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Ngati Hinerangi Grievances Relating to the Building of Tbe Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation

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Ngati Hinerangi Grievances Relating to the Building of Tbe Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation Wai 215 #51 Ngati Hinerangi Grievances Relating to the Building of tbe Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation A Research Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Wai 1226 Claim MorehuMcDonald, MA Hons August 2006 Ngati Hinerangi Grievances Relating to the Building of the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation A Research Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Wai 1226 Claim by Morehu McDonald, MA Hons August 2006 2 Table of Contents Illustrations Abbreviations Introduction ......................................................................................... 9 Author .................................................................................................... 9 Commission ............................................................................................. 9 Structure and Sources ................................................................................. 10 Ngati Hinerangi Amended Statement of Claim - Wai 1226 ..................................... 12 Stage 2 Inquiry Issues ................................................................................. 18 Public Works Acquisitions ............................................................................ 19 Executive Summary .......................................................................... 23 Part One - Historical Background of the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation Lands ............................................................ 28 1.1 Railway Development in Tauranga, Bay of Plenty and Waikato ........................ 28 1.2 Physical Description of the Kaimai Tunnel and Kaimai Deviation ..................... 32 1.3 History and Tradition ofNgati Hinerangi ................................................... 34 1.3.1 Koperu - Founder of the Ngati Hinerangi Polity ........................................... 34 1.3.2 Te Rohe a Koperu - Ngati Hinerangi Tribal Boundaries .................................. 38 1.3.3 Ngati Hinerangi's Mana Whenua in Tauranga Moana ................................... .41 1.4 Ngati Hinerangi's Traditional Land Ownership ............................................ 54 1.4.1 Ngati Hinerangi's Traditional Communication System .................................... 54 1.4.2 N gati Hinerangi Strategic Resources ......................................................... 58 1.4.3 The Kaimai Ranges - The Physical Landscape ............................................. 60 1.4.4 The Kaimai Ranges - Nga Maunga Tapu .................................................... 62 1.4.5 Ngati Hinerangi Settlements and Wahi Tapu on the Maurihoro Land Block ........... 64 1.4.6 Te Tapu 0 Te Wairere ........................................................................... 69 1.5 Pakeha Colonialism - Land Wars and Confiscation ........................................ 71 1.5.1 N gati Hinerangi Support for the Kingitanga ................................................. 72 1.5.2 Forced Acquisition - The Katikati - Te Puna Purchase .................................... 73 3 1.5.3 The Pirirakau, Ngati Hinerangi and Ngati Tokotoko Deed, 1871 .................... 80 1.5.4 N gati Hinerangi Petition for a Reserve and Protection By the Crown ............... 84 1.5.5 Ngati Hinerangi and Ngati Tokotoko Reserves and Returned Lands ................. 92 1.5.6 The Kairnai and Gold-Mining .............................................................. 95 1.5.7 History of the Maurihoro B Block. ........................................................ 96 1.5.8 N gati Hinerangi Petitions for the Return of the Aongatete Block. .................... 100 Part Two - Economic Justification for the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation ................... : ................................................. 111 2.1 Economic Growth and Development in Tauranga, Bay of Plenty and Waikato ...... l11 2.2 Development of Forest, Timber, Pulp and Paper Industries ............................. 111 2.3 Business and Community Support ........................................................... 113 2.4 Development of the Port of Tauranga ...................................................... 113 2.5 Increasing Pressure on Government for the Kaimai Tunnel ............................. 116 2.6 The Link Between the Port of Tauranga and the Kaimai TunneL ...................... 119 2.7 Population Growth as an Economic Factor ................................................ 126 2.8 Local Interest or National Development Project .......................................... 127 2.9 The Economics of the Tauranga Hinterland ............................................... 127 2.10 The Hinterland Concept and the Impact on Maori Land ................................. 129 2.11 The Clash Between the Auckland and Tauranga Hinterlands ........................... 133 2.12 Local Authorities Support for the Hinterland Concept and the Kaimai Tunnel. ...... 133 2.13 Local Authorities in Opposition to the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation ................. 136 2.14 TurfWar........................................................................................ 138 Part Three - The Commission of Inquiry - the 'Smoking Gun' ................ 140 3.1 A Political Solution ............................................................................ 140 3.2 Composition of The Commission of Inquiry ............................................... 142 3.3 Terms of reference and Answers Provided by the Commission ......................... 144 3.4 Failure of the Commission ofInquiry to Fully Investigate the Economic Viability of the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation .............................................. 146 3.5 Maori Non-Participation in the Commission of Inquiry .................................... 147 3.6 The Roading Position ........................................................................... 151 3.7 MOW Submissions and Evidence on Roading .............................................. 152 4 3.8 Payment for Roading Development. .................................................... 152 3.9 Economic Arguments Provided by MOW & NZ Railways ......................... .154 3.10 Access for Te Aroha via Thompson's Track .......................................... 156 3.11 NZ Railways and Evidence Provided for Alternative Railway Routes ............ 157 3.12 Lack of Consultation with Ngati Hinerangi about Alternative Routes ............. 159 3.13 The Position of MOW & NZ Railways ................................................. 160 3.14 The Position of the Government. ......................................................... 165 3.15 Budget Blow-out of Expenditure Costs Approved by Cabinet ....................... 169 3.16 Commission's Economic Justification for the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation ...... 173 3.17 Commission of Inquiry Recommendations .............................................. 177 3.18 Position ofNZ Railways - Response to Commission's Report ....................... 178 3.19 The Economic Viability of the Kaimai Tunnel .......................................... 182 3.20 MOW Report on Economic Justifications ................................................ 184 3.21 The "Smoking Gun" - the Commission of Inquiry's Deliberate Targeting of Maori and Crown Land ....................................................... 188 3.22 Developable and Idle Lands ................................................................. 191 Part Four - Impact of the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation on Ngati Hinerangi ...........................................................205 4.1 Government Approval to Build the Kaimai Tunnel and Deviation .................. .205 4.2 Lack of Consultation with Ngati Hinerangi ............................................. .207 4.3 Public Works Legislation .................................................................. .210 4.4 Public Works and MOW Procedures ...................................................... 212 4.5 Notification of the Middle Line ............................................................. 214 4.6 Maori Land Ownership Affected ...........................................................219 4.7 The Impact ofthe Kaimai Tunnel on Ngati Hinerangi ................................. .228 4.8 Violation of the Tapu of the Kaimai Ranges and its Consequences .................. 229 4.9 Compensation ................................................................................232 4.10 Waharoa Maori Land Affected ............................................................ 233 4.11 Waharoa Marshalling Yards ............................................................... 234 4.12 Unauthorised Entry on Ngati Hinerangi Land for Tunnel Survey ................... .235 4.13 Waharoa Cemetery ..........................................................................239 4.14 Discrimination by MOW ................................................................ .241 5 4.15 Lack of MOW Communication and Interaction with Maori ........................ 242 4.16 Role of the Maori Trustees ............................................................... 244 4.17 Injurious Affection - Waharoa Land Owners .......................................... 250 4.18 Injurious Affection and Specific Grievances ofNgati Hinerangi .................. .251 4.19 Prejudicial Treatment by Native Land Court and Maori Land Court ............... 254 4.20 Loss of Economic Opportunity and Benefits .... , ......................................254 4.21 Restrictions on Use - Mining ............................................................ .257 4.22 Damages Sustained by Ngati Hinerangi .................................................259 4.23
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