BIALIX

TOU TAN KHA MON [ à la Villette ] Collège de France Institut français Chaire "Civilisation de l'Égypte pharaonique : d'archéologie orientale archéologie, philologie, histoire"

Bulletin d'Information Archéologique

BIAwww.egyptologues.net

LIX Janvier - Juin 2019

Le Caire - Paris 2019 Bulletin d’Information Archéologique REVUE SEMESTRIELLE n° 59 janvier / juin 2019

Directeur de la publication Système de translittération Nicolas GRIMAL Nicolas.grimal@college-de- des mots arabes France.fr

Rédaction et coordination Emad ADLY [email protected]

consonnes voyelles IFAO Ambafrance Caire S/C Valise diplomatique û و ,î ي ,â ا : q longues ق z ز ‘ ء rue Louveau ,13 F-92438 Chatillon k brèves : a, i, u ك s س b ب http://www.ifao.egnet.net 37, rue al-Cheikh Ali Youssef B.P. Qasr al-Aïny 11562 l diphtongues : aw, ay ل sh ش t ت .Le Caire – R.A.E Tél. : [20 2] 27 97 16 37 m م s ص th ث Fax : [20 2] 27 94 46 35

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f ف r ر Les articles ou extraits d’articles publiés dans le BIA et les idées qui peuvent s’y exprimer n’engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs et ne représentent pas une position officielle de la Rédaction.

© Institut français d’archéologie orientale. Le Caire. 2019 © Collège de France. Paris. 2019 ISSN 1110-2489

SOMMAIRE

JEUDI 7 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 64 DIMANCHE 10 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 70 SYSTEME DE TRANSLITTERATION……….…3 LUNDI 11 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 70 MARDI 12 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 71 ÉDITORIAL……………………….……………..…5 MERCREDI 13 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 71 JEUDI 14 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 74 SOMMAIRE……………………..……………….…7 VENDREDI 15 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 77 DIMANCHE 17 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 78 LUNDI 18 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 81 MERCREDI 20 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 82

JEUDI 21 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 85 I – JANVIER 2019 LUNDI 25 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 89

MARDI 26 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 91 MERCREDI 2 JANVIER 2019 ...... 9 MERCREDI 27 FÉVRIER 2019 ...... 92 JEUDI 3 JANVIER 2019 ...... 10 JEUDI 28 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 92 SAMEDI 5 JANVIER 2019 ...... 13

DIMANCHE 6 JANVIER 2019 ...... 13

MARDI 8 JANVIER 2019 ...... 16 III – MARS 2019 MERCREDI 9 JANVIER 2019 ...... 16

JEUDI 10 JANVIER 2019 ...... 21 SAMEDI 2 MARS 2019 ...... 99 SAMEDI 12 JANVIER 2019 ...... 25 DIMANCHE 3 MARS 2019 ...... 99 DIMANCHE 13 JANVIER 2019 ...... 26 LUNDI 4 MARS 2019 ...... 102 LUNDI 14 JANVIER 2019 ...... 27 MARDI 5 MARS 2019 ...... 103 MARDI 15 JANVIER 2019 ...... 28 MERCREDI 6 MARS 2019 ...... 103 JEUDI 17 JANVIER 2019 ...... 29 VENDREDI 8 MARS 2019 ...... 108 DIMANCHE 20 JANVIER 2019 ...... 33 MARDI 12 MARS 2019 ...... 109 LUNDI 21 JANVIER 2019 ...... 34 MERCREDI 13 MARS 2019 ...... 109 MARDI 22 JANVIER 2019 ...... 35 JEUDI 14 MARS 2019 ...... 112 MERCREDI 23 JANVIER 2019 ...... 36 VENDREDI 15 MARS 2019 ...... 115 JEUDI 24 JANVIER 2019 ...... 40 SAMEDI 16 MARS 2019 ...... 116 SAMEDI 26 JANVIER 2019 ...... 44 LUNDI 18 MARS 2019 ...... 117 DIMANCHE 27 JANVIER 2019 ...... 46 MARDI 19 MARS 2019 ...... 118 MARDI 29 JANVIER 2019 ...... 48 MERCREDI 20 MARS 2019 ...... 119 MERCREDI 30 JANVIER 2019 ...... 48 JEUDI 21 MARS 2019 ...... 120 JEUDI 31 JANVIER 2019 ...... 50 VENDREDI 22 MARS 2019 ...... 124

SAMEDI 23 MARS 2019 ...... 124

LUNDI 25 MARS 2019 ...... 125 II – FEVRIER 2019 MARDI 26 MARS 2019 ...... 126

MERCREDI 27 MARS 2019 ...... 127 VENDREDI 1ER FEVRIER 2019 ...... 59 JEUDI 28 MARS 2019 ...... 129 DIMANCHE 3 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 59 VENDREDI 29 MARS 2019 ...... 133 LUNDI 4 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 60 SAMEDI 30 MARS 2019 ...... 134 MERCREDI 6 FEVRIER 2019 ...... 62 DIMANCHE 31 MARS 2019 ...... 135

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Sommaire

VENDREDI 10 MAI 2019 ...... 185 DIMANCHE 12 MAI 2019 ...... 186 MERCREDI 15 MAI 2019 ...... 187 JEUDI 16 MAI 2019 ...... 194 SAMEDI 18 MAI 2019 ...... 198 DIMANCHE 19 MAI 2019 ...... 199 MERCREDI 22 MAI 2019 ...... 199 IV – AVRIL 2019 JEUDI 23 MAI 2019 ...... 201 VENDREDI 24 MAI 2019 ...... 205 LUNDI 1ER AVRIL 2019 ...... 136 MARDI 28 MAI 2019 ...... 205 MARDI 2 AVRIL 2019 ...... 137 MERCREDI 29 MAI 2019 ...... 206 MERCREDI 3 AVRIL 2019 ...... 140 JEUDI 30 MAI 2019 ...... 208 JEUDI 4 AVRIL 2019 ...... 145 VENDREDI 5 AVRIL 2019 ...... 148 SAMEDI 6 AVRIL 2019 ...... 149 VI – JUIN 2019 DIMANCHE 7 AVRIL 2019 ...... 149 LUNDI 8 AVRIL 2019 ...... 152 DIMANCHE 2 JUIN 2019 ...... 215 MARDI 9 AVRIL 2019 ...... 153 LUNDI 3 JUIN 2019 ...... 217 JEUDI 11 AVRIL 2019 ...... 156 VENDREDI 7 JUIN 2019 ...... 217 VENDREDI 12 AVRIL 2019 ...... 159 LUNDI 10 JUIN 2019 ...... 218 SAMEDI 13 AVRIL 2019 ...... 159 MERCREDI 12 JUIN 2019 ...... 220 DIMANCHE 14 AVRIL 2019 ...... 160 JEUDI 13 JUIN 2019 ...... 223 LUNDI 15 AVRIL 2019 ...... 161 VENDREDI 14 JUIN 2019 ...... 226 MARDI 16 AVRIL 2019 ...... 161 SAMEDI 15 JUIN 2019 ...... 227 MERCREDI 17 AVRIL 2019 ...... 162 LUNDI 17 JUIN 2019 ...... 228 JEUDI 18 AVRIL 2019 ...... 163 MARDI 18 JUIN 2019 ...... 230 SAMEDI 20 AVRIL 2019 ...... 169 JEUDI 20 JUIN 2019 ...... 232 LUNDI 22 AVRIL 2019 ...... 170 VENDREDI 21 JUIN 2019 ...... 233 MARDI 23 AVRIL 2019 ...... 171 SAMEDI 22 JUIN 2019 ...... 234 MERCREDI 24 AVRIL 2019 ...... 172 DIMANCHE 23 JUIN 2019 ...... 234 JEUDI 25 AVRIL 2019 ...... 172 JEUDI 27 JUIN 2019 ...... 235 LUNDI 29 AVRIL 2019 ...... 174 VENDREDI 28 JUIN 2019 ...... 235 MARDI 30 AVRIL 2019 ...... 175 MINISTERE DE L’ARCHEOLOGIE ...... 238 MUSEES ...... 246 UNIVERSITES ...... 248 V – MAI 2019 POUVOIR EXECUTIF ...... 249 DIVERS ...... 250 MERCREDI 1ER MAI 2019 ...... 177 JEUDI 2 MAI 2019 ...... 178

SAMEDI 4 MAI 2019 ...... 179 VII – WHO’S WHO ? ………………..….…238 DIMANCHE 5 MAI 2019 ...... 179

LUNDI 6 MAI 2019 ...... 180

MERCREDI 8 MAI 2019 ...... 180 VIII - INDEX ……………………………….…252 JEUDI 9 MAI 2019 ...... 180

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I – JANVIER 2019

pièces antiques découvertes, sera unique et Mercredi 2 janvier 2019 portera sur la vie quotidienne, les divinités de cette région et le monde éternel », explique Les amateurs du patrimoine égyptien Mahmûd Mabrûk, responsable du scénario pourront contempler ses joyaux dans plusieurs muséologique de ce futur musée régional. La nouveaux musées, qui attendent leur construction de ce dernier a été plusieurs fois inauguration ou leur réouverture en 2019. Un interrompue à cause du manque de agenda chargé pour le ministère des financement depuis le lancement du projet en Antiquités, qui a commencé à concrétiser son 2008. Le musée occupera une superficie plan d’étendre le nombre de musées dans d’environ 5 000 m2 et le gouvernorat a alloué toute l’Égypte en 2018 déjà. Il y a ainsi eu 30 millions de L.E. pour achever le projet tant l’inauguration du musée en plein air de attendu par les citoyens. L’inauguration est l’obélisque de Matariyya, du musée de prévue vers le milieu de l’année 2019. Matrûh, de celui de Tell Basta et du musée de Suhâg, en plus du réaménagement de l’ancien Toujours dans le Delta, dans le pavillon de Toutankhamon au Musée Égyptien gouvernorat d’al-Gharbiyya cette fois, le du Caire et de l’installation des trésors de ministère des Antiquités entreprendra les Youya et Touya à sa place. travaux d’aménagement du Musée de Tantâ, fermé depuis près de 20 ans, dans le but de le Et le projet se poursuivra donc en 2019. rouvrir en 2019. Ce musée renferme 8 579 « C’est une étape exigeante, vu le pièces antiques — exposées ou en dépôt — développement continu en matière de qui retracent l’histoire de la région depuis les muséologie et de sensibilisation patrimoniale périodes pharaoniques, grecques et romaines. et historique à travers les musées », explique « Les travaux comprendront la restauration Ilhâm Salâh, chef du secteur des musées au architecturale et structurale du bâtiment, qui ministère des Antiquités. Le projet consiste se compose de cinq étages », souligne Salâh, ainsi à créer de nouveaux musées et à en ajoutant que le comité de muséologie a rouvrir d’autres — fermés actuellement — et modifié l’exposition, afin de mettre en valeur de refaire leur muséologie, notamment suite les pièces découvertes dans le gouvernorat et au transfert d’environ 45 000 pièces antiques racontant son histoire. vers le nouveau Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), dont l’ouverture est prévue en 2020. Dans la ville de Sharm al-Shaykh, le culturel viendra bientôt enrichir l’offre balnéaire. Tell al-Farâ‘în (la colline des pharaons) était Située dans la péninsule du Sinaï, cette cité un site important de Basse-Égypte, dont il est charmante attire de nombreux touristes. devenu la capitale à la période prédynastique « Cette ville peut être une destination à la fois (3500-3150 av. J.-C.). À cette époque, la cité balnéaire et patrimoniale », a indiqué le était l’un des lieux saints les plus importants ministre des Antiquités, Khâlid al-‘Inânî, dans du Delta. Plus tard, le site a connu de longues un communiqué de presse, en précisant périodes d’inoccupation, en particulier de qu’une première partie du musée de Sharm al- l’Ancien Empire jusqu’à l’époque saïte, Shaykh devrait être achevée vers la mi-2019. comme en témoignent les fouilles effectuées Selon le ministre, ce musée ne doit pas dans la région. seulement devenir le premier musée « L’histoire de cette ville sera exposée archéologique de la ville, mais aussi un centre chronologiquement au nouveau musée de culturel et un lieu de visite distingué. Kafr al-Shaykh. La muséologie, basée sur les BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 9

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Situé sur la route de l’aéroport, il sera Les travaux battent leur plein aussi à composé de neuf salles d’exposition, en plus Alexandrie, et ce, pour pouvoir rouvrir — d’une grande salle de conférences, d’un probablement aussi en 2019 — le plus théâtre et d’une dizaine de magasins important musée consacré à l’archéologie d’artisanat local, ainsi que de bazars. Les gréco-romaine au monde, le Musée gréco- travaux ont repris en septembre dernier, après romain, créé en 1892 et fermé depuis 2005 8 années d’arrêt, suite à la révolution de pour travaux d’aménagement. « C’est grâce à janvier 2011 et au déficit budgétaire qu’elle a un soutien gouvernemental de 120 millions de engendré. « Actuellement, le comité chargé L.E. que nous avons pu reprendre les travaux de la muséologie est en train de sélectionner de restauration et d’installation des pièces les pièces antiques, afin d’exposer des pièces déjà enregistrées, documentées et stockées », représentatives de l’environnement qui déclare Salâh. l’entoure », a souligné Salâh. Enfin, pour ce qui est de la Haute-Égypte, Un autre musée verra lui aussi le jour dans l’Allemagne (plus précisément le Musée de quelques mois au bord de la mer Rouge, à Berlin) a annoncé qu’elle accorderait en 2019 Hurghada. Sa construction avait commencé en un montant de 10 millions d’euros pour 2015, mais le ministère des Antiquités avait dû achever les travaux de finition du musée l’interrompre faute de moyens financiers. Or, Atonien, dédié au roi du monothéisme un accord — le premier en son genre dans le Akhnaton, dans le gouvernorat de Minyâ. Un domaine patrimonial — a été signé avec un rêve qui date d’il y a près de 40 ans, date du investisseur égyptien qui a requis l’anonymat, lancement des travaux de construction. La selon Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du date d’inauguration n’est pas encore connue. Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA), pour Le ministère des Antiquités s’est donc fixé achever les travaux de construction du musée un plan ambitieux. Espérons qu’il pourra être d’Hurghada. exécuté comme prévu, afin d’accueillir Près de 1 000 pièces y seront exposées. rapidement les visiteurs curieux d’en « Ces musées dans des stations balnéaires apprendre plus sur l’histoire et la civilisation vont promouvoir le tourisme interne et externe égyptiennes. (Nasma Réda, « De nouveaux et permettront d’exposer des chefs-d’œuvre musées pour l’Égypte », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 2 stockés dans les entrepôts pour donner janvier 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, l’occasion au grand public de les découvrir », « Le ministère de l’Archéologie parachève les dit Salâh, tout en précisant que l’inauguration travaux du musée de Sharm al-Shaykh en vue du musée d’Hurghada est prévue vers la fin de son inauguration l’été prochain », al-Yawm 2019. al-Sâbi‘, 16 février). Est prévue également pour 2019 la - - réouverture du Musée des Carrosses royaux du Caire, dont les travaux de réaménagement Jeudi 3 janvier 2019 avaient été suspendus faute de budget. Par ailleurs, le Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC) de Fustât sera partiellement inauguré en 2019. « Trois espaces seront ouverts : la galerie centrale, celle des momies royales — après leur transfert du Musée égyptien du Caire — et le musée de la capitale. Ils marqueront l’inauguration partielle du NMEC », a indiqué al-‘Inânî, ajoutant qu’en 2020, ce musée — le People all over the world are still inventing premier en son genre dans le monde arabe — stories about the Great Pyramids and the verra son inauguration totale.

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Sphinx that sometimes border on madness, because it had been restored to a good writes Zâhî Hawwâs. condition. Many people today believe that the Sphinx I have often seen other groups that have lies on top of evidence about lost civilisations received permission to be near the Sphinx but that the Egyptian authorities and early in the morning. One such group was archaeologists are purposefully hiding it. bowing to the statue. The people who made it Other groups even go as far as to believe that up were not praying, but they were looking at the Sphinx is 15,000 years old. the Sphinx with great admiration as if they were also admiring ancient Egypt. None of this is true. We are not hiding anything. There have been many requests Many people want to get married in front from New Age individuals to drill under the of the Sphinx. Matt LAUER, the famous Sphinx in order to prove our good intentions American TV presenter, once called me to say that Egypt is not hiding anything. But our that Greg NORMAN and Chris EVERT, famous answer has always been no, because how for their achievements in golf and tennis, would anyone benefit from such drilling? wanted to meet me and to get married in front of the Sphinx. When the water table began to rise in front of the Sphinx, we bored 32 holes around the They came to Egypt, and after we had statue. Each went down to the solid rock, or taken some photographs, I told EVERT, about 15 metres underground, until the jokingly, that the Sphinx could pronounce drilling had shown that the Sphinx sat on solid curses. “You will get divorced three months rock. Nothing is hidden under it. from now,” I said. She said, “No, I am in love with Greg.” Nevertheless, they really did get Therefore, although we see many people divorced a few months later. It seemed as if who are eager to see what is hidden under the the curse had come true. Sphinx, these same people do not want to believe that nothing has been found under it I once met an American group that except for four tunnels re-opened for study belonged to the Rosicrucians. They entered purposes. the Great Pyramid alone and meditated. However, many members of the group were Tourists often attend tours with me at 7am also crying. When I asked the reason why, they in front of the Sphinx to see the smile on its said they were repenting for their mistakes face. Recently, I gave a lecture to an American and that they had come to Egypt on group and told them the story of the Sphinx’s pilgrimage. conservation and how I had worked for 10 years to return the Sphinx to its original shape. When the first of the Rosicrucians came to Egypt, he entered the Pyramid of Khufu. This I explained that I did not believe that the group left the Pyramid at sunrise, and they Sphinx was just another statue made of stone. happily stood in front of the Sphinx watching Instead, I believe that it is made of living rock. its face receive the rays of the sun. I told them the story of when the Sphinx lost its shoulder. I had often gazed upon the Many expeditions have brought radar Sphinx; deep down, it had seemed to me that equipment to see if there is anything hidden the Sphinx was crying because of the poor under the Sphinx. They also did not find restoration work that my predecessors had anything. Edgar CAYCE, an American carried out on it, especially those who had clairvoyant, had followers who believed that poured cement over its body. there was a box hidden under the right paw of the Sphinx. These followers believed that the A team of restorers carried out a beautiful box contained the science of the lost restoration. When I gazed at the Sphinx after civilisation of Atlantis, and they got permission the restoration, I saw that it was smiling from the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation to drill under the statue.

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The drilling took place near the right paw, However, nothing happened. The writer and unsurprisingly it found nothing. A team did not explain the reason for this failure. from Waseda University in Japan also used Today, we are hearing about a group of radar to investigate the area around the Poles and Americans who claim that they will Sphinx, but this proved to be to no avail. They discover material under the Pyramids that can also drilled under the right paw, but then save the world. They are collecting money changed their mind, claiming they needed to from people all around the world to do so, but drill under the left paw instead. once again they are engaged in deception. Let us also not forget that there was a lot of From all this, we can see how many people noise in 2000 about archaeological evidence have created stories that have nothing to do that would allegedly be discovered under the with the truth of the Pharaohs. I call this Sphinx. Again, nothing happened. “Pharaoh madness”. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “The An American friend of mine once informed madness of the Pharaohs”, Al-Ahram Weekly, me that nine Americans, three ladies and six January 3, 2019). men, all New Agers who called themselves - - “psychics”, were fascinated with ancient Egypt and had visited the country. They visited the Cairo Museum first and looked at the Old Kingdom objects.

One of them was a lady called Carol AMON. The psychics said that the Stanford Research Institute in the US had claimed that this lady could “break” laser rays with her bare hands. When she visited special places, she felt connected with them and her soul would fly The block that the National Museum of Scotland claims is part of out of her body leaving her unable to control the Great Pyramid’s casing it, they said. The supervisor-general of Egypt’s Antiquities Repatriation Department, Sha‘bân When this lady stood in front of the Sphinx, ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, has told Ahram Online that she felt re-incarnated and connected with the Egypt will send an official inquiry to Scotland past. She began to say that she was living in asking for a certificate of possession and ancient times. The other eight followed her, export documents for a casing stone each claiming to have his or her own miracle purportedly from the Great Pyramid of Gîza. to perform. They said that Carol AMON had become unconscious, feeling that she was in The BBC reported earlier today that the the past and producing drawings depicting National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh the construction of the Pyramids and the will display on 8 February a casing stone from Sphinx thousands of years ago. Lo and the Great Pyramid of Khufu, which will be behold, the ancient Egyptians were able to displayed for the first time outside of Egypt find the drawings and use them to build the along with other ancient Egyptian artefacts. Great Pyramid, she said. ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said that the Egyptian law An English writer also once described his for the protection of antiquities stipulates that visit to the Sphinx. He foretold that in trading or exporting antiquities is a crime, and November 1999 the sky would be full of if the block is found to have been smuggled shooting stars that would kill anything in the out the country, all procedures will be taken to sky as a punishment. According to him, all return it home. communication through the air would stop, Renowned Egyptologist Zâhî Hawwâs and the world would not be able to asserted to Ahram Online that the block could communicate.

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Janvier 2019 not be from the Great Pyramid, whose outer impressive archaeological sites, such as layer was destroyed over the centuries. Aswân, Luxor, and Pyramids, in addition to Wâdî al-Mulûk, the tomb of the King “There is no image showing the casing of Ramesses VIII, and Thutmose II; the husband the Great Pyramid," Hawwâs said, adding that of the Pharaoh Hatshepsut and the king the outer layer of the pyramid was made of Ramesses III.” granite, like the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure, and not of limestone as the Moreover, Hawwâs accompanied them in a National Museum of Scotland claims. touristic tour to see the tomb of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI, and Seti I, as well as the western Hawwâs added that the only remaining valley where the tomb of Amenhotep III and casing from the Gîza pyramids is found at the the King Ay locate. top of the Khafre pyramid and the lower part of the Menkaure pyramid. (Nevine El-Aref, Furthermore, Hawwâs denoted a book “Egypt to send official inquiry over alleged recounting the life of Noble tombs in the pyramid stone to be displayed at Scottish western bank in Luxor to the King Felipe and museum”, Ahram Online, January 3, 2019. two books to his children. He also gave his Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère discovery helmet, which he wore during his de l’Archéologie : Le bloc de Chéops most prominent archaeological discoveries, to conservé en Écosse est sorti d’Égypte depuis the King as a gift. 153 ans », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 janvier ; Mikaël Needless to say, Philippe of Belgium and Girgis, « L’Écosse expose un fragment de la his wife queen Mathilde and their four children Grande Pyramide », Watanî, 4 janvier ; Nasma visited Egypt three day ago where they visited Réda, « Annonce choc au Musée the Pyramids, Sphinx and the Cellar region in d’Édimbourg », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 16 which the King was so keen to descend it to janvier ; Mira Maged, “Rare Pyramid stone see the timeless treasures of Pharaohs. (Fatma displayed at National Museum of Scotland”, El-Bakry, “Egypt is safe, the Belgium Royal Egypt Independent, February 8). family visit is evidence: Hawwâs”, Egypt - - Today, January 5, 2019). - - Samedi 5 janvier 2019 Dimanche 6 janvier 2019

© Reporters “Egypt is safe; the Belgium Royal family visit to Egypt to spend their annual vacation here is undoubted evidence that Egypt is the best place to visit,” Zâhî Hawwâs, the Egyptian archaeologist, said. Photo credit: CertifiKid The Egyptologist, and former Minister of According to local news outlet Egypt State for Antiquities Affairs, stated in as Today, the exhibition of Tutankhamun is set to statement after the end of the Belgium Royal tour ten cities in seven European countries. Family visit to Egypt, “I accompanied the royal family throughout their visit to the most

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Although it is not yet clear which countries However, this is not the first traveling or cities, it is known that the temporary exhibition that the country is sending abroad. exhibition “King Tut: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” will be moved from California to Paris in March 2019. The interim exhibition will be displayed at La Grande Halle de la Villette in Paris on March 18, 2019 through September 30, 2019. It currently located at the California Science Center although it is managed by the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities and companies Moreover, some 60 objects from the Exhibitions International and IMG. exhibition are traveling outside of the country The exhibition, which racked up $US 5 for the first and last time before being housed million and was visited by more than 500,000 permanently at the GEM. (“King Tut Exhibit To visitors, was first exhibited on March 24, 2018 Tour Seven European Countries”, Egyptian on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Streets, January 6, 2019. Voir également King Tutankhamun’s tomb discovery by Ghâda Suwaylam, « La France s’apprête à Howard CARTER. accueillir la plus grande exposition des trésors de Toutankhamon », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 4 Its purpose was not only to foster janvier ; Ahram Ibrâhîm, « Paris annonce international cultural relations with countries l’organisation d’une exposition de worldwide but to also promote tourism to Toutankhamon », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 janvier ; Egypt and assist with the funding of the Grand ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Après 52 ans d’absence, Egyptian Museum (GEM). Paris expose les trésors de Toutankhamon », Tourism constitutes a significant segment Sada al-Balad, 8 janvier). of Egypt’s economy; many tourists travel to - - Egypt to visit its ancient sites, museum and temples.

”To celebrate the 100th year anniversary of discovering the tomb of the Boy King Tutankhamun, as a part of the celebration, Egypt is sending 150 masterpieces to tour all over the world. Please see them, visit them, before they return back to Egypt forever,” said Mustafa Wazîrî, Secretary General of the Ministry of State for Antiquities, according to PR News.

It is set to travel to Australia, Canada, Le président du département des Japan and South Korea as well. antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives, Dr The exhibit collection features shrine, Gamâl Mustafa, a inspecté le siège de wooden statues of the king, items from his l’Organisme du Canal de Suez, classé sur la every day life such as his gilded be, weaponry, liste du patrimoine en 2004. Le responsable a furniture and jewellery. été accompagné par le directeur général des antiquités de Basse-Égypte, Dr Muhammad The traveling exhibition previously stirred Tamân, et quelques ingénieurs de The Arab controversy as Egyptians expressed their Contractors Osman Ahmed Osman & Co. concern that Egypt’s artifacts were not properly insured or were liable to danger. Le Comité permanent des antiquités avait confié à cette compagnie du BTP la

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Janvier 2019 restauration du siège de l’Organisme du Canal in the presence of the Antiquities Minister de Suez, sous la supervision du ministère de Khâlid al-‘Inânî, the Chairman of the l’Archéologie. Ce projet sera financé par Engineering Committee of the Grand Egyptian l’Organisme du Canal. Museum (GEM) and the Assistant Minister of Antiquities. At the beginning of the meeting, Madbûlî said that President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî mandated the government to produce an integrated vision for the development of the ancient Saqqâra archaeological area, and to provide all the various services required by visitors there, in addition to developing the Soulignons que le siège de l’Organisme du Maryûtiyya road leading to Saqqâra. er Canal est situé dans le I arrondissement de la Madbûlî pointed to his recent visit to the ville d’Ismâ‘îliyya, juste derrière le rest-house area, which is full of many sites and important de Ferdinand DE LESSEPS. Inauguré en 1869, ce archaeological tombs, and the discoveries that bâtiment est un mélange d’architectures have received extensive international media arabo-islamique et européenne. (Ahmad coverage. He stressed the importance of Mansûr, « Lancement du projet de completing the developmental projects and restauration du siège de l’Organisme du Canal the restoration of archaeological sites across de Suez », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 janvier 2019. Egypt according to the timetables set for Voir également Yûsuf ‘Afîfî, « Lancement du them, thus contributing to the growth of projet de restauration du siège de incoming tourism. l’Organisme du Canal de Suez », Masrâwî, 6 janvier ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Début des travaux During the meeting, the Antiquities de restauration du siège historique de Minister presented a report on the executive l’Organisme du Canal de Suez », al-Masrî al- and financial position of a number of projects Yawm, 6 janvier ; Ahmad ‘Uthmân, implemented by the ministry, particularly the « Lancement du projet de restauration du Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) project due to siège de l’Organisme du Canal de Suez », al- open in 2020. Wafd, 6 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Lancement al-‘Inânî pointed out that the completion du projet de restauration du siège de rate of engineering works reached 88 percent, l’Organisme du Canal de Suez », Sada al- while the structural work (concrete and metal) Balad, 6 janvier). have been fully completed and the internal and external finishes are being carried out. - - He added that efforts have been made to develop the archaeological area of the pyramids plateau, which is being implemented in cooperation with the Armed Forces Engineering Authority in preparation for the opening of the GEM, adding that the site is ready for opening. (“Sîsî commissions Egyptian government to develop Saqqâra area: Prime Minister”, Egypt Independent, January 6, 2019).

Prime Minister held a meeting on Sunday - - to follow up the latest developments on some projects carried out by the Antiquities Ministry,

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remplir le vide et de reconstituer les têtes », Mardi 8 janvier 2019 explique Husayn. Ce projet d’anastylose a débuté il y a six mois. Selon, Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA), il est probable que ces statues aient été détruites et dépourvues de leurs têtes lors du règne perse du roi Cambyse II (529-522 av. J.-

C.), qui a conquis l’Égypte en 525 et a régné comme pharaon. La grande cour de Ramsès II L’inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Sâhil est de 57 m de long et 50 m de large. Elle Silîm, Emad B., âgé de 57 ans, a été arrêté par renferme une double rangée de 74 colonnes les policiers de la préfecture d’Asyût. Il a été lisses à chapiteaux papyriformes fermés, entre pris en flagrant délit dans une cafétéria au lesquelles se dressent 11 colosses en granit moment de toucher un pot-de-vin de M. K., noir appartenant à Ramsès II et à Aménophis en échange de l’octroi d’un terrain III. appartenant au Conseil Suprême des Antiquités. Lors d’une confrontation, l’accusé a « Les experts égyptiens sont habitués et reconnu les faits. Une enquête criminelle est sont expérimentés non seulement à la ouverte. (Mamdûh Thâbit, « Arrestation de restauration des statues colossales, mais aussi l’inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Sâhil au travail d’anastylose pour rendre aux Silîm pour pot-de-vin », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 8 monuments leur aspect d’autrefois, surtout janvier 2019. Voir également Yûnis Darwîsh, après leur expérience réussie du « L’inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Sâhil rassemblement des deux statues debout Silîm pris la main dans le sac », al-Shurûq, 11 toujours du roi Ramsès II devant le premier janvier ; Su‘âd Ahmad, « L’inspecteur en chef pylône du temple de Louqsor en avril 2017 et des antiquités de Sâhil Silîm mis en examen 2018 », conclut Wazîrî. (Nasma Réda, pour trafic d’influence », al-Watan, 15 janvier). « Ramsès II retrouve ses têtes perdues », Al- - - Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier 2019). - - Mercredi 9 janvier 2019

Deux têtes appartenant à des statues colossales du roi Ramsès II dans le temple de Louqsor ont été déposées la semaine dernière à leur emplacement d’origine. Celles-ci étaient situées depuis leurs découvertes au XXe siècle dans le parterre de la grande cour de Ramsès II. Chaque tête pèse environ 250 kg. « Le fait de les poser sur des colosses de 7 m de hauteur était un grand défi pour les A handout picture released by the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities restaurateurs », souligne Muhammad Husayn, on January 9, 2019. (Photo: AFP) directeur général de restauration du temple Egypt has retrieved an ancient artefact de Louqsor, ajoutant que cette opération illegally smuggled out of the country after d’anastylose des têtes exigeait une main- being displayed at an auction hall in London, d’œuvre habile pour les poser sans the antiquities ministry said. intervention technique ou de lourdes The piece, a cartouche of King Amenhotep machines. « Il y avait de profondes fissures I, was identified following observation of dans le visage des statues, on a réussi, avec des matériaux semblables à l’original, de BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 16

Janvier 2019 international auction websites, the ministry Des chaises roulantes circulant dans les said in a statement on Tuesday. allées des temples de Karnak. Jusque-là inimaginable, cette scène fera désormais “The ministry took all the necessary partie du tableau de l’un des plus beaux sites measures to stop the sale of the relief and d’Égypte. Après huit mois de travail, et dans le withdraw it from auction,” it added. cadre d’un projet lancé par le ministère des The ministry did not elaborate on when or Antiquités visant à réaménager les sites how the artefact was stolen and smuggled out archéologiques pour les rendre accessibles of the country. aux visiteurs à mobilité réduite, toutes les allées des temples de Karnak ont été pavées avec de nouvelles pierres. « Après avoir terminé les travaux de dallage dans l’endroit du parking, le chemin des béliers et l’entrée du temple, on a commencé, il y a quelques mois, à enlever les petites pierres dans les couloirs des temples pour les daller, on a aussi couvert les rampes sablonneuses par de grands blocs lisses pour The relic was earlier exhibited at the open faciliter le déplacement des chaises roulantes museum of the ancient temple of Karnak in des personnes à mobilité réduite », explique the southern city of Luxor, the ministry’s Mustafa al-Saghîr, directeur des temples de repatriation department director Sha‘bân ‘Abd Karnak, le plus grandiose et le plus complexe al-Gawwâd said. des ensembles religieux de l’Égypte ancienne.

