Butler University Digital Commons @ Butler University
Graduate Thesis Collection Graduate Scholarship
1-1-1962
Apostolos in the New Testament
James Maynard Bragg
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses
Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the Indo-European Linguistics and Philology Commons
Recommended Citation Bragg, James Maynard, "Apostolos in the New Testament" (1962). Graduate Thesis Collection. 435. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/435
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Name of candidate:
...... JAM.ES. .. MYNA..EP. .. J?.M.0.~f......
Oral examination: Date .... ~P.ti..~ .. .:!}..? .. }.?.?.? ......
Committee: I ·····························································································'S. Marion Smith Chairman Lester McAllister
J. Daniel Joyce ·····························································································
Thesis title:
·····························································································APOSTOLOS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
I•" Thesis approved in final form: I r Date ...... :W.9.Y. ... ~B., ... J.9.9.:?...... ~·p·············
Major Professor .... L..1.1~.U ...(.:J..1.k':.<::ti::. pl
ll.POSTOLOS IN THE NE\I 'I'ES'I'A1·IEl'lT
BY-
James May:.nard 3ragg
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Baster of Arts Division of Graduate Instruction Butler University Indianapolis 1962 ACKNOWLEDGMEI'fr
To the teachers, Dr. Toyozo W. Nakarai, Dr. David c., Pellett and Prof. S. Marion Smith, under whom it has been my privilege to study the languages and the message of the Bible, I exoress appreciation. To my major professor and counselor, Prof. Smith, I am grateful for his guidance, patience and encouragement. To my wife, I express appreciation for her sacrifice and encouragement which have been so helpful.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACK.NO\!JLEDGHENT ...... ii ABB.i:TEVIA'J:IOHS ...... iv LIST OF' TABI,ES ...... • • vii 1 Lfi'HODUC'.i'IOH • ......
Chapter )_, I. HON-GH1US1'IAH SOUHCES Ji)TD USAGE ...... r Pagan Sources and Usage Jewish Sources and Usage 21 II. CHRISTIAN SOTJHCES AIJD USAGE ...... Terms to Consider Survey of Sources Usage Examined III. THE APOSTLESHIP ...... 47 Etymological Study Pre-Resurrection Apostleship Post-Resurrection Apostleship
CONCLUSIOH ...... 73 76 BI BL I OGHAPHY • • ...... • • • . . • • •
iii ABBREVIATIONS
A, Codex Alexandrinus k,TR, Angl!.£.ftil Theological Review aug., augmented D Codex Vatican.us _, -----~- Ba., Baruch cf. , compare Col., Colossians comp., compiler, compiled by I Cor., I Corinthians II Cor., II Corinthians Deut., Deuteronomy Div., divis:l.on Eccles., Ecclesiastes ed. , ecU t ion ed., editor, edited by e.g., for example Eph., Ephesians I Esd., I Esdras
Ex., Exodus Gal. , Galatians
Heb. , Hebrews 1J1, !11..§....lnJ!§rpreter's Bible iv 'I'he ln:.te_:i:nat_io_µal Crillcal Commentary -·--'ICC .. ...,____._ _,JBL ____Journal ____ of Biblical Literature Jn., John
Llc., Luke 19c. cit., loco citQ!.Q, in the place cited
I Mace., I Maccabees II Mace., II Maccabees
Hi\:. , Mark Ht., Hatthew n. , note n. d • , no date op. q_it., oDere ci ta to, in the worl{ cited p. (plural, pp.), page I Pet., I Peter II Pet., II Peter Phil., Philippians Ps., Psalm Bev., Hevelation rev., revised 1:.:om. , Homans R6v, Revised Standard Version I Sam., I Samuel _,S'.I' Studia Tbeologica I Thess., I Thessalonians I Tim., I Timothy v II Tim., II Timothy I Tit., Titus trans., translator, translated by Vol. (plural, Vols.), volume
vi LIST OF TABLES
Table Page 1. 'l'he Twelve Names as Listed in Hark, Matthew, Luke and Acts • • • • . • . . . . . 24 2. Occurrences of Af11J.I...UMDI...... ' . . . 28
Vii INTRODUC'.L'IOH
The origin of the Christian ministry is closely related to Jesus in his earthly ministry. Significant in his ministry and th2t of the Early Church were those known as "apostles. 11
11 Apostle 11 is the transliteration of a word which has a very peculiar background, but which grew eventually to have a very significant meB.ning within the Christian vocabulary. For our understanding of the ·word as it is used in the Hew 'restament, we must not only discover what the word meant in the vocabulary of that day, but, in addition, we must also learn of the particular uses made of the word by different Nei./l Testament writers.
In this study we will attempt to discover the backgrour~ of @..9..rD?~.QS among its pagan ancestors. In addition to this area, we will also be concerned with the Jewish background which exerted a formative influence on the meaning of the uord. Finally, an attempt will be made to see the result of this combination of backgrounds as it came to be reflected in the New Testament. Non-Christian sources will be examined for information concerning this word and its usage in pre-Chr1stian times. In the New· Testament the word reflects early Greek meaning and ideas associated with Judaism.
1 2 Hew 1'estament literature will be the source examined for Christian usage. Brief consideration will be given to some important terms used of the followers of Jesus. A thorough survey of Hew Testament literature will be made for the use of
-- / ~Q'"lo@. Attention will be focused on the usage found in different 'irTr:Ltings. The word seems to be used in three different ways: it was used in a general way, a more specific way and in a restricted sense it was applied to a particular number of persons. In the final chapter a consideration will be given to the apostle's commission or apostleship by examining the call, function and authority of an apostle. This commission will be considered as having two phases: the first relates to Jesus' earthly ministry with his disciples and the second has reference to the commission following the Resurrection. The Resurrection is recognized as the pivotal point which sepci,rates the t11ro phases of the commission. Apostleship will be considered as the apostle's involvement in a task of service rather than an an office to which he is appointed to exercise governing an:1 administrative authority. This study will show that very little help is given to the English reader of the New Testament when this word is transliterated as "apostle." We not only have the problem of determining its meaning for today, but we must also discover the meaning with which it \'laS used by those early Christic:m writers of the New '.l'estament. The American Standard Version will be the basic English Bible text used throughout this paper unless otherwise noted. 3 The writer feels this version is advantageous for purposes of comparison because it follows the basic text quite closely. The Revised Standard Version follows this version in the treat-
J I ,.. / ment of Cilll OITIQM.d and CX.TTOvTO).tJ except in one instance ·where ;grr
~he words Crucifixion, hesurrection and Ascension will appear capitalized because of their significance in relation ship to Jesus Ch:rist and the Christian. The ·word Church will be capi tc:~lized when considered in its universal aspect, but it will not be when used to mean local congr·egations. Occasionally certain designations will be capitalized and enclo:::;ed in quotation ma:cks, e.g. "the Twelve"; this is
E1 done for 8 particular ernphas:Ls, nd vrl 11 not, t herei'OI'e, correspond to the English Bible text. ------·------2G.a J- • 2~s. source:::;; ·1:nL' . 1 .. c the ::: t t..vl :l of .Il.:l.5.Lt/ 1 e c'. d s one - T Jewish sources and usaee. Xhis Hebrew word cannot be ie00rcd
found in either of
l;.
SZ&.2 z &at IAUIMU 1 ·-·~ .. ·.··r·-··"1-'·-'. ··"1 ~rr-r_1 ,.,,.., .. ·--1··· tlf1",()'·· ""1f'i , _1) ·-·~! .. h ..',,, i ..• ~ \.); __ , \.t.!.L!..Y.. 1.:.!C-:; ~ .... :-; ---l~.~, ___OJ·' •
l"·~ ..L'.l r·,,_ ..r., ri ...... -1 .. "11J(~ !.· _,-_,,._,,_ ·'t-.. '1·1r:o.~_. ·,._r!]•_ ~.J_fC.-,•,"_:·.1. ~--~-r--_!.r.:-,· • .,,·: l. L ! ,.i. 1. l-- ·'.. ,- 1 ~.' .1.) . .( ,·-, • .. - ... ..
.. -·------·----
(rr::v.
~ - ~:, :L :1c.1 r J J TI, 103?. h. ,.J . . I ,... ,.., ,. )T"· •.,. rlot1 1 "' i· 21 Tqj.r~,.i --? cC'),.. --·.C• t: L l J . .A..-.·>- "' -· .. · ,.,
:.:..:.=:. ' v (; l. t' 'J
1":.l I' ...,, .\,,,..' .
·1; I',' fl--.··-~·,,,"···: ll '····w ,, • ( ;,.J ·~ - ' . ' IJ''
.L.r:> ·'L i-1,.,_,_ r: •r._ _, ,_~· t -"''(''; . -'-·U' I,, .
:p1_~;trj t~·.:r1.cl. .I)r:; 1dC>;_; tf-1f:'C1f.=; ;._: i 1rr.rl t:L Lt(; :tn tb.e t,tt:1 c
r. '"1 ' •• >.I
c.~ 0-, "!~, ... ~(' 1 ,'"' ·-.- : • ~ ~ ~ ·~·. .j. £
r. t .r·i. t1. 1:1. :~ r~:.:; ·-·7 c· r; .;·. r:: .1 s ~ n c-_.:_
. I:: cc;(]') r: ~i.,: r ~ ~-Dl!Jl.f. 11··:•,.', ,...... ,,..... -: ·- I 1' ·' ,.,-,•.:·f-.c·\1r::(l r-11 1 'CilJ'1 (J1'0'1"' :1:;: f.J)'.J;:I·;•. .:_'.).. '. ;,t), ./ •' .....1 1 \)•~'"• ,_. .. ,,,,. • ••'+•r ~he·'.·:('i..J. Ji.•' "J .lo.{...... -.t..J. ----·---.. ------· CSIJ%Zfa •.. :m:a: &&&t. a k &iwtP&&X 7 .~ ,.. .'. ' .!•. !- .•• of 1.,. _, .. c cl:Lr-.:l_c~ct, l\tt:!c ~Jt1r·j_ ty ch l :Lv :L !:~ , ... nr; :n_ 1 l .., • ~ • .• .""' - ('I r_ : ·:1' .··,, •'.' 1:! ;:~ _·r-,, 'r 1_ 1.1_::·, • ' 11.:~'"' ! ~: (;C:~.)1_··~1·~:--·:~.() ...C' f.;tlG .~i.).J~~; c,,;.l _____ -··-- J. - ... ·- :L·+ u ______.. -.. ------~· l. ,' .-.. - . JJ&il&Z& muwamaanHt IM&S Cl ') •• ·1 '1 ... !. --. . ·- ' - ... , I ._'._. ,r -~ n J. I ." ) 1 -y :l .• +·+- - I.., v .'.\., ""vl'.t').t::::.":' j t, -i c (, ,., t' ,.~; er ).'- r.:! {-; :- · ,_ ! ~L .. , r,. cc~it ·'·(_J · 1 ' ! ~: ~ :..: ; ll' -,_1_' co n~~C(Jl.J.t ~ft corr·~- r: ·,:io ,·d c :/!.l:~. c (;- .:.. 1 t () ::. c tl'l 1JC 1 - ,'. ,.., r; c ·:.t' e J_ (; 11_ ;-_· tL · t : I f.~ ., . .. ,J.1 -- ,-, ,..., ,.. ,. ,~ ~ .. ,, " .! (.•1.) •.L.1 ! :_:0 :.'/. ,~[·t~c~~l, ;·,i.""r:: .~;ecl·:~_11.t t~LC· tI'iJ~; d:.t:-1 .. r_: (;f ( ~_T ..__·1 .•"'.1. • • ..... • f "" .l- ~ .• ""' ._;or)r:}_ ·~- :.·!.r} t ~ _1_ (~ ~ (- .C'CJ :~. tJ J ,~; T.tCJ "L' Cl.i_ 1., - :·:·.\;:; j_"'l(: :'.. t ,·, ~- '·· r·; '··' ~ - ,,:; I) :: ~) '-J .... ' 1. / 1' -~ (:; ' I 1~i. c: ',./ S: ~:, t :_ ~- ~ r:-J :·2. () ~[.1 f t>t(~ j:_i~_ .. i- ~.-.} r.1.t (:1-,J".-: .J~L:: (~1;;··}_;.:.1. j .-_.,-_, ------·---~--~ ...... ------.. ------··-·--·----.. --,-· ----~··--·-·-·-····~·-·-· ..._ ..... ~ ... / ·~ " ·1··, ;:~ 1 1 : r \ J..i.~..1;; ~ ,~ ... l)j ,., ". r· - ~ _'..I:.·. (; t (. t lJ .~:) II:'. of 1"' ,., tl 2. ),_. -1!1 lJ h_r.; (t,()'... i(; (_1 () (J t 0 Cr ~('C (.~ ~( cJ '':'.:::·ic:,. J '· ;:(_: (; r ___h ______,. ______• ______., __, ____.... ------~- .. ------·-·---..---- ....- ..--·---· IE~~:~ .~;~,.d;~~;,~;: "~~: 1 ~m;;~ 2-<~~j~~~'.)~i:: ~~'c:l~i~' ···. ",, ' r 1 r7 I • .~c::::------··------ .. ~ - 10 111 or religious cause • 'l'his was a missionary age not lackinP-o in religious emissaries. It was marked by 11 the great migration of pagan deities which transplanted eastern cults to the West and North and Graeco-Roman cults to the East."2 vfos it accidental that the term 11 debtor 11 (tJ...~i..vp:; as used by Pau13 was not used by Epictetus? Some thinh: so, for the idea seems to be implied.1+ But it may be noted that the Cynic did not figure as a slave because he stood on a higher level with the gods. His relationship to the god head ·was more like a partnership. Though he was one sent, he was not in a position of absolute dependence upon the one having sent him. In these circles a clear thought of God and the con sequent conviction of a final revelation of God 1 s will is lacking, and that again provides the reason why the philosophical religiosity of the period never reached, in all its missionary self-conscious ness, the clear statement of an absolute claim, whiq.h distinguishes all true religion and its messengers.5 Pagan sources have failed to present a true parallel _, to the New Testament usage of ~n-aq-zoJos.' Although some similarities appear in the earlier use of the word itself in the Ionic di.s.lect and with messengers of contemporary philo sophers, in none of these does one find the source for the usage reflected in the New Testament. lAdolf Deissmann, St. Paul: A Study in Social a::1d Religious History, trans. Lionel R. N. Strachan (New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1911), P• 198. 3Rom. 1:14-. ltnengstorf, op. cit., p. 6. 5rbid., pp. 9-10. 1 .a ua.wtL&i£&!EJtZ&&iiWwww " b!li&UiJWWWJw 1.~ .. . ., ! 1 ·~ f '· () 1_· 1_(. +·.',·.1.~ ·.·,'. ,:.', ··.·.·,•.)· .•..·.".' rl.. Ll .(•·,1.• I.!.., ...', , (]...... C :/ "'11, ~.:_·I,~• I ·1.:' -i ( ~./ '.' . ":·'.~:I ~·.·'.C:; ·n~ "', -f' r.. J ."(•- ~It~~ ~••. ·.1. ·.·.1·. ·'.- '. •~1.~. 1 -,,./• 'r.,; :_\T(; 1.:1 .. ttJ..c i;o ;·t:c1 t' .-~ .. ::1· tc-;.r :- ...()hi 1. (~ '.~ (j -·;·, \. -IC.;,... '(': .. i J?:_. .! __ ~.CJ .Tn : 1 (t-.i- . ··,,; ··1 '1'. ' "· r 1·· c (} .n ..~ ·1-;i.,.! .• .,.·~ -rf'•' /<' l ·'r·1r- '!·.·.' ::..1.• ·.1 •. 1.-Je::.•· e·.·,·.-:.. ·.·; ,-._.·: •,""!.,(~ .t.:,o ~·-,· .-.)·.·,·.····-.·.. to ·· . i :._, r • ! J '.) ( · ) :_,_, .f.L .- I; j t) ;, \. ,-, f, ... U ' · l. -· . !. •' • • .- _-" 1 .,, ., . t l L• .1·, ,_1 J"" In ro:e ·:; _____ ...... ------· ·------··------.. ------·· 12 to Home, it was necessary for them to cross the sea. Thus, in this refereace,l Attic usage might be reflected since it did have referen.ce to matters pertDining to the sea. L single occ.:urrence of tur.Q_uz:o>.os is found in the ,':;.erJtua- gint, 2 and there it is used in a ·way similar to that found in Herodotus,3 though it is not a complete parallel. Here the ci.s Greek translator rencLered the Hebrew JlJ/~.arT' J'~ -f.J.. m10- T -' ,)_Jl._l+• T 11-'..f:..;L~...f..?l:J..:it_t:!...ll..9-'flOM~S.LF_p-_]5}..~ , .J _, , ' ~ / 1·1 c:;i.rn a 'nar d messenger to you', that means: I am sent from God to you with an austere message. 