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Chemical and Drug Use in Dairy Farms of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia

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Chemical and Drug Use in Dairy Farms of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia ISSN 2472-3878 PUBLIC HEALTH Open Journal PUBLISHERS Original Research Chemical and Drug Use in Dairy Farms of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia Haben Fesseha, MVSc, DVM*; Saliman Aliye, MVSc, DVM; Temesgen Kifle MVSc, DVM; Mesfin Mathewos, MVSc, DVM School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia *Corresponding author Haben Fesseha, MVSc, DVM Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, P. O. Box 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; Tel. +251910737790; E-mail: [email protected] Article information Received: January 3rd, 2020; Revised: January 17th, 2020; Accepted: January 23rd, 2020; Published: January 28th, 2020 Cite this article Fesseha H, Aliye S, Kifle T, Mathewos M. Chemical and drug use in dairy farms of Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Public Health Open J. 2020; 5(1): 1-7. doi: 10.17140/PHOJ-5-137 ABSTRACT Aim The current study was conducted to assess chemical and drug use in dairy farms of Hawassa town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods and Materials A total of 45 dairy farms were selected based on the willingness of the owner and the availability of information using a cross-sectional study from December 2017 to April 2018. Besides, data were collected through a questionnaire survey and close observation. Results Accordingly, based on observational assessment, most farms commonly used savlon (88.9%) iodine (60%) and detergent (20%) as antiseptics. Albendazole was the common anthelmintic by all dairy farms. Besides, Diazinon is used as acaricides (51.1%) and 57.8% of farms used sulfa drugs as an antiprotozoal agent. Similarly, all dairy farms in the study area used penicillin-streptomycin combination injection and ampicillin-cloxacillin combination for the treatment of mastitis. Based on a questionnaire assessment on 24 animal health assistants from different farms in of the study area, most (79.2%) did not remind owners to avoid the use or sale of animal products during withdrawal time. Out of the total, 27 (60%) of them offer or sell products to the public from animals treated with any of drugs without holding the withdrawal period of the drug. Conclusion The current study revealed that there was a high risk of drug and chemical residues in dairy products in the study area which can be a great threat to public health. Consequently, awareness creation through mass education, training and extension service should be promoted in the study area in order to ensure better chemical and drug use and minimize its public health hazards. Keywords Assessment; Chemicals; Dairy farms; Drugs; Milk. INTRODUCTION zoonotic diseases, but less attention has been paid to potentially present chemical residues. This may be due to the course of the uman health is directly related to the environment and in resulting disease. Whilst infectious processes are frequently of the Hparticular the nature and quality of the food. Quality of acute type, toxicosis caused by contaminants in foods (more than food from animal products is widely concerning public health acute) may be chronic, silent and often lacking a known aetiological agencies around the world since veterinary drugs and chemicals agent.4 have played an important role in the field of animal husbandry and agro-industry.1-3 Even though human beings consume protein- An increasing occurrence of residues and awareness of rich foods mainly of animal origin, in several countries the safety consumers about a growing chemical usage of animal origin foods of such food has been focused on avoiding the transmission of (milk and its products) present a challenge to the dairy industry.5 cc Copyright 2020 by Fesseha H. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. Original Research | Volume 5 | Issue 1| 1 Public Health Open J. 2020; 5(1): 1-7. doi: 10.17140/PHOJ-5-137 A great number of chemical compounds are used either directly through the spreading of manure or through contaminated foods or indirectly during the production, processing and storage of it.6 to humans.17,18 Environmental pollution due to increased urbanization and indus- trialization in conjunction with an inappropriate use of veterinary Antibiotic residues in milk that is used to produce fer- drugs, on the other hand, may induce the presence of residues in mented products can interfere with the fermentation process by food products which can pose a major threat to the public health affecting the growth of desired lactic acid bacteria. Normally this is and this matter is of greatest concern worldwide, as all these