Gaffney & Stanöid 1991). The flexibility of analysis that GIS is opening to 15.3 Data used in the analysis archaeologists is rapidly revolutionising archaeological research. This has implications that ancient historians A complete survey of archaeological monuments on the cannot ignore. Events and processes occur in both island was undertaken between 1982-1989. This survey space and time, concepts common to both historians provided standardised data on every monument on the and archaeologists. GIS allows a manipulation of space island dating from the prehistoric, Greek and Roman that has previously never been practicable. The periods. During those years, all the locatable relevance of these statements will, we hope, become archaeological monuments on the island were visited clear within the paper. and all available material on them collated. This information was put into a database which could be used in conjunction with the island's environmental 15.2 The Island of Hvar database for a GIS analysis. Before presenting the analysis, some introduction to the island of Hvar is useful. The island lies off the coast of Three principal environmental variables were used with central Dalmatia, Yugoslavia (Fig. 15.1). At the nearest the archaeological database. The first variable, top)ography, involved the creation of the island DEM 113 VINCENT GAFFNEY & ZORAN STANCIC SUCUBAjr HVAR BOGOMOLJE SCEDRO LAND OVKR 200M. 10 km. Figure 15.2: Principal settlements on Hvar. from the 1:50,000 topographic map. This produced a 15.4 Hardware and software used in the analysis DEM with a cell size of 20 X 20m. Although there has The data presented here was taken from a larger GIS been significant landscape change in the Adriatic basin pilot study carried out using equipment belonging to the since the late Pleistocene when the sea level of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey (AAS) at the proto-Adriatic may have been 150m lower than it is University of Arkansas. The GIS system used by the today (Chapman 1981), the data provided from the AAS and which was made available for this work is the DEM is useful for the periods under study here. Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS). The detailed soil map made available for analysis within this study contained no less than twenty five soil GRASS was designed as a high performance interactive groups classified according to their chemical and environment for geographic data management, analysis physical properties, depth, and agricultural potential. and display. It was originally created for the US Army The data was digitised to produce a map with the same and was intended to be applied in land management resolution as the DEM. However, this classification programs associated with military installations. Its proved too detailed for archaeological purposes and the primary aim is to allow the optimal use of available map was reclassified on the basis of agricultural training areas and ranges, to maintain land in a manner potential. Four land potential classes were produced suitable for long term military use whilst protecting through this procedure. The soils of the karst are valuable natural and cultural resources and distressingly fragile and prone to erosion and significant accommodating secondary land uses including forestry, changes can occur during very short periods of time. grazing, hunting and recreation (Lozar & Goran 1987). Soil change over time has undoubtedly been dramatic (Shiel & Chapman 1988). Many areas which now have The origins of GRASS lie in the use of raster based limited agricultural potential must have been more software in the analysis of the Fort Hood area in Texas. attractive to human use in the past, and some areas GRASS itself, however, has only been available since which may not have been so useful, e.g. seasonally 1986 and is still undergoing development (Westervelt flooded valley bottoms, may now have been modified 1988). Despite this, the software has now been released to form attractive agricultural zones. For the purposes into the public domain and it can be obtained without of this study, however, we are reliant upon cost from the Army Corps of Engineers, Construction contemporary data and the belief that the soils which Engineering Research Laboratory and a number of are considered useful today also played a significant associated federal agencies. Many public domain role in earlier agriculture regimes. software suffers from poor documentation and a lack of consistent development funding, training opportunities Lithology is undoubtedly the most stable of and system support. However, this is offset for GRASS environmental factors used in this analysis. The basic by the fact that the number of GRASS users within the solid geology of the island has remained unchanged US establishment virtually ensures continuing throughout the period under study (Herak et al. 1916). development of the system and the fact that some The island is dominated by a core of dolomite and private companies and universities are now distributing limestone laid down during the Cretaceous, overthrust GRASS commercially and will assist with training and and raised during later orogenies. The archaeologically installation of the system. important flysch deposits on the southern side of the island are Eocene in date, whilst Quaternary deposits GRASS is a UNIX based software written in C. It is including alluvium and colluvium are restricted, mainly distributed in source code and is currently running on to the Stari Grad plain and the narrow coastal valleys. a number of different workstations including; Sun, 114 15. DIODORUS SICULUS AND THE ISLAND OF HVAR, DALMATIA Concurrent, Intergraph, Apple Macintosh, PC386 and objects. There are also some indications of human 486's, HP9(X)0, AT&T 3B2, DEC, and IBM 6000. It settlement on hilltop sites across the island. has recently been released in the X-Windows environment increasing its portability to any machine During the Iron Age there is increasing evidence for running under such an environment (Gardels 1988; intensive settlement activity throughout the island and Westervelt 1990). GRASS allows the user to for some degree of settlement hierarchy. The Hvar manipulate, analyse and display data, and output data castle site, which is associated with the large barrow as colour images or in tabular statistical form. It allows cemetery at Vira, is of particular interest. Apullian digitisation of data layers manually through a digitising pottery from this site indicates the incorporation of the table or alternatively to input data in digital format island within long distance trade networks from the either as a DEM, digitised aerial photographs or eighth century B.C. onwards (Petrió 1986). satellite data including SPOT or LANDSAT.