115 ~hese are the words of the prophet Ahijah to Jero- boam•s wife who had come to make inquiry concerning her son's illness. Since this is pc;:rt of a passage which is mis::;ing in ~, sor11e hc:·.ve been lsd to feel that Aquila may h8ve been the source of f:: cind, therefore, is of a lcd~e dc:d;e. 'i'here is not; I unanimous agreement at this point, hov1ever. Agreein.g that ~ Aquila way have been used, there is to be considered the sus- I ! gestion that portions of another text were made to assidilate ( to it. 0 'J.'he pas;:;ive participle, ..IJ.:).}_1i/.·, .,. could be ap9ro;,.iriately tr2r1:-:Jlo.tcc1 by (2.nocrrol:J).J· It may be noted that this Hebrew 11 partici~:,le may be explained in the sense of being, ______chargeg _ ------·------· --... ------l.J.'hc ur ek text of Jose9hus 1 Antiaui ties XVII was not 8 avBilable to the writer. 3Herodotus i. 21. 2 :f\egnorum .II -··1 • 14:6. - - 5Mosbech, 10_9.... cit. l+ I lee. gum l '·'T: o./ • Prol..§.gomena to ..? G:i;:eek.::li§J~rei,,tLI,:Iebreyz- 1Philadelphia: at the Ox~ord University . &WCM&Wlitu&&C!iUJLi'.iC .ma s+MMA WI ., ;··:, ",' ~ ~. ,. • • ~ ! • I '. ·in ;_: (; _; l..J ·~ . .(1 .. z:: .. tf ..L :L . ·~ ...:._.:._~1 '.~ '!" (, r·r'.C.J ..! CJ7' .LI • L,I !'J.: I'' ,. I ! :·.•ct·~_"J", :; 'IT·/ I ! i...J ;: ' ,_.. , • •.f;). c"(JI.1.. __ ' c_l··· '··• •,. _,...... ·e-- 1·-· L ..... , •.. • D. .. --- -., r ! ' f: f. I I .. r• -',.I, \ ~ •. , '' '"1~("t"·,...-.~'' (1 0·•Jr:.·_.,.1,' -;-,•_,_-_._e.-: 1.J.C.·(,·: (' r .),..} I l u ·" oa..Yf...!Z.~..>. ':' ' .:. .:..) ... -.. •:. t ' ·:; .i . - - .. ) .. i,t..JJ.J)JfI..PcJ?.5.• ' :2"2C:Cli)E:[Jt u.:;e of tfF.' vr:::rb CATJ..O.Jf.li./..\Al:YODF: -,;ouJrJ. h ":2 I 11:- r '() •.' -~ .. 1 1 ,, 1 to thr:: Cl 1r:' ,,~ t:L ,, (I .''•·' _.. c.'. .L '- -~· - ••..• t~:1.c --~·I·ord. Tl.'<; 0·. ---. ··:;;-- r-' -v 0::.cl.j 11 .'c~. f I [ 'i • :I ) ______.. ______--· ----·W---·- • .L r/ " ' ~-. ( r' 1 ' __ .)"' 1) l1 t.1 ,~ • (... •. l "' ~- · ( "' ,/ i ( 2 rl c; r). • (! _: r C; r rl ~ ::.-: "' '1·~•... (_',,,11~~,JIJ.1, · ..... ·,'_1 ·_,·1... , ll ..;:,;.!.~ """JtJ'"~.1-f .... ··-' Li.•- ('...- ' !T - - ·-·'-"' 1 Cl1. :.~·- ~c ~. c~ :·:; ~ e .J.::1 t ·c\r~ I' ;_: :.~(; r1~::'. ~{ (j '.t-,} ·: ;,. 111_...... r). ) ('. ,, : ... ~ ...:.. ( J. i:; ,'~! c··lJy "! ·,-,,c ~i~:Lc(J. ~ 11 ··:... 1 ·'1 .. '1.· f.1·,, ,<,' 1·_.' ,- 1 (., .• ' .. L ~' • ' ,...... • ' .. "" , __ !li.,;' '...!.' .. :'.:._, /,r1~:.,~.:~ ./J.r":::,~i"' J.,I l> L. r' ~.:: t .... tc. • .1 ~- ·_.~,'._._ .·1 •.•.·•... ·-·,' ; ...',,r ··" L ·~ r_) .. L' i·•r-• .L ··' ' ·' : ' ~ . ' h ·; ' tJ .., f 0. :~ ... " --···-~' ::.,: 1 ~t·; (; c C1 n :·_; :i. (] r; r :-, c:. : , g_:_f_f ;. .. ,, , Jv• ) ... • J~ .. <'. ~ • :.._,. \,· , ; ___:. ' (; 5·1t • 11 .) .: ·~ :.L - ,.'.- J, .! l.1 ,{ .L f·,; :L.11r'.·~.;~cIJ.ct(·. rJ . <·. ·'t,,i ~ .l.'J.1J. !.~~:r. !.: .~.· }---1 ,-_ --·------··-'•-··------·-··-·------·-·- 1 ,~ .) 1 J-· ·-~' ... [_..-..~~'--' ;· ti eel i~o ::_ t ~; ), .n.11" j 1 1 ,.._~-~~:-*,':-tr_: . 1ti_~Lf;1.,:1. t:l :L.::~ clt:.: :cJ.:l d.c;~=.:c1 :l 1'~1Q\} r. rJ.r: t':t --:.1.c:,-.~ ~. "'' ~i.~1 2--- :ci; cc1·c1:Cc1:1:c:I~j.t:.r ~. .::L th t~ i::~ (J.(:!.rir1.~-~~t·:rJ. (~)f' e;, .. _:·1_·_:e ·:: rJ·~ tf~LC ,: ,·-.·tc>}~.·t<~; r~lJ.C(L ~-·,.: ·1· ;!cJ··::T ·:Lt ··· ·n :L, 1..:; rl~ ~~·-:11::c:·-~ :·-i::: t ·~~·. 1)7:.}LCJ~r:~- ..~;;:,;_,·~~~r~t~,rt ·: ,-. (:.c.)t -1:.- l .. :~~C. .~,~-~·:.7 .. ~"J"j_t:.:l.:r J.J tcf.: ,_, ~· •,I._!_· (Jr t b.~~ -~' 1_ 1_ t 1·.l c1 r· :l. -,. .~~::ci ~-·' ,. . : _;th r) ·:~~L ~::i t L'. .!:~ ::-; (: ~-)0 S\:::J. d ~~ ~-' ::: >· , ··~ .:_7~ cl-~ () j_ {l t c d. 4) () ::!01_·1__ ,_1_.1_1_c.t.• l____ r_-_·.:<··_-1_1_ ·-- • .,_,___ ., •.• . d ~ - ! ~ '· J !J (,. \) J. :'' ; r·, .:l ~j I. , [_I -' .L 1~,. '-' c.1:·.:; l) ..~ J :~} (.; .f .r~ ! i ( i f ·• , J If r. µ•·r ,_ ,.., .. ,,• . ,•. t- :r ( J. -,.:. 4" r 1 ,I 111 ------·---- _____ ,. ______,..... ~ ...... ------... --..... --.... (_ _) ._1 ~-- ' '-'- -('(" c ci.t. 101 ,- ' !_l .. J ,; i --·---J C.;c f" c·1 r.; .. (,;-~;. ., / --, .1. ·i ,., (;{l( '(J : l,J :lrJc;, ~. '~~ ..... "' . '.',1 .. <11 ..•T- ti ·:r . 1, •:i l·· .. ' .· ,-. ''•)',' >.: r} ~-,_t. ·'-· -'-, '1 / .. _I,:.'· •.t.•., - + .. - '·• l1 ! ! . l..J r -r ,.. I l (' !- .I.• ·~ l "' co r- ; I 1- ... ; i ~1 -:; ;·_ .. th.,::~ re~ i ·:J..r:_,1 !.:~: !"'1 ..:) :~1J c1·!. .... ,. ,, ~:t: tc. ·.: ~ ' ) :::11cb .. .. ------... ------·------· ------······--- -- / }.,. ... + ...• () -, .,_i_ '._)-· ')., ~ \.J ' . °'.' ~-~L.-~· 17 !~ r - t,J '' rl 1...}_ :."_'. ·;~·,_ ,~.. -1-•~cl'.·~.~ .- Jl..>'.!".:u.·.·; .• ,.- ..., · ·, i r •·,, ·r I-':.' ..... ") r..'o ('J,_,, ,...._, n __ .,...-~ .::-1''·---"·'·'·J ~-, "I.:__ '1 .. ..~1 ·r _I~, r ''.. ~ r 1,_, -.!''""' • • :,,'..·c~'.C''l.-' .. ~ :2cLr·tc1 hnt t moff fourth ecntu'.cy • •1. t ' ,,-· of .· .. :. ~. ' c r. rJ f :~.«rn j __ J_ /11'-1·i (' nc:. ,..;_ J, -· '""'. ~.,I to s'. al.iii- • 7 ,, :_..1)C:' ce,;tr: 1 1.J fl\ 1.. Li:',i ... t:_J.J'j · · :. r_.. · 1;_: .• ·'- . '>•·(_) .• .L --1-~ ' r·~ J. ·' ..., ... .'.. ·-· '-" ' .:. 1'I -----·-.. ·------·--··------· ---···--·-··-··------·--··------· -~-- ...... ------.... -~--··--- .,'. .. • , ( .. (' .·l _... ·- , ~.o :; n c: e; (_; _,; __;_~---·:...:. •• ~'. • ' --- 1_. • I0 ) J - ~ . - ' .. -, '!l 1 1 ;..•' . - a- _ ..J___<0~,.. ! . (l(Jt.1.::n.'J\.1:·1111 ' ( ! } I I : .L + . ,, T '·' ~I.-. ,- nJ.Ji- .,. ' 1.: ·r· • ', r 1 : 1_ '. .t. 1· .... ~, r < · ,Jr ~. ! .J. '- ~ ~ I 'J ' ~· .!. ""! .• {' )•) !, •) J- • , ') .- J (' '.'_! ~· .· t(.iF-; ~~) (i.l :.1 .. .L I ' ' (.; j~' ;:__ '.• "; ..:c/L" r_l_ .• ~ . . , . r·--. 1 ~L:.l \f~ ) ~- .~ . ~; ..... , '· ," -t- ';.'."(J) 1 :-l; :1 ·t... , r• (!Cl~t~- ·r·i \.~ ! •• t t1 ,( . " (_J J 1J r~. '".·~ ,}'!)J~_;_· :1_ ~: J_ l ... ( :rJ-/ f· ~;1~LJ.i. . J. I 1, ,• J. ',._ _,_ 1; fJ.·r·;·t ~.1:C ._J ) J {" ' () 1J 4- ,,"a_1Jll., ,, I ..• J- .1 • I_; L, .t- J~ ~' ,.• L ~ -; Cr, r: '; ·~ ...! • •.. : .' L. 1,1 :·. iJ ~.:i t\1 I_, ~ ! • ' ,• "• ,,__, \__,. (;(_J1 !_l ·~1 -1~.n.!.5..lti ' . i ',; J. , -. () -~" n1-.S_f£· 1;,./ I 1' It net T.. '.·, ;1t .T .'' ' e ,..., ::;b. 1JI'c'·!_.) ------·--~-··---···· -·----'"·'·-·~- ... -~-- .... ~- ----~-~·-.. .-- -· .... -·--·- ·---··- ----·-· .. · ------.. .. -···- ·- ·------·-· -- - . l (• ··i r·, r 1.L·r-r • , .., / r~ ' j l.1~:1~. ' ,i '.' ' . ~j I .!.-~ ·: "(~,I I /)~ ·:.~ (") - T .. 1 1_1 1 j J_. '( I, ..' ..• .. .•.:. .• .'; I(~ l.)_I_.. ·" r·· (,, .,_ • .a.:_Lli- . .,. , .. . 1 ') . ,, .. , .-.1 : ... ~l:: 1 ' _,._, .,.. {,:' J 'j (.I ' (,1_;· ~:o l- I' .t.' ·· ~·-'l : CJ c · c· ~J ("_; ~}, ,•I " lj: \(\ ~ ·er· r• .:.i I/ ~c .• <': ,L .. . • I J .• I c). .· (_;_I u.::: ;_ ;: !'; ;.• .. nu: .L ~ :;~1 1.,1. ,.., \ '. .• ' 'I: -· ..../ ;_,e: :_ -'-' '·' ·'· .L '. .i. J.L ., .L' l· ~ ·' 1 : 1 l;!J..!. 1 ,, .. ,.:·: t () -v ;· ·:~· :- ) .·, 'I ,-. ~ '--· . • "' • ~ • • _J • \ I I I_;! I t l_J ~ ~ - 1,. .. • J.I ,• ·,- .· .Tr· :i I, I,' .,..._,_ .• ' ··:. J.. I .•L .LI 1'): ...... , ~ .• ., - 1 ! .1 <"; '.,• ,~, t ··. '. }_ I J_): t l.1 l. •:_; _r;, 1 . . • t ~L( ... C.1 .: . [i ·:· '-' ·------·------·--.. - -·- -: • j ,. 'I .L'. t ~ ~L , • ,... ,. ( J - ·1 L .,.. ••', ,. .!.• J .• .· , -~ r ; ·: ~ j) ') ., .. "°!," .L 111' j, ' .· ,f_,, . 1";"(1 ,·;·_i J. I, 1 '· . \·' 1 ': i 1: '1·). : L l., ,_' . , c· .. ,..... ,. .l.. ~L _,_ +' -~: ~; t :~ ., . .' L •L 1 r """I i ~ .1: I J~(_,r l ..i I J ~ , ,J: . :l. t ." rJ ( ' ("'i••· _..... :e l. J. r-· .· ..L '<·· I ~ '..J .:.t ~) i 'I.• ( ·1 :.. , 11_ (-_ 1; . ._) l .,_/ --~ J r • ~; I ! c .J -~ .L ,... .. ,..~ ,..., •_,•:·;.: ·f' •'.•I-. r ~('I ~:. __ :.:.,:.~...... TT ..' .. l ("'I'·· - , ~ ... ,-, r··1 -~ ·I i" \..JI " 'J.. <.). -~ ... :·JI-,::. • . ,··,·,·:.::;.-,_J,.-,•. , l~,·1__ . .1-,,,·___, .. .-,' .. 'c_,.J,._,l.',•.'.f'.r.:. _ , _ ____ ::_·.. __ , t,'.·,•_ _ ,__..-~ ).:•:t...r·.~1'!...... ,,f)•"' '--~-L- ,,, ... -.. ..t'."I()~ ... L' ·l-~,.l·li .__ .... 1 .,:..J-'~~--,v - ..'. ~,,-~ ,,,,' .,. . - 'Vl -~ .L . :i.t:; . ' -- , __ ',;. ~·--, I;': J •. .,(, D.~:; ;_:_ . C-:: "; ;.. i I ( ; -,-;: ,. J., n ; tts j_;i •• ) ~-:' ~- l J ..L' ,T - ~ I ~.; '! -r··-~_(): !:_', 1,u ' J ~__, '.· (1 .':' J lJ; "':/ ,'.', ·c~C, ..l-• - li ! _t ·:. ct,.-.:.'.;_ -~~. c1 ·i ~ _n n : J c; : , »:· r! (:: r . -·--.... -----, ... r /'t,,. 1 -r ·- - ~ •_J.L 1_1r_." ).',·" .1. I).' ~ : "r ' .• .• ., t,'•' .) I ~ ; ' ~ I .J.... ,- ,-., I·:· . .; .... u r: '.J'- IJ.. ..L.~ r ·- L,_ '.J '. 1- --·---·----- ... -~- ---- .~-. .... --... --.~·--...... ~--- ... --..... - ... ----·,,-~-·--~ .. --·------.. ···------...... ---- -··? ______··--·-~------·" ''· - ~~ L '_J. -· ()_ ~.i... (; -~ ·-. 1 .p. ~· ~ -_j ~_) ( _)_!_ .) ' ,, ' ( ' r· ', i ~1. -.~ J ._ - ' '-· L. ,. ("~._ _,.,_ , . "1 1 ~' 1" - .J. ,, ·- ~ -1- I .- ti 'JI." 1_,' :·. ~ C_;} _~-· (J \,.; :· -, 11 ,, n • [1·" '.; 'l 1n _, j I [ rl i;Q r'. .. _ ,,- -"'1 .. - ,I ., .• ~ J .. -~ • - ' ·1. ·,-1 . ·' l. (_: _!_ -. ') .!.. ----- ·-·u J; r·-· . .,.., f;Ul .. :,/ ') -- .., {_; • cLc::::'(:: : 1 1 ------·-·------·------··----·------·--· -·------·· -· __, _____ .,... ·---·------ _ .. r.L l+. L 1.) 1'I ... ..:.t., ... ?(_.. ;. _1 <:. ~.' ' .!. r r) < l ( ...... , •· _,, .. ~ - \; . ,., ..,, ., ., ( ·1 -~ . ' ..:! - ~. .. !_),,... ·'' ; ' ~ ·. ' I 1 .. , 1 ., ., ... , _[ r.1 1J ":.-1 cJ~ t~~,:,: 1,: t (; L' .., I 1 ' [ ! ~ ~· 1 '_! :l. "CJ'(l ~.: I1 8 j_ j: c~ 1 (. ll:lt :L', t' ':o··,f:'t1. 0 ·icn tr: rl:j t:1.cr , ,. ~-. r ', 1 t' •'? :i. i' ), (;' 1 " .·Y.J ::tlc···- !?' ' --· ! ~ ', - I ~ (. L1, .. ,_·_ __ )r} -j. r" t8 cl_ .• -----·-·-·-----.. -----··-·------"-·------·------·-..·-·------·---- 1 ~-I fr- .!....\.1 \,I··-'·-"---':_;_ r' .. -::,-: .J (J·,--i~ (~~~ ---..I. ~c;·· Dl~i·:.-; 11:: 1.~=c '> f1l!'i ,-:, .,_~ -~ "'-l ·:~ ; 1 - (1 _:_ __ /_.: , · .. rl 1~1 ~\.JL:~ ... SJ J' C~ l~L!Z1..:. :: -;~ :~. :. r1i t ... / i Pr: ~ 1:· t T; t_; r} ~ ~~;· fl ~?() i) l·~ es ,J ~}cl·~-;::. C; r1 ~i :o cJ. ~·~.i r f~ () ~) r) ~ .. J_ :e :~· () :_·.; .. ) I:i'.dt·.rJ ). !! .p ' ! ',_; •,-, I r--; I l (, ) l ;.'I '__..' 1:; r·-! ~I ' :.'; I rl r· i . ' c·.i j' l ·:.·_, (_J (,! [, i ,-, (i) -~ - ' ...... r) ; ..., .. .; c II' (--· (.) f-1 r·- ~ : .. ~~J h: r .: ! 1· .. ; .:: - _, i·: : •i • _ .. ;:.J ~: r·-, C1 lj v~ :·-; -· .. r-: ___ , ~ - ) ;I !-·-., ',' ll ~- - t !-··:,, i ..1 ~ '., ~ ·~· .__ - I ~ --1 ; Ii ,1 GJ -l'' ( (,j 1 11 r-··1 J J f., d ) (,; . : f-;, f II r) 1 a-::~ ()i () r_J '/J ::.i (J.,,' {f,J •J-1 _i::~ ,....:_-_; r!J }:.! GJ '.~-: r-i ..J..J "\ __, .,_, ' ~l-.:; r.:~· :.;'. ... r."=. .,~.I f:.-J -j-.l ,___,. I •,-/ (> ,-I cu (j ,/__ '·" '~J _,_: .,, t -i u_··, J-·-..i ' t-}i .. -: I--;> !--;.; r1 1 ~ : ~ :·; L-- l i- ~ , __ ,___, , _, .: ~-; r-··I -P ,· ,_; I! 1·i 1,--1 ,·:1 f'i ..:r '-.~ +j (~! ,,- ~· I-/ I (!,! t-'--1 :_·_:, •,-! J--i ( 'j .. ,_) ,--· >1 ,_._, ' ~·.; ( ' J rfJ. •T r·l :.~ (_.· JJ f--i o-. I; j -~ • i 1- ,,, (!.,,.' ~--- '/J r,_ ,-._, ,... , 1 r., o-i (_!) ... :~ •r·! -~ ;.1_; /'. f' r_) 4_:: (·_, v ..! ;: ' (J_) ;.~; r - i -i:... :~~: o.i _:, ·,,.'J . ) (' r:J ·I~· ,,-..,; :.-~: -~ •r·! ~·--: '~) 4 ..:; '·~· .,., ( _l) r -• ~-.; r:_) -~·-; ~-.J ,. ·:~'. .:1) ~ _; ? _! ~~-1 • :: t·--..,i J--;. t=:_, ~-:J _I;~; 1--;._) r-··l ···'.' Ii I ~ ) -i __:' "' fl '.!..i r_: ! I '/; +-" ·-· u.,1 II 1 U.: H ( __'.: ( I .-... _; r-1 '.-, (' j ~ l ('' i I ··1 .- C, I ~:.: ,_.) • .:.: ;.'; r __: 1 o t,-i I--· ,., ~-: (_') •1·i ... '· lI j""• _i () r: ,. Ci) :-:: ,-·1 r '. .;___...' -: :, r -: L !"-i .:-· I _J ' ,. -' ,..::: •1-; ,-< •:·-( 1 ' , .: ~.: r~j •: _; r_-J r· , ••• ' - -' f-:, !! _,::If-·;, i_J r,) I (~.i 1--~,.J !-·~, ': ~!_.! ~ I r--' ('; ,, r-- ,- , r-" c.:.) .. ·'-'· . (J; ·.l •., , ., .• ( : ·-· ,, '. I -~ •f' I ., ···-· "', 1 !. q II L. .• r J, ~· i ''...; ~~ _: _,J,,) -,_. '., ~ . L 'I •1 (_.''; ! 1: .• ..! . ~· ;;' .1 : . ; --,, 'ii : j J_' -*"". ) '· . ' 1 il ,,,, iJ , . .JI n ·'" . .: ... :·1 __ i_ (!}'.:_ LI ~ ., ' ., ' 1;JI' I J_\ .:,,·__; (; !" ' . • ~-I .'... !. H .~ ; J._Jf.J .': t)' i_I''- ',. ' ~ . ' , ; '. 1 t:J c_; :-.1 Tl ·'··'. , r !. , !; .. -·-~ ..:... fA °''1 ,." !;,_:; ! ... ~· ., t,._ -..r.-- r c) ,., ·1:.; ' •.!.· ,• ... -·. ~ ' I (; .C' ,1 _I_ .. . '· c;.-· r '.( :.~ • '. '"-:: ..!... , •• L ' -~ l_J : ' '~ ~) i. l -~- 1 ,·1_ T:·:'f·: J_.' c' ·:i'J '' J.,,, ' ..~- i-.CJ m~ .. n 11 • rl C } (; • · r -;~ • • ---~-·--·-- ~ ~.t :c" f•''Y·s to man . .J__, •• ~ ... t i ( j ·-----·------·-----·------·------·-·· ,.,_ 0. "'""'f--'.,. 1 1 • 1 1 1 ''·. 1 (' / • ..: :1; ---·. " ..... -- ...... ) ' .. J_ ,... / ., '' I ) fl' • ~ _j ·- j'" • '· ) '. '7. , I I r' ~), ri .!.. ; •. f", .LI (J 'J '.:. '. ~- 1 '+ .•.I- -·-·· . -··-----~--' ·-- ... ,-,, ., _,1 '. -' ,"'••" ,-_, '' J. !- : ,j '·' . ~. 1 . J. J_ • '. •,'" : _IL .• .L . ...• . " '.1.'. '•I ·'J -; :' 11'" - ••- -~~ ! I ; J 'C': J ·" !_ !_ ,' ·:...,, - .0 : "I -· ... .r·..:c11 I (; ~-· .L - 0 .• ·.C(;l_I J , ,:)(; • 1::.r~; - ,, ·"' -. ~) ... ,• -· .,_,-- ...,- I "I j 1- _. 1-•,, in l.1 : of the E-nd frequently it is impossible to say w:l.th confiC:leitCE; hm·I nmch i;: covc::ec;c} llJ J. I J ·i • If L () _~· !:'J ~· -~ 1.Jf_; C:... ·:r (..1 · _,,_. :. I ' ' I ' _.. .J. •• ~, '~- ~- ,. '- - : :!. c. .' (1_( - ~-.i lJ- .' :_; (J --- _J:: l._, 1-, .. ,r . I . ,_iv· ~- ' . ~: -r. ;:: .. _l ( ('.i_t 1 1 J r ; ~ .L ·" -~ .~ - -' ') -+, of J. j ~ ; tc;1·: --1 .1. .,, . .:~ to .!. ,_,. "::I .. J, I - ~ () 'r I (_. -~- . '.;! I 1.t (Jr --..·-···------·------·------·------.. ---·--... --- .... ~~_ .. ___ ... ,...._ ... ~ .... ___ ·-··- -- ·-·------·- l r-'~ -~ ~;-_< -0; ,. ~..!.~::) t:. ~ , r) • _/_!. -r. \, -, I, ,--, r""' -, .JrJ .• l_ ( • ~ ;_, _.-:__ ~J "' -~-· .,_ r- • _, ' 27 G·:.::, la tors h:wc used a var·iety of terms includinr; 11 rnE:!:-:>senzs:i.... ;;; 11 1 11 212 11 0 111 11 ir·ec::·;:·ir··E.;J." r1·1·i.sf::"1.CJ[l""r'1· 11 lldE·le·µ·,,-l-E·· • + ~1 _,,. '- ,.,_; ~· ~· -u i ,,.. ~ • .. "-• V ' ~ ~ •"'-· w C, V -' \:"..) ' C01:1:11·"Lc~c·3·.