Tensile structures details pdf

Continue This article contains a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it does not have enough relevant link. Please help improve this article by entering more accurate quotes. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The world's first shell by (during construction), , 1895 The at Kings Domain, A - is the design of elements that carry only voltage and no compression or bend. The term tensile should not be confused with , which is a structural form with both voltage and compression elements. Tense structures are the most common type of thin shell structures. Most tense structures are supported by some form of compression or of elements such as masts (as in O2, formerly the Millennium ), compression of rings or beams. The structure of the strained membrane is most often used as a , as they can economically and attractively cover long distances. Tensile membrane designs can also be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications of sports facilities, warehouse and warehouse buildings, and exhibition sites. The history of this form of construction has only become more thoroughly analyzed and widespread in large structures in the second half of the twentieth century. Tense structures have long been used in , where the guy's ropes and tent poles provide pre-voltage fabric and allow it to withstand loads. Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of tense structures, shells and membranes. Shukhov designed for the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in 1896 eight tense structures and thin-storage structures of the exhibition pavilion with an area of 27,000 square meters. The later large-scale use of the membrane strained structure is the Sidney Mayer Music Bowl, built in 1958. Antonio Gaudi used the concept in reverse to create a compression-only structure for the Church of Colony Guell. He created a three-month-old church model to calculate the forces of compression and experimental determination of the of the column and . in makes extensive use of strenuous roofing structures. The concept was later championed by German architect and engineer Frey Otto, whose first use of the idea was in the construction of the West German Pavilion at Expo 67 in Montreal. Otto then used the idea of roofing the Olympic Stadium for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Beginning in the 1960s, tense structures were enhanced by designers and engineers such as Ove Arup, , Walter Birder, Inc., Frey Otto, Mahmoud Bodo Rush, Saarinen, Horst Berger, Matthew Nowitzki, Jarg Schleich, the duo of Nicholas Goldsmith and Todd Dalland in the Design and Engineering Studio and David Geiger. Sustained technological advances have increased the popularity of fabric designs. Low weight materials make building easier and cheaper than standard designs, especially when huge open spaces should be covered. Types of structure with significant voltage members Linear structures Suspended bridges Draped cable cables Cable beams or farm Cable Farms Direct stretched cables Three-dimensional structure Bicycle wheel (can be used as a roof in horizontal orientation) 3D cable farm Tensegrity structures Surface-strained structures Pre-membrane pneumatic stressed membrane Gridshell Fabric of the cable and membrane structure of , 1895 Membrane Materials Common Materials for structures of dual curved PTFE fabric coated with fiberglass and PVC coating . These are woven materials with different strength in different directions. Warp fibers (those fibers that are originally the direct equivalent of the starting fibers on a loom) can carry a greater load than weight or fill fibers that are woven between warp fibers. Other structures use ETFE film, either as a single layer or in the form of a pillow (which can be overstated to provide good insulation properties or for aesthetic effect, as at the in Munich). ETFE cushions can also be engraved with patterns in order to allow different levels of light through when inflated to different levels. In daylight, membrane transparency tissue offers soft scattered naturally illuminated spaces, while at night, artificial lighting can be used to create an ambient outer luminescence. Most often they are supported by a structural framework because they cannot extract their strength from the double curvature. A simple , which works entirely in the of cables, can be made of soft steel, high-strength steel (drawn carbon steel), stainless steel, polyester or aramid fibers. Structural cables are made from a series of small twisted strands or connected to each other to form a much larger cable. Steel cables are either a spiral thread, where circular rods are twisted together and glued with a polymer, or a blocked filament coil where individual interconnected steel threads form a cable (often with a spiral core of thread). The spiral thread is slightly weaker than the blocked thread of the coil. The steel spiral threads of the cables have a Yang module, E 150±10 kH/mm2 (or 150±10 GPa) and come in sizes from 3 to 90 mm in diameter. The spiral thread suffers from the construction of a stretch where the strands are compact when the cable is loaded. This is usually removed by pre-stretching the cable and cycling load up and down up to 45% of the ultimate strenuous load. The filament of the coil