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Prenosology Diagnostics Submitted: 19.2.2017 Accepted: 10.3.2017 Published online: 25.5.2017 REVIEW 13. Ferro MS, Rodrigues GM, De Sou- DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2017.5563 za RR. The role of mitochondria in physical activity and its adaptation on Pre­nosology diagnostics aging. Journal of Morphological Sci- ences. 2015;32(4):257–63. Roman М. Baevsky1*, Azalia P. Berseneva1 14. Robert L, Labat-Robert J. Stress in biology and medicine, role in ag- 1 Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences ing. Pathologie Biologie. 1 September Russia, 123007, Moscow, Khoroshevskoye sh. 76A 2015;63(4–5):230–4. * Corresponding author: 15. McArdle A, Jackson MJ. Exercise, phone: +7 (499) 193­62­44, e­mail: [email protected] oxidative stress and ageing. Journal of Anatomy. 2000;197(4):539–41. Abstract 16. Troen BR. The biology of aging. The present paper deals with prenosological diagnostics as methodology of an esti­ Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. Jan- mation of functional states of an organism. Highlighted is its first practical application uary 2003;70(1):3-22. in space medicine, at long influence of stressful factors, including such factor unusual 17. Gordon T, Hegedus J, Tam SL. to terrestrial organisms as weightlessness. Demonstrated is the methodology’s wide Adaptive and maladaptive motor ax- recognition and use in various areas of medicine and physiology. Health is consid­ onal sprouting in aging and motoneu- ered herein as process of the continuous adaptation of an organism to environment ron disease. Neurological Research. conditions. Thus, shown is the connection between transition from health to illness March 2004;26(2):174–85. and decrease in adaptable possibilities. Transition from health to illness, an exhaus­ 18. Miura Y. Oxidative stress, radia- tion and failure of mechanisms of adaptation are described in detail. The classifi­ tion-adaptive responses, and aging. cation dividing the prenosological states into physiological norm, prenosological, Journal of Radiation Research. Sep- premorbid and pathological states is used herein. Prenosological studies including tember 2004;45(3):357–72. diagnostics, screening and control are considered. 19. Gurov YV, Zaguskin SL. Chrono- diagnostic capabilities of the method Keywords of symbolic dynamics. Terapevtiches- Prenosological, Space medicine, Stress, Adaptation, Premorbid ky arhiv. 2011;83(4):23–6. [in Russian] 20. Zaguskin SL. Rhythms of a cage Imprint and health of the person. Rostov-on- Roman М. Baevsky, Azalia P. Berseneva. Pre-nosology diagnostics; Cardiometry; Don: SFU Publishing house, 2010. 292 No.10; May 2017; p.55–63; DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2017.5563. Available from: pages. [in Russian] www.cardiometry.net/issues/no10­may­2017/pre­nosology­diagnostics 21. Zaguskin SL, Bakuzova DV. Chro- nodiagnostics and a chronotherapy of Introduction medicine and physiology. It is signifi- cognitive disorders in an atheroscle- Term "pre-nosological state" (R.M. cant that pre-nosology diagnostics rotic genesis in elderly people. Clinical Baevsky, V.P. Kaznacheev, 1978) heaved emerged and was first applied in space medicine. 2015;10:31–42. in sight in another volume of the Big medicine fully concentrated on the 22. Havinson VH, Anisimov VN. Pep- Medical Encyclopedia published more studies and monitoring of the health tide regulation and aging. SPb.: Nau- than 30 years ago. The book also gave of normal people during prolonged ka, 2003. 223 pages. [in Russian] the definition of pre-nosology diag- exposure to a multitude of stress fac- 23. Komarov FI, Rapoport SI, Za- nostics as a methodology of evaluat- tors, including microgravity, the most guskin SL. Interactive regimen of ing functional states of organism on extraordinary one for the human or- chronodiagnosis and biocontrolled the borderline between the norm and ganism. The traditional health defini- chronophysiotherapy in some inter- pathology. Today, this methodology tion as absence of disease symptoms nal diseases. Klinicheskaya Meditsina. has gained a broad enough recogni- could not satisfy space medicine, for 2000;78(8):17–22. tion and is much used in the areas of its major criteria of health is the abil- Issue 10. May 2017 | Cardiometry | 55 ity of cosmonaut's organism to adapt Evaluation of health level 1) renewal of structures with energy to the spaceflight environment and In the turmoil of modern life most and matter expenditures; readiness to perform duties correctly people are subjected, to one or another 2) generation and expenditure of en- and completely. Health definition in degree of emotional or physical stress- ergy by control commands; the WHO Charter as state of complete es. This is particularly true for people 3) reception, processing and trans- physical, mental, and social well being dwelling in extreme climate, geo- mission of command (signal) infor- complies with the space medicine re- graphic and social environments. All mation for initiation of metabolism quirements and yet is not exhaustive. these produce stresses. Low stress level and energy exchange