The Egyptian embassy in London received Ce projet entamé par le ministère des the piece last September following Antiquités est fait en coopération avec l’ONG coordination between the foreign ministry, the Hilm (rêve). Il vise également à réhabiliter le embassy and British authorities, ‘Abd al- musée et le temple de Louqsor dans le cadre Gawwâd added. (“Egypt retrieves smuggled de l’initiative « Partez », ciblant le tourisme des ancient artefact from London auction”, Ahram personnes à mobilité réduite. « Il s’agit de la Online, January 9, 2019. Voir également première réalisation concrète résultant de la Ragab Ramadân, « Londres restitue à l’Égypte collaboration entre le ministère des Antiquités une pièce volée d’Amenhotep Ier », al-Masrî al- et l’ONG Hilm, pour rendre le patrimoine Yawm, 8 janvier ; Mustafa Marie, “Ministry of culturel facilement accessible aux handicapés Antiquities managed to restore stolen ainsi qu’aux personnes âgées », assure artefact”, Egypt Today, January 8; Ahmad Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie Suprême des Antiquités (CSA), ajoutant que le récupère une pièce antique volée mise aux travail continuera dans toutes les allées du enchères à Londres », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 temple. En plus des allées, des pancartes janvier ; “Antique stone of King Amenhotep I explicatives à la hauteur des handicapés retrieved from UK auction: Ministry”, Egypt seront placées convenablement et le secteur Independent, January 8; Muhammad ‘Abd al- du tourisme y adaptera des services spéciaux Mu‘tî, « Le CSA récupère de Londres un pour leur confort comme des places de repos. er cartouche d’Amenhotep I », al-Ahrâm, 9 En fait, l’Organisation mondiale du janvier ; “Artefact Smuggled from Karnak tourisme (OMT) cherche à rendre accessibles Temple is Now Returned to Egypt”, Egyptian toutes les installations, produits et services Streets, January 9). touristiques, qui devraient être une - - composante centrale de toute politique de tourisme durable, et ce, d’autant plus que, d’après l’Organisation mondiale de la santé

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(OMS), 15 % de la population mondiale (soit 1 Qubbâniyya in Aswân, which is the second milliard de personnes) souffrent d’un oldest skeleton in the world. handicap. In addition, a Roman era mummy of a child « Les touristes en handicap peuvent layered with gold that was discovered in atteindre plus de 10 % du total des touristes Akhmîm City in Upper Egypt will also be visitant l’Égypte. Il y a de grandes displayed during the exhibition. opportunités pour promouvoir ce genre de Director of the museum Sabâh ‘Abd al- tourisme en Égypte, vu l’intérêt accordé par Râziq described the exhibition as educational l’État aux personnes souffrant d’un handicap as it sheds light on the importance of organic de manière générale », souligne Muhammad archaeology in ancient Egyptian history. ‘Uthmân, vice-président de la Chambre des compagnies touristiques à Louqsor qui a Important information could be obtained apprécié cette étape d’aménagement des from human remains in various archaeological sites archéologiques, faite par le ministère des sites, according to ‘Abd al-Râziq. Antiquités, et qui devra être suivie d’assurer la ‘Abd al-Râziq pointed out that the prise en compte des recommandations de exhibition deals with four different topics: age l’OMT en faveur d’un tourisme accessible à and sex assessments to clarify gender and age tous par la sensibilisation des guides differences, in addition to how to obtain such touristiques et les travailleurs dans le secteur information through skulls. du tourisme et des antiquités. (Nasma Réda, « Louqsor s’équipe pour accueillir les visiteurs The second topic is focusing on different handicapés », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier diseases and their effects on skulls. 2019). The third and fourth topics, according to - - ‘Abd al-Râziq, shed light on the process of embalming and gathering data on the location of the artifacts.

The exhibition includes a collection of embalmed human remains, highlighting some unique embalming techniques. (Mustafa Marie, “‘Rediscovering the Dead’ at Egyptian Museum on Jan. 10”, Egypt Today, January 9, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Pour

la première fois, 15 crânes exposés au Musée Égyptien », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 9 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ Head of the Museums Department at the al-Minyâwî, « Exposition de 15 crânes au Ministry of Antiquities Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn will Musée Égyptien », Sada al-Balad, 11 janvier). inaugurate a temporary exhibition entitled "Rediscovering the Dead" on Jan 10 at 6 p.m. - - at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square. Malgré l’importance historique de The exhibition is scheduled to run until the l’ancienne ville de Minqabâd, celle-ci reste end of January. peu connue par le grand public. Située entre la rive ouest du Nil et la montagne, à 7 km au According to Salâh al-Dîn, the exhibition is nord-ouest d’Asyût, en Moyenne-Égypte, la the first of its kind within the Egyptian ville de Minqabâd renferme les vestiges du Museum, where it will be the first time to monastère d’Abou-Nefer (l’ermite Onuphrios display 15 different skulls of both genders and en grec). « Bien que les enseignements different age groups. The skulls are nearly d’Abou-Nefer soient répandus partout dans le 6,000 years old. bassin méditerranéen — en Italie, en Turquie, The exhibition also includes the 21,000 en Allemagne — et même aux États-Unis, le year-old skeleton found in Wâdî al- monastère de Minqabâd est l’unique évidence BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 18

Janvier 2019 archéologique qui porte son nom trouvée sur « C’est probablement la résidence où ont le territoire égyptien jusqu’à présent », déclare vécu ensuite les chefs du monastère qui sont ‘Izzat Salîb, ex-directeur général du venus après Abou-Nefer », assure Salîb. « En département de restauration au ministère des dehors de cette enceinte se trouvait aussi un Antiquités. Par ailleurs, l’abbé Nefer est grand nombre de manshûbiyyas — de petits l’unique saint qui porte un nom en monastères — en brique crue, et formés de hiéroglyphe, qui veut dire « le beau chef ». deux ou trois étages qui, à leur tour, étaient encerclés par une autre grande muraille. C’est la vaste superficie du monastère, qui Chaque manshûbiyya était habitée par un est de 86 feddans, soit 92 000 m2, l’état grand ermite accompagné de trois ou quatre déplorable de ses vestiges et son importance de ses élèves », précise Salîb, ajoutant que historique qui ont poussé une mission égypto- pour 10 manshûbiyyas, il y avait une église italienne, en 2011, à lancer un projet de pour la prière. À l’origine, ce secteur abritait restauration, de préservation et de valorisation 40 manshûbiyyas, et au fil du temps, elles ont de toute la ville antique, afin de la protéger. été transformées en habitations. Ce projet est financé par le ministère italien des Affaires étrangères ainsi que le « À l’époque ottomane, ces constructions Département des études asiatiques, africaines sont devenues des logements militaires. Le et méditerranéennes et le Centre lieu a vu une grande bataille entre les interdépartemental des services pour Mamelouks et les troupes égyptiennes de la l’archéologie de l’Universita’ degli Studi di région vers le début du XIXe siècle. La fin des Napoli ‘L’Orientale’. Mamelouks en Haute-Égypte est marquée par cette bataille », souligne Salîb. C’est la raison Le budget change d’une année à l’autre, pour laquelle la partie nord de la cité est riche en fonction des possibilités des institutions en couches archéologiques qui retracent son concernées. « Bien que le projet ait démarré histoire. en 2011, seules deux missions ont travaillé sur le chantier, l’une en 2014, et une autre qui a repris les travaux fin 2018 », explique Rosanna PIRELLI, directrice de la mission égypto- italienne de l’Universita’ degli Studi di Napoli ‘L’Orientale’, qui opère à Minqabâd. « Bien que la mission ait l’autorisation de nettoyer le site et de le préserver, sans faire la moindre fouille, de nombreux objets ont été trouvés », précise son adjointe, Paola BUZI, de l’Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”. L’une représentation de la Vierge trouvée dans l’une des églises L’enceinte du monastère d’Abou-Nefer Lors des travaux de nettoyage et de comprend des églises, des ermitages et des restauration, les membres de la mission ont réfectoires qui sont encerclés par une épaisse découvert des images religieuses ornant les muraille de 340 x 270 m. Au centre de cette murs de ces logements. Celle de la Vierge est enceinte se trouvait un grand bâtiment, connu la plus fréquente. En outre, la mission a mis au sous le nom de « qasr », ce qui signifie le jour une peinture représentant la Vierge, Saint palais — la seule construction en pierre rouge Jérémie et les archanges Michaël et Gabriel, de toute la cité. Les archéologues pensent ainsi que des scènes montrant d’autres saints. que ce qasr a été fondé vers la fin du IVe ou au « Parmi les trouvailles les plus précieuses Ve siècle et qu’il a été abandonné à l’époque figurent les ornements floraux et romaine tardive. Abou-Nefer l’a sélectionné géométriques qui décorent les fenêtres et les afin d’y mener sa vie d’ermite. Une vie qui a portes des logements, ainsi que des vases duré 70 ans. ornés bien conservés », souligne Paola BUZI.

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D’après les archéologues, le monastère Nefer et le bain romain », affirme la directrice d’Abou-Nefer, voire le site de Minqabâd, était de la mission égypto-italienne. En fait, les fréquemment visité au fil des siècles. « Le travaux de la mission sont préliminaires, alors prince voyageur Ahmad Kamâl Pacha l’a visité que les prochaines saisons devraient vers les débuts du XXe siècle », indique permettre de découvrir davantage de secrets. Rosanna PIRELLI. L’objectif essentiel de la mission est de En 1975, une mission égyptienne, dirigée mieux étudier la partie nord des logements par l’archéologue ‘Abd al-Rahmân ‘Abd al- tout en les préservant. « Nous sommes Tawwâb, a dégagé « les vestiges de plusieurs également très intéressés à comprendre les églises et lieux d’ermitage datant du IVe au différentes phases de construction du VIIe siècles, des maisons coptes, des pressoirs monastère. Nous voulons protéger et valoriser ainsi que les vestiges d’une mosquée dont le le site, afin qu’il fasse partie des circuits style architectural se rapproche de celui d’une touristiques et culturels. C’est un site chapelle », explique Dr Ahmad ‘Awad, archéologique merveilleux, qui mérite d’être directeur général des monuments islamiques visité », conclut la directrice. (Doaa Elhami, et coptes à Asyût. « Sur les traces d’Abou-Nefer », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier 2019). Neuf ans plus tard, en 1984, une nouvelle mission a dégagé à Minqabâd les vestiges - - d’une autre église et d’autres lieux d’ermitage, Une collection de douze médailles dont les murs sont ornés de décorations et de retraçant le trajet de la Sainte Famille en fresques narratives. En 2010, une troisième Égypte a été lancée par le ministère des mission égyptienne a opéré sur le site. Finances en coopération avec le ministère des Selon PIRELLI, les missions égyptiennes ont Antiquités. Cette collection de médailles en mis au jour quatre églises de style basilique, argent 900 (soit un alliage contenant 90 % dont les chapiteaux des colonnes de forme d’argent pur) est vendue à 8 000 L.E. au corinthienne sont ornés de feuilles de raisins Musée de l’Organisme de la frappe de la et de palmiers. Les autels de ces églises sont monnaie. ornés de peintures de saints, de caractères « Ces médailles retracent une partie du coptes et de versets de l’Évangile. Par ailleurs, chemin de pèlerinage copte ouvert il y a un an une liste des saints du VIIe siècle a été trouvé : par le ministère du Tourisme et approuvée par Appa Jérémie, Appa Enoch, Amma Sybilla et le pape du Vatican. Au cours de ce voyage, la l’archange Michaël, « qui sont aussi les saints Sainte Famille a résidé dans plus de 25 vénérés au monastère d’Appa Jérémie, à endroits, dont 8 ont été aménagés par le Saqqâra », souligne PIRELLI. ministère des Antiquités pour faire partie du Les missions égyptiennes ont également programme de visite », explique Gamâl dégagé des réfectoires, des rangées Mustafa, chef du secteur islamique, copte et d’ermitages, des habitations et des pièces de juif au ministère des Antiquités. monnaie en or. Ces dernières sont exposées Chaque médaille montre, sur l’une de ses au musée d’Art islamique du Caire et au faces, une représentation de saint Joseph et Musée de Mallawî de Minyâ. Sans oublier les de la Vierge Marie portant l’Enfant Jésus ainsi 600 épitaphes en copte et conservés dans les que le nom d’un des sites, et la phrase, tirée dépôts du ministère des Antiquités. de la Bible, « Béni mon peuple l’Égypte ». Parmi les trouvailles les plus importantes et Quant à l’autre face, elle représente le site en intéressantes faites par les missions question. égyptiennes se trouve un bain romain avec La Sainte Famille a quitté Bethléem pour tous ses équipements architecturaux et l’Égypte, où elle a commencé son voyage réseaux sanitaires. « Nous sommes en quête depuis le nord du Sinaï. Pour le retour vers la du lien entre les saints du monastère d’Abou- Palestine, la Sainte Famille a emprunté

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Janvier 2019 pratiquement le même parcours, après trois uniques du temple en nettoyant les murs et la ans passés en Égypte. réinstallation des blocs de pierre tombés au fil du temps. Ce temple, dédié au dieu Khnoum, Les douze sites représentés sur les date de l’époque ptolémaïque. C’est médailles sont al-Farmâ, dans la péninsule du Ptolémée VIII qui commença sa construction, Sinaï, Tell Basta, à al-Sharqiyya, Sakhâ, à Kafr terminée durant la domination romaine. (« En al-Shaykh, Wâdî al-Natrûn, à al-Buhayra, bref », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier 2019. Samannûd, à al-Gharbiyya, Abou Sirga, Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère Matariyya et Ma‘âdî, au Caire, al-Ashmûnayn de l’Archéologie lance la restauration du et Gabal al-Tayr, à Minyâ, et Dayr al-Muharraq temple d’Isnâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 mars). et Drunkâ, à Asyût. Ces lieux sont actuellement, presque tous, soit des églises, - - soit des monastères. La première mission archéologique « Ces sites sont considérés comme des chinoise opérant en Égypte a commencé ses lieux saints et sont classés sur la liste travaux de fouilles le 1er décembre dans le archéologique égyptienne », souligne Salâh temple de Montou, à Louqsor. Selon Mustafa Ramadân, conservateur au Musée de al-Saghîr, directeur des temples de Karnak, les l’Organisme de la frappe de la monnaie, Chinois disposent d’une vaste expertise dans assurant que la collection de médailles sera le domaine de fouille. Il est à noter qu’en suivie d’autres qui retraceront le reste des octobre dernier, un protocole a été signé par sites. Un exemplaire de la collection a été le ministère égyptien des Antiquités, d’une offert au pape Tawadros II, pape d’Alexandrie part, et la Chinese Academy of Social Sciences et patriarche de l’Église copte orthodoxe, qui (CASS), d’autre part, visant à accroître les a salué cette initiative en voie de la promotion activités culturelles, patrimoniales et touristique. (Nasma Réda, « Le trajet de la éducatives conjointes. (« En bref », Al-Ahram Sainte Famille en 12 médailles », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier 2019. Voir également Hebdo du 9 janvier 2019). « Khâlid al-‘Inânî : Coopération réussie avec la - - Chine dans le domaine archéologique », Sada al-Balad, 4 mars). Les travaux de restauration viennent de - - prendre fin dans la chapelle de la barque sacrée du roi Amenhotep III de la XVIIIe dynastie du Nouvel Empire dans le temple de Jeudi 10 janvier 2019 Louqsor. Les travaux consistaient à nettoyer les murs et les renforcer, enlever les couches de ciment, documenter la chapelle ainsi que la cour à côté. Les scènes gravées représentant le roi rendant hommage au dieu Amon ont pris leurs couleurs d’autrefois. Les restaurateurs commenceront leurs travaux de nettoyage des murs dans quelques jours dans la chapelle d’Alexandre le Grand (332-323). (« En bref », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 9 janvier

2019). Among the Islamic monuments in the busy - - Cairo district of Bâb al-Khalq stands the 19th- Les travaux de restauration et de century edifice of the Egyptian National développement du temple d’Isnâ, situé sur la Library and Archives (NLA) built in 1904 and rive ouest du Nil, à environ 55 km au sud de the first to be built in the Arab world. Louqsor, ont commencé début décembre. Ces For four years this splendid Islamic building travaux visent à mettre en relief les peintures has been hidden under scaffolding to repair BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 21

Janvier 2019 the structural damage that occurred after a car adding that it would now be able to continue bomb exploded outside the adjacent Cairo its major role and meet the needs of Security Directorate building. researchers, especially the young researchers that frequent its library. The blast destroyed the NLA’s decorative façade in several Islamic architectural styles, a Supervisor of the restoration project ‘Ayda number of showcases and furniture inside the Ahmad described the NLA as a “cultural and building, seven manuscripts and three rare scientific beacon for research” as well as a scientific papyri, as well as the ventilation and panorama of the country’s rare manuscript lighting system of the building. collections. She told Al-Ahram Weekly that January 2014 had turned into a nightmare With a grant of some LE50 million from when an explosion near the adjacent Cairo Sharjah ruler Sultan bin Muhammad al-Qâsimî, Security Directorate led to severe structural the NLA has now been restored to its original damage to the building’s façade, furniture and glory so that it can continue its role of a few of its manuscripts. welcoming visitors and researchers and preserving much of the nation’s intangible The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA), which heritage. shares the same building, was restored, rehabilitated and re-inaugurated in 2017. The Prime Minister Mustafa Madbûlî along with restoration and rehabilitation work on the NLA Sultan bin Muhammad al-Qâsimî and Minister was put on hold and started in January 2016 of Culture Înâs ‘Abd al-Dâyyim are scheduled after the approval of the grant offered by to re-open the NLA after its restoration and Sultan bin Muhammad al-Qâsimî. refurbishment in early February. However, “the NLA never closed its doors to visitors during the restoration work,” Ahmad pointed out.

She said that in collaboration with NLA staff, the Thesaurus Islamic Foundation (TIF) had assisted with the preservation, conservation and redesign of the display of the NLA’s manuscript collection on show at the MIA. It also provided 3D digital screens to display digital copies of some of the NLA’s Egyptian National Library and Archives (NLA) manuscripts, documents and papyri. A new On Sunday, ‘Abd al-Dâyyim embarked on a lighting system was installed as well as the tour around the different sections of the NLA display themes and the location of the to inspect the work being achieved before the showcases. opening. She thanked the Sharjah ruler for In addition, Ahmad said, all the widows of what he had done for the restoration of the the MIA were covered with a special material NLA and promised that several inspection to prevent dust and sunlight from penetrating tours would be made before the re-opening in inside the building and negatively affecting February. the collections. A new visitor route inside the During the tour she announced Egypt’s museum was also developed. success in recovering a Mameluke manuscript The TIF helped in an earlier restoration put on auction at the auctioneers Sotheby’s in project in 2007 that included the re-design London after it had been proved it belonged and re-equipping of the NLA’s two to the NLA. preservation and conservation laboratories, “The building is a remarkable edifice that including imaging facilities, designing and integrates historical architecture with equipping a new conservation laboratory, modernity,” ‘Abd al-Dâyyim said of the NLA, redesigning and re-equipping the manuscript

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Janvier 2019 storage exhibition areas, helping with the Islamic reformer Muhammad ‘Abdu, and from professional development of the NLA’s the library of ‘Âbidîn Palace in Cairo. preservation, conservation and exhibition staff, Since the khedive Ismâ‘îl took the initiative cataloguing selected areas of the manuscript to build Egypt’s NLA, modelled on the collection, and preparing publications and National Library in Paris, in the 19th century, it promotional materials. has been a treasure house of manuscripts, rare books and ancient Egyptian papyri. Opened in 1870 at the suggestion of writer Rifâ‘ al- Tahtâwî (1801-1872) to build a national library in Egypt, it was first under the supervision of writer and politician ‘Alî Mubârak. Valuable collections of books and manuscripts were gathered from different sources, as were geometrical instruments and maps. The new library, dubbed the Dâr al-

Kutub, was inaugurated on 24 September THE COLLECTIONS: The NLA is the largest 1870, reflecting the role of culture in manuscript collection in the Arab world and enhancing the development of society as a one of the most important collections of whole. Islamic manuscripts worldwide. The khedive Ismâ‘îl offered all manner of Among the manuscripts on display are the support and assistance to his minister of Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sînâ (980-1037 CE), education to fulfil his ambitions. One of th the 10 -century Book of Songs by al-Isfahânî, modern Egypt’s greatest rulers, he supported th a copy of the 10 -century Persian epic the international role of Egyptian culture with Shahnameh by Ferdowsi, and Ten Treatises on its cultural and literary outpourings, history Ophthalmology by Hunayn Ibn Ishâq (809-873 and heritage. The library made a huge CE), which provides treatments for eye contribution to Arab and Islamic culture, and diseases along with drawings of the eyes and since its opening it has nurtured and inspired descriptions of their different parts. thousands of thinkers and scientists.

A collection of distinguished copies of the In 1886, a law was issued stipulating the Quran from different periods, especially the deposit of all publication published in Egypt in Mameluke period, is also in the NLA, along the library. By 1898, the palace of prince with a 150kg silver cover of the Quran gifted Mustafa Fâdil, used as the library premises, by an Indian ruler to former king Fârûq in had become full of books, leading the Ministry 1950. of Public Works to choose a new plot of land In the distinguished collection on display at in Bâb al-Khalq for a new building. the MIA, there is a model of the Dome of the In 1899, the khedive ‘Abbâs Hilmî II laid the Rock in Jerusalem decorated with precious foundation stone of the library and devoted its stones and inside it an octagonal copy of the first floor to the Antique Khâna, now the Quran considered as the smallest ever made. Museum of Islamic Art. The library was Also on display is a collection of coins showing inaugurated in 1904, and since then its visitors both sides of every coin. Photographs priceless assets and important collection of of some of these are on show on the digital books have attracted the attention of scholars screens provided. and intellectuals in Egypt and abroad. The displays in the NLA have been After the 1952 Revolution, the library developed, among them of books belonging continued to be Egypt’s most important library to former minister of culture Tharwat ‘Ukâsha, and archive, but it became so overwhelmed with books that in 1971 a new building

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Janvier 2019 overlooking the Nile was chosen as the new various Arabic, Persian and Turkish premises of Egypt’s National Library. The manuscripts from mosques, government building at Bâb al-Khalq then fell into offices and endowment treasuries. Later on, disrepair. the NLA received large collections from private libraries, the most important being the In the mid-1990s, a restoration project was al-Khazâna al-Zakiyya and the al-Taymûriyya. launched to not only restore the building in Bâb al-Khalq, but also to upgrade the 1971 The NLA’s collection of manuscripts is kept building, re-opening it in 2007. The latter is in the libraries of al-Azhar University and Cairo now Egypt’s NLA serving researchers and University and in Alexandria, Mansûra, Tantâ, students in various areas of knowledge while Damietta, Sinai, and the cities of Upper Egypt. keeping the Bâb al-Khalq building for It consists of around 100,000 volumes. manuscripts, rare books, papyri, old maps and Within the framework of the UNESCO periodicals. “Memory of the World” Programme, Egypt’s A museum displaying historical items was Regional Information Technology and established inside the library in order to show Software Engineering Centre (RITSEC) has Egypt’s contribution to Arab and Islamic developed a CD-ROM entitled “The Dâr al- culture. The interior design was adapted and Kutub Manuscripts: Arab Contributions to the redesigned, and walls inserted during the World’s Scientific Heritage.” former expansion were removed. It introduces the sciences the Arabs have In collaboration with the Ministry of excelled in, including mathematics, Communication and Information Technology, astronomy, medicine, engineering, all the books in the old NLA have been pharmacology, chemistry and mechanics. It technologically documented and can be also presents a bibliography of the most accessed via the Internet. distinguished Arab scientists as well as their contributions and manuscripts. The building consists of one main floor and two mezzanines. The main floor includes reading rooms and the manuscripts museum established during the 1990s restoration project. The first mezzanine has microfilm and Internet facilities, while the second has a research hall, a restoration lab and a hall of papyri. The basement and roof spaces are also being used.

On display are a number of historical maps of the Nile, the decrees of early sultans, ancient Egyptian papyri, gilded copies of the AN IMPORTANT Islamic manuscript was Quran, and the first publication of the scheduled for auction at Sotheby’s in London Egyptian Radio magazine, now the Radio and in October 2018 for some 10,000 pounds Television magazine. A collection of gold and sterling. After negotiations, Sotheby’s stopped silver coins dating from the Abbasid era is also the sale of the manuscript and returned it to on show. its homeland. THE MANUSCRIPTS: The manuscripts The recovered manuscript has a gilded collection in the NLA is a national treasure and white leather cover with 28 pages written in reflects the splendours of Arab and Islamic black ink outlined in a red frame. It shows culture. verses from the Aal ‘Umrân (‘Umrân Family) and al-Nisâ’ (Women) surahs from the Quran. The collection was founded in 1870 by The manuscript dates to the reign of the last collecting manuscripts of the Quran and Mameluke ruler of Egypt, Qunsuwwa al-Ghûrî.

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It bears the stamp and register number of the inaugurate the GEM by 2020 and execute all NLA, and it was last seen in the library at the its establishment procedures with high end of the 19th century in 1892. (Nevine El- efficiency, pointing out that there are 8000 Aref, “Re-opening the archives”, Al-Ahram workers working on the implementation of the Weekly, January 10, 2019. Voir également GEM 24 hours daily. Nasma Réda, « La civilisation arabe racontée à The vice Chairman of the Armed Forces Dâr al-Kutub », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 27 Engineering Authority and supervisor of the février). GEM project ‘Âtif Muftâh explained that the - - GEM will contain 6 exhibition halls, in addition to two children’s showrooms and a theatre Samedi 12 janvier 2019 that was designed in the form of ancient Roman theatres, with a total area of 500 meters. Muftâh stressed on the importance of making an integrated plan between the all the ministries to market this huge project. (“al- ‘Inânî: A presidential mandate to complete GEM by 2020”, Egypt Today, January 12, 2019. Voir également « Le ministre de The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) l’Archéologie : Les travaux se poursuivent au Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- GEM en vue de son inauguration en 2020 ‘Inânî said that the ministry is in contact with conformément aux instructions du président the global auction houses to recover any de la République », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 12 Egyptian artifacts abroad, pointing out that janvier ; Muhammad al-Siddîq, « Achèvement the ministry in 2018 recovered artifacts from 5 de 80 % des travaux du GEM », al-Ahrâm, 13 countries and in 2015 retrieved artifacts from janvier ; Mira Maged, “Grand Egyptian Israel. Museum 88% ready, will open in 2020: Antiquities Minister”, Egypt Independent, al-‘Inânî added in his speech on the February 19). sidelines of the tour of the parliament’s Culture, Media and Antiquities committee in - - the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) that the Antiquities law recently approved by the Parliament includes the non-waive of any artefact.

al-‘Inânî pointed out that the GEM is the largest cultural project in the world.

Des sources auprès du ministère de l’Archéologie ont confirmé qu’une tête de statue exposée au musée de Suhâg a été fixée en place par des clous et des tiges métalliques. L’inauguration précipitée du

musée explique le recours à un tel procédé The Egyptian Minister of Antiquities added expéditif. Le ministère de l’Archéologie that there is a presidential mandate to s’emploie actuellement à corriger cette erreur.

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Les sources ont également mentionné signature of King Ramses III, one of the kings plusieurs problèmes qu’affronte le musée de of Pharaonic Egypt. Suhâg fraîchement inauguré, parmi lesquels le Al-Arabiya Channel broadcasted the manque de ressources humaines, notamment discovery of the inscriptions in Tayma in le personnel de sécurité, les archéologues et Northern Saudi Arabia, one of the largest les restaurateurs. Le département des musées archaeological sites in the kingdom and the est sommé d’intervenir afin de résoudre ces Arabian Peninsula. problèmes. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Une tête de statue cloutée dans le musée de Suhâg », The Hieroglyphic inscription was found on Sada al-Balad, 12 janvier 2019). a fixed rock, near the Tayma oasis. It bears a - - royal signature (a double cartouche) of King Ramses III. Dimanche 13 janvier 2019 Several additional Aramaic, Talmudic and Nabataea inscriptions, as well as ancient Commentant la polémique suscitée par la illustrations of cattle, ostriches and snakes statue cloutée dans le musée de Suhâg, la were discovered. présidente du département des musées, Ilhâm King Ramses III is the most famous ruler of Salâh, a déclaré : « Oui, l’utilisation des clous the 20th Dynasty known by the Greeks as et des tiges métalliques dans la fixation des Rampsinitus. He followed his father Ramses II’s pièces archéologiques est une chose reign to embark on massive construction habituelle. Les pièces qui pèsent 250 kg sont projects. According to historians, it is instables ; ce qui nous oblige à les clouter. Si customary that such inscriptions are engraved j’ai une statue de 5 m de hauteur, comment only in the presence of the Pharaoh himself, voulez-vous l’exposer à l’intérieur d’une and this is an indication that Ramses III was vitrine ?! ». (Bassâm Ramadân, « Le ministère present in this region. de l’Archéologie justifie le cloutage des statues antiques », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 13 The Saudi archaeologists conducted a field janvier 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, research in which they found a direct « La présidente du département des musées : commercial route linking the Nile Valley with Le cloutage des pièces archéologiques Tayma. lourdes est une pratique appliquée partout The route was used during the reign of dans le monde », Sada al-Balad, 13 janvier ; Ramses III in the 12th century B.C., in which the Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de Egyptian convoys travelled to purchase l’Archéologie : Les clous ont été utilisés d’une precious goods such as Copper, gold and façon temporaire », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 silver. janvier). The route passes from the Nile Valley into - - the port of Alqulzm, Suez, where a temple of King Ramses III is located. The route then continues near the port of Abû Zunayma on the Gulf of Suez, where inscriptions of King Ramses III were found. The passage then crosses the Sinai Peninsula, passing by the Abû Ghda valley near the Nakhl Oasis, where a double cartouche named after King Ramses III was discovered. Saudi Arabian archaeologists discovered a It is noteworthy that a number of hieroglyphic inscription illustrating the archaeological discoveries made in Egypt were previously discovered in a number of BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 26

Janvier 2019 archaeological sites in the Kingdom of Saudi Additional information regarding the exact Arabia. (Mustafa Marie, “Hieroglyphic renovation and development work that the inscriptions discovered in Saudi Arabia”, museums are planning to carry out has not yet Egypt Today, January 13, 2019). been revealed. - - For years, tourists and locals have lamented the state of the Egyptian museum, criticizing its layout scheme, lighting, out- dated display features and lack of proper labelling. The museum, which houses around 120,000 artifacts, has been often compared to a large ‘storage unit’ rather than a sophisticated, international institution with a clear edutainment purpose. (“Egyptian Museum Receives € 3M Grant to Undergo

Development”, Egyptian Streets, January 13, According to local news outlet, Egyptian 2019. Voir également Mustafa Marie, “€ 3 Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî million to develop the Egyptian Museum in announced that the ministry received an Tahrîr Square”, Egypt Today, January 12; internal grant of € 3 million to restore and “Egyptian Museum to receive €3mn develop one of Cairo’s iconic institutions, the development grant”, Egypt Independent, Egyptian Museum. January 16 ; « Coopération égypto- The beloved 116-year old landmark would européenne pour développer le musée be undergoing a development plan, which égyptien de Tahrîr », Sada al-Balad, 27 would see the collaboration of the Ministry of janvier). Antiquities as well as European museums such - - as London’s British Museum, the Louvre Museum in Paris, the Egyptian Museum of Lundi 14 janvier 2019 Berlin and the Egyptian Museum in Turin.

After the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the British Museum houses the world’s largest and most comprehensive collection of Egyptian antiquities (over 100,000) followed by the Egyptian Museum in Berlin (around 80,000).

The Ministry of Antiquities launched a project to develop the area around the Dandara Temple in Qinâ in preparation for converting it into an open museum.

The news was announced on Saturday, Secretary General of the Supreme Council while al-‘Inânî accompanied Usâma Haykal of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî stated that the head of Egypt’s parliament’s Media, Culture first phase of the project, which includes the and Antiquities Committee in an inspection installation of nine stone terraces on the left tour of the Grand Egyptian Museum. side of the main entrance of the temple, was completed in cooperation with the French archaeological mission in Dandara.