-.,1c·l·-- •• ~. ~- .._.) - \..I - 1,._. '- ' ti; ,. and n:;,·,vo:r0.1tu In its ec~.r1ier· USE; c'.s <:U1 e,djecti-,rc~ it couJ.d bQ --~-· -~-- -·· ... •··--·--·-·------·---·------... - ... ----·-··-·- ... -----·--··------~-· -----···--·-·- ') 1., 1 - • ,J_,c 2 -"~ • l.J. r) • J i1,. i-~~: 1,.(_). _;ltorn. 11~13. 6·- r···, r"'\ /' 2:2;). ...I _.1'(1'cc;c• .. _c;\.-0,. '-/'().. e 28 , I occumG~;ncr;s OF llOOI..IOAD_I Occ u.r:r- enc E! E"· Chapter end Vr;;l"SO 1 10:2 / - "' 1 o:.::,O 6•1?• Ct"l(!• l]•L•O• le/,;::', r;c·.-), 6 •-~' /• I ---•r1, - •], c:.c..J.-i-:,·:. 2t;-; 10 13:lb ;r t1. 1 1 ••· 2 ' c:.'lo~ •" 2 • ".l·r' ') 1-·re., 'j '''·1·· " • -j-• ')') Ac (;:;a "lr' .-.,,1 ;"'7 ~.~ ,--, . _,,. *..J..J' 0 '.::,; 2?' / ;:;i~c:::,1 12,. 10, 29, ' (l ~·-uI •' o ·• 6 ?· 8 •-,· 1 1...-, 1 u; a/:27~ 1 1]·1·;:;;·-2'3 __i'··l.J ..1. ;·'t -ll+·' -:J.C:'.,,~.,-. +,\ o,, l::'. <:' , ; c; : t- 1: l • 11·1'),. lf•"t l~CJ' I• ~ -- ' - . -_,' -'-...!. l_ ·l.. _, · Lt.•0•'•/i 9·1.. _, 2 ' ./'::;. 12•2('• -Ui · l c (j'.{' • 10 1 __? Ci,,, • 1 )!:::' •/'• r) Ci/' 07 • 1 . 8 • 2 .., 1 ] ,., J - II Cor. G 1 • ' • ..:1 ; ____ :.:;, -~ 1 ; 12:1J., J~2 ') 1:1, l(', 19 'r·J I 1:1; 2:20; 3:5; 4:11 .t:.il) Cl. 4 Ph:Ll. 1 2:25 Col. l 1:1 I rl' :Je;:.; s • 1 2:6 ·1. 2:7 I 1~.1 i ~,~·1 • 2 1 ' 1:. 1,- 11 II '.!.'i rn. 2 '.L' it. l 1:1 ·r·· ., ~.: 1 IlO l) • l I P0, t. l 1:1 II Pet. 2 1:1; J:2 J~71 Jude l 2:2; 18:20; 21:14 HGV. 3 -~---_...__. ___ ... _------·--·--- .. --... --.---·---.. _... _ ---.. ---,.. ----~-· 1'9 ----~-... -,.---~--... -". ·----~·-...--··-·~ .... ·-··--··-_.. - .. ---·----··----... ·--·..,.__, __ , _____ ,._. ___ .,_ .. _ '-'''.I'wo" v cJ_riant rEa Mark and I·fa.tthew tirne. In G<:·.ch case it appears. in the plur<:1l forn:. 8.n.d rei'el"S to tho:;e \·IaJ rn Jesus had chosen nurnberine; t\·mlve. IJ.'here :Ls a dif i' '"l"CFLCO of conto:;~t where the ·word Ll,.PlJears in these Gosnc:lc>. 29 DEGninz of the word is 1 1 i '>r,v··o'"' i us __1- y, ne nD.d• • ·r-t.:11>1·Joc·ec ·l·o 1,c. "·;·i-'-'n J:'·.:: .:J,,_,, v •~v \'>.<.i.J him end thF. t he mJght se~d them forth. This int0nded m~asio11"- spe·1.·_r,·q~- ~ ~vO ·flDVC: beer1 t~·.'(J-l'cj.J<.h t):ey were to pri;::ad1 and tht:y were to hnve BUthority to cast out demons. 1 After they had been instructed. ' On thEdr ml.ssion tt'1""'T,_,:; prec.~ched c.iYlc1 cast out dernons. 2 Upon their return they told Jez us "Wl!.at they rwd done C;ll1d \.ltlclt they had tc1Ught. 3 onJy USC! of the term is iwporte:int beca.use :!. ·:; inrJ5catE:s thE; ideas which came to 1Je 2s::.;oci2tccl with the title. Thus, it describ0s the disciples as CCJUt.::L.ss:Lotied c:111c1 ewpoWE;l~ed by Jesus for the \:JOT'k of Sornu see a close association of tb(~ c·prt=::ssions used by Hcirk J.n tcll:i.nt of the e:ppointrnent of '1tbe 1'welv0 11 .su1d couuon account has been analyzed as reflectin~ w Jurish bae:l:~;:i:·ound m1.d Je·wish terms in the followint; way: ------·------··~--~ ..·--··--· 30 Certainly,• on~ is 2ble to see a r0lat1'0.rts'• ·•• 1-11p.L~ ~Jnt•,,rf-~.~IC -'Cd ·r•_-J:',1'< , 3~1~:-1 t t1c~ -r~ +: ~--1 '"i ('1 1 T<') <.':_, J- • - • ' • I ,L.. • 1 ~ • l ., " u ____ ,~ •'"-·"' c! G'W:J.S!l 1ns·c1 "GUulOD >!rl1Cfl \Ia.S orOU[ht OVGl" :Lnto the Chu11 c}1 c'.S some feel it to h2ve been. 2 Hot t:mch inf'cJrrnntion is to be gain0d from tLe rE::fe:rencc in Ifottl1cfrf. lle used the word in the enmneration. of 11 the ,... - .L"Wt.~ .i.V 8 • 11 In this context, 11 the -;,·m:cd • . . mieht with at ~rc2t oronriety be translated - - ... ex:i~:tu1cc of "t~~o '.i.'"'r.relve 11 see:::s to be assumed in bis fil';::,t refere~ce to them.4 It appeci::::-s s:i.:z• ·GirnesI·• in the Gospel, 0nd in Acts it He used it with its bc::sic rner-1r1jnu a99ears twenty-eitht times. ~-"·- . ·-·-w 'rie·" us0cl, ·crie., t erm 'dne:ce· - l'.<'.i.''r·t·'-'e'r L.Cc ,, '1"c-r.c,,_, '"·J·J·c·e·, ····' .. c:c;c-r1uers .•1~(· ~l _.,, ...... c ... of God.7 11 11 Acco::ccJ:l.ng to Luke, Jesus designated t:·1e ~-'11.s:lve c:1s 8 ci[JCJstl(.;S, aJ/..s....11~i_t!,JJ.fJ..UPAtl.$15_tdrDJ!. Br...... ,, 1r/.;... /,...... • 1·--:.> -i • ._, 1 ~- 1.i.ctV2 J_, only ') a groui:-1 nur1l1(::·c:L'lG seventy.,_) l!o othel' inforri1;::1t:Lon is :1·J;:<:1J:_:'11J.c with th;::t fo~nd in Acts. i' 1·1_ T_-- ,.;.·:..r c.1-Li~·~· ' ~·fte tej-:-rn I c : l () ;:: (. ; 1•• /' ~::>;: t_L~ . • 11') 1 '(' I :1 !: '. __ :_:._:; (:' :L !"! _• r··1 , ~ ~ i I \ i J I ·1 •... c .. 1 r.,. / :i ::.~ eo _,_-_, c r~ r;--ltc d 11 t '. _r:~ ~-· 1 ;_:~ --··-... ·----·--··--·--·-~--·-·--· ------··------ -· ., r• " -··~.1· ~ Jo~ J-~_c;. ~·J~_c: t - _I.~.:< , !I /' n I~; i~c!t :~ ~JP);.;• Ir: F' '"'+o:cf Oi;'. c ._.Lt. ,. -,.• J__1+. E ····b ...i \,J -- ' ~~ ... -~p_.-..... ~-- I ~ --- = 32 Pauline Literature The earliest uses of ,)0.fI09:To6o.S by New ~:estament ·writers are to be found among the letters written by Paul. He stands close to Luke in the frequency of usage. H1s writings hold first place in the discussion of what an iuro'a:.2£>~ is. Per haps it is due to his difficulty in becoming accepted as an 11 apostle 11 on a level with 11 the Twelve" that he presents his 11 11 Views. 'rhough he WElS not one of the TweJ.ve, he "considered himself' an apostle and jealously defended his right to the title • 111 His letters, therefore, become the chief source of New Testament literature for a study of this uord and its various uses. 'l'heJ>e is little room for disputj.ng the observation thc.~t "Paul c.:u1c1 bis d1sc1p.Le uuu rellow-traveller Luke provided four- i'if'ths of' the exaG1ples and most of the material for studying "Gtle mean:LW" 1· -cne wora. 112 'l'he word appears at least one '-' 0 time in a11 the writings associa·Ged w:i.. th Pauline autnorsru.p excep"t; II 1'hessalonians and Philemon. He uses ·cne woru. as a self-designation in -cne ceg1nn1ng of nine letters.3 This wide usage of' this word by Paul and Luke has been one of the ±'actors causing some to feel that it was the idea of the Greek-speak ing church at Antioch to use this rare ·word. l+ Paul makes reference to himself as "an apo~:tle of Gen- --· ------·----- l:Mill.:~r Burrows, An Outline of ~Biblical Theology (Phil adelphia: The Westminster Press, 1~~6), P• 257. 2Rengstorf, op. cit., P• 25. 3Rom., I Cor., II Cor., Gal., Eph., Col., I 'l'im., rr:i..· II 'i'im • ' ..... t J • lr·Lake, op. cit., P· 5O. a IL 'fiWWWWMJ&iH ii lihiillil lil&H LB 33 tiles, 111 and to Andronicus and Junia as being 11 of note among the apostles. 11 2 In I Corinthians he speaks of apostles including himself, 3 of "the rest of the apostles, 11 4 as uorkers in the Church,5 of "all the apostles 116 and of himself as "the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. 11 7 In II Corinthians he speaks of 11 the very chiefest apostles, 11 8 11 the signs of an apostle, 11 9 and he defends his 01.·m 11 apostleship by saying, • • • in nothing was I behind the very chiefest apostles, though I am nothing. 11 10 Only in this letter, of all New 'l'estament literature, does the term ¥''" sa..zr..PJ...I.a}..£2h 11 false apostles, 11 appear .11 Paul applied this term to cel'tain "deceitful workers, fashioning themselves into apostles of Christ • 1112 This term may be defined as 11 one who represents himself to be an apostle without the divine commission necessary for the office. 11 13 This may suggest a Christian origin which may also be true of tAn-ocrtp~ .14 J 1 k J I \ > - 11 C ercain wor c.ers are nown as {;JCTOO'"'fDe=Ot- fW-1JD~' mes- sengers of the churches. 11 15 This use also occurs at Phi lippians 2:25, and it may be compared to lJ.:.5.M:!, meaning thnt - • T the comrnuni ty commissions such persons. In the former ref or- e nee the term is applied to those persons who took the gift 1Rom. 11:13. 2nom. 16:7. 3I Cor. 4:9. 4r Cor. 9:5. 5r Cor. 12:28-29. 6r Cor. 15:7. 71 Cor. 15:9. SII Cor. 11:5. 9II Cor. 12:12. lOII Cor. 12:11. 11Ir Cor. 11:13. 12rr Cor. 11:13. l3Arndt and Gingrich, op. cit., p. 899. 14~.hengs t or f , ~£.L·,'t p. 15rI Cor. 8:23 • 3l+ from the Chr;i.stians in the Gentile world to the saints in Jerusalem. In a similar way was Epaphroditus an apostle of the Philippians to Paul. "In these cases 'apostle' , having to do With expressions of' love, is not only a legal, but also a religious term.ul In these instances the word takes upon it self the special meaning of the -f1!....5J!i.. .., wherein the matters of law and religion are blended in the messenger. '."L'hese persons were "delegated by a church to execute a commission.u2 It may be worthy to note that in both cases a journey is involved, the matter to be attended to a financial one, and the person who makes the journey does not simply bear a message, but in a large way represents the church. This may, indeed, be accidental coincidence, rather than dec:i, sive indication of the constant usage of the word.j Paul's Corinthian correspondence was of such a nature that his main views concerning an .1ASS..Q§.'f.t?)..eJ was expressed in it. The term is used to a lesser degree in other letters by him. In Galatians he speaks of those at Jerusalem who were apostles before him~ he seems to include James,5 the Lord's brother, among them although there is some question as to the meaning of this reference. Apostles referred to in the Ephesian letter are con sidered as being a part of the foundation of the household of God,6 as being particular recipients of God's revelation? and 1Rengstorf, op. ciJi., P• 27. 2Ernest DeWitt Burton, A Critical and Exegetical. Corgll!.eJ:.! ~ary on the Epistle to the Galatians (ICC; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920), P• 364. 3Ibid., n. l+Gal. 1:17. 5Gal. 1:19. 6Eph. 2:20. 7Eph. 3: :). 35 are given a primary place in the listing of workers in the Church. 1 Paul, as c::'.n apostle of Christ, claims to have been ci.ble to have made some kind of dernc::nd upon the Christians at r; Thessalonica,~ but he did not choose to do this. The writer aff:Lrms his Elpostleship in the letters to Timothy. 3 Johannine Literature 11 L servant is not greater than his Lord; neither one that J / 4 is sent [0119rTTo).oS:J greater than he that sent him. 11 In this statement the word has its on1y appe<:.rar1ce in the Gospel of John. However, this is practically a definition of the word in its basic meaning. ~his usage conforms to the Rabbinic prin.cj_ple ti··wt the one who is sent is as the one who sent him. It thus compares with the Jewish .n~.JJ!2. 5 Some feel this st2.te- - . .,.. ment of J'ohn is a paraphrase of datthew 10: 24. 6 John does not mention the call of 11 the '.{welve" in his Gospel. 7 Usa0;e in Hevelation is similar to that found in 'i'h~ ") Didache. 0 It is used to express the idea of missionary.9 ~he idea of a false apostle appec:,rs, out the .Pauline terminology is absent.10 Once the term is joined with 11 prophets. 11 ll 1Eph. 4:11. 2r 'rhess. 2:6. 3r Tim. 2:7; II Tim. 1:11. l.1-__ i- h Jn. j: 16 • JMosbech, oo. cit., p. 170. 6Lake, op~t., p. 4-'(. '/Charles Frederick Nolloth, The Fourth Evangelist (Lor1don: John Hurray, 1925), pp. 118-119. 8 10 Lake, op. cit., p. 47. 9Rev. 2:2. rr Cor. 9:13. 18:20. iJ 36 There must be high respect for 11 the Twelve" reflected in saying thnt "twelve names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb 11 1 are written on the twelve foundation stones of the holy city comine; out of heaven. Petrine Literature On two occasions the word is used as a self-designation in these letters. He introduces himself by saying 11 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, 112 and 11 Simon Peter, a servant and 11 :t' apostle of Jesus Christ. 3 Readers are told to remember what ,, ,I they had received through their apostles of an earlier period.l+ I ,\ The word, as used in this context, may be almost the equivalent to missionary. ''j Other Writings This word has little usage elsewhere in the New Testament. It is significant to note that the Hebre\v writer called Jesus an "Apostle."/~ This occurrence has caught the attention of W. F. Howard, and in his study of the Gospel of John he is led to make the following remark. When the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews called Jesus 'the Apostle of our confession,• he expressed in one noun what St. John proclaims in verbal phrase on almost every page. It sums up all the perogatives and functions of prophecy in the unique mission of Him who came from the bosom of the Fathgr to reveal the nature of Him whom no man has seen. Jude calls the attention of his readers to those words 1 Rev. 21:14. 2r Pet. 1:1. 3rr Pet. 1:1. 4 II Pet. 3:2. 5Heb. 3:1. 6 'i'J. F. Howard, ChristianitY'. According to St.!-.John (Philadelphia; The Westminster Press, 195 ), p. 25. 37 spoken at an earlier time 11 by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Chris·:~"' • 11 1 It ·wou ld b e 1mposs1· . ble to name any particular persons to whom he had reference. He may have had in mind those original missionaries who had brought the gospel to the readers. No attempt has been made to classify the various uses Of' the word which are found in the New 'I'estament. There has been no attempt in this survey to discuss the meaning of this Word in relation to the Resurrection of Jesus. Our chief purpose in this survey is to call attention to where the word has been used and to note briefly the context in which it was Used. Usa.ge Examined In modern times there is disagreement as to the use of ..