regulation; Evaluation of the health state of space- is always good to organism as it stimu- 4) temporal matching of structure, crew members must proceed not from lates the ability to adapt (adjust) to the energy and information-level func- the philosophical, qualitative defini- continuously changing outer world. tioning. tion but from the specific, practical However, an excessive stress, perma- one that will open up possibilities of nent emotional pressure, depression, Key principles of pre-nosology measurement and evaluation of the failures, heavy physical loads and in- diagnostics level of health [1–4]. adequate rest lead to severe straining Adjustment or adaptation to a chan- Space medicine gave rise to a fun- of the regulatory systems of organism, ged environment is attained at the cost damentally new approach to health overstrain and eventual exaustion. of the functional resource or a certain evaluation in light of the present-day This classification was experimental- "biosocial pay". Every moment orga- theory of adaptation and the doctrine ly substantiated in the first monograph nism spends life resources and then of homeostasis [5–7]. The essence of on pre-nosology diagnostics published renews them by, specifically, rest and this approach is that health is con- by V.P. Kaznacheev, R.M. Baevsky and sleep. Expenditure and renewal of the sidered to be a process of continuous A.P. Berseneva in 1981 [9]. With time resources by organism and its individ- adjustment of organism to its envi- the classification was elaborated fur- ual systems is actually what the life pro- ronment and the adaptive potential ther by space medicine and applied cess is. Adaptation, one of the funda- is the measure of health. Transition physiology. A 10-grade scale was pro- mental properties of organized matter, from health to disease is caused by a posed to evaluate four levels of health is a result and means for resolution of reduction of the adaptive potential, depending on the extent of regulatory internal and external contradictions of degradation of the ability to react systems straining [3]. life. Organized matter exists and forms adequately to social, labor, and usu- Our concept of pre-nosology diag- on the borderline between life and al everyday stresses. A large num- nostics places emphasis on the in- death, health and disease through their ber of transitory or pre-nosological formational aspect of health on the collisions and intertransitions. "Pay" for states develop in-between health and ground that controlling mechanisms, adaptation that went beyond the limit of disease. Results of mass screening i.e. informational or regulatory, are of "biosocial budget" and demands extra showed that 50 to 80 % of population primary importance for the optimal efforts from organism cuses breakage have various prenosological states functioning of such complex biologi- of the adaptation mechanism. [8]. This means that the majority of cal system as human organism. Func- Fig. 1 shows the conceptual diagram people need not just medical or dis- tion of a living system is a behavior of health measurement. From the di- ease diagnostics but pre-nosology pattern that keeps integrity of struc- agram it is evident that homeostasis diagnostics, i.e. determination of de- tures and consists of successive levels maintenance requires involvement of gree of loss of adaptability or level of of metabolism, energy and informa- mechanisms responsible for mobiliza- deviation from the norm. With space tion exchange, and temporal organiza- tion of functional reserves, i.e. activa- medicine, methods and approach- tion (R.M. Baevsky, 1979, 2003, 2006). tion of relevant systems of regulation. es of pre-nosology diagnostics are Irrespective of whether we consider a Level of health or adaptive potential of among the most common and ad- cell, organ or whole organism, their organism are also dependent on indi- vancing instruments for evaluation of functioning can be described by a sin- vidual characteristics of organism and health level. gle algorithm that includes four stages: environmental factors affecting its life. 56 | Cardiometry | Issue 10. May 2017 The ability of adaptive mechanism to ensure stable adaptation to environ- ment hinges on the functional reserve (FR) of organism. High functional reserve provides an adequate level of functioning (LF) of the main systems without increasing the degree of ten- sion (DT). The dependence between FR, LF and DT can be expressed as a simple equation: LF = FR · DT. The equation shows that to retain Figure 1. The conceptual diagram of health measurement adequate LF of organism or separate systems on the background of various ity analysis (HRV). It should be not- Besides, in addition to the traditional stresses, DT must grow in sync with ed that the method was designed by premorbid states we think it reason- FR reduction. The equation should space cardiologists and first applied able, along with early or initial patho- be regarded as a model describing in early orbital flights of animals and logical developments in organs and the ratio of adaptive and homeostat- humans.
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