Handicrafts Survey Monograph No-7, Silk Textiles Industry Uttar Pradesh
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CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XV UTTAR- PRADESH- - PART VII A , 1II~. ~ _ _ _ HANDICRAFTS SURVEY MONOGRAPH NO. General Editor P.P.silATNAGAR of the Indian Administrative Service 'Supe1'intendent"oJ Oe'MWJ Operations, Uttar Praduh ., ~ SILK TEXTILES INDUSTRY IN UTTAR BRADESH twith :special reference to MUBARAKPUR,AZAMGARH BY R. I. VERMA of the Uttar Pradesh OiviZ Service D~puty Superintendent of Oe'fl,8US Qperations PaINTED IN INDIA. BY THE SUPDT., PRINTING & STY., U.P., AT TaE P&E!W: P&ESS, ALLA.I1A.BA.D AND PUBLISHED BY THE MANA.GER OF PUBLICA.TIONS, DELm--8 1965 Price; (Inland). Rs. 2'20 (Foreign) 5 ah. 2 d. or 80 cenbs CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 Central Govenunent Publications Census Report, Volume XV-Uttar PradeEh is JlubliEhcd in the following p,arts:- I-A (i-:ii) General Report I-B Report on Vital Statistics I-C (i-vi) Subsidiary Tables (in 6 books) II-A General Population Tables II-B (i-vi) General Economic Tables (in 6 books) II-C (i-vi) Cultural a~d ~figration Tables (in 6 books) III-A Household Economic Tables III-B Household Economic Tables (concluded) IV-A P. (fu1 cn HOUE·jng flr;d E~tablid mfntE ar.d Housing and Establishment 'fables (E-Series Tables-Except KIll) IV-B Housing and Establishment, Tables (E-IIJ) V -A (i -ii) Special Tables for Scheduled Castes V -B R ('IHints hem old CenEus RepOIts and Ethnographic Notes VI VilJage Survey Monographs (Monographs on selected Villages) VII-A Handicraft Survey Reports VII-B Jo'airs and Festivals in Uttar Pradesh VIII-A Administration Report on Enumeration (for official use only) V1Il-B Administration Report on Tabulation (for official use only) IX Census Atlas of Uttar PradeSh x Special Report on Kanpur State Government Publications 54 volumes of District Census Handbo~ks CONTENTS Page FOREWORD PREFACE v SECTION I SILK TEXTILES INDUSTRY IN UTTAR PRADESH SECTION II SILK TEXTILES INDUSTRY AT MUBARAKPUR (AZAMGARH) I Introduction 9 II Workers engaged in the Craft II III Raw Materials, Tools and Technique 14 IV Design 19 V Cost of Production 20 VI Marketing 21 APPENDIX STA TISTIOAL TABLES 23 I Schedule of Industries and Crafts 25 II List of Wholesale Dealers in Mubarakpur 31 III List of Brokers & Commission Agents in Mubarakpur 32 LIST OF TABLES Page I Number of Industrial Units and Number of Persons e,mployed. in Production 23 II Distribution of Artisans Communities in Units surveyed 23 III Distribution of Articles by Materials used 23 IV Designs 24 V Consumption and Sale 24 VI Cost of Production, Sale ,Price and t,Earnings 24 VII List of skilled Craftsmen 24 :MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 1 l\fAPS 1. Map of Uttar Pradesh showing workers engaged in Silk Textiles Facing page 1 2. Notional map showing location of Mubarakpur (Azamgarh) 9 II ILLUSTRATIONS I The Pit·loom Between pages 4-5 II Paraitx and Oharkha 14-15 III Paraita 14-15 IV Natawa or Natai 14-15 V Salai 16-17 VI Arranging of the warp threads 16-17 VII Shuttle 16-17 VIII Heald or Bai 16-17 IX Jacquard machine and harness 16-17 X Weaver at the loom 16-17 XI Weaving in progress 16-17 XII Nagsi or Karihal 18-19 XIII Chunari 18-19 XIV Phulwar or J ungla 18-19 XV Skat 18-19 FORE WORD One of the first steps to be takcn in the First Five feel one's way with the thin end of the wedge of Year Plan was the establishment of six Boards for the what would, it Was hoped, prove to be an exciting pi'C'IDotion of handicrafts, village and small industries. pursuit. It was therefore considered the wiser course (1) The Khadi and Village Industries Board; (2) The to wait until the State Census Offices felt so interested All.India Handicrafts Board; (3) The All·India Hand· that they would no longer take the inquiry as an loom Board; (4) The Central Silk Board; (5) The imposition but rather want to do it on their own and Coir Board; and (6) The Small Industries Board. ask for the necessary staff and equipment. This office, The rapid expansion of thc activitics of these too, in its turn, could make use of the interval to Boards which concentrated not only on production organise and elaborate the design of inquiry in order and techniques, but also on organisation, extension, to feed the appetite that work in progress would serve credit, marketing, and export, consolidated and en· to whet. Because it was a labour oflove, sought to be larged the position that the household industries sector unobtrusively thrust on one's colleagues and because had so long enjoyed in the nation's economic life. It the inquiry itself was so vast that normally it would was this fact that forood itself upon the preparations demand in any country as big a set·up, if separately established, as the Census organisation