Determination of Specific Yield and Water-Table Changes Using
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Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Kastner; Emeriault, Dias, Guilloux (eds) © 2002 Spécinque, Lyon. ISBN 2-9510416-3-2 The effect of seepage forces at the tunnel face of shallow tunnels In-Mo Lee Korea University, Seoul, Korea Seok-Woo Nam Korea University, Seoul, Korea Lakshmi N. Reddi Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A / ABSTRACT: In this paper, seepage forces arising from the groundwater flow into a tunnel were studied. First, the quantitative study of seepage forces at the tunnel face wa_s performed. The steady-state groundwater flow equation was solved and the seepage forces acting on the tunnel face were calculated using the upper bound solution in limit analysis. Second, the effect of tunnel advance rate on the seepage forces was studied. In this part, a finite element program to analyze the groundwater flow around a tumiel with the consideration of tun nel advance rate was developed. 'Using the program, the effect of the tunnel advance rate on the seepage forces_ was-studied. A rational design methodology for the assessment of support pressures required for main taining the stability of the tumiel face was suggested for underwater tunnels. -
Transient Simulation of Water Table Aquifers Using a Pressure Dependent Storage Law A. Dassargues Laboratoires De Geologic De I
Transactions on Modelling and Simulation vol 6, © 1993 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-355X Transient simulation of water table aquifers using a pressure dependent storage law A. Dassargues Laboratoires de Geologic de I'lngenieur, d'Hydrogeologie, et de Prospection Geophysique Liege, Belgium ABSTRACT In groundwater problems involving unconfined aquifers, the shape and the location of the water table surface have to be determined as a part of the solution of the flow problem. The transient changes affecting the position of this free surface alter the geometry of the flow system so that the relationship between changes at boundaries and changes in piezometric heads and flows must be non linear. Methods have been developed recently using fixed mesh grids and non linear codes. They are based generally on non linear variation laws of the hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium in function of the pore pressure. Other methods based on the variation of the storage are exposed. When coupled with the hydraulic conductivity variation law, they lead to solving the generalised well- known Richards equation described and used by many authors to simulate the unsaturated flow Considering here only the saturated flow, different relations based on arctangent and polynomial functions, linking the storage of the porous medium to the water pressure are proposed in order to reach a very good accuracy in the determination of the water table surface which is the moving boundary of the saturated domain. DEFINITION AND CONDITIONS CHARACTERIZING A WATER TABLE SURFACE The water table surface of an unconfined (or water table) aquifer is defined as the locus where the macroscopic pore pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. -
TECHNIQUES for ESTIMATING SPECIFIC YIELD and SPECIFIC RETENTION from GRAIN-SIZE DATA and GEOPHYSICAL LOGS from CLASTIC BEDROCK AQUIFERS by S.G
TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING SPECIFIC YIELD AND SPECIFIC RETENTION FROM GRAIN-SIZE DATA AND GEOPHYSICAL LOGS FROM CLASTIC BEDROCK AQUIFERS by S.G. Robson U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4198 Prepared in cooperation with the COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES, OFFICE OF THE STATE ENGINEER and the CASTLE PINES METROPOLITAN DISTRICT Denver, Colorado 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director The use of trade, product, industry, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Box 25046, MS 415 Open-File Reports Section Denver Federal Center Box 25286, MS 517 Denver, CO 80225 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Background ............................................................................................................................................................... -
Transmissivity, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Storativity of the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer in Texas
Technical Report Transmissivity, Hydraulic Conductivity, and Storativity of the Carrizo-Wilcox Aquifer in Texas by Robert E. Mace Rebecca C. Smyth Liying Xu Jinhuo Liang Robert E. Mace Principal Investigator prepared for Texas Water Development Board under TWDB Contract No. 99-483-279, Part 1 Bureau of Economic Geology Scott W. Tinker, Director The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas 78713-8924 March 2000 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 2 Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 5 HYDROGEOLOGY....................................................................................................................... 5 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 14 DATA COMPILATION ...................................................................................................... 14 EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES FROM THE TEST DATA ................. 19 Estimating Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data.......................................... 19 STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ -
Slope Stability Reference Guide for National Forests in the United States