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Dandara en un musée à ciel ouvert », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 14 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Projet de transformation du temple de Dandara en un musée à ciel ouvert », Sada al-Balad, 14 janvier ; Nevine El-Aref, “Upper Egypt’s Dandara Temple to be converted into open- air museum”, Ahram Online, January 15; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Transformation du temple de Dandara en un musée à ciel ouvert », al-Ahrâm, 15 janvier ; “Magnificent Dandara Temple to Be Turned Into An Open- Director General of the Dandara Temple Air Museum”, Egyptian Streets, January 15; ‘Abd al-Hakîm al-Saghîr clarified that the « Voyages en bref », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 30 pieces that will be displayed on the terraces janvier). are located in the main area of the temple. - - Most of these pieces were uncovered during À l’occasion de la Fête des archéologues, previous archaeological excavations in the le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- area. ‘Inânî, décerne aujourd’hui des distinctions à Some of the archaeological pieces were un certain nombre d’archéologues et de placed on the temple’s ground since their restaurateurs parmi lesquels le directeur du discovery, while others were found in the temple de Louqsor, Ahmad ‘Arabî. Celui-ci est temple’s storage room. honoré pour les efforts qu’il a récemment déployés dans la restauration de deux statues de Ramsès II érigées devant la façade du temple de Louqsor.

Rappelons que le ministère de l’Archéologie célèbre chaque année la Fête des archéologues le 14 janvier en commémoration de la nomination du premier président égyptien du Service des Antiquités, longtemps considéré comme une chasse gardée des étrangers. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le directeur du temple de Louqsor honoré aujourd’hui à l’occasion de la Fête des archéologues », Sada al-Balad, 14 janvier 2019). Bird view of the blocks and the artefacts - - Also, al-Saghîr stressed that it is scheduled to complete the installation of the stone Mardi 15 janvier 2019 terraces and re-locate the rest of the archaeological elements found in the temple. Two Roman tombs have been uncovered (Mustafa Marie, “Dandara Temple to be during excavation work at Bîr al-Shaghâla site converted into an open museum”, Egypt in Mût village in Dâkhla Oasis. Today, January 14, 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de The walls of the two uncompleted tombs l’Archéologie commence le réaménagement are painted in bright colours with religious de la zone du temple de Dandara », al-Masrî scenes. al-Yawm, 14 janvier ; Ahmad Mansûr, Mustafa Wazîrî, the secretary-general of the « Réaménagement de la zone du temple de Supreme Council of Antiquities, explains that

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Janvier 2019 the first tomb has a 20-step staircase covered Shaghâla », Sada al-Balad, 15 janvier ; Ahmad with plaster, which leads to a native made of Mansûr, « Mise au jour de deux tombes limestone. archéologiques dans la zone de Bîr al- Shaghâla », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 janvier ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte de deux tombes antiques dans la zone de Bîr al-Shaghâla », Watanî, 15 janvier ; Nour Eltigani, “Egyptian Expedition Uncovered Two Tombs From Roman Period”, Egyptian Streets, January 16; Nasma Réda, « Les tombes de Dakhla, témoins de l’art romain », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 23 janvier).

Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities. - - The main hall of the tomb is made of mud brick with a vaulted ceiling that is partly Jeudi 17 janvier 2019 destroyed. Its northern wall has two burial To manage and follow up Egypt’s World chambers containing a collection of human Heritage Sites, the government has skulls and skeletons as well as clay lamps and established the first ever-supreme committee pots. to oversee the sites. Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the Led by assistant to the president for Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Department, said national and strategic projects Sharîf Ismâ‘îl, that the second tomb has a funerary corridor the committee was formed according to a that leads to a vaulted chamber on its presidential decree and consists of 19 northern wall, which holds a niche engraved members, including the ministers of with a painted scene depicting the Antiquities, Tourism, National Development, mummification process. and Environment, the president’s advisors for national security and urban planning, a representative from the General Intelligence Authority and the ministries of Defence, Housing, Foreign Affairs, Interior, Investment and International Cooperation and Transportation, and the head of the National Organisation for Urban Harmony.

The committee will be responsible for the Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities. development of a strategic vision for the al-‘Ashmâwî added that 10 other tombs management, protection and development of were recently uncovered in the area. They Egypt’s World Heritage Sites, as well as have a very distinguished architectural style, maximising their potential and benefiting from with pyramid shaped roofs and each tomb sustainable development plans and consisting of two or three levels. (Nevine El- coordinating with all local and international Aref, “Roman tombs discovered in Egypt’s stakeholders inside and outside Egypt in the Dâkhla Oasis”, Ahram Online, January 15, management, protection and preservation of 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Mise these sites and their surrounding areas. au jour de deux tombes archéologiques dans It will also exert maximum efforts to la zone de Bîr al-Shaghâla », al-Masrî al-Yawm, inscribe more Egyptian sites on the World 15 janvier ; “Two Roman tombs unearthed in Heritage List managed by UN cultural Daqahliyya Oasis”, Egypt Independent, organisation UNESCO. January 15; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte de deux tombes antiques dans la zone de Bîr al-

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Ismâ‘îl had also commissioned the Ministry of Environment to draw up a study of the risks of climate change to Egypt’s heritage and had assigned the Ministry of Antiquities to communicate directly with UNESCO in collaboration with the Foreign Ministry to settle other matters in relation to the heritage sites, ‘Attiya said. Accurate maps of the urban area around

Ruins of Abû Mînâ City Abû Mînâ need to be provided to develop, protect and preserve the site from any further Egypt has seven sites on the UNESCO List, threats. including the Abû Mînâ City, ancient Thebes with its necropolis, Historic Cairo, Memphis Abû Mînâ with its baptistery, basilicas, and its necropolis extending from the Gîza public buildings, streets, houses and Pyramids to Dahshûr, the Nubian monuments workshops was inscribed on the World from Abû Simbil to Philae, the St Catherine’s Heritage List in 1979 and on the In Danger List area in Sinai, and natural site of Wâdî al-Hîtân in 2001 because the local soil, exclusively clay, in Fayyûm. becomes semi-liquid in the presence of excess water. The committee held its first meeting late last week and put the ruins of the oldest When in a dry state, the soil is hard and Christian sites in Egypt at Abû Mînâ at the top capable of supporting buildings. But the of its list of interventions. The idea is to halt destruction of numerous cisterns around the the problem of the high level of ground water city has entailed the collapse of several at the site and to take it off the UNESCO List overlying structures. Huge underground of World Heritage in Danger. cavities have opened in the northwestern region of the site. Târiq ‘Atiyya, spokesperson of the committee, said that Ismâ‘îl had asked the The risk of collapse has been so high that ministers of Irrigation and Agriculture to those responsible were forced to fill the bases provide a detailed report on steps to be taken of some of the most endangered buildings at the site in 2019 to solve the problem of with sand, including the crypt of Abû Mînâ water. with the tomb of the saint, and close them to the public.

Ruins of Abû Mînâ City Ruins of Abû Mînâ City The report will also include work being achieved in the recent LE15 million project to Former supervisor of the International replace decayed irrigation and drainage pipes Organisations Department at the Ministry of and will be submitted at the second Antiquities Yâsmîn al-Shâzlî told Al-Ahram Committee meeting. Weekly that the Supreme Council of Antiquities at that time, now the Ministry of

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Antiquities, had tried to counteract the Wind-blown sand eventually covered the phenomenon by digging trenches and had tomb and no trace was left. Some centuries enlarged the protected area in the hope of later, a shepherd observed that a sick lamb lowering the pressure of irrigation. that crossed the spot immediately became well. When the remains of the saint were These measures, however, had proved to discovered, a church was built over his grave. be insufficient, taking into account the scale of the problem and the limited resources available, she said. UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee has already approved a technical assistance grant from the World Heritage Fund to assist the Egyptian authorities in identifying ways of reducing the level of the water table and preventing further damage to the ancient structures.

“Rising groundwater levels are a problem Ruins of Abû Mînâ City throughout the Mediterranean region, linked The reputation of the place then spread far to urban growth and agricultural and wide. Pilgrims came in scores, and the development,” al-Shâzlî pointed out. stories of the wondrous cures that they carried home attracted more pilgrims. Soon the original church was too small to accommodate the number of visitors, and the Roman emperor Arcadius (395-408 CE) built another church, to which the saint’s relics were transferred.

Subsequent emperors erected other buildings, and eventually the site’s Great Basilica was built, to which thousands of pilgrims flocked from as far afield as England, Ruins of Abû Mînâ City France, Germany, Spain and Turkey. Cures The Abû Mînâ City was one of the great were attributed to the therapeutic effects of centres of pilgrimage in Egypt from the fifth to the water, which came from springs in seventh centuries CE. limestone rocks (they have since dried up) and Thousands of people came from all over baths were built flanking the church. the Christian world seeking the site’s reputed When the Roman emperor Constantine the healing powers. Pilgrims took home sacred Great’s only daughter, who suffered from water in tiny pottery ampoules (shaped like leprosy, was reputedly healed at Abû Mînâ, two-handled jars and stamped with the figure the fame of the site spread further throughout of the saint between two camels) or oil from the Roman world. the lamp that burned before the tomb. A great city grew up there, flourished, and Bishop Kirolos of the monastery said that eventually disappeared. The famed city Abû Mînâ was a soldier-saint who had died a written up by classical writers was thought to martyr’s death in western Asia. His cult gained be legendary until in 1961 the Deutsches popularity when, according to the legend, his Archäologisches Institut Kairo (DAIK) body was placed on a camel and borne inland excavated the area, under the direction of to be buried. At a certain spot the camel archaeologist Peter GROSSMAN, and refused to move further, a sign taken as divine discovered one of the largest and most revelation that he should be buried there. ancient pilgrimage sites in the world.

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archéologues et échanges d’expertises. L’ambassadeur a invité le ministre à visiter les fouilles archéologiques de la mission suédoises à Gabal al-Silsila et ses nombreuses découvertes. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec l’ambassadeur de Suède le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 17 janvier 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur de Ruins of Abû Mînâ City Suède pour examiner le renforcement de la The ruins cover an area 1km square where coopération bilatérale », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 the main colonnaded pilgrimage route of the janvier ; MENA, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie early Christians has been identified. It had examine avec l’ambassadeur de Suède le shops and workshops to the left and right, renforcement de la coopération archéologique leading to the Church of the Martyr, built bilatérale », Sada al-Balad, 17 janvier). during the Justinian era (528-565 CE). The - - ruins suggest that pilgrims gathered in a great square surrounded by hostels. There, monks could take care of the sick that came to the shrine to be healed. There are also the ruins of two large bathhouses and wells.

A new monastery has now been built at the site; its lofty surrounding walls and twin towers situated no more than 500m from the ancient site. (Nevine El-Aref, “New heritage committee set up”, Al-Ahram Weekly, January 17, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « La The Archaeological Mission of Alexandria Commission égyptienne du patrimoine Antiquities, which works at the site of Tabbat élabore un plan de sauvetage du Dayr Abû Mutawwah in al-‘Âmiriyya, uncovered a Mînâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 février). collection of artifacts dating back to the Greek and Roman eras. - -

Secretary General of the Supreme Council Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- of Antiquities, Mustafa Wazîrî, confirmed that ‘Inânî, a reçu jeudi l’ambassadeur du royaume this is a unique discovery, as the site is an de Suède au Caire, S.E.M. Jan THESLEFF, afin industrial and commercial area. d’examiner le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale dans le champ archéologique : Wazîrî clarified that one of the most fouilles, musées, entraînement des important elements of the archaeological

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Janvier 2019 findings is a set of interconnected walls with referred to the discovery of two corpses, one clear construction and designing methods. of which was for a middle-aged woman wearing a copper ring. Some walls were built with non-symmetrical stones, while others were built with carefully cut stones.

The bodies were found next to a wall and close to a used oven. The place might have been used by the poor to bury their dead, after it had been abandoned. (Mustafa Marie, “Several discoveries found in al-‘Âmiriyya”, Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Sector Egypt Today, January 17, 2019. Voir Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî stated that a large number également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte à of ovens were also discovered as separate Alexandrie de fours et d’ustensiles de cuisine units inside the walls, which have been rebuilt datant des époques grecque et romaine », al- and renovated more than once. Most of these Masrî al-Yawm, 17 janvier ; Ahmad Mansûr, ovens were used to prepare food, as bird and « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à fish bones were found inside. Tabbat Mutawwah en Alexandrie », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, al-‘Ashmâwî pointed out that the existence « Nouvelle découverte archéologique à of such a large number of ovens indicates that Tabbat Mutawwah en Alexandrie », Sada al- this place was used as a service unit for Balad, 17 janvier). militants or camps. - -

Dimanche 20 janvier 2019

Le décret n° 34/2019 du président ‘Abd al- Fattah al-Sîsî est paru au Journal officiel de la République égyptienne. Il porte annulation de l’alinéa b de l’article III du décret n° 95/1978, concernant le pourcentage de 10 % versé par le ministère de l’Archéologie aux collectivités territoriales. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, s’est félicité de cette décision. In the same context, Head of the Central « La totalité des revenus du CSA pourra ainsi Department of the Effects of the Sea, Nâdya être consacrée aux projets archéologiques : Khidr, stated that cooking utensils of different fouilles, restaurations, etc. », a-t-il souligné. sizes, as well as large quantities of pottery Pour l’instant, il est difficile de déterminer le vessels were also uncovered. montant exact des économies réalisées. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Annulation des 10 % versés Director General of Alexandria Antiquities par le ministère de l’Archéologie aux and Head of the mission, Khâlid Abû al-Hamd,

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Janvier 2019 collectivités territoriales », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 The Ministry of Antiquities affirmed that the janvier 2019. Voir également Liliane Nabîl, cars used to transport the antiquities are « Décret présidentiel d’annulation des 10 % prepared with the latest equipment for versés par le ministère de l’Archéologie aux temperature and humidity control. collectivités territoriales », Watanî, 20 janvier). The transportation process comes in - - cooperation with the Department of Antiquities Stores and the Restoration and Lundi 21 janvier 2019 Packaging Department and the Monument Restoration Center; it is occurring under tight security measures by the Tourism and Antiquities Police Forces. (Mustafa Marie, “Min. of antiquities denies rumours about inappropriate transfer of antiquities”, Egypt Today, January 21, 2019. Voir également Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le Conseil des ministres nie le transfert des antiquités vers le GEM à bord de véhicules inappropriés », al- Ahrâm, 21 janvier ; Hind Mukhtâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie nie le transfert des

antiquités vers le GEM à bord de véhicules The Media Center of the Council of inappropriés », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 janvier ; Ministers denied the rumours regarding the Ruz Husnî, « Le gouvernement nie le transfert alleged use of inappropriate vehicles to des antiquités vers le GEM à bord de transport the Egyptian antiquities to the Grand véhicules inappropriés », Watanî, 21 janvier). Egyptian Museum (GEM). - - The center is cooperating with the Ministry Egyptian Archaeologists have discovered of Antiquities to transfer the antiquities to the an ancient pottery-manufacturing workshop GEM, pointing out that the process of dating back more than 4,000 years in Aswân. transferring the antiquities is carried out in accordance with specific procedures and The workshop, the oldest pottery workshop standards that take into account all safety in the Old Kingdom, belongs to the 4th measures necessary to preserve the Egyptian Dynasty, spanning 2,613 to 2,494 B.C., the antiquities. Ministry of Antiquities said on Thursday’s statement. It is situated close to the Nile River The ministry stressed that the procedures in Aswân. also take into account the preliminary repair and documentation of the pieces, which are Inside the workshop, archaeologists have performed by a professional team affiliated found an ancient pottery-manufacturing wheel with the GEM. made of a turntable and a hollow base. This discovery is "rare" and reveals more about the improvement of pottery manufacturing and the daily lives of ancient Egyptians during that time in history, Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities said. The year 2018 is considered the year of archaeological discoveries. The remains of a Greco-Roman temple was uncovered by an Egyptian archaeological mission from the

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Janvier 2019

Supreme Council of Antiquities while Mardi 22 janvier 2019 performing excavations at the al-Salâm archaeological site on Wednesday, April 4. In an effort to protect Egyptian antiquities al-Salâm archaeological site is about 50 stored in archaeological galleries, Egypt’s kilometres east of Sîwa Oasis. The Ministry of Antiquities has launched a archaeologists uncovered the front part of the campaign to make an inventory of all store temple in addition to parts of its foundations, galleries in archaeological sites around Egypt. its main entrance and one-meter thick stones The galleries consist of three types of from its outer wall. The outer wall leads to a storages; museological storehouses, subsidiary front courtyard with entrances to chambers. storehouses, and those belonging to The rest of the temple is expected to be archaeological missions. excavated this year. Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the The Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram al-‘Inânî announced on Feb. 24 the discovery Online that the committee in charge of the of eight tombs that contain about 40 coffins of inventory campaign, established in 2017, has Pharaonic priests and more than 1,000 Ushabti inventoried 34 museological storehouses in statues in the Tûna al-Gabal area in Minyâ early January and has found no missing governorate. artefacts. “Today we are announcing the beginning The ministry started yesterday an inventory of a new discovery; the tombs are full of of the subsidiary storehouses and those of jewelleries, potteries and Pharaonic jars,” al- archaeological missions that had not been ‘Inânî recounted on Feb. 24. opened or catalogued for several years. This discovery is described by al-‘Inânî as Among these is a mastaba in Saqqâra that one of the largest and most important was used as a store gallery and had not been archaeological discoveries unearthed in recent inventoried since 1997. times. The new archaeological discovery is documenting some issues related to the lives Upon entering the mastaba, the committee of ancient Egyptians in Minyâ province tens of found evidence of attempts to remove some centuries ago. of the iron beams from the metal ceiling of the mastaba’s open court. The door of the The most prominent finds in these tombs mastaba was closed and sealed with stamps were a gold mask, coffins, mummies and marked 1997. statues. The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities added that the area of the discovery requires The committee has reported the attempted years of hard work, pointing out that the main break-in to the Tourism and Antiquities Police advantage of this discovery is that it was and will continue with the inventory discovered by Egyptians. procedures to check if there are any missing objects. It is worth mentioning that this discovery is considered the second discovery in 2018 after Wazîrî asserted that the ministry will a new tomb of an ancient Egyptian woman continue to inventory all antiquities galleries named Hetpet was discovered in the Western periodically as part of efforts to protect and Cemetery located in the Pyramids area in Gîza, preserve Egypt’s ancient artefacts. (Nevine El- as announced on Feb. 3 by al-‘Inânî. (Mustafa Aref, “Antiquities ministry starts inventory of Marie, “Archaeologists find ancient pottery artefact storehouses throughout Egypt”, workshop in Egypt”, Egypt Today, January 21, Ahram Online, January 22, 2019. Voir 2019). également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de - - l’Archéologie achève l’inventaire de 34 entrepôts muséologiques sur tout le territoire », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 22 janvier, ‘Alâ’

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Janvier 2019 al-Minyâwî, « 34 entrepôts muséologiques inventoriés en un an », Sada al-Balad, 22 janvier). - -

Mercredi 23 janvier 2019

Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî convened with the director of the Aga Khan Cultural Services Foundation in the Ministry of Antiquities’ headquarters on Jan. 22 to discuss means of cooperation in the development of À l’est de l’oasis de Dâkhla, au village de Cairo’s historical districts. ‘Ayn al-Sabîl, la mission archéologique égyptienne dirigée par Kâmil Bayyûmî a The meeting was attended by Assistant découvert cette semaine un pot en argile Minister of Antiquities for Technical Affairs contenant des solidus (nom donné aux pièces Mustafa Amîn, and Sherif ARIAN, CEO of Agha de monnaie en or datant de l’Empire byzantin Khan Cultural Services Company - Egypt. ou l’Empire romain d’Occident apparu vers le Amîn commented that the meeting IVe siècle). focused on the latest works of the Aga Khan Foundation regarding the Egyptian antiquities and monuments, and on the restoration works of al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî Mosque in al-Darb al-Ahmar, pointing out that the coming period will witness more projects and support from the foundation for the development and restoration of historical Cairo. al-‘Inânî welcomed the initiative because of its importance to the Islamic monuments in Egypt. Sur chaque pièce figurent sur une face une illustration différente montrant l’empereur It is worth mentioning that the renovation byzantin Constantin II (311-361), ainsi que son project of al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî Mosque nom, et sur la pile, des dessins divers et la comes within the framework of the Ministry of date de la frappe de cette pièce antique. Antiquities and the Aga Khan Foundation’s « Cette collection a été transférée aux efforts to develop the monuments of al-Darb entrepôts de l’oasis de Dâkhla afin d’être al-Ahmar and Bâb al-Wazîr areas and restore a restaurée et étudiée », souligne Bayyûmî. group of archaeological buildings in the region. (Mustafa Marie, “Min. of Antiquities cooperates with Agha Khan Foundation to restore monuments”, Egypt Today, January 23, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le directeur de l’Aga Khan », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 23 janvier ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le directeur de l’Aga Khan », Watanî, 23 janvier ; Mira Maged, “al-‘Inânî, Aga Khan

Foundation discuss historic Cairo”, Egypt Independent, January 24). En effet, cette région archéologique de ‘Ayn al-Sabîl avait une grande importance - - dans l’antiquité puisqu’elle était la capitale de BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 36

Janvier 2019 la région avant Mût, (lors du Nouvel Empire) et were placed in the National Museum of par la suite était le siège du gouvernement à Scotland. l’ancien et Moyen-Empire. En plus des solidus, “Thanks to Egypt’s unique position on the plusieurs pièces coptes ont été aussi révélées. Nile, there was plenty to go around,” « Constantin était adoré par les Égyptiens, Egyptologist Daniel POTTER said. il était l’ami du célèbre pape Athanase, “Today we ask questions such as where did évêque d’Alexandrie en 328, où il a appris le workers for the pyramids live, and what did christianisme », dit Bayyûmî qui assure que les they eat, rather than looking for the next thing travaux archéologiques de nettoyage du site that’s made out of gold,” he added. se poursuivront dans les prochains jours. (Dalia Farouq, « Les solidus de Constantin II », Al- POTTER asked as well why the ancient Ahram Hebdo du 23 janvier 2019. Voir Egyptians designed small, convex, curved également Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte de mirrors of wood that were found buried with a monnaies en or d’époque byzantine à ‘Ayn al- girl from 2 AD, a time when the Romans were Sabîl », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al- taking control of Egypt. He described the Minyâwî, « Mise au jour de monnaies en or mirrors as “tiny” and “some of the most d’époque byzantine à ‘Ayn al-Sabîl », Sada al- delicate pieces in the collection”. Balad, 17 janvier ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte “There are tiny glass bottles and little de monnaies en or à ‘Ayn al-Sabîl », Watanî, boxes for cosmetics. She’s quite young so she 17 janvier). was given things like cosmetics so she could - - have the afterlife of an adult woman,” he was quoted as saying by Daily Record. The National Museum of Scotland is set to open an exhibition of around 7,000 Egyptian According to POTTER, chairs had a dual artifacts on February 8. function to ancient Egyptians as, in addition to being a comfortable place to sit on, it “The artifacts on display will be broadly the represented the social status of its owners. same. The museum has 7000 pieces from the 4000 years of the Egyptian empire, from The Ministry of Antiquities requested the mummified remains, elaborate coffins and Foreign Ministry to communicate with Scottish stone tablets to tiny ornaments and pieces of authorities at the National Museum of jewellery. It has the only undamaged royal Scotland so the latter can provide the legal burial group in a museum outside Egypt,” the documents and export certificates for the Daily Record website reported. Khufu Pyramid stone, head of the Retrieved Antiquities Department Sha‘bân ‘Abd al- The Times newspaper reported that for the Gawwâd said. first time since its transfer to the Scottish capital of Edinburgh in 1872, a stone of the The Ministry also called on the Scottish Great Pyramid of Khufu would be displayed at authorities to provide legal documents for all the National Museum of Scotland. of the Egyptian antiquities that would be presented at the exhibition, ‘Abd al-Gawwâd The exhibition will notably have the only said. He stressed that the current Egyptian law undamaged collection of ancient Egyptian for the protection of antiquities No. 117 of royal mummies displayed in any museum 1983 and its amendments criminalizes outside Egypt. trafficking in antiquities or exporting them. According to the Daily Record, museum ‘Abd al-Gawwâd pointed out that if proven officials pointed out that starting in the year that the Khufu stone or any of the other 1819, various archaeological societies had artifacts have been illegally smuggled outside began to excavate archaeological sites in Egypt; the ministry will take the necessary Egypt and returned with many treasures that measures to recover them. (Mira Maged, “National Museum of Scotland set to display

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Janvier 2019

7,000 Egyptian artifacts”, Egypt Independent, travaillaient avec des cordes et du fer par January 23, 2019. Voir également Ahmad exemple », souligne Nabîl. Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie exige Sur les crânes exposés, des pancartes de l’Écosse le titre de propriété du bloc de expliquent comment des maladies, comme Chéops », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 3 janvier ; Amânî l’anémie, étaient répandues. Les panneaux ‘Abd al-Ghanî, « La crise se poursuit entre explicatifs ainsi que les cartes exposées l’Égypte et l’Écosse autour du bloc de traitent de même des dernières découvertes Chéops », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 28 janvier ; et révélations sur l’embaumement et les sites Mustafa Marie, “Egypt requests proof from archéologiques où ces crânes ont été trouvés. Scotland Museum for legitimacy of transferring « Dans cette exposition scientifique, les jeunes Khufu stone”, Egypt Today, January 28). archéologues ont essayé de simplifier les - - termes pour aider le grand public à comprendre les pièces », affirme Sabâh ‘Abd Une collection de crânes et d’os, stockée al-Râziq, directrice du musée lors de depuis toujours dans les entrepôts du Musée l’inauguration. Égyptien du Caire, fait l’objet d’une exposition temporaire dans la salle 55 au premier étage. Par exemple, des crânes ont été disposés « Redécouvrir les morts » est le titre de cette sur une grande carte d’Égypte à l’endroit où exposition inédite qui se tient jusqu’à la fin du ils ont été découverts. En un coup d’œil, le mois de janvier. « Ces crânes et ossements visiteur peut ainsi découvrir les principaux apportent des informations importantes sur endroits fouillés au XIXe siècle, qui abritaient des détails de la civilisation ancienne. Cette ces ossements organiques, à savoir Bayt exposition est la première d’une série à venir ‘Allâm dans le gouvernorat de Suhâg, sur des thèmes scientifiques », explique Ilhâm Nagada, à Minyâ, ainsi qu’à Gabal al-Silsila à Salâh, directrice du secteur des musées au Aswân. ministère des Antiquités. Outre les crânes et les ossements humains, 13 crânes, deux fémurs ainsi qu’un un squelette attire l’attention du visiteur. squelette et une momie composent cette « C’est le deuxième plus ancien squelette au exposition autour de quatre thèmes monde datant de plus de 21 000 ans », différents : l’estimation de l’âge et du sexe, les précise-t-elle. Cette pièce, normalement maladies, l’embaumement et les sites des exposée dans la salle des momies dans sa découvertes. « Cette exposition traite un sujet vitrine, a été découverte à Aswân, dans le site peu répandu en Égypte, qui est la bio- archéologique de Wâdî al-Kubbâniyya. archéologie. Cette science moderne étudie les Toujours dans l’exposition se trouve une restes humains pour comprendre l’Histoire », vitrine renfermant une momie d’un enfant très explique Inâs Nabîl, l'une des conservatrices bien conservée et couverte d’une couche en des entrepôts du Musée du Caire, initiatrice or. Elle date de l’époque romaine et a été de cette exposition. trouvée à Akhmîm, en Haute-Égypte. Selon elle, la bio-archéologie et « Quoique ces deux pièces soient exposées l’archéologie suivent les mêmes objectifs. En normalement dans le musée, c’est une bonne se basant sur les traces humaines laissées au occasion de les mettre en lumière. Elles sol, ces deux domaines de recherche visent à viennent enrichir l’exposition », assure Inâs reconstituer et à comprendre les modes de Nabîl, promettant de poursuivre les vie, les phénomènes sociaux et médicaux des recherches et les études des nouveaux anciens. « L’étude de ces crânes qui ossements, et de révéler et d’exposer les remontent à plus de 6 000 ans, a permis de secrets qu’ils cachent par la bio-archéologie. découvrir quelques métiers exercés à (Nasma Réda, « Redécouvrir les morts, une l’époque. D’après des résidus trouvés sur leurs exposition insolite », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 23 dents, on peut dire que les anciens janvier 2019. Voir également Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rahmân, « Des crânes et des squelettes

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Janvier 2019 exposés au Musée Égyptien », al-Yawm al- aux ermites. Les quatre côtés de la croix sont Sâbi‘, 11 janvier). égaux, symbole de l’égalité de tous les - - chrétiens devant Dieu », renchérit Zarîf. Afin de montrer au visiteur la différence "Allah mahabba" ou "Dieu est amour". Ce entre les diverses textures du lin, les verset de l’Évangile a été choisi comme titre organisateurs ont aussi exposé une autre de l’exposition des textiles provenant du écharpe en lin doux. Cette dernière est cimetière d’al-Bâgawât de l’oasis de Khârga, brodée de deux ronds en laine rouge dont le capitale du gouvernorat de la Nouvelle Vallée. symbole reste encore aujourd’hui un mystère L’exposition se tient jusqu’au 31 mars pour les spécialistes. prochain au Musée des Textiles égyptiens, situé rue al-Mu‘izz dans Le Caire fatimide. L’exposition comprend aussi des habits d’enfants, comme ce chemisier datant du IVe « Cette collection date du IIe au VIIe siècles siècle en lin à manches longues, brodé de et témoigne des débuts du christianisme en simples ornements. Il s’agit de deux lignes de Égypte », explique Sahar Ibrâhîm, adjointe filets fins pourpres en laine cousus en qabati générale au Musée des Textiles. 10 pièces (type de fabrication textile) qui décorent les sont exposées, dont 5 pour la première fois au côtés du chemisier et les poignets de ses public. Toutes proviennent des tombes d’al- manches. Le qabati est déjà connu durant Bâgawât, découvertes par la mission l’époque de l’Égypte ancienne, mais il est archéologique du Metropolitan Museum, devenu plus courant durant les premières entre 1907 et 1930. Le visiteur pourra aussi années du christianisme. découvrir l’histoire des tombes d’al-Bâgawât lors de cette exposition. Deux tuniques monastiques sont aussi exposées, dont une privée de toutes Dès l’entrée du musée, le regard est happé ornementations, hormis de larges rubans de par un couvre-chef en lin remontant au début qabati en laine. Selon Ibrâhîm, cette tunique du IVe siècle. Il est orné du signe hiéroglyphe couvrait la momie d’une femme, alors que Ankh, symbole de la vie dans l’Égypte l’expert en texture copte, Zarîf, trouve que la ancienne. « Ce signe, étant le plus proche de pauvreté de décoration de la tunique serait la forme de la croix, est utilisé à cette époque plutôt celle d’un homme, puisque les habits par les premiers chrétiens pour duper les des femmes, y compris les habits funéraires, autorités romaines qui les poursuivaient et les sont plutôt riches en ornementations. torturaient », explique Ibrâhîm. Avis partagé par Hânî Zarîf, spécialiste du textile copte et Quant à la seconde tunique, elle était en adjoint au musée. « C’est le symbole de la vie plusieurs morceaux et a été réparée au éternelle dans l’au-delà », explique-t-il. Le laboratoire de restauration du musée. Pour symbole Ankh est brodé en laine colorée, en Zarîf, ce vêtement riche en décorations laisse rouge et bleu. Pour Zarîf, le rouge reflète le penser qu’il appartenait à une personne aisée sang qui est lié à la crucifixion et le rachat. Le de la haute société qui avait décidé de se couvre-chef est aussi brodé de cercles qui convertir au christianisme. symbolisent l’éternité. La fin de la visite se termine par En poursuivant sa visite de l’exposition, le l’exposition d’une étoffe ornée d’un dessin visiteur découvre une écharpe en lin, à la représentant le moine Boutros avec une texture rugueuse. « Elle appartenait auréole verte, couleur symbolisant le royaume probablement à un homme mystique qui a céleste. Le moine y porte une tunique violet choisi de se retirer et de s’éloigner des plaisirs foncé et ses mains sont serrées sur sa poitrine. du monde pour se dévouer totalement à cette « Cette image est faite avec d’anciens religion naissante », explique Ibrâhîm. Cette morceaux de tissus remontant au IIe ou au IIIe écharpe est brodée d’une « croix dont la siècles, alors que le tableau, qui décrit le texture pileuse indique qu’elle était dédiée