> ~ ,g....rui_v:r~QJ in the New 1'estament. Basically, there appears to be three uses of the word in New Testament literatlll"e. It is used 11 in its etymological sense meaning "me ssenge:r: ; it is Llsed in a s 1)ecii';Lc, though not a restricted sense meaning only ttthe 1\ve.Lve, 11 but including others with "the '.l'welve. ;, Used in its most restricted sense, the word refers only to "the Twelve" or to tthe Eleven" and Matthias. Occasionally, these two latter uses have been thought of as wide and narrow views, :respectively. The question as to why these particular uses arose and how they came into being is at the heart of the problem of the ---understanding or the misunderstanding of G..rr6tro~ in the Ne\·! 38 IT\ J. es t ament. Having surveyed the literature for the use of the word ' an attempt will now be made to present some definite uses which ·will illustrc;te some of the different patterns of usaee. Such an attempt has its dangers because of the tendency to read into it the understanding of the contemporary reader rather than discovering the meaning expressed by the ancient writer. '£here are various areas of agreement and disagreement among scholars as to the early usage by the various writers; only some of these suggestions will be examined. General Usage il'his' is the least restricted use the word might have. Used in this way, the word carries its etymological meaning. In the New Testament, this meaning appears to be expressed as 11 one commissioned by another to represent him in some way. 111 It may be expressed by "messenger11 when the idea of represen tation is also understood within that word. Used in this 2 sense, the word could be applied to Jesus, Epaphroditus3 and others.4 Some feel the term may have been used with reference to John the Baptist.5 The word itself does not appear, but a form of the verb does. "There came a man, sent li<.IT£f:ra.>.,t:!.i.1'tl.1] 6 from God, whose name was John." Word ~tudie~, ed. . 1Ernest De1/litt Burton, New Te~tar:1e1;t The University of Harold R. WilloughbY ( Chicago, Illino1s. Chicago Press, 1927), P• 69. ~II Cor. 8:23; Jn. 13:16. 2i1eb. 3:1. 3phil. 2:25. 5Karl Schmidt, "Apostle," .'.£jle New Schaff-Herzog Encyclq .Qedia of Religious KµowledK§., ed. Samuel Macauley Jackson, I (1949), 239. 39 'I'here were several Greek words which could have been used by a writer to express the idea of "sending." Some of 1 the S h -' .f I .f 1 e may ave beep f!.JT'O(f'Tf.A}..v, ~.ll'' ![IL!..~ or various com- pounds. From the various possibilities,~ which "carrj.es i::1i th it the ideas of special purpose, mission or com mission, authorization and responsibility112 was chosen, and from this verb our word under consideration has come. FOl''ms Of this verb are used by the writers to express more than just the act of' llsending" because it includes more than that one idea. 'I'his word could be used in a general sense of almost any messenger who was representing the sender whether that sender be a single person or a group of people. Specific Usage It may be appropriate to think of this usage as being an early usage in reference to the New Testament writings. Specific, as used here, is not meant to suggest a restricted Use of the term. It was used ·with ref ere nee to certain persons, but not to a particular number. How many it may have included is not known, but the names of some of those persons have been preserved. Of the apostles we know most abou~ Paul, but si~e by side with him were others bearing the s~m~ title, Pet B rna bas and many more, fo:.: the original use of ~~~ t:rm did'not limit it, as did later usage, J.:Robert Young, Analytical Con~ord~nc~e;~m~~: Bible (22d ed. !'..ev.; Grand Rapids' Michigan: m. • I a .::> Publishing Company, n. d.), p. 859· 2Rengstorf, op. cit., P• xii. 4-o to the twelve immediate disciples of Jesus Christ.I Tb.is view which permits more than 11 the Twelve" to be included in the term is relatively new in contemporary studies. Much credit must be given to Bishop Lightfoot whose efforts shook long held ideas which were shown to be incompatible with New Testament usage. He called the attention of the world to the fact that within the New Testament this word was applied to more persons than just 11 the Twelve. 112 However, not all the world would agree with hiu1 in the interpretation of the grammatical constructions which makes it possible for him to apply the word to as many as he does.3 Since Lightfoot made his contribution, many others have directed attention to this important area. The old view, which was shaken by Lightfoot in 1865, held the apostles to be the disciples chosen.by Jesus.4- Some differences manifested themselves among those holding this view for many felt that Matthias, chosen by "the Eleven, 11 was not God's choice as a successor to Judas. These would inter- pret God's call of Paul as the act which provided a successor to Judas and bringing the number to twelve. Paul is considered as an extraordinary apostle to the Gentiles, but equal with 11 the Eleven. 11 Their duties involved the governing and adminis- tration of the Church. Among those holding this view, the idea of infallibility of the apostles developed--in the 1 James Hardy Ropes, The Apostolic Age in the Light of Modern Criticism (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921), p. 55. 2Mosbech, op. cit., p. 176. 3Ligb.tfoot, op. cit., pp. 95-97. l+l 1 churches, both Catholic and Protestant. It was needed in the former to support the idea that the apostles had transferr·ed their author·ity to their successors, and it was needed in the latter to support the idea of the infallibility of the Scrip tures. 2 Lii;::htf'oot ts view received addil;ional support with the publication of The Didache in 1883 , 3 wherein certain i tinernnts were called (i. rr.ttrrr.ll.60.!. Usage found the re reflects some of the expressions found in Revelation.4 About apostles and prophets, follow the rule of the Gospel, which is this: Let every apostle who comes to you be welcomed as the Lord. But he shall not stay more than one day, and if it is necessary, the next day also. But if he stays three days, he is a false prophet. And when an apostle leaves, let him take nothing except bread to last until he finds his next lodging. ,But if he asks for money, he is a false prophet.5 Seuffert6 advanced the opinion that Jesus dj.d not actually choose twelve. Rather, such a view was invented and circulated by the Jewish congregation at Jerusalem. The number, according to him, was not fixed at twelve until the time of Paul's conflicts with the Judaizers. It was then fixed to exclude Paul. Harnack.Ir7 later gave new support to Lightfoot ts position. He emphasized the apostles within Judaism who were dispatched from Jerusalem to care for certain financial matters. He con- sidered the possibility of Paul being such a Jewish apostle 1Mosbech, ~cit., p. 176. 2Ibid., p. 177. 4 nev. 2: 2; 18: 20. 5The Did11che 11: 3-6. 6 Hosbech, OP. cit., p. 178. 7Ibid., p. 1'79· 42 before his conversion. Paul had certain authority and carrj.ed 1 letters. Harnack explained the importance of 11 the Twelve 11 as being due to their early appointment. "The primitive church rested their dignity, not on their position as apostles, but as the t·welve disciples (chosen by Jesus) .112 It seems that some who hold this wider view of the use of 11 apostle 11 place unnecessary emphasis uoon the organization and its administrative function~which they feel to have existed at Jerusa.lem. Not only do these see the Christian "apostle" as having a background in Judaism, but in matters of administration and finance these are presented as parallels. Harnack does this even though he allows for some differences. He writes, One can hardly deny a certain connection between these J"ewish apostles and the Christian. It was not simply that Paul and others had hostile relations with them; their very organization afforded a sort of type for the Christian apqstleship, great as were the differences between the two.5 Writing to the point of the matter of collection of tribute and finances to be brought to Jerusalem, he says, ltt the very moment when the primitive e 1Acts 9:2; 22:4; 26:10. 2 Adolf Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity in the First '.l'hree Centuries, trans. and ed. James Hoffatt (New Yor·k: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), I, 399. 3 roid., p. 413. 4Ibid. 1+3 The thing becomes intelligible whenever we assume that the church at Jerusalem, together with the primitive apostles, considered thems~lves the cent:al body of Christendom, end also tne representatives of the true Israel. ~hat was the reason why the apostles whom they recognized were intrusted with a duty similar to thE'.t imposed on Jewish 'apostles, 1 viz., the task of collecting the tribute of the Diaspora.l There are others who emphasized the organization and possible administrative functions transferred from Judaism, but who have somewhat overlooked the working of the Spi:r·i t. Such rigid views need to be made more spiritual by the infu sion of views held by persons such as Erich Haupt2 who wished 11 to sho1:1 that this office was not an Dffice for the Twelve, 11 but a cr.?,.:£:,:l:f>]la and was extended to a greater number. The true apes tle 'lrnuld be thus recognized by the working of the Spirit within him. It appears that Paul made no great use of this word until his experiences with the Judaizers. The term is not used as a part of his title in I and II 'l'he ssalonians, but it is in later letters. In the Galatian letter he empha.sized the di·vine orizin oi' his apostleship, "Paul, an apostle (not from men, neither through man, but th:r:-ough Jesus Christ, and God the Father, 11ho raised him from the dead) • 11 3 So much is Paul involved in this subject thc..t Wa:rn>.QS. may be studied in relation to him To make this approac~consideration would • be given to a pre·-Pauline, a Pauline and a post-Pauline use 11 in the He 1JI 'J..'estarnent. lt- According ta the view of some it is l_., . " 2 ' b . . ' 17(..) .... .LOJ.CL. i'lOS ecn, OP. Cl"t.' rjp. u-1'/9. .JGal. 1:1. ~- J ohc;,_nnes Hunck, t1Paul, the Apostles, and the T\·Jelve, n S'.i.', II I, Lbs c. I ( 19 50) , p. 101. Paul who is the dec:i_sive factor in the development of the apostolic idea. 111 P&ul's use of the term seems to be very free when compu.red to other New 1'estament usage. r , I narrm1, limited or restricted use of Nunck feels that this usage is post-Pauline .2 It may have applic<.tion to certciin messengers sent out by Christ, but it is mainly applied to the narrow circle of 11 the T•:relve. 11 ProrJlems arise when the term is restricted to 11 the -, 1'welve • 11 11 '.l'he Eleven" felt the need for a successor to Judas ,..J so they proceeded to fill the vacancy. Paul can speak of "the '.I.'uelve, 11 but ·when the word was added to Paul and Paul became associated •Ji th the word wbi ch included him among the apostles, some explanation had to be made. 'l'o be consistent in ke0ping the usage restricted, some would disregard Matthias because he was chosen by men. Perhaps Karl Holl is still a leading influence within this nar:coi..·1 usage today.l.~ A part of his view may be presented compactly in these sentences: 'We meet in the Christian commur:clty from the beginning onwards, a legalized hierarchy, a divinely ordained order, a divinely sanctioned ecclesiastical law, a 2Ibid., pp. 108-110. 3Acts 1: 15-26. 4 Flew, op. cit., p. 133. 1+5 a Church as an organized institution, into which indi viduals were received. A strictly circumscribed group of Apostles (i.e. James and the Twelve), possesses a permanent divine prerogative to be obtained by no one else1 and is therefore authorized for leadership. 1'he Church stands on their testimony, which is re ga:r·ded as real testimony, as the rehearsal in the power of the Spirit of that which they had themselves experienced. Every development of s~Jiri tual life is conditioned by their testimony. In virtue £f this they are called the pillars of the Church. 1 Holl thus limits the group to 11 the Twelve 11 and James. James is included because the Risen Lord appeared to him. It was James who became head of the community. This view is cri tic:ize:l by Lakef but he supports the idea of James 1 primacy in Jerusalem and rank as apostle. Rengstorf criticizes the view and feels that Holl 11 seriously misunderstands the pri mi ti ve idea of the Church, in not recognising the throughly 'pneumatic 1 nature of the apostleship. 11 3 Holl regards this idea of the Church as being much different from that in the P~mline wri tings.1+ Though some of his views may be justified upon examination, there are many criticisms of his over-all view.5 In the Pauline Epistles, though the Church is as important and supernaturally constituted under Apostolic leadership as in Acts i.-v., the Apostles are not the 'T·welve, 1 and there is no trace of an6 special limitation to the number of the Apostles. This examination of New Testament usage has revealed the 1 Ibid., pp. 133-131+. 2Lake, op. cit., p. 56. ") ..JRengstorf, op. cit., p. 1+7, n. 1 • l;- 1"1 ew, .-o...i.;;p..:;.•_..;;;.c=i-""t. , p. 131+. 6 Lake, on. cit., p. l+o. l+6 term to have been used in reference to Jesus Christ only one time; the word is used of the twelve disciples whom Jesus chose from the larger body of disciples; and, others were included, the most widely known among them was Paul. The total number of persons who maY have been thus designated is unlmown. The New Testame~ offers a rich so~ce of terms used in reference to early followers of Jesus and the writers show a variety of usage. current views differ on the interpretation of early usage of terms and their significance for that titE and tills, but contemporary interest continues in these· important matters. CHAP1'ER III THE APOSTLESHIP The function, task or office to which the 11 apostle11 was called is termed {t._n.DJ:]_o.A4 in the New Testament, o.nd it may be translated 11 apostleship 11 or 11 apostolate. 