itself and that for the 1961 Census and demanded that household over a much longer period, and because it was almost industry should be separately investigated for a proper accounting of the nation's manpower, resources and a pioneer venture, nothing like it having been under· its specific contribution to the' national income. The taken since the 1880's, it was . decided to move towards 1961 Census therefore asked a special series of questions a build·up by stages, to let the inquiry unfold itself on household industry, input of family and hired only as fast as my colleagues chose to ask for morc. labour, and the periods over which household industry Thus, in the first circular of 18 February 1960, it is conducted. It was felt, however, that an enumera· was suggesh:d that the inquiry might be conducted tion of the total number of establishments· and their through the agency of the Development Department, !ndustrial classification would be incomplete without the State Director of Industries, the Direc;,tor of Tribal a proper description of what they produce and how they Welfare, the Registrar of Co-operative Societies, and produce. It was important to make an assessment other organisations concemed with the promotion of of the limits of rigidity within which traditional skill household industry. A draft questionnaire containing operates. This could be obtained by studying the 30 questions in. three parts was recommended for can caste, occupational, social and economic stratifications, vassing. It was suggested that information on this the limitations of credit and marketing facilities, the q~estion.naire, village by village and area by area, dominance of custom over contract, the persistence mIght eIther be obtained through the re£ular deFalt. of traditional tools and design forms, the physical mental channels of the State Govemment, or through limitations of transport, communication and mobility, the newly set up Census organisation, or through the t~e inability to adopt new lines or adapt to changing hierarchy of the newly.created Panchayets. Stress was. CIrcumstances. It was important also to make an laid on the need of photographic documentation and assessment of the limits of flexibility that traditional illustration of designs, shapes and forms not only by skill is capable of, because the transformation of tradi· photographs but with the help of line drawings or tional skills to modern skills is easier said than done sketches together with a full description of the materials and a thorough study may well reveal that it is perhaps used. ?heape~ fro~ the social point of view to develop Almost the whole of 1960 and the first half of 1961 I~dustrIa.1 skIlls from scratch than to try to graft tradi· were spent in organising and taking the census count, tlOnal skIll on alien soil. A rather tragic case of failure although several States even during this peried had to make what would on the face of it seem a minor not allowed the grass to grow under their feet but adjustment cast its heavy shadow on the nation when made exploratory studies and decided in their minds it was discovered that goldsmiths used to working on how the inquiry should be organiSEd. A Eeiies of 22·earat gold '0,11 their lives felt sadly helpless when regional conferences held in Trivandrum, Darjeeling asked to ~or~ on 14-carat, so narrow and unadaptable and Srinagar in May and June 1961 revealed much wer~ the lImIts of their skill and proficiency and so enthusiasm among State Superintendents to proceed rudIme~tary the tools and equipment with which they ,witI;t the survey, but the need of separate staff and and theu forefathers had worked. This fiscal accident eqmpment was felt at the same time as the realization revealed that tools are even more important than skills. dawned that this was much too serious an inquiry to An early opportunity was therefore taken in February be treated casually and left to be achieved through 1960 to suggest. to State Census Superintendents, that the usual administrative channels and State Census ~he Census provIde.d a unique opportunity for conduct. Superintendents proceeded to augment their staff with lllg and documentmg a survey of this kind. As such qualified research and investigating officers, technical a survey was quite outside the usual terms of reference persons, photographers, artists, draughtsmen and other of Census work it was thought prudent cautiously to trained personnel. ii This was followed by rapid progress in coordination open mellwt, the range of their wares and the sizes between the Central and State Census cIDces in the to which thesc were ordinarily restricted either by matter?f exchange and processing of information, docu the limits of their own skill or the length of· their mentatIOn and investigation, of assisting each other customers' purae· strings.