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Janvier 2019 moine, date du VIe ou VIIe siècles », explique Cleopatra is completely false. The tomb of this Zarîf. magical queen has not been found. Le nom de ce moine Boutros, écrit en The story began when I gave a lecture to caractères coptes, est cousu au-dessus de sa students and the public at the University of tête. « Les écritures ne sont pas brodées sur Palermo in Italy. My words were translated by les tissus avant la fin du VIe siècle », reprend Stefania SOFRA, an Italian Egyptologist. I said l’expert. Ce tableau reflète ainsi l’évolution de we had long been excavating at the Temple of l’art copte durant les premiers 7 siècles. Taposiris Magna about 45km west of Alexandria, and added that the theory that Cette exposition donne ainsi une idée sur Cleopatra could be buried there was not my ce qu’est l’art copte, né au sein du Désert theory, but the theory of Kathleen MARTINEZ of occidental égyptien, et aussi sur les divers the Dominican Republic who had been moyens de représentation des signes de la working at the site with myself and an nouvelle religion, afin que les autorités Egyptian team. romaines ne les comprennent pas. Elle met aussi en évidence l’influence de cet art à I never believed in the theory that travers les siècles et encore aujourd’hui. (Doaa Cleopatra could be buried there, because the Elhami, « Le textile, témoin des premières ancient Egyptians never buried anyone inside années chrétiennes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 23 a temple. Temples were built for worship, and janvier 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, this temple was used for the worship of the « L’exposition "Allah mahabba" au Musée des goddess Isis. It was therefore unlikely that Textiles égyptiens », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er Cleopatra would be buried there. janvier ; Ahmad Ibrâhîm, « Inauguration After I left the Ministry of Antiquities in aujourd’hui de l’exposition "Allah mahabba" 2011, MARTINEZ continued to excavate in the au Musée des Textiles égyptiens », al-Yawm temple area, both in the interior and the al-Sâbi‘, 2 janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 5 pièces exterior, and she found a great number of de la nécropole al-Bâgawât exposées objects, including the foundation deposits that aujourd’hui dans "Allah mahabba" au Musée showed that the temple was first built by des Textiles égyptiens », Sada al-Balad, 2 Ptolemy IV. More recently, the team found an janvier). inscribed stone that was a gift from Ptolemy V, - - the king who made the Rosetta Stone. According to the inscription on this stone, Jeudi 24 janvier 2019 Ptolemy V gave gifts to the priestesses of Isis. Statues and coins were also found inside the temple depicting Cleopatra, and Greek and Roman artifacts and a large cemetery was found outside. Most of the mummies found in the cemetery were covered with gold. On 13 January, I was coming back from Rome and read a newspaper called Il Messaggero that was running a story to the effect that the tomb of Cleopatra had been found inside the Temple of Taposiris Magna. Renowned actors TALOR and BURTON The story showed photographs of me at the There is no evidence to suggest that the tomb of tombs I found at the Gîza Pyramids. But the the ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra has been main photograph showed the actress found, writes Zâhî Hawwâs. Elizabeth TAYLOR playing Cleopatra surrounded by Rex HARRISON as Caesar and The news that has been published recently Richard BURTON as Mark Antony. concerning the discovery of the tomb of

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I called Stefania SOFRA asking her to send a Fakharânî, why archaeologists had searched letter from both of us saying that the for the tomb of Alexander the Great but none newspaper story completely false. It had been of them had searched for the tomb of completely made up. Even so, I had to answer Cleopatra? questions from reporters from all over the He said that I should go to the area near al- world asking me about the discovery. I Silsila in Alexandria and look into the water. explained that the tomb had not been found There I would see the palace of the queen, he inside the temple, and temples were never said, and her tomb. I went to the area and used for burial. looked at the water that contains the tomb Meanwhile, Hollywood wants to produce a and palace and began to think that I was in new film on the life of Cleopatra. Many people love with a woman that I had never seen and are saying that Cleopatra was black, and for had never even imagined what she looked this reason they want the actress playing like. Cleopatra to be black too. The name of the US I began to read about her, and what I read singer Beyoncé has been recommended. showed that Cleopatra had loved power, fame When I was called by various TV stations, I and wealth. She would have left the love of told them that Cleopatra cannot have been her life if it had benefited her. I began to think black because her father and mother were that I should not dream anymore about this Greek even if she was born in Egypt and had mysterious woman. become Egyptianised. I said that she was very Look at what has been written about this clever and that she never loved Caesar or queen. The ancient historian PLUTARCH said Mark Antony, but used them for their power. that Cleopatra and Mark Antony were buried When Mark Antony was defeated at the Battle together in Alexandria. For years, many of Actium, Cleopatra began to look towards archaeologists believed this theory. But the Octavius instead and sent a message to Mark historical evidence suggests that Cleopatra Antony saying that she was dead and leading built a tomb for herself near her palace, and so to Mark Antony’s killing himself. most scholars have concluded that Cleopatra’s But Octavius did not care for Cleopatra and tomb has sunk beneath the Mediterranean wanted to take her to Rome to show the Sea. Romans the woman that had deceived the The theory that Cleopatra is buried in the world. I said that the US singer Lady Gaga Temple of Taposiris Magna is something would be inappropriate for the role of promoted by MARTINEZ. As an Egyptologist, I Cleopatra. I recommended the actress can say that I have never heard of any king or Angelina Jolie instead. queen being buried inside a temple, and what has been found recently in the excavations are only objects related to the temple equipment. Nothing has been discovered so far that relates to a tomb. Many people have written bad things about this queen, claiming that she was fat, had a large hooked nose, bad teeth, sharp eyes and a fat neck. This has been reported in the press. But this woman who captured the

The remains of Amun Temple in Taposiris Magna hearts of the most powerful men of her time cannot have been ugly. Instead, those who REMEMBERING CLEOPATRA: When I was came after her, in particular Augustus Caesar 17, I studied Greek and Roman archaeology at and the Roman officials who took over Egypt the University of Alexandria. One day I asked after her death, did all they could to destroy one of the professors there, Fawzî al-

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Janvier 2019 images of the queen, as if to obliterate her bewitching, so much so that Antony neglected power and reputation. Yet, still the remarkable his civic duties at home. “While Fulvia his wife story of this Ptolemaic queen, Egypt’s last maintained his quarrels in Rome against Pharaoh, has come down through the Octavius Caesar by actual force of arms,” centuries. Antony allowed himself “to be carried away by her to Alexandria, there to keep holiday, like a As the 17th-century French philosopher boy, in play and diversion”, PLUTARCH writes, Blaise PASCAL wrote, “Cleopatra’s nose, if it quoting a friend of his own grandfather as to had been shorter, the whole face of the earth the sumptuousness of the feasts they shared. would have been different.” Whether beautiful or not by today’s standards, this queen captured the hearts of many great Romans, and her story has fascinated countless historians, writers and artists. The earliest version of Cleopatra’s life was written by PLUTARCH in around 100 CE in his Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, which contains the most accurate and complete accounts. And so her myth begins.

A royal head uncovered on site CLEOPATRA’S SUICIDE: It is from PLUTARCH, too, that we hear the earliest version of the intertwined deaths of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Making one hard decision after another, and falling under the shadow of numerous omens reflecting the gods’ will, Mark Antony decides to die a soldier’s death. He witnesses Hawwâs with MARTINEZ during excavation work; his own men surrendering to Octavius, his and a royal head uncovered on site Roman rival, and blames Cleopatra. “She, In his life of Mark Antony, PLUTARCH calls being afraid lest in his fury and despair he the Roman leader’s love affair with Cleopatra might do her a mischief, fled to her “the last and crowning mischief that could monument,” writes PLUTARCH, and she sent befall him” and emphasises her seductive messengers to tell Antony that she was dead. charms. According to PLUTARCH, knowing that Believing himself defeated in war and love, she was to meet Mark Antony, the Egyptian Antony then wounded himself with his sword queen came sailing up the river Cydnus in a but lived long enough to be brought before barge with a gilded stern and outspread sails Cleopatra. This is what made me believe that of purple, while oars of silver beat time to the this queen loved herself alone and that she music of flutes and harps. would sacrifice her love for Mark Antony for She lay alone under a canopy of cloth of power. She sent a message to get rid of her gold, dressed as Venus in a painting, and defeated lover, so that she could be free for beautiful boys, like Cupids, stood on each side another, Octavius. to fan her. Her maids were dressed like sea “Nothing could part us whilst we lived, but nymphs and graces, some steering at the death seems to threaten to divide us,” rudder, some working at the ropes. PLUTARCH reports that Cleopatra said upon There followed an extravagant courtship, Antony’s death. She had already spent days together with a characterisation of Cleopatra testing various poisons and watching prisoners not as beautiful but as intelligent and

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Janvier 2019 die, “in order to see which of them were the There is no evidence to prove that least painful in the operation”. Cleopatra was buried in the temple. But in my opinion there is nevertheless amazing work Refusing to allow the Romans to take her underway, particularly by the mission that has as a prisoner to Rome, she selected the most been working near Cleopatra’s royal quarters, painless poison, the bite of an asp, as her now underwater, that has raised a nine-ton mode of suicide. Perhaps an asp was brought pylon that is almost definitely part of a Temple in a basket of figs; perhaps there was a golden of Isis. The team has also found another spindle holding poison. Whatever her actual exciting structure in the threshold of a mode of suicide, in the triumphant procession monumental door that, with its granite and organised by Octavius after her death, “there copper and lead facing, may have been a part was carried a figure of Cleopatra with an asp of the door to Cleopatra’s tomb. clinging to her,” he said. The figure portrayed her respectfully, according to PLUTARCH, since Whether or not Cleopatra was actually the Romans “could not but admire the buried in the tomb she built for herself in greatness of her spirit and gave orders that Alexandria, or whether she was buried in her body should be buried by Antony with Taposiris Magna, she will remain one of royal splendour and magnificence.” history’s most mysterious, powerful and alluring women. It is hard to believe that a reporter in a respected newspaper like Il Messaggero would write such wrong information, because I did not say that Cleopatra’s tomb had been found. I have the right to talk about the work at the temple because I was the director of the excavations from 2005 until 2011, and during this time the Egyptian team did great work. But the idea that Cleopatra was buried in this The remains of Amun Temple in Taposiris Magna temple is not my idea. It is the theory of We began to work with MARTINEZ in 2005 at MARTINEZ. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “Fake news of the Temple of Taposiris Magna, where the Cleopatra”, Al-Ahram Weekly, January 24, Supreme Council of Antiquities team (SCA), 2019. Voir également MENA, « Zâhî Hawwâs : working under my direction, found many La tombe de Cléopâtre sera bientôt exhumée structures and artefacts on four levels of the à Alexandrie », Sada al-Balad, 14 janvier ; Mira site as well as shafts inside the Temple. The Maged, “Italian news about Cleopatra tomb work done since 2011 has been by MARTINEZ false: Zâhî Hawwâs”, Egypt Independent, only, and the documentation of the objects January 25). and the temple architecture has followed her - - research. We have to thank her for dedicating herself to this work, whether we agree about Cleopatra’s burial or not, and we have to see what is happening at the site now. Researchers have discovered several shafts inside and outside the temple. Some go 25 metres down into the rock. A large cemetery was also excavated outside the temple, and the most important object found there has been the Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities large stone inscribed by Ptolemy V giving gifts Archaeological expedition by the Supreme to the priestesses of Isis. Council of Antiquities revealed a group of

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Janvier 2019 tombs dating back to the Second Intermediate vessels and some stone tools, such as blades Period of the Hyksos and 20 burials dating and cutlery made from the walls. back to the period of Naqada III at Kom al- Khilgân located on the border between the eastern province of al-Daqahliyya.

Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities

Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities The head of the archaeological mission, Sayyid al-Talhâwî, said that the mission had Mustafa Wazîrî, Secretary-General of the completed the work on the site, which is about Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the one kilometer east of the al-Samâra hill, where graves contain animal fossils attached to it, the French mission has been operating for and a group of broken black pottery known as more than seven years. (Nour Eltigani, the Jewish hill of the Second Era, as well as “Supreme Council of Antiquities Expedition circular vessels and other small potsherds and Discovers A Number of Tombs and Burial Sites pots of pottery. in Kom al-Khilgân”, Egyptian Streets, January In one of these vessels, the expedition 24, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le found seven jars, six of which were made of ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la lanterns, with inscriptions and decorations of découverte de tombes de différentes époques this period, and the seventh jar was made out à Kom al-Khilgân », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 23 of a semi-precious stone. janvier ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au jour de tombes de différentes époques à Kom al- Khilgân », Sada al-Balad, 23 janvier ; Sana’ Fârûq, « Découverte de tombes datant de la Deuxième Période Intermédiaire », Watanî, 23 janvier ; Nevine El-Aref, “Ancient tombs and prehistoric burials found in Nile Delta”, Ahram Online, January 24; “Ancient tombs discovered in Nile Delta”, Egypt Independent, January 25). - - Decorated scarabs Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Samedi 26 janvier 2019 Department, Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, said that 20 burial sites have been found so far, all of which Six Old Kingdom mastaba tombs, two Old are in squatting condition. The burials date Kingdom shaft tombs and one rock-cut tomb back to the Predynastic period; between 6000 with multiple burials that were previously BC and 3100 BC. Most of the burials were unknown were discovered last month by the found in poor condition due to destruction by Qubbat al-Hawâ Research Project (QHRP) in subsequent human activity. Aswân. Inside some of the burials were some Mustafa Wazîrî, the general-secretary of the funerary objects, including a set of pottery Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram Online that some of the tombs measure

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190x285 cm and some measure 352x635 cm. discoveries.” He said that all the discovered One of the shaft tombs has an intact shaft. remains will be transferred to Aswân Antiquities storage. (Nevine El-Aref, “Nine Old Kingdom tombs discovered in Upper Egypt’s Aswân”, Ahram Online, January 26, 2019. Voir également Mahmûd Mullâ, « Découverte à Qubbat al-Hawâ de 6 tombes datant de l’Ancien Empire », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 20 janvier ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour de 6 tombes datant de l’Ancien Empire à Qubbat

al-Hawâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 janvier ; Muhammad al-Aswânî, « Le ministère de Martin BOMMAS, head of the mission and l’Archéologie annonce la découverte à director of QHRP, said that although the tomb Qubbat al-Hawâ de 6 tombes pharaoniques », builders had blocked the entrance to the Watanî, 20 janvier ; Angy Essam, “Six tombs burial chamber of one of the tombs with a wall dating back to the Old Kingdom uncovered in of carefully laid mud bricks, that particular Aswân”, Egypt Today, January 21; Nour tomb had been emptied in ancient times by Eltigani, “Six Tombs Dating Back to Old looters who broke into the sepulchre through Kingdom Discovered in Hawa Dome in the rear wall, thus avoiding the security Aswân”, Egyptian Streets, January 21). measures in place. - - He stressed the importance of the discovery of such a variety of high quality Late Period pottery, and its potential for scientific analysis.

Luxor city on Thursday will celebrate the end of the Egyptian-American project seeking to restore and protect the tomb of King Tutankhamun, in the Valley of the Kings at the West Bank of Luxor. The project is the largest of its kind inside the tomb, which was discovered 96 years ago

by British archaeologist Howard CARTER. The One of the tombs discovered restoration project has been working for the ‘Abd al-Mu’min Sa‘îd, director of the past ten years. Aswân Antiquities department, said that the discovery changes the understanding of the The ceremony will be held under the area of Qubbat al-Hawâ. patronage of Antiquities Minister Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, Secretary General of the Supreme He mentioned that these discoveries took Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî, and place on the last day of 2018, the year which attended by the famous Egyptologist Zâhî Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî Hawwâs, the Chairman of the American Getty announced as “the year of archaeological Conservation Institute (GCI), the Director of

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Janvier 2019 the Institute’s mission in Luxor and local and foreign Egyptologists. The ceremony will include documentary films, pictures and explanations on the stages of work done on the Golden Pharaoh’s tomb. According to sources within the Egyptian Antiquities Ministry, the restoration and protection work carried out by a GCI team and a team from the Ministry included lighting and ventilation works, wooden floors inside the tomb, metal floors for the exterior entrance Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities and restoration of the inscriptions, drawings Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the and colours of the tomb. (“Largest restoration Supreme Council of Antiquities, told Ahram project for tomb of King Tutankhamun Online that the galleries of the winery have a concludes in Luxor”, Egypt Independent, distinct architectural design, with thick mud January 26, 2019. Voir également Muhammad brick walls of different sizes. Some of the walls al-Samkûrî, « Achèvement du plus grand bear in their mortar small blocks of limestone projet de restauration et de préservation de la that appear to have been inserted randomly. tombe de Toutankhamon », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 26 janvier ; Rânyâ ‘Abd al-‘Âtî, « Louqsor célèbre la restauration de la tombe de Toutankhamon », al-Ahrâm, 27 janvier).

- -

Dimanche 27 janvier 2019

Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities “These blocks may have been used to achieve the temperature needed to preserve the wine,” Wazîrî suggested, adding that the wine produced in this area was of high quality and well-known in many parts of the world at the time.

The storage cells An Egyptian archaeological mission has uncovered the third section of a Graeco- Roman winery and its store galleries surrounded by a mud brick wall at Abû al- Matâmîr archaeological site in al-Buhayra governorate. Adjacent is a residential settlement that was once used by the winery employees. Photo credit: Ministry of Antiquities Ashraf al-‘Ashmâwî, the head of the Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Department,

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Janvier 2019 explains that the mission has also unearthed a bénéficiera ainsi de tous les atouts culturels, collection of ovens and instruments including touristiques et économiques. Comment sera clay pots dating to both the Ptolemaic and ce nouveau musée ? En voici quelques Islamic periods. Among those objects are also éléments de réponse : handles of amphora and fragments of iron.

v Ce musée sera situé à côté du quartier gouvernemental. Sa construction débutera après l’achèvement du transfert des différents

ministères vers la nouvelle capitale. al-‘Ashmâwî pointed out that the discovery highlights the strong relationship between v Une commission du ministère de Egypt and Greece over the span of history, as l’Archéologie, regroupant d’éminents savants some of the artefacts bear stamps from both et d’anciens ministres de l’Archéologie, Greece and Egypt. (Nevine El-Aref, “Graeco- déterminera le style architectural du musée et Roman winery discovered in Egypt’s al- les collections archéologiques qui y seront Buhayra”, Ahram Online, January 27, 2019. exposées. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le v Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la al-‘Inânî, a confirmé que le musée de la découverte d’un pressoir à vin à al-Buhayra », nouvelle capitale administrative sera dédié à la al-Masrî al-Yawm, 27 janvier ; Ahmad Mansûr, tolérance religieuse. « Mise au jour d’un fragment d’un pressoir à v vin dans le gouvernorat d’al-Buhayra », al- Il regroupera des pièces pharaoniques, islamiques, coptes et juives. Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 27 janvier ; Liliane Nabîl, « Découverte d’un fragment d’un pressoir à v Le musée vise à illustrer comment la vin dans le gouvernorat d’al-Buhayra », civilisation égyptienne prône-t-elle le respect Watanî, 27 janvier ; “Ancient wine press and de toutes les religions et les civilisations qui se other artifacts discovered in Buhayra”, Egypt sont succédé sur l’Égypte. Independent, January 28; Muhammad ‘Abd al- v Il vise également à montrer au monde Mu‘tî, « Découverte d’un fragment d’un entier que l’islam est respectueux de toutes pressoir à vin dans le gouvernorat d’al- les autres religions et que l’image négative Buhayra », al-Ahrâm, 28 janvier ; véhiculée par les groupes terroristes ne reflète “Archaeologists Discover Ancient Wine Cellar pas du tout la religion islamique. (Ahmad in Nile Delta”, Egyptian Streets, January 29; Hasan, « Le musée archéologique de la Dalia Farouq, « Les mystères du vin dévoilés », nouvelle capitale administrative », al-Yawm al- Al-Ahram Hebdo du 6 février). Sâbi‘, 27 janvier 2019. Voir également MENA, - - « Le musée de la nouvelle capitale administrative retrace l’histoire des différentes Le major général, Ahmad Zakî, président capitales égyptiennes à travers les siècles », de la Compagnie en charge de l’édification de Sada al-Balad, 24 janvier). la nouvelle capitale administrative égyptienne, a déclaré que le plan urbanistique de celle-ci - - englobe la création d’un musée archéologique sur une grande superficie. La nouvelle capitale

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plateau de Gîza et à Louqsor au cours Mardi 29 janvier 2019 desquelles le spectacle son et lumière sera diffusé en chinois. De nombreux ministres et experts dans les domaines touristique et culturel prendront part à ces cérémonies. Le président de l’Egyptian Sound and Light Show Company (ESLSC), Sâmih Sa‘d, a déclaré que l’introduction des spectacles en langue chinoise a été réalisée en coopération avec le Conseiller culturel chinois et la directrice du Le gouverneur du Caire, major général Centre culturel chinois au Caire, Madame Khâlid ‘Abd al-‘Âl, a tenu une réunion élargie Chen DONGYUN. Le spectacle a été enregistré avec le président de la Bibliotheca avec les dernières technologies. Des acteurs Alexandrina (Bibalex), Dr Mustafa al-Fiqî, et chinois célèbres ont prêté leurs voix. ses assistants, en vue de suivre les travaux de L’été prochain, la langue chinoise sera réaménagement du palais Khadîga Hânim et introduite dans les spectacles son et lumière sa transformation en un musée international partout ailleurs. (Dâlyâ Minshâwî, « Pour la des religions. Celui-ci est censé exposer des première fois, spectacles de son et lumière en pièces archéologiques datant des différentes chinois à Gîza et à Karnak », al-Ahrâm, 29 époques pharaonique, juive, copte et janvier 2019. Voir également Muhammad al- islamique. Samkûrî, « Pour la première fois, spectacles de Construit il y a plus de 120 ans au cœur de son et lumière en chinois », al-Masrî al-Yawm, la ville de Hilwân, le palais Khadîga Hânim 28 janvier ; « Spectacle de son et lumière en compte 50 pièces sur une superficie de 500 chinois, samedi », al-Shurûq, 28 janvier ; m2. Après l’achèvement des travaux de Mahmûd Nufal, « Le spectacle de son et rénovation, la municipalité étudie lumière à Gîza doublé en chinois », Sada al- actuellement les possibilités de réaffectation Balad, 29 janvier). de ce bijou architectural. (‘Abd al-Hâdî Tamâm - - « Transformation du palais Khadîga Hânim en un musée international des religions », al- Mercredi 30 janvier 2019 Ahrâm, 29 janvier 2019). - -

As a part of the vital restoration project in Khedival Cairo, Rihâm ‘Arrâm, General Manager for Cairo Heritage Preservation Pour la première fois, les spectacles son et General Administration has collaborated with lumière intègrent la langue chinoise en plus Heliopolis district to revitalize the facades of des huit autres langues adoptées : l’arabe, heritage buildings, al-Ahrâm reported, with l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, plans to transform several into open museums. l’espagnol, le russe et le japonais. Pour The Heliopolis district houses about 700 marquer cet événement, deux célébrations heritage buildings. seront organisées samedi prochain sur le

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Brigadier Ahmad Anwar, President of plan in 2018 to complete renovation of al- Heliopolis referred to the project’s importance Azbakiyya Park in Central Cairo. (Mira Maged, as it will add a special value to the district “Heliopolis heritage buildings to become itself. He said that some that while some of open museums”, Egypt Independent, January these buildings have already been repaired, 30, 2019). the real challenge comes from the - - inappropriate appearance of the surrounding buildings. Anwar added that a general restoration project will be proposed to Cairo Governor Khâlid ‘Abd al-‘Aal for all heritage buildings in the district, which will qualify them to be open museums, according to al-Ahrâm. The project is also expected to include street development by providing further green spaces. The Heliopolis renovation project will include the areas of Roxy, al-Khalîfa al- Ma’mûn, ‘Uthmân Ibn ‘Affân, Ismâ‘îliyya Square and more. Heliopolis is regarded as a host for various Une statue colossale du roi Ramsès II est prominent historic buildings such as the arrivée la semaine dernière dans la nouvelle Granda Building, al-Gâmi‘ Square, al-Kurba capitale administrative égyptienne. Elle a été heritage buildings, various churches transférée de son emplacement d’origine, un considered architectural gems and the Baron musée à ciel ouvert à Mît Rahîna, dans le Palace, part of which will be turned into a gouvernorat de Gîza, vers un musée en cours museum. de construction dans la nouvelle capitale administrative. One fascinating building of note is the presidential palace, originally established as the Grand Heliopolis Palace Hotel in 1910.

The Normandy Outdoor Cinema is also considered another historic icon of Heliopolis.

In a previous interview with al-Watan news, ‘Arrâm said that for buildings to be recorded as “heritage” they do not necessarily have to exceed 100 years of existence. She added that there are other measurements for buildings to be classified as “heritage”, including historical value or houses that are owned by public figures, like the house of the late prominent actor Mary Munîb located in Heliopolis. Khedival Cairo has recently seen various La statue, qui remonte à la XIXe dynastie, renovations such as in al-Sharifayn street, with est en granit rose. Elle a été découverte dans many of the street’s banks, buildings having la région de Kom al-Rabî‘a, à Mît Rahîna, been beautifully restored. première capitale de l’Égypte ancienne et connue dans l’antiquité sous le nom de The National Committee for Developing Memphis. Lors de sa découverte, la statue de and Preserving Historic Cairo previously set a Ramsès Il était brisée en six morceaux. Elle a BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 49

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été reconstruite avant d’être installée au the area of the Great Pyramids began to be musée à ciel ouvert de Mît Rahîna. Elle mesure demolished angry residents protested and 7,3 mètres de haut et 2,85 mètres de large. were dispersed by security forces using tear gas. La statue, qui est posée sur un socle, représente le roi debout avec une couronne “We were protesting against the blanche et une barbe royale et portant un demolition of the entire neighbourhood of grand collier. Le socle repose sur une colonne Nazlat al-Sammân,” Khâlid Tawfîq, a bazaar sur laquelle sont gravés les titres connus du roi owner and a resident of the area, told Al- Ramsès II. Des études approfondies ont été Ahram Weekly. effectuées avant le transfert de la statue, afin A resident who preferred to speak de s’assurer que le transport ne représente anonymously said the protesters feared the aucun risque et de garantir le maximum de demolitions would expand to include a sécurité pour la statue pharaonique. (Dalia majority of the area’s buildings. Farouq, « Ramsès II dans la nouvelle capitale », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 30 janvier “We have been living and working in the 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, same neighbourhood for years now... they « Transfert de la statue de Ramsès II de Mît cannot suddenly demolish our homes and Rahîna vers la nouvelle capitale relocate us somewhere else,” the resident administrative », Sada al-Balad, 23 janvier). said. - - The inhabitants of Nazlat al-Sammân, which is close to the Gîza Pyramids, depend on Jeudi 31 janvier 2019 tourism for their livelihoods and fear their homes and businesses will be demolished, as happened in the Downtown Maspero Triangle area.

“I was born here and I live with my family in a licensed building. They have no right to demolish licensed houses. Almost all of the residents here are working in tourism, some in bazaars, others providing tourist services or acting as tour guides. We are all attached to the place where we live and work. It would be

Gîza Plateau development plan includes demolishing unlicensed difficult for us to be relocated to some other buildings in Nazlat al-Sammân district,” Ahmad al-‘Arabî, a tour guide who The appeals judge in a southern Gîza court lives in the district, told the Weekly. accepted on Sunday the appeal of 18 According to al-‘Arabî, residents of Nazlat residents of Nazlat al-Sammân district in Gîza al-Sammân are confused. They have no idea and ordered their release pending how the government plans to develop the investigations into charges of resisting Pyramids area and there are contradicting authorities, illegal assembly and injuring a versions of the scale of the planned police officer. The 18 were arrested a week demolitions. earlier, during clashes between demonstrators and security forces, which erupted after Following the clashes a state of cautious authorities began to demolish unlicensed calm prevailed as Central Security Forces and buildings in the neighbourhood. ambulances were deployed. The demolitions began on 17 January and Major General ‘Alâ’ Badrân, and assistant were coordinated between Gîza governorate, to the governor of Gîza, insists the demolition the Ministry of Antiquities and the Interior campaign targets only unlicensed properties Ministry. As unlicensed buildings located in built illegally within the last six months. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 50

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Gîza governorate has issued a statement more than 100,000 artefacts. (Ahmed Morsy, denying rumours that all Nazlat al-Sammân’s “Developing the site of the Pyramids”, Al- residents will be evicted and the vacated land Ahram Weekly, January 31, 2019. Voir sold to an Arab investor. également Ahmad Mansûr, « Fin des empiètements sur la zone archéologique de “Only four buildings have been Gîza », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 janvier ; demolished, all unlicensed and built in « Réaménagement de la zone des Pyramides : violation of construction and antiquities laws,” 32 ans de retard, d’atermoiements et d’autres said the statement. It added that there was no choses », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 22 janvier). intention to sell any land in such an important archaeological area, and that the unlicensed - - buildings were an eyesore. The governorate also underlined that the demolition of the buildings was done in accordance with the law and no inhabited buildings were included. Two years ago the government announced that it was close to finalising plans to develop the area surrounding the Pyramids. The scheme had initially been mooted in 2009 when the current Prime Minister Mustafa A bird’s eye view of the Great Pyramid Madbûlî was chairman of the General Despite the rumours that sometimes still Authority for Urban Planning. In 2014, when circulate about the Great Pyramids, these Madbûlî was Minister of Housing, the scheme wonders of the ancient world were undoubtedly was renewed, and groundwork on its built by the ancient Egyptians themselves, implementation began last year, when writes Zâhî Hawwâs. Madbûlî was appointed prime minister. It was recently announced that a Russian The plan appears to be part of the project called “Isis” under the supervision of preparations for the 2020 opening of the the KGB had found a mummy of a space Grand Egyptian Museum, located two creature 13,000 years old and mummified it kilometres from the Pyramids and the Sphinx. using the same mummification techniques Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî says used by the ancient Egyptians during the the ministry plans to develop the area to period of the former Soviet Union. maximise its potential as a global tourist This was used to claim that aliens built the attraction, transforming the whole site into an Pyramids and the information was found in a open air museum by linking its different search of KGB files. Russian intelligence has elements, including the Grand Egyptian made a documentary to prove the existence of Museum, by a network of thoroughfares. this “space mummy” found in the Gîza The development plan includes removing necropolis, and it is said that Victor IVANOVICH, the Shooting Club, redirecting the Fayyûm the former Kremlin scientific advisor, was the road to a newly constructed tunnel, improving one who found the files. the infrastructure-serving visitors and This information is false and has no truth to upgrading the sound and light show. it at all, since there was no Russian expedition Around 8,000 workers are on site each day working in the Gîza area during the 1960s. working on the Grand Egyptian Museum. The There was no mummy found inside the museum will eventually cover 500,000 square Pyramids at Gîza, and there was no project metres, of which 168,000 square metres will called “Isis”. This is all media hype, which has form dedicated exhibition spaces showing no factual basis. How was it ascertained that

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Janvier 2019 the alleged mummy was 13,000 years old, and The pyramid shape was associated with the how was the existence of the alien mummy god Re, and everyone who could afford to explained in the first place? build a tomb was allowed to build it using the attributes of the divinity. The main difference I think that the reasoning behind this between king and subject was that the king announcement only shows that IVANOVICH is built his pyramid using stone, while the unreliable and unstable. No Russian mission workers used mud brick to construct their worked in the area during these years. There tombs. was a mission working in affiliation with a Russian university in the Eastern Cemetery In addition to the tombs, dwelling areas recording the tombs, but this did not unearth were also discovered, along with huts, any new ones. bakeries, and spaces for drying fish. The excavations also showed that the labourers We have become acquainted with such worked all year round in moving the stones, ridiculous news regarding the Great Pyramid and that they had one day off for every 10 of Khufu, and I always say in my lectures that if days of work. Well-established families from all someone stands in front of the Great Pyramid over the country would send workers as a without reading about or understanding the donation to their king, and in return they did ancient Egyptian civilisation, then they will not not have to pay taxes. believe that ordinary people could have built this ancient wonder. They would not know that The upper cemetery was reserved for the this was the national project of the Egyptians artists who sculpted statues, and some were at the time. overseers of the work in the complex. The lower cemetery was for the workers who There have been a lot of false claims made moved the stones. To feed the workers around about the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The first is 13 cows and 15 sheep were sent every day to that the builders only worked for four months the site. It was previously believed that the during the flood season. The second is the workers depended mainly on onions, garlic belief, based on a reading of the ancient Turin and barley, but in fact they also ate meat on a Papyrus that Khufu only ruled for about 23 daily basis. years. The third is the misconception that there are 2,300,000 stone blocks in the A study was conducted to analyse the Pyramids. The fourth is that the stones used to bones found in the cemetery, and this build the Pyramids were brought from quarries revealed that the men and women working in Tura. there had various back problems from moving the stones, and that women were also All of these ideas have no scientific basis, involved in the construction of the Pyramids, and they will be tackled in this article. mainly in nursing workers, working in food One of the most important pieces of preparation and drying fish. An estimated evidence that proves that the builders of the 10,000 workers were involved in building the Pyramids were Egyptians has been the Pyramids based on the material evidence discovery of the tombs of the Pyramid found. builders, which proved to the world that the As for Khufu’s reign, there is a scene Egyptians were the real builders of these engraved in a quarry in the Western Desert ancient wonders. It also showed that they that shows the king in year 27 of his reign. The were not slaves, since they chose their burials recently discovered Wâdî al-Garf Papyrus also next to the Pyramids and even prepared their mentions year 26 of the king’s reign. When tombs and funerary equipment. The these two new pieces of evidence are put into excavation of the tombs also found that some consideration, it is now believed that the great of the tombs were built in a pyramid shape, king may have ruled for between 30 and 32 proving that the idea the pyramid shape was years. exclusive to the king was not true.