fac- a technical problem resulting in financial loss, but, when it occurs, tors are causing contamination of food leading to adverse effect of pathogens present in the milk may grow and pose a health hazards contaminated residue on human health.7 later.19 The bacteria that usually live in the intestine acts as a barrier to prevent incoming pathogen from being established and causing The potential for human exposure to hazardous chemical diseases. Antibiotics may reduce the total number of bacteria or pollutants through the consumption of animal origin foods is an selectively kill some important species. The broad-spectrum anti- issue wrought with scientific and emotional complexities. Animal microbials may adversely affect a wide range of intestinal flora and origin foods are particularity susceptible to contamination with consequently cause gastrointestinal disturbance.18,20 For example, veterinary drugs, pesticides, heavy metals, aflatoxins, Polychlorinat- the use of drugs likes, flunixin, streptomycin,21 and also the use of ed Biphenyls (PCBs), Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and furans tylosin, vancomycin and nitroimidazole are known for this effect.22 (PCDD/Fs), nitrate/nitrite/nitrosamines and detergents/disinfec- tants to a lesser or greater extent for several reasons. However, the The potential to cause toxicological harm (teratogenic, major sources of exposure to hazardous chemical pollutants and carcinogenic and mutagenic effects) to consumers is one character- environmental chemicals may contaminate animal feed and consti- istic in common for all chemical contaminants.23 Chemical contam- tute a hazard not only to animal health but also to humans.5 inants in milk and dairy products may known to be contributory factors in several diseases such as cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer’s Foods from animals may also be contaminated with natu- and Parkinsonism.1,3 The general types of compounds which have rally occurring toxic substances, including bacterial toxins (botu- been or possibly found in milk are chlorinated pesticides, organo- linum toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins), mycotoxins (anatoxin phosphates, herbicides, fungicides, anthelminthic drugs, antibiotics and ochratoxin) and algal toxins (saxitoxin in shellfish).8 All the an- and sulfonamides drugs, detergents and disinfectants, poly chlori- timicrobial drugs administered to cows can enter the milk to some nated dibenzodioxins (PCBs), poly brominated biphenyles (PBBs), degree this leads to an immediate contamination of the prospec- dioxins, mycotoxins, heavy metals and somatotropin hormone. tive food compartments. A drug administered to a milk-producing Any of these compounds may persist at the collection, preparation animal has a withdrawal period, during which the drug residue processes of dairy products and they considered residues.3 should fall below a predetermined/maximum permissible level. A residue can be the drug itself or its metabolites.9-11 The dominating Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess residues in most countries are β-lactam antibiotics and sulfa drugs, commonly used chemicals and drugs in selected dairy farms from but others, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol also the study area and to assess the awareness level of producers about occur. A lot of hormones like, steroid anabolics and β-agonists the drug withdrawal period and use of milk and milk products dur- which are being used illegally for growth promotion of animal.12 ing the withdrawal period. In many cases, the long-term effects of antibiotics on hu- MATERIALS AND METHODS man health are not known, but they can, for example, provoke strong allergic reactions in a previously sensitized individual. De- Study Areas spite their generally non-toxic nature, β-lactams appear to be re- sponsible for most of the reported human allergic reactions to an- The current study was conducted from December 2017 to April timicrobials. Aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines may 2018 in selected dairy cattle farms of Hawassa towns. It is located also cause allergic reactions. Certain macrolides may be responsible 275 km south of Addis Ababa. Hawassa is situated at an altitude of for liver injury caused by a specific allergic response to macrolide 1750 m above sea level and according to an estimate, it lies between metabolite through modified hepatic cells. Anaphylactic reactions 6°83’ to 7°17’ N and 38°24’ to 38°72’ E. Hawassa receives an aver- to penicillin and streptomycin residues have also been reported.13,14 age annual rainfall of 955 mm with mean annual temperature of 20 °C and the city has a total area of about 50 km2 divided into eight Antibiotics can encourage the spread of antibiotic resis- sub-cities and 32
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