11 This examination of apostleship shall be pursued in this manner: the etymology of the word will be e:x2mined first; the idea of apostleship will then be studied in relation to the historical Jesus by giving particular attention to the call, the task and the authority of an "apostle" during the earthly ministry of Jesus; and, finally the apostleship of the post-Resurrection period will be studied with reference to the call, the task and the authority of' an "apostle" in that period. Etzmological Study , , ' As '.-Ii th CtttoG"To6.o.S, so qCiocro.>,n comes from the Greek ~ I ~ f verb,~. In its past, ClilOO:TaN\ has had a variety of meanings .1 It may mean 11 sending off. or away" or 11 di.§.12.atch in.g. 112 11 It appears in usage with reference to ships, •• for 1rtengs-- t or f , op. ci . t ., p. 68 • 2 Liddell and Scott, op. cit., I, 220. the despatching of the ships • • • 11 1 and 11 their reason for sending these ships •• . .112 The word appesrs occasionally in the Septuagint where it is usecJ. in translating words coming from the root, nl'¢· It may mean a ''gift 11 3 or a 11 sending. 11 4 It is also found in the Apocrypna. • .;~ Aristeas used the word in such a way that it may be 11 translated mission, 11 11 • . . what justification shall we have for our mission .•.• 11 6 Josephus used the word for 11 a cere monial escort at Ant. 20, 50. 11 7 In the papyri it continues to mean 11 despatch."8 An examination of the New Testament shows the word to appear on only four occasions.9 Here it is used in reference to "the ofi'ice and digni.:t,x of the apostles of Christ. 11 10 This word has been generally rendered "apostleship" by translators. However, once again the translators of The New Engl_tsh Bible 1Thucydides History of the Pe+oponnesial.1..War VIII. vui. 1. 2Thucydides History of the PeloJ?._onnesian Wa:r;: VIII. ix. 3. 31 Kings 9:16. 4 Deut. 22:7; Ps. 77 (78):49; Eccles. 8:8. These are the major references to be found in the Septuagint. 5I Esd. 9:51, 54; Ba. 2:25; I Ma.cc. 2:18; II Mace. 3:2. 'l'hese include most of the occurrences to be found in the Apoc rypha. 'l'ransla tors of the RSV have rendered I .dace. 2: 18 as "gifts 11 nnd II Hacc. 3:2 as 11 presents. 11 6 Ariste.gs to PhiJ.ocrates _(Letter _of Aristeas) 15. 7nengstorf, op. cit., p. 68. 8Houlton and Milligan, on. cit., p. 70. 9Acts 1:25; Rom. 1:5; I Cor. 9:2; Gal. 2:8. 10 Thayer, op. 9it., p. 68. have made marked progress in breaking with the customary past and presenting fresh translations of this word for the reader. These four occurrences hc::.ve been rendered "apostleship, 11 1 "comrnission, 112 11 a1;ostolate, 11 3 and 11 rnade ..• an apostle"L1- i,,.J"ith reference to Peter and Paul. Whether considering the apostleship as having reference to an office, a person or a function, one finds views which differ. But C~ird 1 s view seems quite consistent with the New Testament view. He writes, "Whenever apostle ship is mentioned in the New Testament the emphasis is never on the person or the office, btJ.t always on the task to be performed. 11 5 Richardson's comment may augment this statement; he writes, "Apostleship is prh1cipally concerned with the stewardsh:i.p and the preaching of the Gospel • 11 6 An interesting observation for the New Testament reader to make is that the word translated "apostleship" does not occur in the New Testament record until after the Resurrection. Even then, it appears only in the writings of Paul and Luke. These, it will be remembered, are the same writers who made such a great use of the word translated 11 apostle. 11 3r Cor. 9:2. 4Gal. 2:8. 5G. B. Caird, The Apostolic Age (London: Gerald Ducl: worth & Co., Ltd., 1955), p. 148. 6Hichardson, op. cit.,, p. 322. 50 Our concern under this heading will be limited to the · esus and those with him during his personal concerns of J. In the Gospels the apostles are associated with him rninistr y. It was after the Resurrection and Ascension in t'na t ministry. apostles were to engage in a task without the earthly that the had ormerly known im. '.l'he ResLU'- presence of Jesus as they f h significant, not onlY because it stands between t1:m rection is eras or"' apostleship, but because it greatly influenced the apostles. 11 , In considering their relationship to Jesus as apostles.11 attention will be given to their call, their function and their authority. 11he Call Perhaps the nrst act to involve the apostleship was the 1 Call extended by Jesus to be disciples of him. The word II call" (.ka.di"1J is used as a summoning to men to participate The demand made on individual men in the salvation of God. 2 from this call is that che y should f olloW (gjSJM_QJlfikJ) • The word translated •to follow', when it occurs in the form •they followed hint 1 , has a ra:; d7eper religious meaning in the New Testament than in its common usage to-day. It iS more than ethical ~llegi~nce, or respect ful admiration or an attempt at imitation of a match less character 'by one who is af~r of~. • • • . The word is one of those which were baptized into. C~ri st and t~ereby acquired a meaning conipletelY original and distinctive. 3 In explaining the ne>I meaning of this word further, Flew adds, ------~~--~-~~~·~------3rb.ic.t. -----·--- 2~., p. 81. -Flew,1 Qj). ci!. , p. SO· ------...... s. """---~··'~''"'·*""'·ll""s ...s _____ .-Q:.DSW 51 The new meaning is due to the fact that for the early Christians there was only one discipleship possible and therefore only one way of following. Jesus wc.i.s the Hessiah, and His followers shared in the salvation which He brought, shared in His earthly vicissitudes, and she.red in the hope of the high calling which was theirs in Him •.•• ~Chis is a complete and absolute dedication of all life to One who is bringing the ful fillment of the final purpose of God for human life. It involves entrance into a new fellowshin and a new cornmuni ty .1 · '.I.'hose ·who responded to the call were 11 followers 11 or 11 disciples 11 from ·whom the 11 apostles 11 were chosen. A second act may have been the sending of a number on a tour which involved performance of a task. 2 Both Luke and Hark speak of Jesus choosing twelve from the disciples.3 His choice of t·welve and the appointment of them to the apostle ship are not necessarily the same act. The appointment to the apostleship appears to have occurred at a later time according to parallel accounts. 4 John me:cely makes mention of a choice ,..., having been made • .? Matthew omits the account. It is proper to assume that they underwent some kind of preparation before they were sent out by Jesus. Finally, before sending them he empowered them and charged them. 11 He gave them authority ct.J.9J.l.fJ.~tl1]11 f he also 11 gave them power cJ...~-v(J1.t."@. 11 7 1l'his was over demons and to cure diseases. 8 Our information concern:i.. ng the call of these twelve is not as complete as we might wish it to be. However, inforrnc:: ti on available shows the association which these had with the living 1 rbid., pp. 80-81. 2rbid., p. 82. 3 ~ 4 ~Lk. 6:12-16; Mk. 3:13-16. Mk. 6:7; Lk. 9:1. 5Jn. 6:70. 6Ivik. 6:7. 71k. 9:1. 81k. 9:1. 52 Jesus. It is this personal relationship with the historical Jesus which gave 11 the Twelve" a unique place among apostles in a later period. Thus, Hort is able to say, Chief among the disciples are those Twelve \·Jho from cert2in points of view are called Apostles, but very 1 rarely in the Gospels; sometimes 'l'he Twelve 1 , more 1 1 often simply 'i'he Disciples • We do the Evangelists wrong if we treat this use of terms as fortuitous or tr·ivial. It is in truth most exact and most instr·uc tive. Not only was discipleship the foundation of apostleship, but the Twelve who were Apostles were precisely the men who were most completely disciples .1 '.l'he F'uncti on Function or the idea of a task is the terminology pre- ferred in this study because it is very doubtful that Jesus established an office to function in legal terms, either before or after the Hesur:cection. The idea of function or commission for a limited time 2,nd place concerning the work and not ti:1e worker seems to be the more acceptable view. 2 To j)rsf'ace this examination. of the function, sorne con- siderati0n ~ay be given to these words from Hort which have relevance ~o this subject: lJ:.i.sc:t.iJ..Lesnip, not apost..Lesn.q.J, was i:;ne primary active function, so to speak of the Twelve till the .Ascension, c:~nd, as we shall see, it remained always their funda mental function. The purpose of their being with ELn (v1i th the Lord) stands first in that memorable sen tence of St Mark and is sharply distinguished from the Lord's seconA purpose in forming them into a body, viz. the sending them forth to preach and to wor~: acts of' cleliv€~rance. But the distinction does not rest on those words alone. ll far larger proportion of the Gospels is taken up with records of facts belonging to the apostleship, so far as it is possible to dis------·------·- 2Rengstorf, oo. cit., p. 36. '! tr - " Wt> f !2WZ>Jltcd!i1$22E!:ZL2L -_ !QLSLS$44. • 53 tinguish them.l 11 sent them Af'ter Jesus had chosen and prepared them, he Cullmann forth to preach the kingdom of God, and to heal .112 una"G 1 says .i..• • 11 during Jesus lifetime the content of the com- ~ t e fulfillment of the Messianic function that mission i· c-: h Jesus himself fulfilled, the function of preaching and heal- ing .113 The Evangelist's report of those who were sent out 1-1.n they went out, and preached that geq should repent. :reads, 11 • d out many demons, and anointed with oil many that And they•· cac:t~ . We:re sick,. c:,nd healed them. 11 l+ In Hatthew a limitation was expressed with reference to the people among whom they ought to go. He reports Jesus as saying, ttGo not into Q!l-2 way of the Gentiles, and enter not in.to nny city of the samari tans: but go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel. 115 The number chosen and sent may have been considered representatives of the twelve tribes srael. When those sent returned, they reported to Jesus or 1 '1hat they had done. "And the apostles gather themselves together u~o Jesus; and they told him all things, whatsoever 116 they had done , and what soever they had taught • On another occasion, Luke reports seventy were sent out in the customary fashion of two bY two.7 The number seventy in th" b 1;c for t'ne supposedly r1.umber ls case may have been sym o ~ Of n;:i t · · 10 No mention is made of Gentiles, Q ions based on Genesis • ----~--~------~------~- 1·1 29 3.tort, .9P• ci_t., pP· t • Disci le Aoostle Mart r, trans. J F loyd V.Oscar Filson Cullmann, (London: e SC0~r~ press Ltd., 1 953 ' P• 21 • I l+ r::'1,'t o· r::: 6 61·Ik. 6:30. 71k. 10:1-16. 1 Hk. 6 :12-13· ..lt1 • .,1- • 54 neither does the charge confine them as in Matthew 10: 5-6. The ch8rge given to these is similar to that found in I-fatthew directed to "the ':Cwelve. ul As in the case of the former, ·when the seventy r·eturned they reported with joy what they had done: 11 Lord, even the demons are subject to us in thy name.11 2 Rengstorf writes with reference to this verse that here we have complete disinterestedness and devot:Lon, producing the joy which prevails when man leaves the f:l.eld to God and fills his life with service to Him. Luke is here quite certainly not setting forth his own ideal of apostleship; he is simply quoting from his source. 'I'hi s makes it all the more important th;;: t the returning messengers give joyful thanks for their success as the success of Jesus and, like all the other returning messengers in the Gospels, say nothing about the difficulties which attended ·,;ork in the name of Jesus, concerning which Jesus had doubtless spoken. 3 This doing w2s not of their own. They had committed themselves unto Jesus. They had become his representatives. '1.'hat they relied upon him rather than u~:ion their own initiative has been adequately expressed. The disciples refrained from taking any initiative, in spite of the circumstances, because they accepted the call to repentance for themselves with resolute sincerity. Thus they learned whc~t obedience is since Jesus showed them God both as the Holy One c:nd as the Father. This is the most important of all clues to the u::ide~sta~1~~n~ of the innermost meaning of the H. T. apos"Glesnip. 'I'he relationship of the disciple to Jesus is further expressed by saying when a disciple is charged with the proclamation that the i'Cingdom of' Heaven is at hand, he is thereby associated with Jesus, and so brought under the will of God, which completely destroys his autonomy and 1Lk. 10:2-16; Mt. 9:37-10:16. 2Lk. 10:17. 3Rengstorf, op. cit., p. 41. 4Ibid., p. 32. 55 auta:Dll'-J and leaves him simply to render full obedience .1 ~hus far our attention has been given to what the disciples and apostles did as they were associated with Jesus in his earthly ministry. After the Resurrection they entered a ne·w phase of service. Much agreement may be found with Hort's conclusion after examining the facts and usage in the Gospels that in its original sense the term Apostle was not intended to describe the habitual relation of the Twelve to our Lord during the days of His ministry, but strictly speaking only that mission among the villages, of which the beginning and the end are recorded for us; ju~t as in Acts, Paul and Barnabas are called Apostles (i.e. of the Church at .Antioch) with reference to that special missi0n which we call St Paul's First Mission ary Journey, and to thnt only. .At the same time this limited apostleship was not heterogeneous from the apostleship of later days spoken of in the Acts, but a prelude to ~t, a preparation for it, and as it were a type of it. The Authority There is generally a readiness to discuss the subject of authority which the early disciples and apostles ~assessed. It may be, as Nock says, that Jesus hc:ld called twelve followers to whom he had given a rank which raised them above the other disciples. At the consummation of all things, they were to sit on twelve thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.3 One may take issue with the use of the word "rank" as used in this respect by Nock. It must be admitted, however, that Jesus 1 choice of "the Twelve" gave them a particulc1r identity 2 1rbig., p. 4-o. Hort, op. cit., pp. 28-29. ..)Arthur:> Darby Nock, St. Paul (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1937), p. 49. 