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The opinion regarding the number of the construction of the Pyramids. In all the stones used to build the Pyramids has no tombs in the cemetery of the Pyramid evidence behind it. It is apparent, however, builders, not one Hebrew name or artefact has that the people who have said that 2,300,000 ever been found. blocks were used did not know that the base When former Israeli prime minister of the Pyramids are built of solid rock, Menachem BEGIN came to Egypt and visited meaning that the ancient Egyptians dug down the Pyramids complex, the Egyptian journalist until they reached a depth of about eight Huda Tawfîq asked him when he was standing metres. in front of the Sphinx, “do you still believe that The base of the Pyramids would have had the Jews built the Pyramids?” BEGIN answered the largest number of blocks; therefore, we by saying that the ancient Egyptians were the believe that the Great Pyramid was built with real builders of these ancient wonders. The no more than one million blocks, each Israeli newspaper Maariv also wrote about the weighing between half a ton and two-and-a- discovery of the tombs of the Pyramid builders half tons. and said that this ended the theory that the Jews had built the Pyramids. Finally, regarding the misconception that the blocks were brought from quarries in Tura, There is also the story of three foreigners, it has been proven that the stone blocks that one American, one British, and the third an built the Pyramids were cut from the Gîza Egyptian living in Europe, who promoted the Plateau itself, which was actually one of the idea that the Pyramids were built in alignment considerations that the architects used to base with the stars in the Orion belt about 15,000 their decision before choosing a site for years ago. At a conference in Chicago construction. Only the casing of the Pyramids recently, this idea was declared to be used white limestone blocks from Tura. completely false as a way of ending its unfortunate popularity. I explained that this These false facts about the construction of theory was not true, and that there was a lack the Pyramids may have led some to believe of evidence to support the existence of any that the ancient Egyptians could not have civilisation before the Pharaonic civilisation in moved all these blocks and that only space Egypt. creatures could have completed such a task. In addition to the size of the Great Pyramid, with However, some then claimed that there a base of 230 metres and taking up an area of was evidence under the Sphinx showing that about 13 acres, it has been claimed that if the its construction dated to 15,000 years ago. stones were cut into small blocks, they would They wanted to drill down next to the Sphinx cover one third of the Earth and could build a to prove this, which I refused. However, when wall around France. the Sphinx was in danger due to the water table rising, we had to conduct a drilling Sadly, this information is also misleading, project to save it. The team made 32 drill- and it has led many to believe in false facts, holes around the Great Pyramid to a depth of even attributing the Pyramids to the ancient 20 metres, and these showed that there was city of Atlantis, aliens or Jews. nothing underneath the Sphinx, and that it COUNTERING FALSEHOODS: I lived for was built from solid rock. many years next to the Pyramids myself during There is also the Edgar CAYCE group that some of the best years of my life, and over the believes that the US clairvoyant Edgar CAYCE years I encountered people who believed in once lived in the lost city of Atlantis, and when these false facts. it was destroyed he came to Egypt with a box One of them was that the Jews were the that contained the technology used by the true builders of the Pyramids, even though all ancient Egyptians to build the Pyramids. The the linguistic and archaeological evidence group believes that this box is buried proves that the Jews were not in Egypt during underneath the right paw of the Sphinx.

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I once lectured to this group in the various artifacts inside the temple and company of Egyptologists Ahmad al-Sâwî and prepared the food and drink to be given as Nâsif Hasan at the Mena House Hotel near the offerings in front of statues of the king. Sadly, Pyramids, and we presented all the evidence the people who spread false rumours today that discredits this theory. I even once gave a do not know about these features and only lecture in Virginia in front of all the members talk about the Pyramid itself. of the group, providing them with all the Second, graffiti has been found inside the evidence needed to prove that their theories Great Pyramid left by the different teams were not true. But sadly, this theory is still alive working on the construction. The graffiti was amongst these members. found within the five inner chambers and was There are also people who believe that the recorded. The first room is called Davison’s Pyramids were once granaries used by the Chamber and does not include any graffiti. Prophet Joseph to store wheat in order to The second chamber is called Wellington’s avoid any starvation that might occur due to Chamber and has graffiti on the north of the the low flood level of the Nile. western wall representing the name of the king in a cartouche along with the name of There are many other ridiculous theories one of the work groups, “the white crown of about the Great Pyramid that are beyond the Khnum Khuf”, and bears the year 17 of the scope of this article. When the Egyptian TV king’s reign. host ‘Amr Adîb once asked me the reason behind all these beliefs, I said that such The opposite eastern wall has the remains people were trying to associate their dreams of the king’s cartouche. The third room is with this great monument, since it is the only called Nelson’s Chamber, and it contained the surviving Wonder of the Ancient World and a name of another group called “Medjedu”, lot of people try to use the fame of the which is one of Khufu’s names, specifically his Pyramids to become famous themselves. Horus name. The fourth chamber, Lady Arbuthnot’s Chamber, contains the name There is even a weekly show in Los Angeles “Horus Medjedu” and the white crown group about the aliens who built the Pyramids. more than once. The fifth room is called BUILT BY THE EGYPTIANS: Here I would Campbell’s Chamber and has the group name like to provide all the evidence needed to “the friends of King Khufu”. prove without a shred of doubt that the This is the room that some German Pyramids were built by their own people, the individuals recently entered through the ancient Egyptians, and that all the other efforts of an Egyptian who lives in Europe and allegations have no factual basis. tried to prove that the Pyramids were 15,000 First, there are about 124 pyramids in years old and that they can be attributed to Egypt belonging to the kings and queens of the people of Atlantis. the Old and Middle Kingdoms. The Pyramid of Third, the tombs to the west of the Great Khufu is one of these, and it has 14 Pyramid, dating from the Fourth until the architectural features associated with a Eighth Dynasty, include many texts from the complete pyramid complex, with each feature priests who oversaw the cult of the dead king, having a certain function in reviving the soul of in addition to the workers, and was referred to the dead king. as “Akhet Khufu”, meaning “Khufu’s horizon”. These features include a valley temple, Fourth, the queens’ pyramids to the east causeway, and mortuary temple. The belonged to Khufu’s wife and his mother causeway, which was 710 metres long, is Hetepheres, in addition to the tombs currently underneath the modern village of associated with the royal family. Nazlat al-Sammân. There were also living quarters for the priests, the builders’ living Fifth, there is the discovery of the Wâdî al- area, and the workshops that produced the Garf Papyrus on the Red Sea not far from Suez

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Janvier 2019 at a port known as the Port of Khufu. The port”, along with many titles belonging to papyrus is in the form of a journal that priests and artists who were part of the belonged to the head of the workers, a man workforce. named Merer, who was in charge of a team of Eighth, there is the discovery by a French 40 people. These were responsible for team of the Hatnûb quarries north of Tell al- transporting the stones from the quarries in Amarna. These quarries were used for the Tura to the Gîza Plateau on a ship along the alabaster needed to make statues and for the Nile. There was also another channel dug up flooring of temples. The team found the name to the west, so that the dock would be close of Khufu, along with a method for moving the to the construction site. The remains of the blocks from the quarry to Giza. ports of Khufu and Khafra have been found. Ninth, there is a papyrus dating to the Merer also mentions the overseer of the Middle Kingdom known as the Westcar works in “Ra-She” and the entrance to the Papyrus that discuses a tale relating to Khufu. Plateau as being called “Ankh-haf” and that The story goes that the king wanted to know the entrance received granite blocks that the secrets of Thoth, the god of wisdom, and came from the southern quarries of Aswân, of writing so he could build his Pyramid. together with limestone from Tura, basalt from Khufu’s son pointed him in the direction of a Fayyûm, and alabaster from Hatnûb. The magician called Gedey, who was known to workers would sign the first letter of their have cut a goose’s neck and brought it back names as proof of their attendance at the site. to life. He knew the secret of the god Thoth, Merer also mentioned that the Pyramids area he said. was called “Ankh Khufu”, meaning “Life to Khufu”, and the Great Pyramid was called The magician was brought to the king, and “Akhet Khufu”, meaning “Khufu’s Horizon”. Khufu asked him to cut someone’s neck, but He also mentions the year 26 of Khufu’s reign. he refused. Khufu brought a prisoner, but the magician said that the prisoner was still a I consider this papyrus, which was found by human being. So, a goose was brought, and French scholar Pierre TALLET, to be one of the the magician performed his trick. When the most important discoveries of the 21st century. king asked about the secret of the god Thoth, Sixth, the Wâdî al-Garf Papyrus includes he said, “this secret will be known to the sons evidence that proves that Khufu lived in his who are born from a woman in Heliopolis, and palace next to the construction site. I once they will rule Egypt.” wrote an article regarding this topic based on Tenth, there were priests of the Pyramid of an inscription found in the tomb of Senejem-ib Khufu even as late as the 26th Dynasty, and from the Fifth Dynasty, which mentions that these were responsible for reviving the spirit the king Djed-ka-ra lived in his palace next to of the dead king. his Pyramid. Therefore, I said that the Pyramids were the national project of all All of this evidence shows that the real Egyptians. How could the king have lived in builders of the Pyramids were the ancient Memphis? Especially as it would have taken a Egyptians themselves. They are also recorded long time to inspect the construction site since in a book, “Gîza and the Pyramids”, co-written there were no horses in Egypt at the time. by myself and the American Egyptologist Mark LEHNER. Seventh, as I mentioned earlier, the discovery of the tombs of the Pyramid builders Anyone who tries to prove that the proves that the workers were Egyptians. We Pyramids were built for other purposes than have also found various titles in the tombs that the burial of the king is guilty of falsehood. I give insights into the administration and think that we should not respond to any of management of the project, such as these false theories anymore, with which “inspector of the eastern corner of the people are trying to steal what we hold dear Pyramid” and “inspector responsible for the to our hearts, namely the Pyramids and the

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Pharaonic civilisation. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “The He first served as an assistant professor in Egyptians built the Pyramids”, Al-Ahram Heidelberg and obtained his habilitation in Weekly, January 31, 2019). 1967. He was then appointed deputy-director - - of the DAIK, where he later served as director from 1989 to 1998 in one of the golden ages of the institute.

STADELMANN was an internationally renowned scholar. He published widely on a wide range of Egyptological topics. His PhD dissertation was on the veneration of Syro- Palestinian deities in ancient Egypt in what became a standard study of the subject. Then he moved to fieldwork on the Theban Temples, especially the royal funerary

temples, particularly the Temple of Seti I at The German archaeologist Rainer Gurna and the Temple of Millions of Years of STADELMANN passed away on 14 January, and Amenhotep III at Kom al-Hîtân. all those who knew him or knew of him will recognise this great loss to the field of He became an authority on this very archaeology, Egyptology, and to all of us in interesting topic. However, the most Egypt, Germany, and the rest of the world. important expertise of STADELMANN’s scholarly work is the archaeology, art and history of the I first met STADELMANN around 25 years ago Old Kingdom, especially the Pyramids Age. when he used to come to visit Zâhî Hawwâs in His work concentrated on the great Pharaohs the Gîza Pyramids area. STADELMANN was a of the Fourth Dynasty and their monuments. very modest man, great scholar, and He contributed extensively to this topic wonderful lover of Egypt and its antiquities. through his fieldwork in Dahshûr and his He helped the country enormously in terms of scholarly publications. studying and saving its monuments and helping and training Egyptian archaeologists As the director of the DAIK, STADELMANN when he was the director of the Deutsches further developed the profile of the institute to Archäologisches Institut Kairo (DAIK). He was include many amazing and innovative projects. very gifted on all levels. He was among the institute’s most successful directors, deepening cooperation with On the personal level, with Hawwâs and Egyptian archaeologists and stakeholders and ‘Alî Radwân he was one of the three men who supporting them to unprecedented levels. wrote letters of recommendation for me in order to study for my PhD in Egyptology and He received the Federal Cross of Merit Near Eastern Archaeology at Johns Hopkins (Bundesverdienstkreuz), the Grand Officer of University in the US in 2002. With Hawwâs and the Order of the Republic of Egypt, and the Mark LEHNER, STADELMANN was one of the best Egyptian Hathor Medal in recognition of his scholars of the Pyramids Age. achievements. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in He had a long a career studying and Paris and was also an honorary professor at working in the archaeological field in Egypt. Heidelberg University. He was born on 24 October 1933 in Oettingen in Bavaria in Germany. He studied Egyptology STADELMANN’s passing has come as a great and Near Eastern and Classical Archaeology at shock to Egyptology and Egyptian the universities of Munich and Heidelberg and archaeology. Scholars across the world have received his PhD degree from Heidelberg been saddened by the loss of a respected University in 1960. colleague, a highly appreciated friend, and a wonderful human being.

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Emmanuel Macron et son épouse devant le temple d’Abû Simbil © Ludovic MARIN. AFP

Together with his wife Brigitte, MACRON

and his delegation toured the Ramses II and The last time I met with him was in Nefertari temples, and viewed documents and Baltimore at Johns Hopkins University when he photographs telling the story of how both and his wife, Hourig SOUROUZIAN, came to give temples were salvaged. MACRON and his wife a wonderful lecture about their excavations at were guided by Antiquities Minister Khâlid al- the Temple of Amenhotep III at Kom al-Hîtân ‘Inânî, head of the Egyptian delegation in Western Thebes. assigned by the presidency to accompany the Last year, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina French group. They were also joined by Antiquities Museum organised a major Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât and Aswân exhibition on the work of STADELMANN and Governor Ahmad Ibrâhîm. SOUROUZIAN at this temple, celebrating 20 years of their achievements there. It was opened by Mustafa al-Fiqî, director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and it was a great success. Although STADELMANN was ill at the time and was not able to attend the exhibition in person, his spirit and achievements were very much among us.

We shall all greatly miss STADELMANN, and Emmanuel MACRON, son homologue égyptien ‘Abd al-Fattâh al- Sîsî et leurs épouses Brigitte MACRON et Intisâr ‘Âmir au palais all condolence is due to his wife and co- présidentiel du Caire le 28 janvier, 2019. © Ludovic MARIN. AFP scholar SOUROUZIAN for her loss. (Husayn ‘Abd MACRON and his wife expressed admiration al-Basîr, “Lover of Egypt’s Pyramids. Obituary: for the techniques used in the construction of Rainer STADELMANN (1933-2019)”, Al-Ahram both Abû Simbil Temples. Weekly, January 31, 2019. Voir également Dalia Farouq, « STADELMANN n’est plus… », Al- France was among the countries that Ahram Hebdo du 23 janvier). helped Egypt rescue both Abû Simbil Temples from the rising waters of Lake Nâsir in the

1960s, following the construction of the High - - Dam, and transfer them from their original location to their current site overlooking the Abû Simbil Temple in Aswân was the first lake. stop in the French President Emmanuel MACRON’s visit to Egypt earlier this week, a detour that came within the 2019 Egypt- French cultural year initiative.

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Brigitte Macron devant le plateau de Gîza Emmanuel Macron visite le temple d’Abû Simbil © AFP Photo/HO/Egyptian Presidency © Ludovic MARIN. AFP Arriving in Cairo, Brigitte MACRON visited They inspected several buildings, as well as the Gîza Plateau and the Muhammad ‘Alî the two obelisks restored and transported to Mosque in the Citadel. She was guided by the New Capital late last year from Tanis in Fâtma ‘Abdallah, who told Al-Ahram Weekly Delta. Mrs MACRON had said she wished that her husband had also been able to enjoy the tour. The obelisks are carved in red granite and date from the reign of Ramses II. Each is 15 As well as the mosque and mausoleum of metres tall and weighs 70 tons. (Nevine El- Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha at the Citadel, France’s Aref, “Visiting history”, Al-Ahram Weekly, first lady visited King Fârûq’s tea kiosk where January 31, 2019). she listened to Sufi songs from Sheikh Husayn al-Rifâ‘î.

President MACRON visited the Arts District, the Cairo Opera House and the planned - Antiquities Museum at the New Administration Capital with President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî. - - -

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II – FEVRIER 2019

project specialist at the Getty Conservation Vendredi 1er février 2019 Institute, told Reuters news agency. “You can’t attach to the floor, ceiling or wall, so you have to design all of those components to be self-supporting in a way so they don’t damage any historically significant features.” An exact, full-sized replica of Tutankhamun’s tomb was built in Egypt in 2014, but to ensure the real one can remain open; the conservators took measures to

counter tourist damage. (“Iconic King After almost a decade, conservators in Tutankhamun Tomb Unveiled to Public After Egypt have finally revealed the newly restored Restoration”, Egyptian Streets, February 1st, tomb of Tutankhamen, better known as King 2019). Tut. - - The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities, in collaboration with the Getty Conservation Dimanche 3 février 2019 Institute, have cleaned up the murals depicting the scenes from the pharaoh’s life La compagnie BTP chargée du projet du and inserted an air filtration and ventilation musée archéologique d’Hurghada a achevé system into the tomb. près de 70 % des travaux de construction du The paintings were previously affected by bâtiment principal, composé de deux étages. humidity, dust and carbon dioxide. Les opérations se poursuivent dans l’annexe administrative et le mur d’enceinte. New barriers will now restrict physical L’ensemble du gros œuvre sera achevé dans access to the paintings, and a new viewing trois mois, conformément au calendrier prévu. platform with lighting and interpretive signage will enhance the visitors’ view of the tomb. Au terme d’une tournée d’inspection, la directrice du département des musées, Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn, a annoncé qu’une commission ministérielle planche actuellement sur la sélection des 1 000 pièces archéologiques qui y seront exposées. Le but ultime étant la promotion du patrimoine et la hausse du nombre de touristes et par conséquent des recettes du ministère de l’Archéologie.

De son côté, le gouverneur de la mer “We wanted to design a sustainable Rouge, Ahmad ‘Abdallah, a rappelé que grâce system that can hold up to visitors every day, à l’accord conclu avec le ministre de and you also wanted to have a low impact on l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al-‘Inânî, le musée the archaeology itself,” Sara LARDINOIS, a d’Hurghada s’étend sur une superficie de 3 000 m2. Il abritera les milliers de pièces

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Février 2019 antiques entreposées dans les réserves du mission franco-italienne à Tebtynis (Umm al- gouvernorat de Qinâ, faute de lieu Buraygât) dans l’oasis du Fayyûm. d’exposition approprié. Ce musée est le fruit d’un partenariat public-privé. Bien entendu, le musée d’Hurghada sera géré par le ministère et les organismes gouvernementaux intéressés. Il sera soumis à la protection de la Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités. L’inauguration de ce musée est prévue au cours de la seconde moitié de 2019. (Muhammad al-Sayyid, « Achèvement de 70 % des travaux de construction du musée d’Hurghada en collaboration avec le Cette exposition est organisée par le secteur privé », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 février ministère de l’Archéologie, avec la 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, collaboration de l’Institut français « Inauguration fin 2019 du musée d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) et de l’Università d’Hurghada », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 mai). degli studi di Milano. Elle se tient dans la salle - - 44 du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr et s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’année culturelle France Les services de sécurité de l’aéroport Égypte 2019. international d’Hurghada ont arrêté un voyageur allemand en possession de 26 pièces archéologiques dissimulées dans ses bagages. Il s’agit de : un ouchebti de 24 cm en terre cuite, inscrit d’hiéroglyphes, trois fragments de statues inscrites, un collier en faïence bleue et verte, trois amulettes pharaoniques en faïence, un petit scarabée en ivoire, deux autres scarabées de taille moyenne portant des inscriptions hiératiques, cinq monnaies d’époque gréco-romaine, une lampe décorée de la tête d’Hathor, neuf La présidente du département des musées, fragments de céramique décorée, ainsi qu’un Ilhâm Salâh, a précisé que cette exposition, fragment de lin ayant appartenu à une momie. qui regroupe près de deux cents pièces, se (Muhammad al-Sayyid, « Arrestation à tiendra durant deux mois. Les pièces exposées l’aéroport d’Hurghada d’un voyageur ont été découvertes au cours des trois allemand en possession de 26 pièces dernières décennies. Elles restituent les détails antiques », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 février 2019. de la vie quotidienne dans ce village entre le e e Voir également Hâtim Muhsib, « Échec d’une III siècle av. et le IX siècle apr. J.-C. tentative d’exportation illicite de pièces pharaoniques vers le Turquie », al-Ahrâm, 4 février). - -

Lundi 4 février 2019

Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a inauguré lundi une exposition temporaire consacrée aux fouilles de la

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De son côté, la directrice du Musée les plus riches en papyrus. Près de 10 000 Égyptien, Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, a souligné que papyrus y ont été mis au jour. La moitié de ces parmi les pièces exposées figurent : trois textes sont rédigés en égyptien et en grec. fenêtres en bois datant des Ier et IIe siècles apr. J.-C., des ustensiles de cuisine en bois, des paniers et d’autres objets métalliques exhumés à l’intérieur des maisons. À cela s’ajoutent quelques poteries pour la cuisine et le stockage des denrées, remontant aux époques ptolémaïque, romaine et byzantine.

Rappelant que le site de Tebtynis a été découvert en 1899. Plusieurs missions anglaises et allemandes y avaient entrepris des fouilles archéologiques. La dernière en date fut une mission italienne dont les travaux se sont poursuivis jusqu’en 1936. Malheureusement, le site a été victime de Il y a également des lampes, des stèles pillage et de nombreuses dégradations dus représentant quelques divinités comme aux pilleurs archéologiques et aux sebakhin. Soknebtynis et Isis-Thermouthis, des sculptures en terracotta, quelques pièces de monnaie, des bijoux (colliers, bracelets, boucles d’oreilles, bagues) façonnés pour la plupart en bronze ou en matériaux plus modestes comme les coquillages ou la glaise ; ce qui fournit un indice sur les conditions économiques des habitants de Tebtynis.

Prof. Claudio GALLAZZI En 1988, la mission conjointe de l’Ifao et de l’Università degli studi di Milano, présidée par le Prof. Claudio GALLAZZI et la chercheuse Gisèle HADJI-MINAGLOU, a repris les fouilles à Tebtynis. De nouveaux quartiers d’habitation et des maisons exceptionnelles ont été dégagés. Parmi les découvertes les plus ‘Abd al-Râziq a ajouté que l’exposition remarquables figurent une chapelle dédiée à regroupe également une collection la déesse Isis-Thermouthis, un grand entrepôt e remarquable d’outils de beauté et d’ornement pour céréales datant du II siècle av. J.-C., des e e dont des petits flacons de parfum et bains publics remontant aux III et II siècles d’onguents, des peignes en bois, des épingles av. J.-C., ainsi que de nombreux bâtiments : à cheveux en bois, en os ou en métal. À cela boulangeries, magasins et ateliers. (Samar al- s’ajoutent des vêtements, des chaussures, des Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie instruments de musique et des documents. inaugure une exposition sur les résultats des Tebtynis est considéré comme l’un des sites fouilles de la mission franco-égyptienne à Umm al-Buraygât », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 4 février BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 61

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2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « La The house’s owner was illegally excavating directrice du Musée Égyptien : L’exposition under the building to search for artifacts when des fouilles franco-égyptiennes regroupe des the discovery was made. The owner escaped pièces exceptionnelles », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 from arrest, with police currently on the février ; Mustafa Marie, “Min. of antiquities lookout to arrest them. (Mira Maged, “Illegal inaugurates exhibition in Tahrîr’s Egyptian excavation near Gîza accidentally uncovers Museum”, Egypt Today, February 4; MENA, ancient tomb”, Egypt Independent, February « Les fouilles d’une mission franco-italienne 4, 2019. Voir également « La Police du exposées pour la première fois au Musée Tourisme et des antiquités découvre une Égyptien », Sada al-Balad, 4 février ; MENA, tombe antique à Gîza », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 « Le Musée Égyptien expose les résultas des février). fouilles d’une mission franco-italienne dans le - - Fayyûm », al-Shurûq, 4 février ; Ranâ Gawhar, « 200 pièces archéologiques restituent la vie quotidienne dans le Fayyûm », al-Ahrâm, 5 février ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure une exposition temporaire sur les fouilles de la mission franco-italienne », Watanî, 5 février ; Mira Maged, “Minister of Antiquities inaugurates new exhibition at Egyptian Museum”, Egypt Independent, February 5; Doaa Elhami, « La Le conseiller du Premier ministre japonais, vie de tout un village exposée », Al-Ahram Kentaro SONOURA, a effectué aujourd’hui une Hebdo du 13 février). visite du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) à la - - tête d’une délégation de hauts responsables et de l’ambassadeur du Japon au Caire, The General Administration of Tourism and S.E.M. Masaki NOKE. Ils ont été reçus par le Antiquities Police released an official directeur général des affaires archéologiques statement on Sunday announcing that an du GEM, Dr Târiq Tawfîq. La délégation a pu illegal excavation in the Nazlat al-Sammân village near the Great Pyramids of Gîza visiter les laboratoires de restauration du GEM accidentally led to the discovery of an ancient pour se rendre compte des réalisations burial site. enregistrées. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le conseiller du Premier ministre japonais visite le GEM », The age of the newly discovered burial site al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 février 2019. Voir is yet to be disclosed. également MENA, « Le conseiller du Premier Police said in the statement that they had ministre japonais vante le projet du GEM », found two excavations in the area, the first Sada al-Balad, 4 février). being 1.5 meters deep while the second was - - four meters deep. In one of the areas a corridor leading to a Mercredi 6 février 2019 rock-hewn room with dimensions of 2 meters by 2.5 meters was discovered, alongside a Dix ans après le lancement du projet de well-carved rock. At the second excavated restauration de la tombe du célèbre pharaon area, six wall-relief statues missing parts such Toutankhamon, les visiteurs pourront enfin de as their legs and heads were found in a room. nouveau contempler les trésors du jeune pharaon. C’est en 2009 que le Getty The statement said that the illegal digging Conservation Institute (GCI), de Los Angeles, occurred under a modern house built close to et le ministère égyptien des Antiquités ont the Pyramids. entamé un long et grand projet pour restaurer cette tombe. L’objectif premier est alors de BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 62

Février 2019 stabiliser l’état de ce vestige archéologique royale. En fait, l’équipe en charge de la inédit, mis à rude épreuve par un siècle de restauration réunissait plus de 25 spécialistes tourisme. « 100 ans de visite, après avoir été sur les lieux : archéologues, architectes, scellée pendant 3 000 ans ! Vous imaginez ingénieurs et microbiologistes. La crainte était l’impact sur l’état de la tombe ? », a souligné qu’elles ne soient devenues une menace pour Neville AGNEW, responsable du projet conduit les représentations murales de Toutankhamon. par le GCI de Los Angeles. Mais les scientifiques sont parvenus, grâce à ce projet de conservation, à établir qu’il s’agissait d’organismes microbiologiques morts depuis longtemps. Seul problème : impossible de les retirer car ils sont profondément incrustés dans la peinture. « Nous avons fait de la conservation, pas de restauration », a insisté M. AGNEW. Des tentatives de restauration avaient été faites auparavant, précise-t-il, soulignant que la

mission du GCI était, elle, de stabiliser et de En effet, depuis sa découverte, le tombeau conserver les lieux. « Et puis les taches brunes de Toutankhamon est un haut lieu du tourisme font partie de l’histoire », indique-t-il, en en Égypte, au point de devenir un site ajoutant qu’elles n’ont pas évolué depuis la surfréquenté, victime de l’affluence des découverte de CARTER. touristes. Ce qui lui a provoqué d’inévitables dégradations : les variations du niveau Parallèlement, des architectes ont repensé d’humidité de l’air, ainsi que le dioxyde de la plateforme où les visiteurs se tiennent, afin carbone dégagé par la respiration des de les éloigner de la fragile paroi. En outre, touristes ont mis à mal le fragile équilibre de des ingénieurs ont élaboré un nouveau l’atmosphère du tombeau. système de ventilation pour limiter les effets dévastateurs du dioxyde de carbone, de Interrompu quelque temps après la l’humidité, et de la poussière. révolution égyptienne de 2011 et l’instabilité politique qui a suivi, le projet de restauration a Si les plus belles pièces du trésor de repris par la suite et vient à peine de Toutankhamon sont visibles au Musée s’achever. La première étape du projet a été égyptien du Caire, la tombe abrite toujours la d’entreprendre une étude complète, momie du pharaon lui-même dans un caisson notamment sur l’état des célèbres peintures de verre vidé d’oxygène et le sarcophage murales jaunes et ocre ornant la chambre extérieur en bois doré. Selon le célèbre funéraire du jeune roi Toutankhamon, qui a archéologue égyptien Zâhî Hawwâs, ancien régné il y a plus de 3 300 ans. ministre des Antiquités, initiateur du projet en 2009, « le GCI a sauvé la tombe de Lori WONG, conservatrice, spécialiste des Toutankhamon. Pourtant, je pense quand peintures murales, a notamment cherché à même qu’après ce superbe travail, on devrait comprendre « la composition matérielle des limiter le nombre de visiteurs », a-t-il assuré. Et peintures, comment elles ont été appliquées, d’ajouter : « Si on laisse le tourisme de masse comprendre l’état actuel des peintures, savoir entrer dans la tombe, elle ne durera pas plus si elles sont en danger, et établir un plan pour de 500 ans », a-t-il mis en garde, avant de les sauvegarder pour l’avenir », a-t-elle dit. prôner un arrêt total des visites pour préserver Introduits dans la tombe appelée par les les lieux. « Nous devons penser à l’avenir », a archéologues « KV62 », les microscopes des martelé Hawwâs. scientifiques ont même pu scruter, avec la plus Une réplique de la chambre funéraire a été grande précision, de mystérieuses « taches construite non loin de la vallée des Rois, près brunes », caractéristiques de cette tombe de la maison de Howard CARTER. C’est là que

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Février 2019 les visiteurs devraient se rendre selon Hawwâs, « mais beaucoup de gens n’accepteront pas cette idée », regrette l’archéologue. (Dalia Farouq, « Toutankhamon prend un coup de jeune », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 6 février 2019).

- - Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa

Wazîrî, a visité la zone archéologique de Karnak, afin d’inspecter les travaux de L’Organisme du Canal de Suez a inauguré réaménagement effectués par la première jeudi le musée du Canal, aménagé dans la mission archéologique sino-égyptienne dans villa de l’impératrice Eugénie, située dans le le temple de Montou. Dr Wazîrî a été quartier Est de Port-Saïd. Cette inauguration accompagné du directeur général des expérimentale s’inscrit dans le cadre des antiquités de Karnak, Dr Mustafa al-Saghîr, et célébrations marquant l’inauguration du du directeur du temple de Montou, Husnî creusement du nouveau canal de Suez. Dans ‘Abd al-Wahâb. un communiqué de presse, le directeur des En novembre dernier, la mission sino- relations publiques, Sâmih Tu‘ayma, a précisé égyptienne a commencé le nettoyage et le que le musée regroupe un certain nombre de désherbage du secteur du temple. La mission stèles et de pièces archéologiques a entrepris également des relevés exceptionnelles de Ferdinand DE LESSEPS. À topographiques, archéologiques et cela s’ajoutent des maquettes illustrant le photogrammétriques des blocs dispersés sur déroulement du projet du canal de Suez, du le sol du temple depuis sa découverte en premier coup de pioche jusqu’à son 1940 par une mission française. Au cours de la inauguration et sa nationalisation par l’Égypte. prochaine saison qui débutera en octobre (MENA, « Inauguration expérimentale à Port- 2019, la mission sino-égyptienne entreprendra Saïd du musée de l’Organisme du Canal de la documentation, l’enregistrement et le Suez », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 février 2019). réassemblage des blocs en question. (Samar - - al-Naggâr, « Lancement des travaux de documentation, d’enregistrement et de réaménagement du temple de Montou à Jeudi 7 février 2019 Louqsor », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 février 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie entreprend des travaux de documentation, d’enregistrement et de réaménagement du temple de Montou à Louqsor », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 février ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Début des travaux de documentation et de restauration du temple de Montou à Louqsor », Sada al-Balad, 6 février ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Début des travaux de documentation et de restauration du temple de Montou à Louqsor », al-Ahrâm, 7 février). The Upper Egyptian city of Minyâ was in the limelight last weekend, when Minister of

Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, Minister of Tourism - - Rânyâ al-Mashât, and Governor of Minyâ Qâsim Husayn, as well as ambassadors and

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Février 2019 cultural attachés from Malta, Greece, the it is a very different experience to be face-to- Czech Republic, Spain, Serbia, Ireland, Belarus face with them in situ,” al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram and China along with their families, flocked to Weekly. the city to witness the announcement of new He said that the newly discovered tombs discoveries and tour archaeological sites. A were part of a familial grave probably for a carriage promenade along the city’s Nile family from the period’s upper class. The Corniche was also on the programme. grave consists of a number of burial chambers The first discovery to be announced was at containing a large number of human mummies the Tûna al-Gabal Necropolis, where hundreds of different genders and ages. All are in a of media figures and officials gathered to good state of conservation, and some are witness the first major discovery of 2019. As wrapped in linen or decorated with Demotic silence reigned, al-‘Inânî announced the writing. Some of them still have fragments of discovery of a collection of Ptolemaic rock- coloured cartonnage covers near their feet. hewn burial chambers filled with more than 40 “The methods used in burying the mummies of different sizes and genders, 10 of mummies inside the tombs vary,” Mustafa them belonging to children. Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), told the Weekly, explaining that some of the mummies had been found inside stone or wooden sarcophagi while others were buried in sand or laid on the floors of the tombs or inside niches.