usually has a 160±10 KN/mm2 module and comes in sizes from To a diameter of 160 mm. The properties of individual strands of different materials are shown in the table below, where UTS is the ultimate strenuous strength, or breaking load: E (GPa) UTS (MPa) Strain at 5 0% utS Solid Steel Bar 210 400-800 0.24% Steel Thread 170 1550-1770 1% Wire Rope 112 1550-1770 1.5% Polyester fiber 7.5 910 6% Aramid fiber 112 2800 2.5% Structural forms Air structures are a form of tense structures where the shell tissue is maintained under air pressure only. Most fabric structures draw their strength from their double curved shape. By forcing the fabric to take on a double curvature, the fabric acquires enough rigidity to withstand the loads it exposes (e.g. wind and snow loads). In order to evoke an adequately doubly curved shape, it is most often necessary to claim or claim a fabric or its supporting structure. The form of search behavior structures that depend on the prestress to achieve its durability is non-linear, so anything other than a very simple cable, until the 1990s, was very difficult to develop. The most common way to design doubly curved fabric structures was to build large-scale models of finite buildings in order to understand their behavior and conduct exercises to find shapes. Such large-scale models often use stocking material or tights, or soap film, as they behave very similar to structural fabrics (they cannot carry a shear). Soap films have a single stress in all directions and require a closed border for formation. They naturally form a , a shape with a minimum area and embodying minimal energy. However, they are very difficult to measure. For a large film its weight can seriously affect its shape. For a membrane with curvature in two directions, the basic equilibrium equation: w t 1 R 1 t 2 R 2 (display w'frac) t_{1} R_{2} t_{2} R_{1}: R1 and R2 are the main curvature radii for soap films or deformation directions and paddles for t1 and t2 tissues are tension in appropriate directions w curvature is the load on the square meter Lines of the main curvature have no twist and cross the lines of the main Geodesic or geodesic lines are usually the shortest lines between two points on the surface. These lines are commonly used to determine the cutting patterned stitch line. This is due to their relative directness once the planar fabrics have been created, resulting in lower tissue loss and closer alignment with the fabric weave. In a pre-emphasized but unloaded surface w No 0, so t 1 R 1 - t 2 R 2 (display)frac (t_{1} t_{2}) R_{1} R_{2} In soap film surface voltages are homogeneous in both directions, so R1 and R2. Now you can use powerful nonlineary numerical analysis (or analysis of end elements) for and the design of fabrics and cable designs. Programs should allow for large deviations. The final shape, or shape, structure of the tissue depends on: the shape, or pattern, the geometry of the supporting structure (e.g. masts, cables, ring, etc.) claims applied to the fabric or its supporting structure of the hyperbolic It is important that the final form will not allow water rationing, as it can deform the membrane and lead to local failure or progression. Loading snow can be a serious problem for the membrane structure, since snow often won't flow out of the structure as the water will. For example, this in the past caused the (temporary) collapse of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, an air-inflated structure in , Minnesota. Some structures prone to prudential use heating to melt the snow that settles on them. The shape of the saddle there are many different doubly curved shapes, many of which have special mathematical properties. The most basic are doubly curved from the shape of the saddle, which can be a hyperbolic paraboloid (not all forms of saddle hyperbolic ). It is a double rudder surface and is often used both in the lung structures of the shell (see structures). True collapsed surfaces are rarely found in tense structures. Other forms are anti-clast saddles, various radial, conical tent forms and any combination of them. Claim is a voltage artificially induced in structural elements in addition to any self-imposed or imposed loads that they may carry. It is used to ensure that normally very flexible structural elements remain rigid at all possible loads. Day after day, an example of claims is a rack supported by wires running from floor to ceiling. The wires keep the shelves in place because they are tense - if the wires were slack the system wouldn't work. Claims can be applied to the membrane by stretching it from its edges or claim cables that support it and therefore change its shape. The level of claims applied determines the shape of the membrane structure. An alternative approach to finding forms Alternative approximate approach to solving the problem of finding forms is based on the general energy balance of the grid-nodal system. Because of its physical importance, this approach is called the Stretched Grid (SGM) method. The simple mathematics of the cables is cross-sectional and evenly loaded cable evenly loaded cable, covering between the two supports forms an intermediate curve between the catenaria curve and the parabola. Simplifies the assumption that it is approaching a circular arc (radius R). Balance: Horizontal and vertical reactions: H -W S 2 8 d (H'Frac display)wS'{2}'8D' V, W S 2 (V'frac display) {2} by geometry: Length: Length L s 2 R arcsin ⁡ S 2 R R The 2R-arcsin (S)2R' - T - H 2 - V 2 (T'sqrt)H'{2} <1> <8> 'V'{2}': T (w S 2 8 d ) 2 (w {2} S 2) {2} (wS) {2} (wS) (T){2}) 'T'wR' (T'wR) () displaystyle kfrac (EA)L : q Q E A 'displaystyle e'frac (TL)EA, 'E', 'A' — 'A' It's not going to be a game. T_{0} T 0 'displaystyle': e q L L 0 (T - T 0) E A (displaystyle e'L-L_{0}'frac L_{0} (T-T_{0}) , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' l 0 2 T arcsin ⁡ (w S 2 T ) w 'frac'L_{0} (T-T_{0}) 'EA' L_{0} 'frac'2T arcsin (EAsin 'T' , ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' It's not going to be the last time it is going to be a not. 