56 by which they were distinguished from other disciples. In Jesus' reference to them judging the twelve tribes1 the matter of authority is implied, but it does not give a commission of authority for government.2 An alternate view may be to assume the personal asso- ciation and preparation with Jesus in his earthly ministry as a unique experience which was shared by "the Twelve • 11 11 They were given a share in the authority of the Hessiah Himself, and partook in the declaration by act and word of the arrival of the Kingdom (Mark vi. 12-13) • 11 3 It is the com- mission which gives the authority to the one sent. The authority which Jesus gave to those sent out was of what he possessed. "Both in their preaching of the message and their power to vanquish evil and disease the messengers were as the One who had commissioned them. 114 Efforts to find the bestowal of authority upon these apostles in the sense of office or officers of a new society do not prove successful. But their experience with Jesus was important. :J..'hey possessed this when others did not. Thus, it may be said concerning those apostles of the pre-Eesurrection period, Certainly· the 'I'welve possessed one prerogative which was not shared, and which could not be taken from them. They had been 'with him'. They had shared His wander ings, and they had continued with Him in Hi;3. tempta tions. This prerogative was incommunicable? 1 Nt. 19:28. 2Flew, 02. cit., pp. 86-87. 3p L • R. Williams, Authorit;y in the .Apostolic Age (London: SCH Press Ltd., 1950), pp. 59-60. 4 Flew, .2J1! cit., p • 83. 5rbid. , pp. 85-86. ------~-- ~····---·· 57 , e ows iped with Jesus in his In later years those ~1ho had f 11 h ·ministry acquired new stature simply because they had been with him. 11 Jesus located the authority when he said, He that heareth you heareth me; and he that rejecteth you rejecteth me·' and he that rejecteth me rejecteth him that sent me."l When· the disciple receives authority to speak and act as Jesus• representative "that gives him no new rights, but on the con trary binds upon him the duty of service to the one who aut·norJ.ses · hj.m. "2 It may be noted also that the commission to r epresent him and hj.s work "involves lowliness and not exal- tation.113 Those who feel the function of the apostle to have not gone through any radical change between the time of Jesus' ministry and after the Ascension see instruction as being important in the early period with "disciple" as the most significant designation; but, after the Ascension, their mission work or apostleship was important and "apostle" became 4 the favorite designation. Post-Resur:r~E:..QJ1.,Apostle@J2 Having given attention to the relationship of Jesus with his disciples and apostles in hiS earthlY ministry, attention now is to be focused on the apostleshiP following the ResLU'- rection. I"" . t post New 'Testament wrj_ tings the 1 rom ear1 ;i.es ------~~~~~------~--lL 2 torf on. ell·, P• 35· k. 10:16. Rengs ' ~ 00 3r . , 36 l+.=JJ..1:..9. • ' p • • tl 11 Die ti onar..,Y of jille llpo_~t oli" 05 Ch , Alfred Plummer,. "AP 1 .eci' 916f--"82-B3. ~' ed. James Hast:i.ngs' ' 58 origin of the apostleship has been closely associated with Jesus. This can be evidenced by what one reads in I Clement: '.1.'he apostles received the gospel for us from the Lord Jesus Christ; Jesus the Christ was sent from God. So Christ is from God, and the apostles from Christ. Both came to pass regularly by the will of God. So having received their instructions, and having been reassured by the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, trusting in the word of God they set forth in the conviction of the holy Spirii, preaching that the kingdom of God was about to come. Indeed, the post-Resurrection apostleship is dependent upon the Risen Lord. This study of it shall be conducted in a similar manner as was the study of the pre""Resurrection apostleship. Consideration will be given to their call, their function and their authority. Some special notes will be made in reference to Peter, Matthias and Paul. The Call Ideas found in the Gospel accounts2 of where the Lord appeared after his Resurrection and gave instructions to cer tain followers are in harmony with his purpose. 'l'he Lord's Resurrection drew his scattered followers together. This new apostleship may be characterized by its universality .3 Between the time of the Resurrection and the Ascension it had been extended to the utmost. 4 Witness bear ing may be considered a second characteristic.5 All of this was importnnt. The Resurrection renewed the apostleship. lr Clement 42:1-3. 2Mt. 28~16-20; Jn. 20:19-23; Lk. 24:36-49. 3Hort, op. cit., p. 37. 4Acts 1:8. 59 11 The apostles were witnesses of the resurrection, though not all the witnesses became apostles. 111 According these ,r ev1 Testament i:.·Jri tings the new stage of Apostleship was inaugurated by no new act of appointment analogous to the original desig nation of the Twelve on the mountain, these commands and teachings that we hear of being rather like the subsequent charge to the Apostles on their going forth among the villages. On this view it was the Cruci fi:~ion (interpreted as always b;y the Resurrection) which constituted ~he real inauguration of the re newed apostleship. Those who had been i:.·1i th Jesus were the first to receive this new commission. Their earlier association with him was their preparation for such a time as this. '.i'hese were commissioned to witness not only within the com.:mni ty of believers, but beyond. This appointment is not limited, but life-long. This apostleship is not a permanent office in the Church, but limited to the first generation. The abiding character of the new commission is the result of this new situation, which involves the disciples' exnerience of the absoluteness of Jesus. The Risen Lord appoints his representatives, no longer for a definite period, but for the whole time between Easter [the Lord's ResurrectionJ and his return, a period whose length no man knows; that is why there is now only one appointment, and it follows that the apostolate is limited to the first generation and does not become a permanent office in the Church.j Cullmann feels that Jesus gave Peter a special distinc tion. He feels that the Risen Lord's commission to Peter has 11 a gre2ter and more direct significance114 attached to it in relation to the foundation of Peter's apostleship. Earliest 1nengstorf, 0£. cit., p. 42. 2Hort, on. cit., p. 40. 3 Rengstorf, O:Q • cit., p. 45. ·4cullmann, on. cit., p. 58. 60 records report Peter as having been the first witness of the Risen Lord.1 To have been the first one to have seen the Lord "certainly must have contributed greatly to his authoritc;tive position in the Primitive Church. 11 2 Cullmann feels, hm1ever, that Peter 1 s commission '\·Jas limited 11 to the period of the foundation of the Church. 11 3 In a summary statement concern- ing his position and call, Cullmann 1.-Iri tes, So we reach the conclusion that his position probably rests in the first instagce upon a commission from the risen Lord; at the same time, however, ~he rac~ that the earthly Jesus gave him the special distinction of the name Cephas, and further the representative role of the former disciple of Jesus, helped to confer a~th?rity 02 him as leader of the Church and as nns s:i..onary. r In c twos ir1g a r·ep1-aeemern; !'or Judas in the compa11y u..L "the Tvrnlve, 11 the que:11:i.r1cal.:.w11s or having been cm eye- w:u-;1ies,s oi' ti:1e Lora and a witness of his Resurrection are required.5 Of two who met these qualifications, Matthias was chosen. 11 The Eleven" must have felt it necessary to keep their number fixed to the original twelve. Concerning the quc.ilificat:tons and the choice of this one, Hengstorf writes, Close contact ·with J·esus during his earthly life is here the most important point, and this means practically thnt the Church did not regard the commission of the B.isen Lord as something radically new; though defin:1.te informetion is lacking, we shall not go far wrong if we take it that the e2rly Church regarded the new com mission as a reuetition or continuation of the first. '.l'he conclusion follows that the first Christians had not fully understood the fundamental change in the 1.·IOrld situation brought about when the hisen Lord made men his representatives; and further, that the 1 -r Cor. 15:5. 2cullmann, op. cit., p. 63. 3 --rbid. ' p. 64. 4Ibid. 5Acts 1:21-22. 61 story of Jesus as history gave Christian preachinz from the beginning its content 2nd its differentia; the apostle of Jesus is always a witness of historical facts, not a teacher of myths: fully conscious in- deed that what he proclaims is a contradiction of all human experience. 1 IJ.'he nature of Paul's call proves to be entirely different from any spoken of before. Whether this change was brought about after Paul had given much thought to matters pertain- ing to this new 11 sect 11 or whether the call was sudden and Paul had no previous preparation, no uniform interpretation ap1)ears. Hock calls his experience "a sudden intuition. 112 To another extreme is Munck who prefers to believe the DamascL1s experience came 11 wi thout any preparation. 11 3 Another has expressed the event in these words: "In Acts the con- version experience of Paul is described romantically as occurring on the Road to Damascus. 114 Paul's call was definitely different from the call of ''the T·welve." Where others had spen,t time in active pre- paration ·with Jesus, Paul had no such preparation. His call was sudden 2nd his response was immediate. 'J:hough there is more information about Paul's conversion and commission than any of the others, Sandmel notes that "nowhere do the E9istles set forth the specific facts of when Paul became a 1 Christian,' or precisely where, or, most important, ·1:1hat was the sequence 1 2 Rengstorf, op. cit., p. 52. Nock, .QQ_. cit., p. 74. .)J-ohannes' Hun.ck, Paul and the Salvation of Mankind, tram. Frank Clarke (Hichmond, Virginia: John Kn0x Press, 1959), p. 13. 1 +s.::u1mel Sc.i.ndmel, .A Jewish Understanding of' the New '.l'estamont (Cl.ncinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1956), p. 47, n. 62 of his reasons why. 11 1 However Paul 1 s call is interpreted, he felt it to be very significant. His vision of Christ was not a fact unrelated to his en trance into the apostolate. It was the gateway through which he passed in the position which he laid claim. It was a special source of power in teaching, not possessed by those apostles who did not 1 see the Lord. 1 It was one of his apostolic qualifications, as the knowledge which the Twelve had of Jesus' earthly life was one of their apostolic qualifications.2 While 11 the Twelve" may be considered being apostles to the ti11elve tribes, with Paul the commission was definitely enlarged. This was not without much tension, however. Paul refers to his call from the Lord in these terms: 11 And last of all, as to the child untimely bornl.f.k!f.~~llDJ, he appeared to me also. 11 3 This survey shows several differences by which different persons came to share in the 11 apostleship. 11 It also shows the impossibility of assigning a particular number to those who were included. The Function Durine the ministry of Jesus their efforts appear to have been limited to the Jewish people. One of the aspects of this post-Resurrection commission was its non-restriction. During this era "the Twelve" would be able to guarantee "the continuity betvrnen the r.isen and the historical Jesus. 114 The apostle's function was one of witnessing. 1 Ibid., pp. 47-48. 2 E. Y. Hincks, 11 The Limits of the Apostolate, 11 JBL, XIV I ( 189 5) ' p. 4-3. 1100 3r Cor. 15:8. 4cullmann, op. cit., p. 2l6. Ill I 63 Since after the death of Christ the preaching is first of all witness to the resurrection of Christ, the apostle from then on must be a personal 'witness of the resurrection of Christ' (Acts 1:22) .1 \'!hen Paul listed the workers in the Church, he listed the apostles in first position.2 As an apostle, Paul ma.y be considered the man who has been called, who has a unique task to perform in the last great drama of salvation. It is the apostolic task, that of the emissary who is to go to the Gentiles to preach the Gospel, so that this hindrance to the coming of Christ and final salvation shall be cleared away.3 An examination of the Christian apostleship and the functions thereof would be incomplete without giving some attention to the '1'2,lse apostles" and the 11 signs 11 which marked a true apostle of Christ. 'l'hose who are referred to as being possible messengers of Satan. Even Satan fashioneth himself into an angel of light. It is no great thing therefore if his ministers also fashion themselves as ministers of righteous~ess; whose end shall be according to their works. These were apostles, but their commission was not from Christ. "It is still the commission that gives the authority to an apostle; but their selfish and covetous behaviour and false teaching demonstrate that they are apostles sent out by Satan. 