Minister of Tourism (left) and Minister of Antiquities peering into a sarcophagus. Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities. The discovery was made by a joint mission from the ministry and the Research Centre for Archaeological Studies at Minyâ University. al-

‘Inânî said that the discovery was the third in Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities Minyâ since he had taken office and the first in Ostraca and fragments of papyri had also 2019. He said that this year would likely been found in the tombs, he said, which had witness more discoveries. helped reveal that they could date to the Ptolemaic, Early Roman or Byzantine periods. Wazîrî said that the mission had started its work in Tûna al-Gabal in February 2018, when it discovered a rock tomb consisting of a corridor leading to sloping stairs that opened onto a rectangular chamber with a number of burials. Another chamber was also located at the western side filled with mummies and large stone sarcophagi. At the northern side there was a third chamber with a collection of

stone sarcophagi inside niches. “Various ambassadors have told me that they always admire mummies in museums, but

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decorated with distinguished wall paintings depicting scenes of Akhenaten with his family worshiping the god Aten. There are images of the royal convoy to the Aten Temple, as well as images of palaces and temples during his reign.

“This is the typical burial style used in Tûna al-Gabal, which once was the necropolis of Egypt’s 15th nome during the late New Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities Kingdom and the beginning of the Scenes showing the distribution of bonuses Intermediate Period,” Fathî ‘Awad, director of among government servants are also the Tûna al-Gabal site, said. depicted.

He added that the archaeological site had The delegation visited the tombs of high several tombs, among them the tomb of priest Mery-Re I and overseer of the royal Petosiris, the Isadora tomb, a sacred animal herds and granaries Panehsi, both renowned cemetery, a Roman cemetery, and two reliefs for their distinguished and well-preserved wall of the Pharaoh Akhenaten paintings.

al-Mashât described the discovery as “a The Mery-Re I tomb has a coloured cornice message to the whole world that Egypt has it around its entrance with false columns of all in terms of heritage experiences.” painted flowers. It is decorated with scenes of offerings and Aten worship, as well as of Akhenaten during a visit to the temple and while leaving his palace. “Such scenes have helped Egyptologists to visualise the appearance of the palaces and temples and the city in general at that time,” ‘Awad told the Weekly.

The tomb contains one remarkable scene showing a band of blind musicians, with one of them playing music on an oud (lute) with Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities seven strings and the others clapping to the TELL AL-AMARNA: al-‘Inânî, al-Mashât, rhythm. Husayn, and the various ambassadors then The Panehsi tomb has an intact decorative embarked on a tour to the Tell al-Amarna façade and similar decorations to the ones in archaeological site, once the capital of Egypt the Mery-Re I tomb. However, the tomb’s first during the reign of the monotheistic Pharaoh courtyard was modified later by Egyptian Akhenaten and the centre of a cult to the sun Christians who used it as a chapel. Two of the god Aten. tomb’s columns were removed to transform The site now houses a collection of 25 the northern wall into an altar. rock-hewn tombs of government officials

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gazelles and other items to trade. Two beautiful scenes portray Khnumhotep with his family fowling and snaring birds in the marshes in a papyrus skiff.

Hunting scene in Tell al-Amarna BENI HASSAN: The delegation’s second stop was at the site of Banî Hasan south of Minyâ where a group of rock-cut tombs are carved into the high limestone cliffs on the Carriage promenade along the Corniche east bank of the Nile. ATEN MUSEUM: The delegation’s last stop It houses 39 tombs dating mostly to the was at the planned Aten Museum overlooking Middle Kingdom, especially the 11th and 12th the Nile Corniche and contained in a pyramid- dynasties. shaped building. The museum is still under construction as it was put on hold owing to a The tombs are reached via a long flight of lack of funds in 2010 before being resumed in stone steps up the hillside, from where there is late 2016. a magnificent view up and down the river valley. The delegation visited the tomb of Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museums Sector Khety, the city’s ruler during the 11th Dynasty, at the ministry, explained that the first and and the tomb of provincial governor and second phases of the project were completed, military leader Khnumhotep II. but the third and fourth remain. Last November, the German parliament had The architecture of Khety’s tomb includes a agreed to grant Egypt 10 million euros to help large rectangular cult chapel lying behind a in the completion of the Museum, which plain façade, with six slender closed lotus relates the history of the monotheistic pharaoh pillars in the rear portion. The walls of the Akhenaten. tomb are decorated with scenes of fowling and the papyrus harvest, winemaking, The idea of building the museum was ploughing, and processions of colourful cattle launched in 1979 after the signing of a and hunting. memorandum of understanding between Minyâ and Hildesheim in Germany. Its They also show Khety and his wife foundation stone was laid in 2003. presiding over the activities and watching women dancing and playing games. Clappers, The museum grounds, which overlook the dancers and musicians are also shown along Nile, take up 24 feddans. The building itself is with others, including men practising unarmed made up of five floors and features 16 combat or wrestling. Scenes of battle are also exhibition halls, a large conference hall, an shown. open-air theatre, a cinema, and a school of museum and restoration studies. The tomb of Khnumhotep II has four polygonal columns in the chapel behind the Salâh said the museum would contain a impressive façade and portico. It contains large collection related to Akhenaten and his colourful and lively scenes that make it the wife Nefertiti unearthed at Amarna City in most distinctive of the Banî Hasan tombs. Minyâ. The most impressive depicts a caravan of The collection includes statues of Asian traders in striped robes bringing Akhenaten and Nefertiti, as well as of his

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Février 2019 father Amenhotep III and his mother Tye. The Egyptologists and other experts gathered exhibition will also explore Egypt’s relations in Italy this week to celebrate a successful with its neighbours in the period by displaying campaign to save ancient Egyptian temples the diplomatic archive from the reign of from being submerged by a dam project 50 Akhenaten. years ago and heard of cultural sites facing similar threats now. A set of talâtât blocks of a standardised size used during Akhenaten’s reign will also be The international campaign that saved the on display. The talâtât were used during the temples of Abû Simbil during construction of reign of Akhenaten in the construction of Aswân High Dam was remembered in Turin as temples to the god Aten at Karnak and an unprecedented engineering achievement Amarna, the capital of Egypt during and a turning point that made the Akhenaten’s reign. preservation of cultural treasures a responsibility that cut across borders. CARRIAGE PROMENADE: On the invitation of Minyâ Governor Husayn, as night But experts at the Monday event said that fell the delegation embarked on a promenade with major dam projects underway in Sudan along the Nile Corniche to explore the beauty and Ethiopia, the job of protecting Nubian of a city known as “the pride of Upper Egypt”. culture is not finished.

The guests were overwhelmed with the The director of Turin’s Egyptian Museum, warm welcome they received from the city’s Christian GRECO, noted that the focus in a inhabitants who waved to them as they passed modernizing Egypt half a century ago was on along the route. Husayn honoured both al- saving major monuments, largely due to time ‘Inânî and al-Mashât and offered them a city pressure. award for their efforts in reviving tourism in Recording and salvaging settlements and Minyâ and highlighting its archaeological domestic artifacts received less emphasis, and treasures. (Nevine El-Aref, “A heritage many were lost underwater when the dam weekend in Minyâ”, Al-Ahram Weekly, across the Nile River and its lake reservoir February 7, 2019. Voir également Bassâm went in, he said. Ramadân, « Découverte à Tûna al-Gabal de 3 tombes renfermant 50 momies », al-Masrî al- "Unfortunately, we know that the traces, Yawm, 2 février ; Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt’s first above all of pre-history before mummies, were antiquities discovery of 2019: Mummy-filled lost under the waters of Nâsir Lake,’’ GRECO burial chambers in Minyâ”, Ahram Online, said. "It also needs to be a lesson for the February 2; Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte à future because there are still great Tûna al-Gabal de puits funéraires renfermant challenges.’’ des momies et des sarcophages In 1960, UNESCO issued an international ptolémaïques », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 février ; appeal to save the temples of Abû Simbil, an Mira Maged, “Egyptian Antiquities Ministry ancient gateway to Pharaonic Egypt, announces new archaeological discovery in dedicated to Ramses II and his wife Nefertiti. Minyâ”, Egypt Independent, February 2; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Première découverte en 2019 More than 113 countries responded with réalisée à Tûna al-Gabal », Sada al-Balad, 2 funds or expertise. Expert marble cutters from février ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Mise au jour de Carrara engaged by the Italian construction tombes grecques et romaines contenant 40 firm Impregilo, today Salini Impregilo, led momies », al-Ahrâm, 3 février ; “First cutting of the imposing sandstone temples Discovery of 2019: 50 Mummies Found in into 1,070 blocks. Minyâ Tombs”, Egyptian Streets, February 3; The blocks were subsequently moved to Nasma Réda, « Encore une grosse découverte higher ground, and the temples reconstructed à Minyâ », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 6 février). and positioned as ancient architects intended: - - BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 68

Février 2019 allowing the sun to shine on the end wall two Director General of Archaeological Affairs days each year. and Restoration at the museum Târiq Tawfîq said that the statue of King Khafre is made of Ana Luiza THOMPSON-FLORES, director of Schist. The king is depicted in a sitting UNESCO’s office in Venice, said it was position and appears to be missing the head. debated at the time whether the $36 million earmarked for the temples’ preservation The additional pieces include a statue of would have been better spent on initiatives the God Osiris, a distinguished collection of such as ending poverty. statues from the old dynasty and a group of heads of other goddesses of various sizes. But THOMPSON-FLORES said the global (Mustafa Marie, “421 artifacts transferred to response ultimately "was the birth of the Grand Egyptian Museum”, Egypt Today, recognition that there were aspects of this February 7, 2019. Voir également Samar al- world, whether monuments or landscapes, Naggâr, « 421 pièces archéologiques that actually have a recognized outstanding transférées du musée de Tahrîr vers le GEM », universal value for humanity.’’ (Associated al-Masrî al-Yawm, 7 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, Press, “Effort to save Egypt’s Abû Simbil « Transfert de 421 pièces archéologiques du temples in 1960s recalled”, Ahram Online, musée de Tahrîr vers le GEM », Sada al-Balad, February 7, 2019). 7 février). - - - - The first Egyptian-Chinese archaeological expedition began its work at the Monto Temple in the Karnak archaeological area of Luxor in order to renovate, develop and document the temple, said Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî.

During his tour at the temple, Wazîrî said The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) in al- the expedition first began its work in Rimâya Square received 421 artifacts from the November 2018 by clearing the weeds and Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr, most notably a debris. According to Wazîrî, a French statue of King Khafre and a seated statue of expedition carried out archaeological King Amenhotep. excavations at the temple area in 1940 in an attempt to discover the rest of the temple.

The mission carried out a survey of the temple area, as well as a photoscan and photogramatic of its blocks, which are scattered on the land of the temple since its discovery, in preparation for recording and documenting these blocks, said Mustafa al- Saghîr, director general of Karnak Antiquities and deputy head of Egyptian-Chinese archaeological mission. (“Egyptian-Chinese mission excavates at Luxor’s Monto Temple”,

Egypt Independent, February 7, 2019).

- -

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Dimanche 10 février 2019

Enfin, rappelons que les travaux de fouilles

entrepris ces dernières années ont déjà conduit à la découverte de la tombe du prince La mission archéologique égyptienne Néfermaât, fils de Snéfrou et petit-fils de dirigée par le directeur général des antiquités Chéops. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de de Banî Swayf, ‘Umar Zakî, a repris ses travaux l’Archéologie reprend ses fouilles à proximité de fouilles dans la zone de la pyramide de de la pyramide de Meïdoum à Banî Swayf », Meïdoum. Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 février 2019. Voir Mustafa Wazîrî, a précisé que ces fouilles également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Reprise des visent à mettre au jour l’extension de la travaux de fouilles à proximité de la pyramide nécropole principale de la IIIe dynastie. de Meïdoum à Banî Swayf », Sada al-Balad, 10 février). - -

Lundi 11 février 2019

Egypt’s embassy in Amsterdam has received a limestone statue from the First Intermediate Period, which was stolen and Les fouilles ont révélé la présence smuggled out of the country in the 1990s. d’offrandes funéraires à l’Est du mastaba Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, supervisor n° 17. Il s’agit probablement de deux crânes general of the Antiquities Repatriation de taureaux, et de trois petits récipients en Department at the Ministry of Antiquities, told céramique hermétiquement scellés avec du Ahram Online that the statue was first noticed papyrus. Cette découverte est en cours by the department in March 2018 when it was d’étude. put on display at an art exhibition hall in De son côté, le président du département Holland. des antiquités pharaoniques, Dr Ayman al- The department immediately reported the ‘Ashmâwî, a révélé la découverte de l’enceinte incident to Egypt’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, extérieure du mastaba construite en briques who contacted the Dutch police and crues, en plus d’une inhumation appartenant à concerned authorities in Holland to confiscate une jeune fille âgée de treize ans, en position the statue and inform the hall and the owner accroupie. La mission entreprend actuellement of the statue that it was a stolen artefact. la restauration et la consolidation des murs de briques en terre crue. ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said that the Dutch authorities had handed the statue over to BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 70

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Egypt’s embassy in Amsterdam and it will Mardi 12 février 2019 return to its homeland soon.

Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a nié catégoriquement les propos attribués récemment au ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al-‘Inânî, concernant la déchéance de nationalité visant tout citoyen égyptien qui n’a pas fréquenté récemment les sites archéologiques. En effet, les réseaux sociaux avaient posté des propos erronés du ministre réclamant « La déchéance de la nationalité égyptienne de tout citoyen n’ayant pas visité le site des pyramides de Gîza, au cours des cinq dernières années ».

The recovered statue

The statue is carved of limestone, he « De telles déclarations fallacieuses sont continued, and was uncovered via illegal incompatibles avec la logique et les excavation carried out in 1990s at the Saqqâra prérogatives du ministre de l’Archéologie », necropolis. conclut Dr Wazîrî. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le It depicts a top official named Nekaw-Ptah ministère de l’Archéologie : Les propos in a standing posture and wearing a short wig. attribués au ministre de l’Archéologie sont It also bears hieroglyphic text showing the infondés », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 12 février 2019. name of its owner and the date when he lived. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « La vérité (Nevine El-Aref, “Egyptian officials recover sur la déchéance de la nationalité égyptienne ancient limestone bust that was smuggled to de tout citoyen n’ayant pas visité les Holland”, Ahram Online, February 11, 2019. pyramides, au cours des cinq dernières Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « L’Égypte années », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 13 février ; récupère une statue archéologique volée aux Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le ministère de Pays-Bas », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 11 février ; l’Archéologie nie la déchéance de la Ahmad Mansûr, « L’ambassade d’Égypte en nationalité égyptienne de tout citoyen n’ayant Hollande récupère une statue en calcaire pas visité les pyramides, au cours des cinq volée », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 11 février ; Islâm dernières années », al-Ahrâm, 14 février). ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Restitution d’une statue en - - calcaire volée aux Pays-Bas », al-Shurûq, 11 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « L’Égypte récupère Mercredi 13 février 2019 une statue en calcaire volée aux Pays-Bas », Sada al-Balad, 11 février). Excavations carried out by an Egyptian mission at the Tell Abû Sayfî archaeological - - site in Northern Sinai uncovered the remains of a limestone building that was once a workshop for the construction and repair of boats and vessels during the Ptolemaic and

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Roman periods. The site is said to have been bones and clay pots were found inside the the location of the Roman fortress of Silla. workshop. (Nevine El-Aref, “Ancient workshop for construction of boats uncovered in Sinai”, Ahram Online, February 13, 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte au Nord-Sinaï d’un atelier de réparation des barques datant des époques ptolémaïque et romaine », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 12 février ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de

l’Archéologie annonce la découverte au Nord- The remains of the workshop Sinaï d’un atelier de réparation des barques datant de l’époque ptolémaïque », al-Yawm Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary general of the al-Sâbi‘, 12 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mise au Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the jour au Nord-Sinaï d’un atelier de réparation workshop includes two dry dockyards where des barques », Sada al-Balad, 12 février ; Sanâ’ ships were built or repaired. But regretfully, Fârûq, « Découverte d’un atelier de réparation along the span of time as the workshop lost its des barques à Tell Abû Sayfî », Watanî, 12 function, after the Nile branch passing across février ; “Archaeologists in North Sinai unearth the area dried up, some blocks of the remains of Ptolemaic workshop for ship workshop were removed to be used in the construction of other buildings. repairs”, Egypt Independent, February 13; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour au Nord-Sinaï d’un atelier de réparation des barques et des navires », al-Ahrâm, 13 février). - - Statues, bustes, peintures, photos, ou encore médailles et mobiliers composent la riche exposition "Caractéristiques d’une ère", dédiée à la famille alide, au palais ‘Â’isha Fahmî (Complexe des arts) à Zamalek. Nails uncovered Cette exposition, qui se tient jusqu’au 27 mars, est la 3e de la série "Trésors de nos musées", lancée il y a 3 ans. 150 chefs- d’œuvre, qui ornaient les palais de la famille alide, sont exposés ensemble. « C’est la première fois que le visiteur peut contempler, à travers des œuvres d’une grande valeur artistique, toute une période de l’histoire moderne de l’Égypte », explique Dalia Mustafa, directrice du département central du Centre des arts. À travers les pièces présentées dans l’exposition, les organisateurs tentent de jeter la lumière sur une époque qui, selon eux, a été peu étudiée et a parfois été déformée par certains historiens. Pourtant, ce fut une

Clay pot période prospère et féconde de la vie artistique en Égypte. Les grands peintres et Remains of wooden beams, shipwrecks, sculpteurs européens côtoyaient alors leurs bronze and iron nails of different sizes, fish homologues égyptiens. L’exposition traverse BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 72

Février 2019 aussi 4 modèles de gouvernance, renferme aussi des pièces en marbre, à l’instar commençant par l’État en passant par la de ceux d’Ibrâhîm Pacha et du khédive Ismâ‘îl période khédiviale, le sultanat, pour terminer dont les détails de costume reflètent l’habileté par la royauté. du sculpteur. Néanmoins, la sélection exposée s’ouvre sur un buste en gypse représentatif de Muhammad ‘Alî Pacha, fondateur de la famille alide. Si les bustes occupent une large place dans l’exposition, les statues, malgré leur nombre modeste, sont d’une importance majeure sur le plan historique. La statue en bronze du khédive Ismâ‘îl, sculptée en 1951 par l’Égyptien Mustafa Mitwallî, en est l’exemple. « On croyait que cette statue était sculptée par un Européen. Mais après avoir étudié les documents et les

journaux de l’époque, j’ai trouvé que le Le roi Fu’âd tient dans la main droite la Constitution. réalisateur de cette œuvre était un Égyptien », Des œuvres réalisées par des sculpteurs assure Mungî, ajoutant que cette statue, qui européens renommés sont à découvrir, est à échelle réelle, devait être dressée sur la comme ce buste en bronze représentant le place Ismâ‘îliyya (l’actuelle place Tahrîr) et khédive Ismâ‘îl (1830-1895), réalisé par celle du roi Fu’âd devait orner la place ‘Âbidîn. « C’était l’un des projets annoncés par le roi Charles CORDIER (1827-1905). Séduit par l’habileté du sculpteur français, le khédive Fârûq pour embellir les places et relier celles Ismâ‘îl l’a convoqué afin de réaliser ce buste, d’Ismâ‘îliyya et de ‘Âbidîn. Mais avant les ainsi que la fameuse statue d’Ibrâhîm Pacha, dernières retouches apportées à la statue, la dressée encore aujourd’hui sur la place de Révolution de 1952 a éclaté et l’œuvre n’a l’Opéra au Caire. Le khédive Ismâ‘îl a lui aussi jamais vu la place Ismâ‘îliyya », raconte Mungî. eu recours à un sculpteur français, Henri-Alfred JACQUEMART. L’artiste a réalisé deux statues représentant Muhammad ‘Alî Pacha à dos de cheval. L’une d’elles se trouve dans l’exposition. L’autre, sculptée en taille réelle, trône sur la place al-Manshiyya, à Alexandrie.

« Les souverains de la famille alide, notamment Ismâ‘îl Pacha, appréciaient tous les types d’art et cherchaient à embellir les places des villes avec de belles statues, représentatives des personnages de renom », souligne Yâsir Mungî, professeur de graphique à la faculté des Beaux-arts. C’est lui qui a documenté toutes les pièces de l’exposition. Buste d’Ibrâhîm Pacha Le buste en bronze du khédive Ismâ‘îl n’est Parmi les pièces phare de l’exposition, de pas l’unique exposé dans les salles du palais grandes statues de marbre et de bronze ‘Â’isha Fahmî. Il y a aussi celui du roi Fu’âd. sculptées commémorant et représentant les Ces bustes, entre autres, ornaient le lobby du souverains et politiciens de l’époque. Que ce Parlement égyptien, jusqu’au déclenchement soient celles du roi Fârûq, de son père le roi de la Révolution de 1952. L’exposition Fu’âd, et de son arrière-grand-père

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Muhammad ‘Alî pacha, toutes ont été l’égyptologue MARIETTE est frappée sur l’une réalisées par le sculpteur égyptien Ahmad de ses faces, alors que sur l’autre, c’est une Ibrâhîm. scène de la découverte du Sérapéum de Saqqâra. Un nombre considérable de peintures est aussi à admirer. Parmi celles-ci, le portrait du Si l’époque de la famille alide se prince ‘Umar Tûsûn, petit-fils du wali caractérise par un goût artistique raffiné, Muhammad Sa‘îd Pacha, réalisé par le peintre tourné vers l’art européen, cela ne signifie pas italien Arturo ZANIERI en 1927. Il est expliqué son manque d’intérêt pour l’art islamique. ici comment Tûsûn était fasciné par les De même, l’exposition y consacre une salle antiquités et les monuments, et avait de mobiliers d’influence islamique. Le visiteur découvert, en 1933, une cité submergée dans peut trouver une table et une chaise qui le golfe d’Abûqîr, à Alexandrie. On apprend faisaient partie de la collection du musée de la aussi que 10 ans avant sa mort, il a légué sa féministe renommée Huda Sha‘râwî, précieuse bibliothèque de 8 000 volumes aux conservée au Musée d’Art Moderne. bibliothèques du musée de la Guerre, du Musée gréco-romain et à celle des Visiter cette exposition, c’est se plonger municipalités d’Alexandrie. dans l’histoire de l’Égypte moderne, et découvrir les multiples facettes de l’ère de la La peinture du prince Ahmad Rif‘at, le fils famille alide. (Doaa Elhami, « Histoire d’art et aîné d’Ibrâhîm Pacha, est aussi à découvrir. « Il de pouvoir », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 13 février était le premier vizir de l’Intérieur et devait 2019). succéder à Sa‘îd Pacha sur le trône. Mais il est mort noyé dans le Nil. Cet accident représente - - jusqu’à aujourd’hui une énigme pour les historiens. Était-ce un simple accident ? Ou un Jeudi 14 février 2019 crime pour permettre à Ismâ‘îl de succéder à son oncle sur le trône ? Personne ne le sait », explique Mungî.

À travers la peinture du sultan Husayn Kâmil, et les explications l’accompagnant, on apprend comment il a réhabilité de vastes terrains, a fondé la société culturelle et a supervisé, en personne, ses territoires en étant en contact direct avec les paysans. Raison pour laquelle il a été surnommé « le père du paysan ». The open-air museum in Akhmîm L’exposition rassemble aussi une collection Decades after it was discovered in parts in de 38 médailles qui commémorent des 1981 in the vicinity of the Akhmîm Open-Air événements survenus en Égypte ou en France. Museum near the Upper Egyptian city of Parmi les pièces exposées, un médaillon Suhâg, a colossal statue of Ramses II is now frappé à l’occasion de l’Exposition under restoration with the aim of internationale de l’affiche de propagande documenting, reassembling, and re-erecting it touristique qui s’est tenue au Caire en 1933. beside the beautiful colossus of his daughter- L’effigie du roi Fu’âd orne l’une des faces. Sur queen Merit-Amun. l’autre est frappée une scène inspirée de la In the museum a dozen restorers and other civilisation de l’ancienne Égypte. Une autre workers are busy at work brushing the dust of médaille a été réalisée en 1905 à l’occasion de time from the scattered parts of the colossus la pose de la première pierre du Musée of Ramses II as another group consolidates Boulaq et de la création du Service des antiquités égyptiennes. L’effigie de

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Février 2019 and reassembles it with a view to re-erecting it in its original location inside the temple. Beside Merit-Amun’s colossus a group of workers are erecting the mounting that will eventually hold the statue after it has been lifted up. “The restoration of the colossus is within the framework of the Ministry of Antiquities’ efforts to promote the Suhâg governorate’s archaeological sites and make the area more tourist friendly as well as to continue its goal The remains of the colossal statue of of preserving and conserving the area’s Ramses II, originally thought to have been monuments,” Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary- about 15 metres tall and weighing 45 tons, general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities were discovered in an area adjacent to the (SCA), told Al-Ahram Weekly. museum. The lower part of the limestone statue is seated on a throne, to the right and He said that a new visitor centre had been left of which are figures of two of the established, while a route with signs, maps Pharaoh’s daughters and the princess-queens and billboards containing information about Merit-Amun and Bint-Anath. every monument on the site was under development. A new lighting system is to be The statue and throne are carved from a installed to make the site accessible at night. single block of stone and stand on a limestone “All the work will be officially inaugurated next base covered with carved hieroglyphic texts. month after the completion of the The base also carries a register of captured restoration,” Wazîrî said. enemies surmounting rings that bear the name of their home cities. The remains of colours Akhmîm lies on the east bank of the Nile are still visible. A colossal face that matches about 100km north of Luxor. As well as being the base of the statue showing the Pharaoh the hub of ancient Egypt’s weaving industry, wearing a false beard has also been found. Akhmîm was once the capital of the ninth nome of Upper Egypt and the religious centre Early studies have revealed that the statue of the fertility god Min. might have stood in front of the entrance pylon to a great temple of Ramses II at (…) Although many of the ancient buildings Akhmîm, suggesting the existence of a second in Akhmîm were dismantled to be used in the statue on the other side, which could still be construction of other monuments at a later buried in the sand. period, many of these later buildings still exist in their original locations. Among them are a Graeco-Roman temple and many fragments of statues of Ramses II and a beautiful limestone colossus of Merit-Amun, now re-erected in the open-air museum. The statue is 11 metres tall and depicts Merit-Amun wearing a close-fitting pleated robe and crowned with a modius decorated with serpents and the double feathers of a wife of the god Amun. The museum also houses a beautiful statue of the Roman The first traces of the discovery were made goddess of love Venus and a collection of in early 1981 when the local Akhmîm council stelae and architectural elements from the decided to build a post office 50 metres from surrounding structures. the Museum. An archaeological inspection of

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Février 2019 the site revealed the base of a statue inscribed annoncé la formation d’une commission with the names and titles of Ramses II and archéologique présidée par Marwa Sayyid surrounded by mud brick walls. Also Ismâ‘îl, afin d’expertiser les pièces saisies. unearthed were votive stelae that had been set up in the temple, statues of individuals who may have worked there, and royal crowns carved in granite. However, a large modern cemetery obstructed any further exploration, and the excavations were put on hold. The site was backfilled with sand and the statue base was packed with debris for protection. The excavations were later resumed in January 2003, when the rest of the statue was found. Ces pièces ont été confisquées (Nevine El-Aref, “Colossus to be restored”, Al- conformément à la loi 117/1983 sur la Ahram Weekly, February 14, 2019. Voir protection des antiquités. Il s’agit d’un casque également Samar al-Naggâr, « Lancement des militaire, de trois protège-bras et jambières et travaux de restauration du colosse de Ramsès d’une plaque métallique composée de deux II à Suhâg », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 7 février ; parties reliées par des anneaux. Les pièces Mustafa Marie, “Min. of Antiquities starts sont décorées de motifs géométriques, restoring Ramses II statue in Akhmîm”, Egypt animaux et végétaux. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Saisie Today, February 7; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le au port d’Alexandrie d’une armure d’époque ministère de l’Archéologie commence les islamique », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 14 février 2019. travaux de restauration du colosse de Ramsès Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Saisie au II à Suhâg », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 7 février ; ‘Alâ’ port d’Alexandrie d’une armure d’époque al-Minyâwî, « Lancement des travaux de islamique », Sada al-Balad, 14 février). restauration du colosse de Ramsès II à - - Suhâg », Sada al-Balad, 7 février). - -

Archaeologist Zâhî Hawwâs stressed the difficulty of retrieving Egyptian monuments from various museums all over the world since they were transferred under the 50-precent law or the Antiquities Protection Act.

The Antiquities Protection Act permitted foreign missions to take their share of the L’Unité archéologique rattachée au port excavations. d’Alexandrie a déjoué une tentative d’exportation illicite de cinq pièces d’une Hawwâs pointed out that there is currently armure d’époque islamique. Le président de an international outcry that calls for retrieving l’administration centrale des unités artifacts. French President Emmanuel MACRON archéologiques portuaires, Hamdî Humâm, a said France occupied some African countries

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Février 2019 and looted their artifacts and it is a must to Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Zâhî return the looted items to their original Hawwâs prépare un dossier détaillé en vue de countries. la restitution du buste de Néfertiti », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 février). Meanwhile, Greece is fighting to return its artifacts from London and China is demanding - - Japan and other countries to return its looted The ancient Egyptian Temple of Isnâ’s artifacts. western mud-brick wall partially collapsed on The veteran archaeologist announced that Wednesday due to leaking water, but caused Egypt must demand its right to retrieve its no losses in the archaeological area in South looted artifacts, pointing out that he is Luxor, said Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the currently forming a national team consisting of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities Sector. public figures to demand Egypt’s right to al-‘Ashmâwî clarified that the wall retrieving its artifacts. overlooked a slum area consisting of a very Hawwâs stated that Egypt must demand poor sewage system that led to the water the retrieval of the five most significant pieces leakage inside the wall before its collapse. found in the world’s museums, namely the He asserted that the Ministry of Antiquities Rosetta Stone which was seized by the French assigned the project sector to renovate the and the head of Nefertiti that Hawwâs damaged wall. asserted he collected evidence proving it was stolen. al-‘Ashmâwî pointed out that the Ministry of Antiquities built the wall in 1993 to protect Hawwâs claimed that he demanded the the temple from the continued encroachment head of Berlin Museum to retrieve the stolen of new urban buildings into the archaeological artefact; however, the revolution of Jan. 25, area. (“Temple of Isnâ western wall collapses 2011 postponed the retrieving process. due to water leak”, Egypt Independent, Hawwâs further stated that the third most February 14, 2019. Voir également Samar al- significant piece is the Planetarium located in Naggâr, « Effondrement partiel de l’enceinte the Louvre Museum, which was stolen by a Ouest du temple d’Isnâ », al-Masrî al-Yawm, French thief. 13 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : Effondrement partiel de Moreover, Hawwâs claimed that the two l’enceinte du temple d’Isnâ », Sada al-Balad, additional artifacts were legally transferred 13 février). outside Egypt, but Egypt must demand their retrieval. The two pieces are the statue of the - - architect of the Great Pyramid that is located in Germany and the statue of Khafre pyramid Vendredi 15 février 2019 manager that is located in the USA. Hawwâs further stated that the world perceived Egypt in the past as a country that does not provide museums for its priceless artifacts and cannot protect its ancient heritage. However, the veteran archaeologist affirmed that Egypt currently holds numerous museums, including the Grand Egyptian Museum that is considered the biggest museum in the world. (Mustafa Marie, “Zâhî Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, the Hawwâs demands retrieval of Egypt’s looted Minister of Tourism Rânyâ al-Mashât, Minister artifacts”, Egypt Today, February 14, 2019. of Youth and Sports Ashraf Subhî and Mustafa

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Wazîrî, the secretary-general of the Supreme returning a prized gilded coffin of an ancient Council of Antiquities on Friday launched the high priest to Egypt. Pyramids Marathon in an attempt to promote sports tourism. The marathon took place at the world- famous Gîza Plateau, with an estimated 4,000 competitors from 75 different countries. The running event offers 42km, 21km and 10km distances.