United States Department of Slope Stability Reference Guide Agriculture for National Forests Forest Service Engineerlng Staff in the United States Washington, DC Volume I August 1994 While reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this publication, in no event will the authors, the editors, or the USDA Forest Service be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages resulting from any defect in, or the use or misuse of, this publications. Cover Photo Ca~tion: EYESEE DEBRIS SLIDE, Klamath National Forest, Region 5, Yreka, CA The photo shows the toe of a massive earth flow which is part of a large landslide complex that occupies about one square mile on the west side of the Klamath River, four air miles NNW of the community of Somes Bar, California. The active debris slide is a classic example of a natural slope failure occurring where an inner gorge cuts the toe of a large slumplearthflow complex. This photo point is located at milepost 9.63 on California State Highway 96. Photo by Gordon Keller, Plumas National Forest, Quincy, CA. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program informa- tion (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Mice of Communications at 202-720-5881(voice) or 202-720-7808(TDD). To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. -
PART 6 Storage of Water
Read Freeze & Cherry, Ch. 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 PART 6 Storage of water We will use the usual mass balance in a reservoir: Qin - Qout = storage Look at a pumping well in a confined aquifer (Figure below). If the aquifer is unbounded on the sides (that is, if it is confined on top and bottom, but not on the sides), water comes from the sides (we call this flux of water lateral flow). Now look at a totally isolated system on all sides. Pumped water comes from storage ( storage < 0). Q Q clay isolated yy yy yy laterally sandyy clay yyy yyy yyy yyy yy yy yy yy isolated only on isolated on top and bottom, top and bottom and on the sides Where does the water come from? We get water due to compressibility of water and rearrangement of soil particles (recall different packing of clasts in a porous medium). Specifically, the sources of water are: (1) water expands; (2) soil particles expand (negligible source); (3) matrix consolidates (e.g., grains rearrange). Hydrogeology, 431/531 - University of Arizona - Fall 2006 Dr. Marek Zreda Storage of water 46 Expansion of water dF y A dVw yy y Vw Consider initial volume of water Vw. Apply force dF (e.g., weight of rocks above). The result is pressure dP on area A: dP = dF/A Water is compressed from initial volume Vw by the amount dVw dVw = -Vw ꞏ dP ꞏ where is the compressibility coefficient for water (see part 3 of class notes: Properties and types of water; units are those of inverse of pressure, i.e., 1/Pa or m2/N). -
Table of Common Symbols Used in Hydrogeology
Common Symbols used in GEOL 473/573 A Area [L2] b Saturated thickness of an aquifer [L] d Diameter [L] e void ratio (dimensionless) or e1 is a constant = 2.718281828... f Number of head drops in a flow of net F Force [M L T-2 ] g Acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2] h Hydraulic head [L] (Total hydraulic head; h = ψ + z) ho Initial hydraulic head [L], generally an initial condition or a boundary condition dh/dL Hydraulic gradient [dimensionless] sometimes expressed as i 2 ki Intrinsic permeability [L ] K Hydraulic conductivity [L T-1] -1 Kx, Ky , Kz Hydraulic conductivity in the x, y, or z direction [L T ] L Length from one point to another [L] n Porosity [dimensionless] ne Effective porosity [dimensionless] q Specific discharge [L T-1] (Darcy flux or Darcy velocity) -1 qx, qy, qz Specific discharge in the x, y, or z direction [L T ] Q Flow rate [L3 T-1] (discharge) p Number of stream tubes in a flow of net P Pressure [M L-1T-2] r Radial coordinate [L] rw Radius of well over screened interval [L] Re Reynolds’ number [dimensionless] s Drawdown in an aquifer [L] S Storativity [dimensionless] (Coefficient of storage) -1 Ss Specific storage [L ] Sy Specific yield [dimensionless] t Time [T] T Transmissivity [L2 T-1] or Temperature (degrees) u Theis’ number [dimensionless} or used for fluid pressure (P) in engineering v Pore-water velocity [L T-1] (Average linear velocity) V Volume [L3] 3 VT Total volume of a soil core [L ] 3 Vv Volume voids in a soil core [L ] 3 Vw Volume of water in the voids of a soil core [L ] Vs Volume soilds in a soil -
Quantification of Aquifer Properties with Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska, Using a Novel Inversion Method
Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and the Nebraska Environmental Trust Quantification of Aquifer Properties with Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska, Using a Novel Inversion Method Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5189 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey COVER: Collage showing multiple photographic images of surface nuclear magnetic resonance and aquifer-test data collection. Center top, a broad view showing trailer-mounted hydraulic pump, used in constant-discharge aquifer test. Project staff shown for general scale. Lower left, hydraulic head recording instrumentation in the observation wells, with wire reels (also shown in large photograph) approximately 25 centimeters in diameter. Lower right, surface nuclear magnetic resonance instrument. Boxes contain electronic equipment and are about 60 centimeters by 60 centimeters in plan view. Top and lower left photographs taken in November 2008 by Gregory V. Steele, U.S. Geological Survey, licensed under Creative Commons. Lower right photograph was taken by David Walsh, Vista Clara Inc., Mukilteo, Wash., November 2008. Quantification of Aquifer Properties with Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in the Platte River Valley, Central Nebraska, Using a Novel Inversion Method By Trevor P. Irons, Christopher M. Hobza, Gregory V. Steele, Jared D. Abraham, James C. Cannia, and Duane D. Woodward Prepared in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District and the Nebraska Environmental Trust Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5189 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. -
2 Basic Concepts and Definitions