11 5 The true apostle is unselfish and carries the death of Jesus in his body; 6 and "the suffering apostle is there foxe the true _apostle, while the false apostle seeks his own ------2r Cor. 12:28-29; Eph. 4:11. ".< JHunck, Pa~-~nd_tpe SalvC!-tion of l'I_ankind, p. 66. 1 +11 Cor. 11:14b-15. 5Mosbech, op. cit., p. 198. 6 ·_r1 c or. 4 :10. 64 honour in ·1;1hat seems to the worldly and fleshly man to be valU<:\ble. 111 Paul speaks of himself in glorifying terms, though he does it reluctantly. He does it for the cause he represented, not for his personal glory. To the Corinthians he wrote "truly tte signs of an apostle ·were wrought among you in all patience, by signs and wonders an.cl mighty works. 11 2 Lightfoot provides some helpful explanation of these signs: The signs, which he contemplates in these passages, our modern conceptions would lead us to sepe.rate into two classes. The one of these includes moral and spiritual gifts--patience, self-denial, effective preaching; the other comprises such powers as we call supernatural, 'signs, wonders, and mighty deeds.' St Paul himself' however does not so distinguish them, but with more of reverence regards them rather as different nw.nifestations of' 'one and the self-same Spirit. d It is not to be overlooked that the various ideas wM.ch form the background of the "signs" of an apostle have their roots in the Semitic office of ambassador.4 Moses may be con- sidered as one who was a kind of religious ambassador. His divine authority is set forth in a sign ( form some of the very same things.6 'l'he chief function of all the apostles of Christ ·vms to bear witness of him. The apostle was characterized by his function. 11 He had given himself, and that for life, to be a 1 Munck, Paul 9nd the Salvation of Mankind.,, p. 184. 2 rr Cor. 12:12. 3Lightfoot, on. cit., p. 99. l+ Hengstorf, ~cit., p. 47. 6 B:z • 7: 11 , 22. 65 missionary, preaching the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ to those 1,1ho did not knov1 it. 111 The Authority Olof Linton.2 feels that there is no doubt but that the Book of Acts presents ideals of a later time which shoi,,·1 a cer- tain reverence toward the apostles and regarded them as representing a corporate body of opinion. The idea of au- thori ty is associated ·with 11 the Twelve. 11 This may be explained by the time element; the passage of time had altered the true perspective. 'I'hey possessed experience and associations \'lith the earthly Jesus which were worthy of respect and admiration. But concerning legal and administrative powers we have little information. Willi~ms expresses this developmer~ and the ac- quisition of cert<::~in powers as being due to a decline of their authority in the immedic:i te pos t-Fces urrection era as others were added to the apostleship and came to the foreground and only later, possibly after their deaths, their respected positions were revived because of the felt need to connect the Church with the historic Christ.3 Vincent Taylor 1 s explanation of their authority may be seen in these words: The Jerusalem Apostles who belonged to the Twelve had 1 '.l.'homas H. Lindsa~r, The Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries (Ne\1 York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1902), p. 75. 2 Olaf Linton, "The 'l'hird Aspect. A Neglected Point of Vie\'l. A Stud;y in Gal. i-ii 2nd Acts ix and xv, 11 SIJ', III, Fasc. I (1950), 79. 66 the prestige of those who had been commissioned by Christ for the Galilean Hission, and had been promised seats of authority in the Elect Community of the Son of M~n. No one else could make such a claim. They had seen the Risen Lord, but vith the exception of Paul, to whom a special revelation had been given, the other Apostles, so far as we know, had seen Him, but were witnesses to the Resurrection as part of the kerygma. Nevertheless, the authority of these Apostles was sponte:\neously recognized, and, '.Ji th the exception of th2t of Paul, appears to have been unchallenged.I Hort feels it to be "difficult to see any form the Gospel could take in transmission in which the place of the still liv ing Apostles would not be a primary one. 11 2 He admits, how ever, that there is "no trace in Scripture of a formal com mission of authority for government from Christ Himself • 11 3 He feels that the moral authority and 11 the uniqueness of their position and personal qualifications"l+ were significant in the development of their positions of authority. ~ It 1.Jas at the suggestior;t of "the Twelve"/ that the seven were chosen, and "the T·welve 11 laid their hands on them. 6 These were to perform certain duties so that ff.the Twelve 11 11 should not forsake the word of God. 11 7 Flew8 sees the principle of authority in the New Testa ment to be closely related to the Word of God. Because the apostles were witnesses of the Word, had fellowshipped per sonally with the living Christ, as well as being witnesses of the Hesur:cection, their teaching had authority. They were with the Church before the New Testament writings were pro- duced. In. fact, most of the writings of the Nei:l Testament ------·-·----- 1 Taylor, op. cit., pp. 626-627. 2r-for t, 2..£.! cit. , p. 811-. ") I. ~ , ..)Jbid. 'i·Ibid. "Acts 6~2. 6Acts 6:6. 7Acts 6:2. () o11.. , J_ ew , op • c i. t · • , p • 1()2o • 67 are attributed to authors who were apostles. In Cullmann' s 11 words, ".'li thout apostles we would have no New Testarnent, no knowledge at all of Jesus the Risen One. 111 In this way the apostles are related to the written record. The Apostles, by Christ's own commission, had been put in charge of a tradition, and, in the nature of the case, their office could not be transmitted. In so far o.s they had successors, these were not men but the Four Gospels; for once the Evangelic story had taken shape and been put in writing, the necessity for this special function of keeping a~ive the detailed memory of a fact had passed away. We face the question of Peter 1 s authority among the apostles. "According to the Acts, Peter comes naturally to a position of spiritual leadership in the Church. But the leadership is shared. It is no unlimited authority. 11 3 Of the apostles, he dominates the scene in Acts 1-12. From that point onward attention is focused on Paul, except in Acts 15. Paul speaks of a tiroo when he stood up to Peter. This 'Would not recognize in Peter much superiority. Rather, Paul seems to consider Peter as an equal except for the difference in the spheres of their work. Peter's apostleship was with reference to the Jews while Paul's was to be among the Gentiles.4 Cullrnann feels that the one who was given the privilege to be the first vli tness of the Resurrection was regarded "because of this chronological preferment 11 5 as the one especially corn- missioned by Christ to hand on this witness. This, of course, 1 Cullmann, OD. cit., p. 221. 2. - }_, Hacgregor, op. cit., p.~·187. 3Flew, ou. cit., p • 9 r • l+ Ga-1 • 2.. 8 . 5cullmann, op. cit., p. 63. 68 must have been Peter.1 It would appear that if Peter we:ce regarded with special authority, this must be taken into con sideration. With reference to the place occupied by Peter, Fle·w says, It is probably true that Protestant exegetes and his torians have been inclined to under-estimate the position of Peter among the Apostles, and in the pri mitive community. But it is equally true that if we were to call any Apostle 'pope' in a primitive hier archy, it would be, not Peter, but James.2 Upon the examination of Paul's letters, one finds a kind of authority expressed. He lets his readers know that he writes f:com a point which is superior to them. Part of this authority has its basis in his call to the apostles:~lip a call 1:1hich was nthrough the will of God • 11 3 He claimed equal rights with the other ~postles.4 Despite this he often spolte of himself as Christ's 'slave,' a term often translo.ted 1 servant 1 to minimize its harshness to modern ears. Paul used so a designation because he knew that he had been bought with a price and therefore belonGed to a ne"'d owner. '.;) He considered 11 the authority of Christ to be exercising it self through his words, spoken and written. 11 6 Those apostles who had personal knowledge of .the his toric Jesus had an effect on Paul. Because Paul was not one of the inner circle of disciples nor was he with Jesus during the period between his Resurrection and Ascension, it was 1 • I Cor. 15: 5. 2Flew, op. cit., p. 133. ") .JT_ Cor. 1 : 1 • 4I Car. 9:1-27 . h 7Paul s. Hinear, "III. Paul the Apostle," ID, ed. George Arthur Buttrick (Hew York: Abingdon Press, 1951), VII, 203. ( Ut.y,•v.:i.. 11·J..arns, ....o..._p-""._c..._i_t., p. 19. I~ 69 the charge that he was not one of necess ary, for Paul to face the same sense as were "the Twelve.11 This the apostles in im to emphasize the fact of his call by the Risen Lord. caused~ h"" ne problem he faced, he perhaps magnifies his call Due to t' he would have done otherwise. Paul was indeed bey ond what esus Christ, though the charge was technically an apostle of J Though he had not correct . His efforts testified to this. historical Jesus, yet he was not working apart from known the .a his message was li~ed wit t e historical him. The fact th t ' h h woUld be a factor which he and those who had been with Jesus J'esus shared in comwon. "For Christ also pleased not himself ,,"l Paul could write, and •or.,.., I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he Was. betrayed took bread; and wb.en he had given. thanl<:s., he orake it, and said, ThiS ;ls mY body, w~ich is for .you: this do in remembrance of me. In like manner also the cuo after suoper saying, This cup is the new ~ ov enant in· ~y blood: • this do , as oft en as ye drinlt n, in remembrance of me. For as of ten ~s ye eat I th~~. br~ad, and driol<: the cup, ye proclaim the Lord s 2 de3~n till he come. Being conscious that they were sbari~ a common message, co Uld say, "';!he the r then JJ;__]l§. I or they, so we pre a ch, and he so ye believed. "3 Perhaps paul did tbl-nk of himself as "the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be c811ed an a:postl h 0 f G0 d "Li- But this e' because I persecuted the cburc • same Paul is able to write such glorying words as "I labored 3r cor. 15~11. 70 more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God 1i·rhich was with me. 111 Fle'i;l summc::rizes the position of "the Twelve" in these words: First, they were accorded a certain pre-eminence in the counsels and leadership of the community; second, the exact nature of their authority was undefined. Their general pre-eminence they owed: (1) to their close companionship with Jesus in the days of His flesh; (2) to their privilege of witnessing the Resurrection; (3) to the fact that they had been sent forth to preach by Jesus Himself in His earthly life; (l+) to the fact that Jesus had given them 'authority' to cast out devils.2 As a result of examining 11 apostle" in the New Testament one discovers that the prevailing view of such to be "a dele- gate with _·ti-1.§__dq,t..:y_ of pre_?,crdqg the gos;Jel, being consequently a missiona_;ar • 11 3 'I'his clearly separates the Christian apostle- ship from the institution in Judaism which many seem to feel was carl'iEd over into the Church. ttThe missionary element fundamentally differentiates the N.T. apostleship from the Jewish shaliah institution. 114 Consideration has been given to the commission received by the apostles during the life of Jesus as one aspect ·which was unique in itself to those who were so appointed. It was characterized by the personal presence of Jesus and their fellowship with him. But this association was broken and his followers were scattered by the fact of hj.s Crucifixion ·which was unbelievable to them. His Resurrection was as equally un- 1r Car. 15:10b. 2Flew, op. cit., p. 131. 3 Hosbech, ill2..! cit., p. 170. 4Rengstorf, op. cit., p. lt11-. ) 71 believable. Whether there were two apostleships with the Resurrection between them or whether there was one apostle ship having two aspects we find disagreement. However, the observer cannot but notice something different taking place after the Resurrection. The function of the apostles took on a new dimension; their authority had equally acquired a new din:ension. They found themselves without the prE:sence of the historical Jesus. But they were empowered by the Spirit. Somehow they received mighty assurance that Jesus was still with them, though not in the person of the Galilean. It ·was now they recognized him as the hisen Christ of God. The authority of the Risen Lord was assuring his envoys; he was standing behind the "wonders and signs" which were being done by the apost1es. They were now representing him who had commissioned them. If 'a man's messenger is as the man himself', and if the IJ. ~-'. apostle ship is based on this principle, C: the writer holds to this viewJ then the absence of miracle \Wuld be nothing less than tl13 disproving of' the apostolic clain1, c:~nd the preaching of the Hisen Christ would be a piece of human theorising, instead of being the pro clamc:1tion of an act of God, surpassing all human thought. The signs of an apostle (II Cor. xii, 12) are in dispensable, not for the sake of the missionaries tD.emselves, but for the sake of their work, and of Jesus. If any one feels compelled to reject these miracles, he must also explain the miracles of Jesus as legends, or at least try to reduce them to natural terms. That, however, means giving up the apostleship _as the central religious institution of the early Church, and leaving it as merely the legal institution of Jesus. But this would not be a true account of the ar:iostleship either in itself or in important features of its development. These considerations do not mean 72 that we can dispense with critical study of the miracles in Acts: on the contrary they make it abso lutely necessary. 