Image courtesy of the MET museum. The MET issued a press released on February 15 where it announced that Nedjemankh’s funerary object, discovered to have been looted from Egypt in 2011, was to

be handed over to the Egyptian government. Runners were very keen to capture selfies with al-‘Inânî while running along the route. Having been made aware of the looted status of the coffin, the museum stated that it The ministers awarded medals to the has been ”fully cooperative with the winners. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt’s antiquities investigation of the [Manhattan] District minister, sports minister, tourism minister Attorney’s Office.” open Gîza pyramids marathon”, Ahram Online, February 15, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie : La participation des ministres et des députés au marathon des pyramides confirme l’intérêt accordé par l’État à sa jeunesse », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie participe au marathon des pyramides », Sada al-Balad, 15 février ; “Ministers of Antiquities, Tourism and sports running in Pyramids marathon”, Egypt Today, February 15; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Les ministres de l’Archéologie, du Tourisme et de la Jeunesse participent au marathon des pyramides », Watanî, 15 février). - -

Dimanche 17 février 2019

According to the Metropolitan museum of Image courtesy of the MET museum. art — New York’s highly reputed and popular The gilded coffin was purchased by the tourist site — has announced that it will be MET in July 2017; it cost almost $US 4 million. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 78

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Museum officials realized that program — to understand what more can be documentation pertaining to the coffin’s done to prevent such events in the future.” ownership and history were forged, including The emerging knowledge of the artefact’s a forged export license dating to 1971. theft, as well as the decision for its “After we learned that the Museum was a repatriation, resulted in the cancellation of an victim of fraud and unwittingly participated in exhibition called ‘Nedjemankh and His Gilded the illegal trade of antiquities, we worked with Coffin’ which was meant to highlight the the DA’s office for its return to Egypt. The priest’s role in ancient Egypt. Out of the nation of Egypt has been a strong partner of seventy objects that are displayed, the coffin the Museum’s for over a century,” stated was the exhibition’s centrepiece. Met’s President and CEO, Daniel WEISS. As such, this event has spurred the MET to “We extend our apologies to Dr Khâlid al- revise its acquisitions program. ‘Inânî, Minister of Antiquities, and the people of Egypt, and our appreciation to District Attorney Cy Vance, Jr.’s office for its investigation, and now commit ourselves to identifying how justice can be served, and how we can help to deter future offenses against cultural property,” added WEISS.

On his part, Manhattan District Attorney Cy Vance stated that museums and collection keepers had a responsibility in terms of The MET is a home to an important collection of Egyptian artifacts scrutinizing the provenance of their and structures, namely the temple of Dandûr. acquisitions. In the MET’s press release, he Egypt has been embroiled in a battle to also reiterated the coffin’s return to Egypt as return its most valuable artifacts from various well as the Antiquities Trafficking Unit’s focus institutions and private collections from on stopping the looting and trade of historic around the world. artifacts. Many were stolen during the looting of Egyptian museum in the wake of the 2011 revolution events in Tahrîr; other looted items had been illegally excavated and transported out of the country during the 20th century.

There are a few iconic and priceless artifacts, which Egypt insists on repatriating: the Dandara zodiac (Louvre), the Nefertiti bust (Berlin), the statue of the vizier Hemiunu (Hildesheim) and the Rosetta stone (British The metropolitan museum in NYC museum). The Metropolitan Museum of Art The debate regarding the return of looted announced today it will review and revise its artifacts to their home countries has not just acquisitions process. Max HOLLEIN, Director of been popular in Egypt; it has recently The Met, said, “Our museum must be a leader resurfaced between previously-colonised among our peers in the respect for cultural countries and previous-colonizsers. property and in the rigor and transparency of the policy and practices that we follow. We At the end of 2018, French president will learn from this event — specifically I will MACRON issued a report in which he be leading a review of our acquisitions recommended that African art and artifacts held in French cultural institutions should be

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Février 2019 returned to their original countries in Africa. - - (“MET to Repatriate Stolen Coffin to Egypt”, Egyptian Streets, February 17, 2019. Voir également ‘Abdallah Idrîs, « Le Metropolitan Museum présente ses excuses à l’Égypte et lui restitue une pièce archéologique volée », al- Watan, 16 février ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Les États-Unis restituent le sarcophage de Nedjemankh », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 16 février ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Restitution du sarcophage doré de Nedjemankh », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Restitution d’un A man was arrested over illegally digging sarcophage doré des États-Unis, 48 ans après under his house in Gîza in search for artifacts, avoir été volé », Sada al-Balad, 16 février ; as part of Tourism police’s crackdown against Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt recovers gilded coffin illicit trade in antiquities. from Metropolitan Museum”, Ahram Online, The police were notified that a house February 17; “Metropolitan Museum to return owner named Husnî Z. had excavated under stolen artefact to Egypt”, Egypt Independent, his house located near Gîza necropolis; in the February 18; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le house, the police found four pieces that are ministère de l’Archéologie récupère un suspected to be antiquities. sarcophage doré des États-Unis », al-Ahrâm, The man admitted the illegal act and the 18 février ; Nevine El-Aref, “Coffin returns forces found covered drills. from New York”, Al-Ahram Weekly, February 21). The seizures were: a 35 cm-statute for a - - standing person with head missing, a 17*23 cm-stone tableau carrying embossed Le secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa inscriptions for a man and a woman, a small- Wazîrî, a procédé à de nouvelles titularisations sized statute with a broken head and a large de salariés en CDD du ministère de scarab. (“More arrests as police crackdown l’Archéologie. Cette quatrième fournée de illegal excavation in Gîza”, Egypt Today, cédéisation concerne 2 544 contractuels, February 17, 2019). répartis dans tous les départements. Wazîrî a - - souligné que ces mesures initiées depuis 2006 visent à préserver les intérêts du personnel, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî is set conformément à la législation et à la to visit Hilwân University on Feb. 18 at 10 a.m. réglementation du travail. Le dossier de The minister of antiquities will hold a titularisation constitue l’une des priorités de symposium entitled "Egyptian Antiquities: son ministère. (Samar al-Naggâr, Between Modern Discoveries and Major « Titularisation d’une quatrième fournée de Projects" at Hasan Husnî Hall in the university. contractuels du ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 17 février 2019. Voir During the symposium, the minister will également Ahmad Mansûr, « Cédéisation discuss the most significant archaeological d’une quatrième fournée de contractuels du discoveries and the role of the government in ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, the development of historical areas and 17 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Titularisation de providing the appropriate funds for their la quatrième fournée de contractuels », Sada advancement to encourage tourism and al-Balad, 17 février ; Muhammad ‘Abd al- restore the civilized and aesthetic face of Mu‘tî, « Cédéisation d’une quatrième fournée Egypt. de contractuels du ministère de Deans of the faculties, heads of l’Archéologie », al-Ahrâm, 18 février). departments and students from different

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Février 2019 faculties will participate in the discussion. The second section will be portraying how (Mustafa Marie, “Min. of antiquities to hold the kings performed religious practices, and symposium in Hilwân University Feb. 18”, how they offered tributes to their gods. Egypt Today, February 17, 2019. Voir Moreover, the third section of the “Great également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de Staircase” will illustrate the relationship l’Archéologie donne une conférence à between the kings and their gods, using three l’université de Hilwân sur les récentes and four-dimensional sculptures. découvertes archéologiques », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 17 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « al-‘Inânî Last but not least, the fourth section of the expose les récentes découvertes “Great Staircase” will illustrate the process archéologiques lors d’une conférence à that took place after the death of the kings, l’université de Hilwân », Sada al-Balad, 18 and how their bodies were reserved and février). mummified. - - The royal pyramids in Gîza will be visible outside a panoramic window in the upper part of the “Great Staircase” to reflect the image of eternal royalty. (Mustafa Marie, “GEM’s Great Staircase to illustrate life of Ancient Egyptian gods/kings”, Egypt Today, February 17, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le superviseur du GEM : 24 statues royales sur un total de 87 ont été transférées au GEM », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 février).

General Supervisor of the Grand Egyptian - - Museum (GEM) Târiq Tawfîq affirmed that the artifacts set to be displayed on the “Kings’ Lundi 18 février 2019 Great Staircase” will be transferred to the museum after completion of the construction works.

Tawfîq further stated that 24 pieces have so far been transferred from a total of 87 statues set to be displayed on the “Kings’ Great Staircase”, which will be placed in the lobby of the museum. Pour la première fois, une mission archéologique brésilienne entreprend des The remaining artifacts are currently travaux de fouilles, de restauration et de located in the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr and sauvegarde de la tombe d’Amenemhat will be transferred to the GEM in the (TT123) située dans la vallée des Rois. Cette upcoming period, affirmed Tawfîq. mission est présidée par Dr José Roberto The “Great Staircase” located in the GEM BENIGNI et d’autres chercheurs de will focus on portraying the kings and gods of l’Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais the Ancient Egyptian era. This part of the (UFMG). Ce projet est mis en place en museum will be divided into four sections; the collaboration avec des archéologues first section will focus on portraying how the égyptiens et des chercheurs de l’Universidad King/God was sculptured during the ancient Nacional de Cordoba (UNC) en Argentine. Egyptian Era. The sizes of the statues will be (Marie Fikrî, « Une mission archéologique of various sizes, but all will be sculptured using brésilienne entreprend la restauration et la the three dimensions effect. sauvegarde de la tombe d’Amenemhat », Watanî, 18 février 2019).

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- - Au cours de ses 100 ans d’existence, l’American University in Cairo (AUC) n’a pas Mercredi 20 février 2019 cessé d’enrichir ses collections de la Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library The security services, in coordination with (RBSCL) et son département de photos, qui the police of Tourism and Antiquities, seized comptent aujourd’hui plus de 15 000 livres an employee at the Directorate of Youth and rares et près de 500 000 photos anciennes. Sports holding 65 antiquities inside his house. Parmi les plus importants documents figurent ceux du grand spécialiste anglais Among the seized artifacts were antiquities d’architecture islamique Keppel Archibald dating back to 11th Dynasty and coins dating Cameron CRESWELL, les archives du grand back to the Greek-Byzantine era. The pieces architecte contemporain Hasan Fathî et celles were confiscated while the man was trying to du photographe arménien de renom VAN LEO. sell them to an undercover officer in the Tourism and Antiquities Police Department, C’est l’AUC qui a proposé à K.A.C. who played the role of a smuggler. CRESWELL, dans les années 1950, d’accueillir ses livres, surtout qu’il n’avait pas d’héritier. Major General Muhammad al-Ghûl, CRESWELL a accepté en lui léguant sa director of the General Directorate of Tourism bibliothèque de plus de 3 000 volumes, en and Antiquities Police, received a notification plus de sa collection d’environ 13 000 photos, from the director of the Tourism and plans et dessins. Cette collection particulière Antiquities Police Department in Minyâ, se trouve dans les armoires dédiées à stating that a confidential information had CRESWELL au siège de l’AUC à al-Tagamu’. been received stating that a 38 year old man in Minyâ was trying to sell rare artifacts for LE 10 million.

When the man opened his door to receive the money, he was surprised by undercover police officers who were able to arrest the defendant and seize a statue of King Antuf VII dating back to the 11th Dynasty, and numerous other artifacts in his possession.

The artifacts were confiscated and the defendant was held in detention for further investigation. (Mustafa Marie, “65 artifacts confiscated by police in Minyâ”, Egypt Today, February 20, 2019). - -

La vedette Chéwikar vue par VAN LEO Né le 13 septembre 1879 à Londres, CRESWELL fait des études de polytechnique. Intéressé, depuis son enfance, par les bâtiments de l’Orient, il se lance plus tard dans des études d’architecture orientale. En Hasan Fathî dans sa maison à Darb al-Labbâna 1913, il publie un article dans le Burlington Magazine et, peu après, donne un article à la

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Royal Asiatic Society, qui est bien accueilli. Les participe activement à l’enregistrement et à la deux portent sur l’architecture des dômes préservation du mur et des portes du Caire perses. Son intérêt pour l’architecture médiéval du XIIe siècle. En juin 1973, islamique s’accroît davantage. Lors de la CRESWELL, suite à des problèmes de santé, Première Guerre mondiale, il est nommé retourne en Angleterre. Il décède le 8 avril officier dans le Royal Flying Corps en Égypte, 1974. où il trouve une bonne occasion de satisfaire « CRESWELL était un perfectionniste, il sa passion pour l’architecture islamique. s’intéressait beaucoup aux détails. Ceci est CRESWELL décide de concrétiser cette bien clair dans sa collection riche de photos, passion en rédigeant un livre sur l’histoire de où il a essayé de documenter presque tous les l’architecture islamique en Égypte. Mais ce monuments islamiques de son temps pour n’est pas une entreprise simple. Il ne termine pouvoir les étudier et faire des comparaisons ce projet que des années plus tard, et ce n’est avec l’architecture dans d’autres régions du qu’en 1969 qu’il publie 5 volumes, avec des monde. Il allait plus loin pour avoir une vue descriptions détaillées de monuments et des plus omnisciente de l’architecture islamique plans, dessins et photographies de presque en Égypte, c’est la valeur de l’œuvre de toute l’architecture islamique, comme les CRESWELL », souligne Sayf. Avant d’ajouter que minarets, les dômes et les madrasas. Cet dernièrement, près de 1 000 photos ont été ouvrage de grande envergure est divisé en trouvées dans le Victoria and Albert Museum. deux : Early Islamic Architecture (les débuts de À noter qu’il existe d’autres parties de la l’architecture islamique) et The Muslim collection de CRESWELL à Ashmolean Museum Architecture of Egypt (l’architecture islamique à Oxford, à Harvard University et à Villa I Tatti d’Égypte). en Florence. « On a conclu un accord avec « Il a voulu faire non seulement une analyse toutes les institutions où se trouvent des architecturale, mais aussi une chronologie du photos de CRESWELL, afin de les mettre en Caire à partir de la conquête arabe de ligne pour qu’elles soient accessibles à tout le l’Égypte à travers ses monuments islamiques, monde », souligne-t-elle. comme la mosquée de ‘Amr Ibn al-’Âss et celle d’al-Azhar et les différents styles de l’architecture islamique », explique ‘Ulâ Sayf, conservatrice de la photothèque et de la cinémathèque de l’AUC.

CRESWELL est nommé conférencier à l’Université Fu’âd (aujourd’hui l’Université du Caire) en 1931 et, trois ans plus tard, professeur d’art islamique et d’architecture. Il occupe ce poste jusqu’à 1951. En 1956, lors de la crise de Suez, le gouvernement lui conseille, comme à tous les Britanniques, de quitter le pays. Mais le président de l’AUC à cette époque propose au président égyptien Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir de garder CRESWELL en Égypte pour qu’il puisse continuer son œuvre sur l’architecture islamique. En 1956, il est nommé professeur distingué d’art et d’architecture islamiques à l’AUC. Déjà en 1939, il devient membre du Conseil La mosquée Umm al-Sultan Sha’bân photographiée par CRESWELL supérieur de la conservation des monuments L’AUC abrite par ailleurs toute l’œuvre du arabes et occupe ce poste pendant 12 ans. Il grand architecte égyptien Hasan Fathî. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 83

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Habitant dans une maison de style mamelouk autochtones en utilisant des techniques de à Darb al-Labbâna, dans le quartier de la construction locales et ancestrales, qu’il Citadelle, appelée « Maison de l’architecture adapte aux contraintes modernes et aux égyptienne » et ayant comme voisin et ami besoins de la vie contemporaine. Il dessine l’Aga Khan, il confie à celui-ci le soin de gérer son premier bâtiment en brique de terre en toute sa bibliothèque qui renfermait livres, 1930. Au début de sa carrière, il travaille dans documents, photos, dessins, plans et le département des bâtiments scolaires au maquettes. Ainsi à son décès en 1989, l’Aga ministère de l’Éducation. Il découvre la beauté Khan prend en charge les archives de Fathî, de l’architecture nubienne et son caractère tout en les laissant à leur place. Mais le particulier. A partir de 1946, il travaille comme tremblement de terre qui secoue l’Égypte en professeur des beaux-arts à l’Université du 1992 endommage gravement « la maison de Caire. En 1953, il devint directeur du l’architecture égyptienne », et il faut l’évacuer département d’architecture de la faculté des pour la restaurer. Les membres de la Beaux-arts du Caire. fondation de l’Aga Khan veulent transporter En 1969, avec la publication de son les œuvres de Fathî à son siège à Genève, premier livre L’Architecture des pauvres, son mais comme c’est une quantité énorme à travail attire l’attention à l’échelle transporter, l’idée est abandonnée. internationale. Il raconte son expérience Les disciples de Hasan Fathî et ses amis, architecturale à Qurna. Hasan Fathî travaille de préférant que ses œuvres restent en Égypte, près avec les gens pour adapter ses dessins à se mettent d’accord pour les offrir à l’AUC, leurs besoins. Il leur enseigne comment pour qu’elles soient bien préservées. « C’était travailler avec les briques de boue, supervise un bon choix, les locaux ont pu accueillir cette la construction des bâtiments et encourage la très grande collection et elle est accessible à reprise de techniques décoratives anciennes. tout le monde. L’AUC a pris toute la collection Quant à la collection des photos du de Fathî et a réussi à obtenir un fonds via le photographe égypto-arménien VAN LEO, elle National Endownement for Humanity (NEH) est le joyau de la photothèque de l’AUC. Elle pour pouvoir les classifier et les mettre dans renferme aussi son appareil photo et les des boîtes d’archives spéciales, afin de faciliter équipements de son studio. Dernier témoin leur consultation à tout chercheur », explique d’une Égypte cosmopolite, VAN LEO est né en Sayf. Elle ajoute que l’université a organisé 1921 en Turquie, de parents arméniens, sous plusieurs expositions sur les possessions et le nom de Levon BOYADIJIAN. Il s’installe en travaux de Hasan Fathî et qu’actuellement, la Égypte en 1924, où il réussit, quelques années bibliothèque est accessible à tous les plus tard, à se faire un nom comme meilleur chercheurs en architecture ainsi qu’aux portraitiste de son époque. Quand il termine amateurs du patrimoine de Hasan Fathî, qui sa scolarité en 1939, VAN LEO s’inscrit à l’AUC, était l’un des architectes les plus marquants de mais déserte rapidement les cours et offre ses sa génération. services au Studio Venus de la rue Qasr al-Nil. Fathî est, en effet, connu pour avoir Talentueux, il ouvre, en 1941, son propre démontré qu’il est possible de construire de studio, lorsque son père lui permet de beaux bâtiments avec un style architectural transformer la salle à manger familiale en particulier, notamment pour les sociétés studio et la salle de bain en chambre noire. modestes. Le nouveau village de Qurna à Les stars du cinéma, les intellectuelles et l’élite Louqsor est la grande œuvre de Fathî, dans ne tardent pas à connaître le talent de VAN laquelle il a mis toute son expérience, son LEO et se précipitent vers son studio pour esprit et ses inspirations nubiennes. avoir de beaux portraits. On trouve dans ses Né en 1900, Fathî est diplômé de l’École archives des portraits de l’écrivain Taha polytechnique de l’Université du Caire en Husayn, du musicien Muhammad ‘Abd al- 1926. Il cherche à s’ancrer dans les traditions

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Wahâb, de la vedette Fâtin Hamâma ou des Opponents of the demolition said the acteurs Rushdî Abâza et Omar Sharif. structure was a monument registered on Egypt’s Antiquities List of Islamic, Coptic and VAN LEO choisissait très soigneusement ses Jewish Heritage and that it had been sujets. Surréaliste qu’il soit, il s’intéressait neglected before it was demolished. surtout aux effets artistiques, aux jeux de lumière et aux retouches. Très souvent, il They said that the demolition was the first photographiait des personnes gratuitement, step towards the demolition of other parce qu’elles avaient un visage intéressant ou “undesirable edifices” in al-Mu‘izz Street in particulier. Il s’attachait à photographier des Islamic Cairo with a view to replacing them lieux communs, des bâtiments et les gens de with new ones likely to bring in more money. la rue. « Il retrace à travers ses photos la The al-‘Anbariyyîn Wakâla should have chronologie de la société égyptienne au cours been restored and turned into a museum of de plus de 50 ans. Les années avant la perfumes instead of being demolished, the Révolution de 1952 ont été décisives dans activists said. l’histoire de l’Égypte, ce qui lui a permis de recenser les changements majeurs qui ont eu Supporters of the demolition said the lieu dans la société, que ce soit sur le plan Wakâla was not registered as a monument on vestimentaire, architectural ou autre », indique the country’s Heritage List and that the la conservatrice de la photothèque à l’AUC. Ministry of Antiquities had not been involved with the building or its demolition. En 1998, son état de santé empirant, VAN LEO fait don de pratiquement tout ce qu’il possède, même de son studio, à l’AUC. « Avec la mort de VAN LEO en 2002, l’Égypte a perdu l’un des pionniers de la photographie des portraits », conclut Sayf. (Dalia Farouq, « Les trésors historiques de l’AUC », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 20 février 2019). - -

Jeudi 21 février 2019

“The edifice was not a complete building as some people believe, but was a set of ruins,” Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, supervisor of the Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project, told Al-Ahram Weekly. He said it was a roofless and destroyed structure with the exception of its decaying façade. According to the Arab writer al-Maqrîzî in his book Kitâb al-khitat al-maqrîziyya, the now- demolished ruins were once the site of the The al-‘Anbariyyîn Wakâla in Islamic Cairo area’s perfume market and were originally the The demolition of the ruins of the al- al-Mauna Prison during the Fatimid period ‘Anbariyyîn Wakâla (market) in Islamic Cairo before being turned into a market for created controversy among heritage perfumes under the later Mamelukes. professionals and activists last week even though the remains represented a threat to However, the market was largely the lives of users and were not in fact the demolished when trading in perfumes ended. original structure. The building that has now been demolished was damaged over time, including in 2005 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 85

Février 2019 and 2017 when it was badly damaged by fire mosques, madrasas, hammâms and with the exception of its decayed façade. fountains,” he said. ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said that the Permanent “It was once a centre of the Islamic world, Committee for Islamic, Coptic and Jewish reaching its golden age in the 14th century, Antiquities had three times refused to register and modern regulations prohibit the the building on the relevant Heritage List in construction of any building that is not is 2004, 2015 and 2016 because it had lost its keeping with the Old City’s fabric,” he added. outstanding universal value and retained (Nevine El-Aref, “Controversy in Islamic nothing of its archaeological or decorative Cairo”, Al-Ahram Weekly, February 21, 2019. elements or original plan and structure. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : la wakâla al-‘Anbariyyîn These are the criteria usually used for n’est pas classée sur la liste du patrimoine », inscription under the UNESCO Venice Charter. Sada al-Balad, 11 février ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, “Ruins are not a monument,” ‘Abd al-‘Azîz « Monica Hanna : La destruction de wakâla al- said. “We have to differentiate between a ‘Anbariyyîn est une atteinte à l’identité market which is an open place that sells only historique de la région », Sada al-Balad, 12 one type of goods with several small shops or février ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Les habitants de la bazaars selling their goods on tables in the rue al-Mu‘izz en colère à cause de la street and a wakâla which is a complete destruction de wakâla al-‘Anbariyyîn », al-Masrî building selling various kinds of goods and al-Yawm, 12 février). having a dormitory for traders.” - - The al-‘Anbariyyîn Wakâla had in fact vanished like others established during the mediaeval period, he added, in the same way that the Sûq al-Silâh (the weapons market) and the Sûq al-sanâdiqiyyin (the boxes market) did not exist anymore aside from the areas to which they have given their names.

The Sûq al-Nahhâsîn (the copper market) still exists in the area of al-Husayn, he said.

Those who fear that the site of the now- demolished building could be transformed Source: Jewish Community in Cairo into a residential building or mall were “living in a dreamland,” ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said. Egypt’s government began removing slums in the eastern part of the 1200-year-old Jewish cemeteries in Cairo’s al-Basâtîn, which is the second oldest Jewish cemeteries in the world, according to a statement by the Jewish Community in Cairo. “Today the Egyptian government started to clean and to remove the slums in the east part of al-Basâtîn cemetery. Egypt is defending her Jewish heritage. Thousands of souls will sleep in peace tonight. Thanks to all

how contributed to this achievement,” the statement said. “Historic Cairo is registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the The cemetery has witnessed periods of world’s oldest Islamic cities, with its famous intense neglect and degradation, from

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Février 2019 countless stolen marble slabs that cover the ‘Abd al-Gawwâd noted that the fourth part graves to general abuse by poor Egyptian was exhibited at the “Macquarie Museum” settlers who built slums. and was bought by the museum’s management in 1995. Head of the Jewish Community in Egypt Magda Hârûn previously told Egypt Today Martin BOMMS, director of the museum, that she has called on the government several expressed his readiness to return the ancient times to build a fence around the cemeteries. painting to Egypt immediately after he learned that it was stolen and smuggled from Egypt Deputy of Cairo Governor for the southern illegally. region Ahmad Fu’âd said that the government also removed garbage in the cemeteries after The ancient painting was handed over to getting complaints from citizens. the Egyptian Embassy in Canberra, following the extensive efforts exerted by the Egyptian Carmen WEINSTEIN, former head of the Ministry of Antiquities and Ministry of Foreign Jewish community in Egypt, was buried in the Affairs to prove Egypt’s right to restore it. al-Basâtîn cemetery which she herself worked to save since 1978, as it is the only Jewish ‘Abd al-Gawwâd explained that the four cemetery left in Cairo and is the largest in parts of the painting had been found by the Egypt. mission of the University of Rome during excavations in the West Bank in Luxor Egypt’s Jewish community shrank over the between 1976 and 1988. years due to the time of hostilities between the country and Israel. Estimates say that since It was discovered missing during the the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, inventory of the West Bank storage room of about 65,000 Jews left Egypt — most of them antiquities in 1995. traveling to West or Israel. (“Egypt Cleans and ‘Abd al-Gawwâd pointed out that the Removes Slums Near Oldest Jewish painting is scheduled to be fully restored after Cemeteries”, Egyptian Streets, February 21, the arrival of the fourth piece in order to be 2019). reassembled and displayed. (Mustafa Marie, - - “Ancient artefact ‘Nefertem’ retrieved from Australia”, Egypt Today, February 21, 2019. Voir également Nevine El-Aref, “Last piece of stolen ancient Egyptian relief recovered from Australia: Ministry”, Ahram Online, February 21; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie récupère de l’Australie le dernier fragment de la stèle de Szen Nefertum », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 février ; “Egypt retrieves smuggled artefact from Australian museum”,

Egypt Independent, February 21; ‘Alâ’ al- The Egyptian Embassy in Canberra, Minyâwî, « L’Égypte récupère de l’Australie le Australia, received the fourth and final part of dernier fragment de la stèle de Szen the ancient painting entitled "Szen Nefertum", Nefertum », Sada al-Balad, 21 février ; Sanâ’ which was illegally stolen from Egypt. Fârûq, « Les autorités égyptiennes récupèrent General Supervisor of the General le dernier fragment de la stèle de Szen Department of Antiquities Sha‘bân ‘Abd al- Nefertum », Watanî, 21 février ; Muhammad Gawwâd affirmed that this part of the painting ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « L’Égypte récupère de is the fourth and last part and that Egypt was l’Australie le dernier fragment de la stèle de able to recover three other parts from Szen Nefertum », al-Ahrâm, 22 février). Switzerland in 2017. - -

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Gîza Criminal Court sentenced on Wednesday a sculptor at the Supreme Council Prominent archaeologist Zâhî Hawwâs for Antiquities to six months in prison and denied the information included in the ruled that he pays a fine of LE 1 million over documentary entitled "King Tut: the Forgotten illegal drills near archaeological areas in Gîza. Treasure", claiming that the tomb of the The defendant has reportedly carried out Golden King belonged to Tut’s sister; Merit illegal excavations in search for antiquities Aten. without authorization from concerned bodies. “The information stated in the Several citizens have been arrested over documentary is incorrect,” Hawwâs stressed, the past weeks for illegally digging under their adding that all the details shown around the houses in Gîza in search for artifacts, as part of tomb affirm that King Tut’s only son was Tourism Police’s crackdown against illicit trade buried there after King Tut suddenly died in antiquities. while hunting wild animals.

(…) Law No. 117 of 1983 imposes a prison “If we look at the scenes in the cemetery, term of 5 to 7 years and a fine of not less than we will notice that they were done by one LE 5,000($284) and not more than LE 7,000 artist, where the two tombs bear a painting of ($397) on anyone who is proven guilty of 12 monkeys, and thus the Valley of the Kings illegal excavation for antiquities. is actually named the Valley of the monkeys,” stated Hawwâs to al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘. An ancient tomb was unearthed beneath a house in Gîza, near the more than 4,000-year- Hawwâs confirmed that there is no old pyramids, after an excavation was carried scientific evidence that the tomb of King out by the house owner, Tourism Police said in Tutankhamen was for his sister as all the a statement on Feb. 3. queens are buried on the Eastern Bank of the Valley of the Kings. The house owner was arrested as he excavated illegally. As per the law of antiquities, any excavations should be conducted after getting permission from the Supreme Council of Antiquities or from the Tourism Police Department; then, a committee should be formed by officials from the two bodies to check the presence of ancient artifacts.

However, several illegal excavations have The veteran archaeologist pointed out that been reported recently because the owners of what was revealed during the documentary the archaeological sites are not compensated about finding a piece inside the cemetery not appropriately by the government. (“Sculptor belonging to King Tutankhamen is normal, as sentenced to 6 months over unlicensed the workshop in Tell al-Amarna did not only excavation for antiquities”, Egypt Today, manufacture Akhenaton’s possessions, but February 21, 2019). BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 88

Février 2019 also the possessions of Tut Nefertiti. Thus, many pieces were placed in the tomb of the Golden King that did not necessarily belong to him. Hawwâs finally stated that archaeological elements cannot be judged by the naked eye. Rigorous scientific researches should be made in order to reveal the correct information. (Mustafa Marie, “Hawwâs denies information revealed in documentary about King Tut”, Egypt Today, February 21, 2019. Voir It dates to the Middle Kingdom and également Ahmad Mansûr, « Un documentaire depicts four members of the same family, two attribue la tombe de Toutankhamon à sa sœur men and two women. The men have been Méritaton », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 février ; Mira painted in ochre and the women in light cream Maged, “Amazon Prime’s documentary “King wash. Tut: Forgotten Treasure” contains false The inscriptions over the figures are information: Zâhî Hawwâs”, Egypt decorated in black and invoke the god Ptah- Independent, February 23). Sokaris to provide offerings for the Ka of each - - member of the family. (Nevine El-Aref, “Gilded mask and painted stele are Egyptian Lundi 25 février 2019 Museum’s pieces of the week”, Ahram Online, February 25, 2019). The two “objects of the week” on display - - at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square at present are a gilded death mask and a painted stele.

Les travaux de restauration entrepris dans le jardin al-Andalous ont conduit à la découverte de trois fontaines qui remontent à 1935, date de la création du jardin. Le

président du département des antiquités The 25th Dynasty mask was given to Egypt islamiques et coptes, Dr Gamâl Mustafa, a by a citizen who currently lives in France, and inspecté le projet de restauration de ce jardin, is now on show for the first time. situé à l’Ouest du Caire et classé sur la liste du The stele of Nit-Ptah was discovered at al- patrimoine. ‘Asâsîf necropolis on Luxor’s West Bank by the Metropolitan Museum mission in 1915.

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headphones using X-rays, revealing the presence of skeletal parts hidden inside the body of the speaker.

Ce projet de restauration est placé sous la supervision du directeur général de la zone, Muhammad Sha‘râwî ; du directeur des Director of archaeological units in the antiquités de l’Ouest du Caire, Muhammad cargo villages ‘Alî Ramadân stated that after Mustafa ; et de la directrice de la zone de extracting the skeletal parts hidden inside a Zamalek, Muna ‘Âdil. (Ahmad Mansûr, large speaker and examining them, it was « Découverte de 3 fontaines lors des confirmed that they were antiquities; hence, restaurations du jardin al-Andalous », al-Yawm they were confiscated for the benefit of the al-Sâbi‘, 25 février 2019). Ministry of Antiquities in accordance with the - - law of antiquities protection No. 117 of 1983 and its amendments.

Imân ‘Abd al-Ra’ûf, director general of the Archaeological Ports, added that the seized pieces are six parts of two mummies with the remains of the muffling and resin coils.

‘Abd al-Ra’ûf further pointed out that the committee decided to expedite the antiquities’ delivery to the Egyptian Museum to complete their inspection and restoration. Head of the Central Administration of Ports (Mustafa Marie, “Ancient skeletal parts and Archaeological Units in Egyptian ports confiscated in Cairo International Airport”, Hamdî Humâm affirmed that the customs Egypt Today, February 25, 2019. Voir authorities assumed the presence of a également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Saisie de suspicious object placed in one of the fragments de momies à l’aéroport du Caire speakers in a parcel set to be shipped to avant leur exportation illicite vers la Belgium. Belgique », Sada al-Balad, 24 février ; Nevine El-Aref, “Mummy body parts discovered in All parcels were seized by the authorities passenger’s luggage at Cairo airport”, Ahram for examination and to present them to the Online, February 24; « Saisie de fragments de specialized archaeological committee. momies avant leur exportation illicite vers Humâm added that a specialized l’étranger », Watanî, 24 février ; Muhammad committee from the Ministry of Antiquities was ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Saisie de momies formed immediately under the chairmanship pharaoniques avant leur exportation illicite of Georges Munîr, director general of the vers la Belgique », al-Ahrâm, 25 février). archaeological units, which in turn tested the - - BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 90

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fractured. Later Roman quarry activity buried Mardi 26 février 2019 the sphinxes in soil. Also discovered embedded in the walls of the workshop was a rough-cut uraeus (coiled cobra) made to crown the head of the larger criosphinx, as well as a blank round-top stelae.