'T 0' (T_{0}). It's not going to be a problem. W No 4 T d L (W'frac)4Td'L' d' S 2 No 4 (W L 4 T) 2 'W'frac'4 L'sqrt (S'{2}4'{2}'sqrt (S'{2})4 (fracWL4T {2}): L 0 L 0 (T 0 ) E A s 2 -4 ( L 0 - L 0 ( T - T 0 ) E A ) 4 T ) 2 'L_{0} frac 'L_{0} (T-{2} T_{0}) '4 '(L_{0})--L_{0} (-T_{0} {2}) T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T, T. T 0 'T_{0}' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' W. 'W', 'f', 'f1' f 1 (T m ) 2 L 'displaystyle f_{1} 'frac 'sqrt' , m » масса в килограммах и длине L. Известные структуры Шухов Ротонда, Россия, 1896 Канада Место, Ванкувер, Британская Колумбия для Экспо '86 Yoyogi Национальная гимназия Кензо Танге, Yoyogi Парк, Токио, Япония Ingalls Rink, йельский университет Ээро Сааринен Хан Шатыри Развлекательный центр, Нур-Султан, Казахстан Tropicana поле, Санкт-Петербург, Флорида Олимпиапарк, Мюнхен Фрей Отто Сидни Майер Music Bowl, Мельбурн O2 (бывший купол тысячелетия), Лондон , Денвер Дортон Арена , Роли Джорджия Купол, Атланта, Джорджия Хири и Associates (demolished in 2017) Grantley Adams International Airport, Church of Christ, Barbados Penroth Saddledome, Calgary Graeme McCourt Architects and Jan Bobrovsky and partners Scandinavium, , Hong Kong Coastal Defense Museum Modernization Central Railway Station, , Redbird Arena, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois Retractable Umbrellas, Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina, Killesberg , Gallery famously tense structures Roof tense structures from , Munich Millennium Dome (now O2), London, Buro Happold and Richard Rogers International Airport Terminal THTR-300 cable network dry cooling, of Schleich Bergerman and partner of Killesberg Tower, Stuttgart, Schleich Bergermann Partner Dome in Large retractable umbrellas in front of the Holy Mosque of the Prophet in Medina SL Rasch GmbH Special structures Day computer render Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center , the highest tense structure in the world classification numbers Institute of Building Specifications (CSI) and Building Specifications of Canada (CSC), MasterFormat 2018 Edition, Division 05 and 13: 05 16 00 - Structural Cables 05 19 00 - Tension Rod and Cable Piste Assembly 13 31 00 - Fabric Structures 13 31 23 - Tension Fabric Structures 13 31 33 - Framed Fabric Structures CSI / CSC MasterFormat 1995 Edition: 13120 - Cable-supported structures 13120 - Fabric Structures See also Gaussian Curvature Hyperboloid Structure by Carlys Johansons Kenneth Snelson Suspension Bridge Tensairity Tensegrity Wire. Tense fabric structures: Final guide (new for 2018). info.collinson.co.uk. Received 2018-07-02. Sprung. Army technology. Kagliaroli, M.; Mahlerba, P.G.; Albertin, A.; Pollini, N. (2015- 12-01). The role of the prestrest and its optimization in the design of cable . Computers and structures. 161: 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2015.08.017. ISSN 0045-7949. Albertin, A; Mahlerba, P; Pollini, N; Kvagliaroli, M (2012-06-21), Pre-optimization of hybrid strenuous structures, bridge maintenance, safety, management, sustainability and sustainability, CRC Press, page 1750-1757, doi:10.1201/b12352-256, ISBN 978-0-415-62124-3, extracted 2020-06-30 Next in the material Nizhny Novgorod exhibition: The High Tower, the room under construction, springing 91 feet span, Engineer, No. 19.3.1897, P.292-294, London, 1897. Horst Berger, Bright Structures, Structures of Light: Art and Engineering of Tense Architecture (Birkheuser Verlag, 1996) ISBN 3-7643-5352-X Alan Holgate, Art of : The Work of Jorg Schlaich and His Team (Britain Books, 1996) ISBN 3-930698-Elizabeth Cooper Arkhitektura i mnimosti: Origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalistic architecture in Russian mystical philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition, thesis on architecture, 264., University of Pennsylvania, 2000 Vladimir G. Sukiov 1853-1939. The Art of Lean Construction., Rainer Graf, Jose Tomlow and others, 192 p., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9. Wikimedia Commons has media related to tensil structures. Conrad Roland: Frey Otto is a wingspan. Ideas and experiments for easy design. Seminar report by Conrad Roland. Ullstein, Berlin, Frankfurt/Main and Vienna 1965. Frey Otto, Bodo Rush: Finding Form - To Architecture Minimum, edition by Axel Menges, 1996, ISBN 3930698668 Nerdinger, Winfried: Frey Otto. Full work: Easy Construction Course Design, 2005, ISBN 3-7643-7233-8 Extracted from tensile structures construction details pdf

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