1 As Jesus had been sent into the world from the Father, these now hcve been sent as authorized messengers of Jesus. That they have "a mission in the world, involving the same suffering and the same glory, 112 we would not deny. 1nengstorf, oo. cit., pp. 46-47. 2 William Robinson, The Biblical Doctrine of the Church (rev. ed. ; St. Louis, :Missouri: The Bethany Press, 19 55T, p. 95. CONCLUSION Results of this study enrich our understanding of the meaning v:i th which the New Testament writers used 1rnoo=ro>-W· By this time, the word had undergone a great change from what it meant in its earliest known usage. It became enlarged in content. By now it could be used of messengers who were authorized to act on behalf of the sender. It must be remembered, however, that each writer could use this word according to his own style. It was not used the same i 1Jay by all writers. Though the word had a par ticular meaning, the writers applied it in different ways. Only by examining the usage by individual writers are we able to discover the various uses of the word in the Hew '.I.'estament. Used in a general sense the word carried its basic mean ing of 11 messenger. 11 Without changing this basic meaning, it could be made specific applying to certain messengers. Thus, Paul ·was able to use the word with reference to persons sent out by Jesus Christ or sent by congregations. In another sense, especially in Luke-Acts, the word is used in a vray which restr'icts it referring to 11 the Twelve" who had been with Jesus in his earthly ministry as if these were the apostles. Our attention is called to the apostles during the earthly ministry of Jesus. The exact number is not known, 0 73 but the Evangelists seem in agreement that there were twelve among all the disciples who were distinct from the larger group. It could be possible, as some feel, that this may be a later idea read back into the early period. These twelve disciples are thought of as "apostles • 11 There may have been more, but this number became significant. Jesus had appointed these so they might have fellowship with him and be sent to preach and heal. The Crucifixion interrupted this. After the Resurrection, those who had been scattered were reassembled. 'l'hey were again commissioned either by a new commission or another aspect of the earlier commission. They were to perform a world-wide task. Follo·wing the Ascension, they were especially empowered. They realized the spiritual presence of their Risen Lord, and they went forth courageously to witness for him. In a special revelation Jesus Christ, the Risen One, called Paul to be an apostle of his. Whethe~ there were others called in like manner, we do not know. This one of whom we do lcnow had no little difficulty in proving himself to be a true apostle of Jesus Christ. The same word which is used of those commissioned by Christ has also been used of persons sent by congregations, but most translators have translated the word when used with reference to one sent by a congregation and transliterated the word when used of one sent by Christ. So, the re were "apostles" or "messengers of churches" and ''messengers" or "apostles of Christ." In each case, the messenger is authorized to act for those or for the one who commissions him...... - 75 Messengers of churches were frequently commissioned to perform certain taslcs having a financial nature, but the messengers of Christ were to preach and witness for him. Those commissioned by Christ were given certain authority and power. 1'heir work and influence was not the kind exercised by rulers and judges of the earth. If Jesus demonstrated any great lesson to those around him, it would seem to be the elevation of lowly service. They were commissioned to serve; they had the assurance of the Risen Lord's presence; and, they went forth unafraid. 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ar· ~t~as to Philocrates (Letter of Aristeas). Edited and translated by Hoses Hadas. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1951. Bernard, J. H. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Q..osQel .According to St. John. Edited by A. H. McJiTeiie. Vol. I. "The International Critical Commentary. 11 New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1929. Burrows, Millar. fl.n Outline of Biblical '.l'heology. Philadelphia: . The Westminster Press, 1956. -----· What Mean '.I1hese Stones? r'Living Age Books. 11 New York: Published by Meridian Books, 1957. Burton, Ernest DeWitt. A Critical.a.nd Exegeti.cal Comm~~X Qn tJ.1§L Epistle .1_o the Galatians. "The International Critical Commentary." New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1920. ----· New Testament Word Studies. Edited by Harold R. Willoughby. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 1927. Caird, G. B. The .Apostolic Age. London: Gerald Ducln-wrth & Co. Ltd., 1955. Cullmann, Oscar. Peter: DiscinlE;~ Apostle, MartJ1:;r. '.l.1 ranslated by Floyd V. Filson. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1953. Deissman.n, Adolf. St. Paui: A Study_in SocjaJ.__and ReljgioJ::L~ Histor~. Translated by Lionel R. M. Strachan. New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912. Flew, R. Newton. Jesus and His Church: A Study of the Idea Qf the Ecclesia in the New Testament. 2d ed. London: The Epworth Press, 291+"3. Goodspeed, Edgar J. The A9ostolic Fathers, An American Trans- 1.ati9..n. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1950. 76 ~------ 77 Harnack, Adolf. The Expansion of Christiani ti in t.he First Three Centuries. 'l'ranslated and edited by James Moffatt. Vol. r. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1901+. Hort, Fenton John Anthony. The Christian Ecclesia. 1st ed. London: Hacmillan and Co. , Limited, 1897. Howard, w. F. Christianity: According to St. Jghn. Phila delphia: The-Westminster Press, 1956. Kautzsch, E. (ed.). Gesenius' Hebrew Gra_ml!lfil'..• Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2d ed. Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, 1910. Kirk, Kenneth E. (ed.). The Afiostolic Minis"t!u. New York: Morehouse-Gorman Co., 19~6. Lightfoot, J. B. St. Paul 1 s Epistle to the Gal_?ti..§fil. 10th ed. - London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited, 1890. Lindsay, Thomas H. '.I'he Church and the Ministry in the Early Centuries. Hew York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1902. Macgregor, William Malcolm. Christian Freedom. New ed. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1931. Hunck, Johannes. Paul and the Salvation of Mankind. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1959. Nock, Ji.rthur Darby. St. Paul. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1937. Holloth, Charles Frederick. The Fourth Evangelist: His Place in the Development of Religious Thought. London: John Hurry, 1925. Pfeiffer, Robert H. Introduction to the Old Testament. Rev:lsed ed. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 191-t-8. Plummer, Alfred. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to S. Luke.. "The International Critical Commentary. 11 5th ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1922. - Reider, Joseph. Prolegomena to a Greek-Hebrew & Hebrew-Greek Index to Aauila. Philadelphia: at the Oxford University Press, 1916. Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich. Apostleshic~ Bible Key Wqrds from Gerhard Kittel Is 1'HEOLOGISCHES w5RTERBUCH ZUN NEUEN '.I:ESTAl!JENT. Translated and edited by J. R. Coates. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1952. Richardson, Alan. An Introduction ~o t..b.~ ~heology of the Hew Testament. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1958. ) 78 Robinson~ William. The Biblical Doctrine of the Church. Revised ed. st. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1955. Ropes, James Hardy. 'J.'he .Apostolic Age in the Light of Hodern Criticism. Hew Yorlc: Charles Seri bner 1 s Sons, 1921. -- Sandmel, Samuel. A Jewish Understanding of the Hew Testament. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1957. Scharer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. Translated by Sophia Taylor and Peter Christie. Revised ed. Second Division. Vol. II. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1901. Smyth, Herbert Weir. Greek Grammar. Revised ed. Carnbrj_dge: Harvard University Press, 1959. Streeter, Burnett Hillmann. The Primitive Church: Studied filth Special Reference to the ?rigins of the Christian Hinistry. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929. - Taylor, Vincent. The Gos.l2.§]. According to St. Hark. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1953. Whiston, Hilliam (trans.). The Complete Works of the Learned and Authentic Jewish Historian, Flavius Josephus. London: John G. Murdoch, n. d. Williams, H. R. Authority in the Apostolic Age. London: SCM Press Ltd., 1950. Articles Gavin, Frank. 11shaliach and Apostolos ~ 11 Anglican Theological Review_, IX., No. 3 (January, 1927 J, 250-259. Gwatkin, H. H. "Apostle, 11 Dictionary of the Apostolic Church. Edited by James Hastings. New York: Charles Scrj.b11er 1 s Sons, 1898, I, 126. Hincks, E. Y. "The Limits of the Apostolate, 11 Journal of ]2j.blical Literature, XIV, Parts I and II (1895), 37-47. Lake, Kirsopp. "The Twelve and the Apostles, 11 The Beginningp~ of.' Christianit;y:, Part I: The Acts of the Apostles_, Vol. V: Additional Notes to the Commenta_£.Y. Edited by Kirsopp Lake and Henry J. Cadbury. London:. Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1953, 37-59. Linton, Olof. 11 '.11he '.l'hird Aspect. A Neglected Point of View· A Study in Gal. i-ii and Acts ix and xv 11 Studia rn•ineo 1 og1ca . ( L und, ) III, Fasc. I .(19 4 9), ' 79-95. 79 Hinear, Paul s. "III. Paul the Apostle, 11 The Interpreter's Bible~ Edited by George Arthur Buttrick. New York: Abingdon Press, 1951, VII, 200-213. Hosbech, holger. "L ostolos in the New Testament, 11 Studia '.l'heolovica (Lund , II, Fasc. II (1948), 166-200. 11unck, J ohc-.rmes. "Paul, the Apostles and the Twelve, 11 Studia '.l'heologica (Lund) , III, Pase. I (1949) , 96-110. Plummer, Alfred. "Apostle, 11 12i£_tionary of the Anostolic Cb::..m,ch. Edited by J~rne s Hastings. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910, I, 82-84. ----· "Disci9le, 11 Dictionar:L.Q.f the .Apostolic Church. Edited by James Hastings. New York: Char-les Scribner's Sons, 1916, I, 302-303. Schmidt, Karl. 11 .A.postle~ 1 'l'he New Schaff-Herzog Ert_cy:clO"il.§. Classical Works Demosthenes. De Corona and De Falsa Legatione. Translated by C. A. Vance and J. H. Vince. 11 The Loeb Classical Library. 11 London: William Heinemann, 1926. Epictetus. ':['he D~scourses as Reported bjr._ Arrian, The Ma_punl:_, Bnd Fragments. •rranslated by 'd. A. Oldfather. Vol. II. 11 'l'he Loeb Classical Library. 11 Cambridge, Hassachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1952. Herodotus. Translated by A. D. Godley. Vo 1 s • I , V . 11 The Loeb Classicc;.l Library. 11 London: William Heinemann, 1921-1922. Plato.,,, Timaeus, ~ri ti as, Clei tophon, Henexenus, Epistl~§.· . J.ranslated oy H. G. Bury. Vol. VII. "The Loeb Classical Library. 11 Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Un:tversi ty Press, 1942. Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Charles Foster Smith. Vol. IV. 11 The Loeb Classical Library. 11 London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1935. 10 /.('\.\ '------·· 80 Concordances and Dictionaries Ar ucl-C, \·fillic:~m F. , and Gingrich, F. :Hl bur. .i:~ Greek-E11f(i.ish I Le:;.:icon of the _Jew IJ.'est<:,i·nent agd Other Early Christian Li:lsr<: tu~, A tr·aas1e:1tion and adaotcition 01' l:folte~ - I Hauer 1 s Griechisch-Deutsc~es \J6rterbuch zu den Schriften (i~~s-1reuei~st<.?ments uqd der l.ibr;!.p;eq~_:.istli Gese11ius, William. A Jlebrew ct11d Lngl:i;_§h Lexjcon oi' th~_Ql_g ,'.he ::»Gt. uer1t. 'i'rvnslc:t ted by Edwurd f~o b:Lnson. Ldi ted by Fr2ncis brown, s. R. Driver a~d Charles A. Lriggs. O::fo:cd: at the Cl2.rendon Press, 1907. A Greel:.-: J·astro-,1, Harcus (comp.). A Dictio11_pr.L_9J.'. thEL._J..'._s_r_gumim, the 1 1 l Dlrnud Labli a~1d Yerushalmi, and the i·iidrashic Lj,~erq_tqf'..§. • .,iT ol. II. Hevr York~ Pardes Publishing House, Inc., 1950. Liddell, lienry Geor·ge, and Scott, Hobert. A Greek-Bng1ish Lexicon. Revised and augmented by Henry Stuart JonG.s and ~oderick McKenzie. 2 vols. Oxford: at the Clc.trendon Press, 192)-19L:-o. ifoulton, J<:·.ues Hope, and lililligan, George. .'.J'.j1e V' q_cabuJ.arv o:( the Grc·ek Hew 'i.'estc1ment. London: Hodder c:1nd Stougl1ton, Liuited, 1930. You!'1g, ~:o·oc:rt. Anc:fil c icc:il Concordcrnce to the .Sible. 22d ed. revised. Grc:tlld hapids, Aichigcin: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pu1li~hing Company, n. d. ~exts and.Versions The Anoc:cvoha of the Old '.l'estament, ltevised St;;wdard Ve1·sion. New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1957. The_Ji.Qh_ Bible, American Standci.rd Version. New York: 'l'homc:.1.s Helson & Sons, 1901. lliE.L#oly Bib·1 e, .i.~~evised Standard Version. New York: 'l1honws lJelson 2~ Sons, 19 52. HJiAllltL..J)_JdfJHKI:{. hevised and edited by Eberh2rd Nestle. London: 'l'he British and Foreign Bible Society, 190'+. '.I'he Hew English Bibl~_,_ Hew 'I'estEtllleq..:t_. [LondonJ: Cambridge University Press, 1961. ...______ 81 Septuaginta id est Vetus Testamentum Graece Iuxta LXX Interpretes. 2 vols. 6th ed. Stuttgart: Privileg. Wilrtt. Bibleanstalt, n. d. 1 0JIJ1JI CJ'f'll J]Jtll ];,O. New York: Hebrew Publishing Cot:1p2ny, n. d. :00 I 1t7YO\.