2 Basic concepts and definitions This chapter summarises some basic concepts and definitions of terms rele- vant to the hydraulic properties of water-bearing layers and the discussions which follow. 2.1 Types of water-bearing layers Water-bearing layers are classified according to their water-transmitting properties into aquifers, aquitards or aquicludes. With regard to the flow to pumped wells the following definitions are commonly used. -An aquifer is a water-bearing layer in which the vertical flow component is so small with respect to the horizontal flow component that it can be neg- lected. The groundwater flow in an aquifer is assumed to be predominantly horizontal. -An aquitard is a water-bearing layer in which the horizontal flow compo- nent is so small with respect to the vertical flow component that it can be neglected. The groundwater flow in an aquitard is assumed to be predomi- nantly vertical. - An aquiclude is a water-bearing layer in which both the horizontal and ver- tical flow components are so small that they can be neglected. The ground- water flow in an aquiclude is assumed to be zero. Common aquifers are geological formations of unconsolidated sand and gravel, sandstone, limestone, and severely fractured volcanic and crystalline rocks. Examples of common aquitards are clays, shales, loam, and silt. 2.2 Aquifer types The four types of aquifer distinguished (Figure 2.1) are: confined, unconfined, leaky and multi-layered. A confined aquifer is a completely saturated aquifer bounded above and below by aquicludes. The pressure of the water in confined aquifers is usually higher than atmospheric pressure, which is why when a well is bored into the aquifer the water rises up the well tube, to a level higher than the aquifer (Figure 2.1.A). -
Predicting Drawdown in Confined Aquifers: Report Title Reliable Estimation of Specific Storage Is Important
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Water Research Laboratory Predicting drawdown in confined aquifers: Report title Reliable estimation of specific storage is important Authors(s) D J Anderson, F Flocard and G Lumiatti Report no. 2018/30 Report status Final Date of issue 6 December 2018 WRL project no. 2017092 Project manager D J Anderson Client Caroona Coal Action Group PO Box 4009 Client address Caroona NSW 2343 The Secretary Client contact [email protected] Client reference Version Reviewed by Approved by Date issued Draft R I Acworth, G Rau - - Final draft F Flocard G P Smith 8 November 2018 Final R I Acworth G P Smith 6 December 2018 This report was produced by the Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney for use by the client in accordance with the terms of the contract. Information published in this report is available for release only with the permission of the Director, Water Research Laboratory and the client. It is the responsibility of the reader to verify the currency of the version number of this report. All subsequent releases will be made directly to the client. The Water Research Laboratory shall not assume any responsibility or liability whatsoever to any third party arising out of any use or reliance on the content of this report. This report was prepared by the Water Research Laboratory (WRL) of the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UNSW Sydney following the peer-reviewed article published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface by Rau et al. -
Guide to Permeability Indices
Guide to Permeability Indices Information Products Programme Open Report CR/06/160N BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INFORMATION PRODUCTS PROGRAMME OPEN REPORT CR/06/160N Guide to Permeability Indices M A Lewis, C S Cheney and B É ÓDochartaigh The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number Licence No:100017897/2007. Keywords Permeability, permeability index, intergranular flow, mixed flow, fracture flow. Bibliographical reference LEWIS M A, CHENEY C S AND ÓDOCHARTAIGH B É. 2006. Guide to Permeability Indices . British Geological Survey Open Report, CR/06/160 N. 29pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected] You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. © NERC 2006. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2006 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. e-mail: [email protected] The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other www.bgs.ac.uk publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Shop online at: www.geologyshop.com Desks. -
Estimated Hydraulic Properties for Surficial
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Estimated Hydraulic Properties for the Surficial- and Bedrock-Aquifer System, Meddybemps, Maine By FOREST P. LYFORD, STEPHEN P. GARABEDIAN, and BRUCE P. HANSEN Open-File Report 99-199 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Northborough, Massachusetts 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of trade or product names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: Chief, Massachusetts-Rhode Island District U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Water Resources Division Box 25286 10 Bearfoot Rd. Federal Center Northborough, MA 01532 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Description of Study Area 2 Estimation of Hydraulic Properties Using Analytical Methods 6 Specific-Capacity Measurements 6 Aquifer Tests 10 Estimation of Hydraulic Properties using Numerical Methods 14 Model Design and Hydraulic Properties 14 Boundary Conditions 17 Recharge and Wells 17 Steady-State Calibration and Simulation 18 Transient Calibration and Simulation of Well MW-1 IB Aquifer Test 21 Summary and Conclusions 25 References 26 FIGURES 1,2. Maps showing: 1. Location of the Eastern Surplus Superfund Site, study area, and numerical model area, Meddybemps, Maine 3 2. Location of study area, extent of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in ground water, and locations of wells 4 3. Geohydrologic sections A-A' and B-B' 5 4-7. Graphs showing: 4.