Excavation work at the archaeological site in Gabal al-Silsila A Swedish-Egyptian mission led by Maria NILSSON and John WARD from Lund University has discovered a New Kingdom sandstone workshop and several sculptures during excavations carried out at Gabal al-Silsila archaeological site in Aswân. The small criosphinx The criosphinx Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, director-general of Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the Aswân and Nubia Antiquities, said that mission discovered among the debris in the hundreds of hieroglyphic fragments that workshop a large criosphinx (ram-headed belong to a destroyed Naos of Amenhotep III sphinx) statue. (Naos E), together with new sculpture The statue, approximately 5 metres long, fragments of the associated falcon, were 3.5 metres high, and 1.5 metres wide, is unearthed. In addition, parts of an obelisk, carved in a style comparable to the including its pyramidion, were retrieved. criosphinxes to the south of Khonsu Temple at Karnak. The sphinx is believed to be dated to Amenhotep III of the 18th Dynasty.

Fragment of hieroglyphic "It is a vey important discovery," said Sa‘îd, explaining that the finding highlights that the The stelae discovered in the ancient workshop Gabal al-Silsila area was not only a quarry but

NILSSON told Ahram Online that the team also housed workshops for the fabrication of unearthed a smaller practice piece of another architectural elements used in the decoration criosphinx that may have been carved by an of temples. (Nevine El-Aref, “New Kingdom apprentice. workshop discovered in Egypt’s Gabal al- Silsila”, Ahram Online, February 26, 2019. Voir Both sculptures seem to be preserved in a également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de rough-cut and had been prepared for l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’un transportation, but were likely abandoned at atelier de fabrication de colonnes et de Gabal al-Silsila when the larger sculpture statues à Gabal al-Silsila », al-Masrî al-Yawm,

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26 février ; Angy Essam, “Sandstone workshop Mercredi 27 février 2019 uncovered at Gabal al-Silsila, Aswân”, Egypt Today, February 26; Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au Drainage workers found a Pharaonic stone jour d’un atelier de fabrication d’éléments with inscriptions during excavations in Masjid architecturaux à Gabal al-Silsila », al-Yawm al- al-Sâda al-Shahâwiyya area in Kafr al-Shaykh. Sâbi‘, 26 février ; “Egyptian-Swedish mission unearths pharaonic workshop”, Egypt Major General ‘Isâm Rasâs, head of the Independent, February 26; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, Metobas Center and City, was informed of the « Découverte d’un atelier de fabrication discovery and decided to stop the excavation d’éléments architecturaux à Gabal al-Silsila », in that area immediately. Sada al-Balad, 26 février ; Muhammad al- Head of the local unit of the village Aswânî, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique Muhammad Qutb Abû Zlât and Head of à Gabal al-Silsila », Watanî, 26 février ; Nasma Brambul police station Muhammad Zâhir Réda, « Des statues pour les pharaons », Al- headed to the site to examine the stone after Ahram Hebdo du 6 mars). receiving information from the excavation site’s engineer that he suspects the finding is - - an ancient stone. The head of the city of Metobas stated that A gilded mummy mask and painted stele the ancient stone was reserved to be are this week’s displayed pieces at the presented to a committee of the Antiquities Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr Square following Authority. (Mustafa Marie, “Ancient stone restoration, according to a statement by the found in Kafr al-Shaykh”, Egypt Today, Ministry of Antiquities. February 27, 2019. Voir également Going on display for the first time, the Muhammad Sulaymân, « Découverte d’un bloc gilded mask was offered to Egypt by the archéologique dans un village de Kafr al- Egyptian owner who lives in France. Shaykh », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 27 février). The second display is the funerary stele of - - Nit-Ptah, which was discovered in 1915 by the Metropolitan Museum mission at the al- Jeudi 28 février 2019 ‘Assâsîf necropolis on Luxor’s western bank. The stele dates back to the Middle Kingdom and portrays four members of one family consisting of two females alongside males. Bringing up a good-looking contrast, men were painted in ochre and women in light cream wash. The inscriptions over the figures are decorated in black depicting the god Ptah- Sokaris to provide offerings for the Ka of each member of the family. (Mira Maged, “Two The Getty Conservation Institute’s project to exclusive pieces displayed at Egyptian conserve and manage the tomb of Museum this week”, Egypt Independent, Tutankhamun came to a triumphant conclusion February 26, 2019). earlier this year, writes Zâhî Hawwâs. The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) has - - completed a significant conservation and management project for the tomb of Tutankhamun. The project included a new lighting system, new floor for the tomb, a new BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 92

Février 2019 air-ventilation system and the cleaning as well announcement that a step cut in the rock had as stabilisation of the wall paintings. been discovered… this seemed too good to be true.” I am happy to have been the one who signed the contract with the GCI for this I can identify with CARTER’s feelings project in 2009. It took about 10 years to finish because I am now excavating in the Valley of the work to the end of January 2019. Jim the Kings with Fathî Yâsîn, my assistant in the CUNO, the president of the Getty Trust, came excavation in the western valley. I always keep to Egypt to witness the work that the GCI was silent because I expect that they will tell me doing under the leadership of Timothy that we have found a tomb. When I sit inside WHALEN. The project was supervised in situ by my tent in the valley and look towards the Neville AGNEW. mountains, I also imagine that there is a tomb waiting to be discovered in this vast area. A symposium has been organised at the Mummification Museum to explain all the CARTER sent a telegram to Lord processes involved in the work, and many CARNARVON, who was funding the excavations. members of the GCI attended the event. I He told him that “at last we have made a consider the project to be the most important wonderful discovery in the valley, a for the preservation of the tomb that has been magnificent tomb with seals intact, re-covered carried out thus far on this tomb, which was same for your arrival: congratulations.” the most important archaeological discovery in CARTER opened the tomb with CARNARVON Egypt of the 20th century. This important work and a few others in attendance on 27 will be remembered because conservation November 1922. The most famous quotation preserves history. that many remember regarding the discovery Let us take a moment to reflect on the was when, at the moment of the opening, history of this great discovery, the damage CARNARVON asked CARTER what he had seen that has occurred to the tomb from mass and the latter answered, “wonderful things!” tourism, and when the GCI took over the The Valley of the Kings is one of the most conservation work. We will then need to romantic places on earth. Twenty-six tombs of assess the 10 years of scientific work inside the the most famous kings in the history of the tomb and finally to address the question of world, the rulers of ancient Egypt during its what we can do now to preserve this essential golden age, have been found there. What work and ensure its continuation. really amazes me is the fact that CARTER Should we close the tomb to the public arrived in the valley knowing that since it was and have tourists visit a replica, or should we his fifth year of work there, he would have no limit the numbers of visitors to the tomb? more chances to excavate because CARNARVON’s funding was coming to an end. The finding of the tomb of Tutankhamun was the most important archaeological One of the interesting stories recounted in discovery yet made in Egypt because the the many books surrounding his work is that tomb was found completely intact on 4 CARTER had brought a canary in a cage with November 1922 with 5,398 objects inside it. him. When the workmen saw it, they said that The day of the discovery was the most it would bring good luck, and it did in the momentous for British archaeologist Howard form of the discovery of the tomb. CARTER, the man who found the tomb. He However, when CARTER went to his tent wrote the following description in his after sending the telegram to CARNARVON, a excavation diary: “hardly had I arrived on the snake had eaten the bird. I talked to Shaykh work next morning than the unusual silence, ‘Alî ‘Abd al-Rasûl, the last member of the ‘Abd due to the stopping of the work, made me al-Rasûl family who found the cache of royal realise that something out of the ordinary had mummies at Dayr al-Baharî in 1881. I asked happened. I was greeted by the him if this was true, and ‘Abd al-Rasûl said that

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Février 2019 he did not see a snake, but that he did hear the tomb every day. The tourists still used that the bird had died. flash photography at that time, and we noted damage to the wall scenes due to the Other people think that the bird lived and moisture in their breath. The scenes had was left with the wife of CARTER’s begun to fade, the floors were in bad photographer Harry BURTON. But whether it condition, and there were brown spots on the was heralded by the death of this bird or not, wall paintings that many thought could be there was trouble in store for CARTER. dangerous to them. ANALYSIS: I myself carried out interesting Almost every film crew that comes to Egypt work with Tutankhamun when I received a CT also wants to film inside the tomb of scan machine as a gift from the US magazine Tutankhamun, which accelerates the National Geographic and the German deterioration. I realised that the scenes on the Siemens Company. walls could be damaged forever if this I proceeded to scan the mummy, and when situation continued. I announced to the press I took the lid off and removed the third coffin that in fewer than 100 years it could be that all that topped the mummy, I had a wonderfully of those wonderful tombs would be gone memorable moment: meeting the golden king because of the way we were treating them. Tutankhamun face to face. We could understand why some people The CT scan revealed that he had had one asked for the tomb to be sealed again. Others clubfoot and one flat foot, so blood had not made other suggestions, such as limiting the reached his toes. This is why in his tomb there number of visitors per day. were around 130 sticks and staves that aided When I had observed these problems, I him while walking. He also suffered from found a reputable institute to save the tomb: malaria. for me, it was clear that the Getty would be The project to examine the royal mummies one for the job. Before I made this decision, I also revealed much about the family of looked at the history of the Getty and recalled Tutankhamun. With DNA analysis, we were the incredible work that the Institute had able to determine that the badly preserved accomplished at the tomb of Nefertari from mummy found in tomb KV55 was that of 1986 to 1992. Akhenaten, who was the son of Amenhotep III Those who saw this tomb before the Getty and queen Tiye, as well as the father of did the restoration work saw that it had Tutankhamun. The mummy found in KV35 suffered tremendously from the salt that was known as the “Younger Lady” was found to be leaching from the mountain rock and the mother of Tutankhamun, but she had no damaging the scenes on the walls. No one name though she was the daughter of believed that the tomb could have been saved Amenhotep III and queen Tiye. back then. I found that the mummy of Tutankhamun However, Luis MONREAL was in charge at had suffered a lot in modern times from the the time as director of the Getty Conservation breathing of the tourists who visited the tomb, Institute. This hired a great Italian restorer, the temperature and humidity inside the Paolo MORA, who led a team of fantastic tomb, and the dust. We arranged for a conservators with young Egyptians who were showcase to be made in Germany to preserve in training. When I saw the tomb after the the mummy and moved the mummy from the work had been carried out, I could not believe sarcophagus to this new showcase. that it had been saved and had become so Of course, millions of people have visited beautiful. the tomb since it was found in 1922. The tomb I was recently in front of the tomb and saw has also suffered from this mass tourism; for a lady exiting from it. She was crying. I went to example, in 2010 there were 10,000 visitors to see what was wrong and was told that she was

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Février 2019 crying because of the beauty of the tomb. The should be closed completely. They wanted the Getty also achieved a great project to Ministry of Antiquities to follow the rules and preserve the non-royal mummy of “X” that recommendations that they had written after had been sent to Los Angeles. This was a non- the work on the tomb was finished and ready royal mummy to be used as a control for the first visitors. experiment for the project. When the trustees of the Getty Trust came The Getty designed a showcase and to Egypt, with them was my friend James equipped the machines to control the CUNO, the president of the Getty Trust. I had humidity and heat. It also later cooperated met Jim CUNO for the first time at Oxford with me on the restoration of the Sphinx. University two years before when we were attending a debate about stolen artefacts in a TUTANKHAMUN’S TOMB: In 2009, I met question-and-answer format. The issue WHALEN, who was and still is the director of debated was whether stolen artefacts should the Getty Conservation Institute. He is a very be returned to their original countries or not. nice man and is a scholar and scientist who is respected and knowledgeable about the During the Getty trustees’ visit to Egypt, organisation and supervision of a team on we all had dinner in the golden room at such projects. Muhammad ‘Alî’s Palace. We were accompanied by Khâlid al-‘Inânî, minister of The institute began the conservation of antiquities, and Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary- Tutankhamun’s tomb in 2009 after the general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. agreement with WHALEN, who appointed CUNO asked me about the history of the AGNEW to supervise the project. AGNEW used beautiful room we were in. I smiled because I to meet all the archaeologists who worked in knew little about the palace’s history except the West Bank at Luxor to discuss the that it was built by Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq, the preservation of the West Bank and not just of uncle of king Fârûq, in 1903, and had been Tutankhamun’s tomb. furnished in 1910 in a variety of artistic styles. The Getty study indicated that the large He had lived in it until 1936. The hall was spots on the walls of the tomb were not built to be a throne room, and it has Ottoman- dangerous and had had no harmful effects on style decoration and paintings of the kings of the scenes. The other issues of the lighting, Egypt. He used a throne covered with gold in conservation, and cleaning of the scenes, as the French style. We heard this information well as the replacement of the floor, were from the person now in charge of the palace. carried out using the latest scientific methods to ensure that this work would save the most We then discussed the ancient tomb and famous tomb in the world. how to implement the Getty’s recommendations, because I could see that The major issue now is what we can do to WHALEN and AGNEW were really keen on the preserve this tomb in the future. Should we continuation of their efforts. They thought the close the tomb to the public and simply use ministry should appoint one person to be in the replica near Howard CARTER’s rest house? charge of the tomb, recommending Ramadân The number of visitors to the tomb reached Ahmad ‘Alî who was working in the about 10,000 a day by 2010, and all of them conservation effort with the Getty team. al- visit the tomb at least once in the morning. ‘Inânî agreed to appoint him, and the This can damage the tomb and, again, I have discussion happened in the presence of Louise to say that tourism is the enemy of BRYSON, the former president of the Getty archaeology in this case. We need to protect Trustees. the tomb from tourism. CUNO and the other members of the board When I asked WHALEN and AGNEW to tackle were really happy to come to Egypt to the issue, they did not agree that the tomb celebrate and see the magnificent work that

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Février 2019 the institute had done. I met them on their first dollar. I believed we needed to raise about day in front of the Sphinx and gave them a $10 million, so we asked CUNO for assistance. lecture on the history of the Pyramids as well The other important project that we need as the major discoveries that had happened to do, and I can see that CUNO and WHALEN on the site, such as the tombs of the Pyramid are really willing to fund, is the further builders and the secret doors found inside the conservation of the tomb of Nefertari. The Great Pyramid. tomb was completely restored, or maybe it is I told the trustees about the great work of not good to use the word “restoration,” as the Getty Institute in Egypt, especially in the AGNEW said in his lecture in 1992 (restoration tomb of Nefertari and how Paulo MORA, the implies reconstruction, but conservation restorer, had accomplished a miracle here, as encourages maintenance). well as the training of the Egyptian However, since that time, nothing further conservators. I even said that I had been in the has been done. We now need to install a Valley of the Queens doing a TV interview ventilation system, lighting, and change the when I saw the lady who had cried because of floors, among other tasks. The Getty will start the tomb’s beauty. I mentioned another soon on this project as well. American tourist that I had met who had told me that he had not been able to believe that I think that the sort of wealth of something like this tomb could exist and that archaeology on the West Bank of the Nile at the artists who created it should have had Luxor cannot be seen in any other place in the their names engraved in gold in history. world. It has the most beautiful tombs on earth. How can we preserve these treasures? I could see that the Getty trustees were We cannot deal with each site alone. I hope really delighted to see the Getty Institute’s that the ministry of antiquities can go back to latest contribution to the conservation of the the 12 projects that I wanted to do, but never tomb of Tutankhamun. The discussion of the got a chance to because of what has future of the tomb took place between me, happened to Egypt over recent years. the minister, CUNO, and WHALEN. We talked about the great project that the Getty had Our plan was to build a site conservation done in the site management of the Valley of centre on the West Bank. The location would the Queens. be next to CARTER’s rest house at the entrance of the Valley. This centre should set out rules for each site, such as on conservation, excavation, and the number of tourists to be allowed to visit. Visits to the temples can happen at any time, but the tombs should be visited three times a day, once in the morning, afternoon, and evening. We did install a lighting system for the West Bank so that visitors could visit in the evening. This centre should be responsible for the conservation

The entrance of Tutankhamun’s tomb and the planning of the entire West Bank. LOOKING FORWARD: A major project had I think that if we continue to restore the also been launched to protect the Valley of tombs, we should do so with a vision for the the Queens from floods, and the Getty did a future. If we do not do that, and if this centre study to preserve the valley though a very is not built, I think that these tombs could still comprehensive site-management plan. be destroyed in fewer than 100 years. Photographers should photograph the scenes The study was finished in 2010, but we on the walls inside them and the inscriptions could not implement its recommendations then because of the rise in the price of the

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Février 2019 inside the tombs and temples on a yearly colourful garb and folkloric attire danced to basis, so that we can study their evolution. the rhythm. Finally, the authorities also need to give scientists the opportunity to make decisions regarding the planning and safety of the monuments. These essential tasks should not be left to officials who may have little knowledge of archaeology or monuments. (Zâhî Hawwâs, “The Getty and Tutankhamun”, Al-Ahram Weekly, February 28, 2019).

- - Ministers of Antiquities, Tourism, Investments, Culture and Communication pose for a picture outside Abû Simbil temple- Egypt Today/Abdullah Salah Before the festivities, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, accompanied by Minister of Investment and International Cooperation Sahar Nasr, Minister of Culture Înâs ‘Abd al- Dâyim, Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât and Minister of Communication ‘Amr Tal‘at along with Aswân Governor Ahmad Ibrâhîm, ambassadors and heads of missions from 22 African countries flocked onto Abû Simbil Abû Simbil’s solar alignment last week had Temple’s bedrock to celebrate the event. a different taste. Thirty-six African This year’s celebration is not only a ambassadors and heads of missions joined promotional campaign to celebrate the solar Egyptians in celebrating the phenomenon that alignment but highlights the strong takes place twice a year. cooperation among five ministries to hold a On 22 October and 22 February every seminal event for the ambassadors, especially year, the sun’s rays travel through the Temple after Egypt’s President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî of Ramses II at Abû Simbil to illuminate the announced that Aswân would be the city of face of a statue of the pharaoh and the statues African youth, coinciding with Egypt heading of the deities Amun-Re and Re-Hur-Akhty, the African Union and hosting the 2019 Africa leaving the god of darkness Ptah in the shade Cup of Nations, al-‘Inânî told Al-Ahram because of his connection to the underworld. Weekly. He added that it was also a unique message to the whole world that Egypt is a Despite the cold, the usually calm Upper country of peace, science and a great Egyptian town of Abû Simbil was abuzz with civilisation and that its antiquities are the “soft King Ramses II fever. A crowd of over 6,500 power that can easily penetrate hearts”. people gathered at Abû Simbil 280 kilometres south of Aswân on Friday to witness the solar Guests toured both temples of King alignment. Visitors stayed awake all night in Ramses II and his beloved wife Nefertari and front of the temple on the bank of Lake Nâsir the artificial rock on which King Ramses II waiting for sunrise, entertained by a musical Temple was reconstructed. troupe performing Nubian, African, Chinese, On the deck of a Nile cruise boat docked in Moroccan, Belgian and other international front of the temple, they took their seats in a folklore songs and dances. The atmosphere gala dinner hosted by the Ministry of was joyous, as the sound of music filled the Communication as streams of oriental music night air and women, men, boys and girls in filled the night air of Lake Nâsir.

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al-Mashât thanked the ministries of The architects and astronomers at the time antiquities and culture for their cooperation in of Ramses II, ‘Abd al-Basîr said, had planned organising the event. She said the Ministry of the Temple of Abû Simbil and hewed it out of Tourism “needs all efforts to make the best rock some 180 kilometres south of the Tropic use of events to promote tourism to Egypt”. of Cancer. At this point, the rays of the sun fall upon the mountain in the morning, 25 days “Here we are with our brother ministers before the vernal equinox, and 25 days after from the Egyptian government and we feel for the autumnal equinox. the first time that we are one entity, and this is what President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî is The temple axis runs perpendicular to the adopting,” the Cameroon ambassador, who is outer mountain surface. The inner halls of the the dean of African ambassadors, told the temple were laid out exactly towards the main audience. He noted that it was the first time sanctuary, which contains statues of Ramses II that the African ambassadors attend this solar and the gods Ptah, Amun-Re and Re-Hur- alignment together, a fact that he described Akhty. During the vernal equinox, they as a new beginning of a complete Egyptian- illuminate the statues of Amun-Re, Ramses II African era, showing “one African fabric”. and Re-Hur-Akhty for a few days. During the autumnal equinox, the statues are illuminated from the reverse side for the same period.

“It was an ingenious project accomplished by the astronomers and architects of the time, who chose the mountain at Abû Simbil because it faces east,” ‘Abd al-Basîr said. “However, this phenomenon is not related to the king’s birthday or his accession to the throne. It was actually a way for the ancient Egyptians to identify the beginning of summer and winter and alert farmers to the start of the Thousands of visitors watch sun alignment at Abû Simbil statue in cultivation season and the harvest.” (Nevine Aswan-Egypt Today/Abdullah Salah El-Aref, “Solar unity”, Al-Ahram Weekly, ‘Abd al-Dâyim described the event as “a February 28, 2019. Voir également Ahmad good and strong beginning” for Egypt as it Mansûr, « 6 500 visiteurs ont assisté à chairs the African Union. l’équinoxe à l’intérieur du temple de Ramsès The salvage operation of both temples was II », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 22 février ; “6.5K tourists proof that Egypt was able to adapt to changes watch sun alignment at Abû Simbil temple”, and would not sit idly by in the face of Egypt Today, February 22; Ahmad Mansûr, difficulties it had to deal with. After the « Les ministres de l’Archéologie et de la salvage, the equinox was visible on 21 Culture accompagnent 22 ambassadeurs February and 21 October, but after the africains dans une tournée à Abû Simbil », al- relocation, that shifted by one day. Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 22 février ; Mira Maged, “Sun, tourists converge on Ramses II statue in Abû Husayn ‘Abd al-Basîr, director of the Simbil”, Egypt Independent, February 22). Bibliotheca Alexandrina Museum, told Al- Ahram Weekly that the ancient Egyptians had observed astronomical phenomena such as the helical rising of the sun during the vernal and autumnal equinoxes (21 March and 23 - September). The equinox takes place twice a - - year at the Tropic of Cancer some 50 kilometres south of Aswân at Bâb Kalâbsha in - Nubia.

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engendré. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le musée de Samedi 2 mars 2019 Sharm al-Shaykh sera inauguré l’été prochain », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 mars 2019). - -

Dimanche 3 mars 2019

Archaeologists in Egypt have discovered a large ram-headed Sphinx that is linked to King Tutankhamun’s grandfather, Fox News

reported on Sunday. Found beneath several Le président du Département des projets, feet of debris at Gabal al-Silsila, an ancient Ing. Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, a annoncé l’achèvement quarry on the Nile, the Sphinx is 16.4-feet imminent des deux salles d’exposition du longs and 11.5-feet high. Only its head was musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh visible prior to excavation. dont l’inauguration est prévue vers la mi-2019. Il ne reste plus que les travaux d’enduits. Près The sculpture is believed to be from the de 700 pièces seront exposées dans la time of King Tut’s grandfather, the pharaoh th première salle et 500 pièces dans la seconde Amenhotep III, who ruled in the 14 century salle. La collection du musée sera sélectionnée B.C. parmi les réserves du Musée Égyptien de Egypt Today has recently reported that Tahrîr et d’autres entrepôts muséologiques. La archaeologists are now working to carefully lift commission muséologique a achevé la the mysterious statue; according to officials, répartition des pièces. because of its location, the statue cannot be directly extracted from the ground.

The criosphinx (or ram-headed sphinx) is carved in a similar style to those at the famous Khonshu Temple at the huge Karnak complex, according to experts.

“During the sphinx excavations and placed up-side-down next to the large sculpture’s stomach, the team discovered a smaller practice piece of another sphinx, perhaps carved by an apprentice,” archaeologists

explain, in a blog post. “Both sculptures are Situé sur la route de l’aéroport sur une preserved in a rough-cut and prepared for 2 superficie de 191 000 m , le musée de Sharm transportation, but were likely abandoned at al-Shaykh se compose de neuf salles, en plus Gabal al-Silsila as the larger sculpture d’une grande salle de conférences, d’un sous- fractured.” sol, d’un théâtre, de onze magasins d’artisanat local, ainsi que de dix-sept bazars. Les travaux Near the smaller piece, a rough-cut ont repris en septembre dernier, après huit “uraeus,” or coiled cobra, was found. Experts années d’arrêt, suite à la révolution de janvier note that the sculpture was intended to crown 2011 et au déficit budgétaire qu’elle a the head of the larger sphinx. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 99

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Parts of an obelisk were also found in the of the under-renovation Graeco-Roman ancient sandstone workshop, along with a Museum in Alexandria to inspect progress in quarry text from the site’s opening, written the project. during Amenhotep III’s reign. Live Science reports that, when Amenhotep died, the sculptures he commissioned may have been left unfinished.

During the 18th dynasty the Egyptians switched from limestone to sandstone. At this time, the quarries at al-Gabalayn were not yielding as much limestone as before. Gabal al-Silsila became a source of sandstone. According to Hishâm Samîr, the minister of The site provided numerous stone quarries antiquities’ advisor for projects, the Graeco- on both the west and east sides of the Nile. Roman Museum renovation project started in The site contains many shrines erected by 2018 and is planned to be completed by the officials who would have been in charge of end of this year. quarrying the stone. (Mustafa Marie, “Crio sphinx linked to King Tut’s grandfather discovered”, Egypt Today, March 3, 2019). - -

“So far, 48 percent of the work has been Le Premier ministre, Mustafa Madbûlî, a completed,” Samîr said, adding that this ordonné le classement de la statue de includes the restoration of the western and Ferdinand DE LESSEPS sur la liste du patrimoine eastern façades; the inner walls and 90 islamique et copte. Cette décision a été percent of the building’s metal frame, as well publiée dans le Journal Officiel, assortie d’un as the consolidation of the museum’s ground rapport scientifique rédigé par le ministère de floor, the exhibition halls and the l’Archéologie sur l’histoire de cette statue. administrative building. Rappelant qu’après la guerre d’octobre- Ilhâm Salâh, head of the museums novembre 1956, la statue colossale de department, said that according to the Ferdinand DE LESSEPS — qui marquait planned exhibition scenario; the museum will l’embouchure méditerranéenne du canal de have 30 galleries displaying 20,000 artifacts Suez, à l’extrémité de la jetée de Port-Saïd — from the Graeco-Roman period. a été mise à bas puis remisée dans le chantier naval de Port-Fouad. (Hind Mukhtâr, The museum will also have a state-of-the- « Publication dans le Journal Officiel du décret art conservation and research centre as well as de classement de la statue de Ferdinand DE a hall for multimedia. (Nevine El-Aref, LESSEPS », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 3 mars 2019). “Renovation work underway at Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria”, Ahram Online, March - - 3, 2019. Voir également Ragab Ramadân, « Le Egypt’s minister of antiquities and an ministre de l’Archéologie : Inauguration du archaeological delegation embarked on a tour Musée gréco-romain à la fin du premier trimestre 2020 », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 mars ; BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 100

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‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 356 millions L.E. pour The most recent efforts were carried out in réaménager le Musée gréco-romain the 1990s, when a number of pumps were d’Alexandrie », Sada al-Balad, 3 mars ; Samar installed to reduce the water levels, but the al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie high humidity, caused by the nearby inspecte les travaux de réaménagement du Mahmûdiyya Canal, and increased urban Musée gréco-romain d’Alexandrie », al-Masrî development continued to cause flaking of the al-Yawm, 3 mars ; Jacqueline Munîr, « Le bedrock that damaged relief decorations and Musée gréco-romain ressuscite », al-Yawm al- caused the growth of green algae. Sâbi‘, 6 mars). - -

With a USAID grant of $5.7 million, the

Ministry of Antiquities — in collaboration with NAPWAS, the CDM Smith and AAW — has In collaboration with the United States succeeded in fixing the problem through the Agency for International Development (USAID) implementation of Kom al-Shuqâfa and the National Authority for Potable Water groundwater lowering project. and Sewerage (NAPWAS), Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities has completed a groundwater Meanwhile, Egyptian restorers have lowering project at Kom al-Shuqâfa completed a comprehensive reconstruction archaeological site in Alexandria. and conservation project for tombs no 989 and no 990 in the catacombs. Work at tomb Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî said, no 989 started in November 2017 and lasted “as we are celebrating today the completion for one year, while work at tomb no 990 of the groundwater lowering project for the began in February 2019 and is still awaiting Catacombs of Kom al-Shuqâfa in Alexandria, the reconstruction of its ceiling and front we will also celebrate the completion of the pillars. Kom Ombo Temple groundwater lowering project in one month.” Mustafa Wazîrî, General Secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, explains that Both projects, according to the minister, the project started in November 2017 and come within the framework of mutual aims to reduce the groundwater level on site collaboration and partnership between Egypt and protect the tombs from any damage and the United States to preserve Egypt’s caused by the leakage. This was achieved archaeological heritage as well as restore, through providing a technical system to draw preserve and protect world-class monuments down the water level. for future generations. Wazîrî pointed out that the accumulation of Kom al-Shuqâfa catacombs in Alexandria rain water has also had negative effects. were suffering damage caused by the infiltration of groundwater into their lower To protect the tombs, said Engineer Wa‘d level. Abû al-‘Ilâ, head of the Projects Sector, six 40- metre-deep wells were dug and a number of Several efforts were previously exerted to electronic pumps were installed along with lower the groundwater level and prevent drainage pipes. leakage into the catacombs. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 101

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He asserted that the ministry carried out catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa à the project after carrying out all required Alexandrie », Sada al-Balad, 2 mars ; studies. Muhammad Migalla, « al-‘Inânî : 0,5 milliard L.E. pour développer les antiquités Abû al-‘Ilâ added that Kom al-Shuqâfa alexandrines », Sada al-Balad, 3 mars ; Samar archaeological site has suffered from rising al-Naggâr, « La baisse du niveau des eaux groundwater since its discovery, and that the souterraines à Kom al-Shuqâfa a coûté 5,7 lower level of the site was submerged with millions de dollars », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 water, prompting the ministry to launch a mars ; “Egypt to make Kom al-Shuqâfa an project to establish drainage wells at a depth open-air museum”, Egypt Independent, March of 20 metres as a preliminary solution until the 4 ; ‘Azza al-Sayyid, « 5,7 millions de dollars completion of the necessary studies before pour débarrasser Kom al-Shuqâfa des eaux the start of the project. souterraines », al-Ahrâm, 4 mars).

- -

Lundi 4 mars 2019

© Mahmûd Taha Kom al-Shuqâfa is considered one of the important examples of Roman funerary architecture as it was dug of a series of catacombs, dug three levels into the ground. The cemetery was used in the second half of the first century AD and continued its role as a grave until the fourth century AD.

Wazîrî mentioned that a development project that aims to convert the Kom al- La directrice générale du musée Shuqâfa archaeological site into an open-air archéologique d’Ismâ‘îliyya, Muna Sha‘bân, museum will involve the creation of a new organise, vendredi prochain, une conférence display scheme for its artefacts. A visitors’ sur le statut de la femme dans l’Égypte route will be also provided. ancienne. Cette conférence se tient en marge The necropolis consists of a series of de la célébration de la Journée internationale Alexandrian tombs, statues and archaeological des femmes. Le sujet de cette conférence sera objects of the Pharaonic funeral cult with illustré par les nombreuses pièces Hellenistic and early imperial Roman archéologiques conservées dans le musée. influences. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Conférence au musée d’Ismâ‘îliyya sur le statut de la femme dans Another feature of the catacombs is the l’Égypte ancienne », Sada al-Balad, 4 janvier Hall of Caracalla; tombs created for the horses 2019). of the Emperor Caracalla in 215 AD. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt completes groundwater lowering project at Alexandria catacombs”, - - Ahram Online, March 3, 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Projet de restauration des BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 102

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patrimoine. Il s’agit d’un tribunal connu sous le Mardi 5 mars 2019 nom de Mahkamat al-Niswân (Tribunal des Femmes), car il était chargé durant l’époque du roi Fârûq de trancher les litiges concernant les femmes.

Le président de l’Administration centrale pour la restauration et la préservation des antiquités, Dr Gharîb Sunbul, a révélé que des travaux sont en cours en vue de la restauration des éléments décoratifs des façades du palais Cet édifice, dépourvu d’éléments Alexan, situé à Asyût. Quant aux éléments décoratifs et architecturaux de valeur, manquants, ils seront remplacés par de constitue un danger pour les riverains et les nouveaux éléments, conformément aux passants. La municipalité a déjà délivré un conventions internationales sur la restauration. permis de démolir en règle. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, Dr Sunbul a précisé que certaines parties « Le bâtiment du Tribunal des Femmes n’est écroulées comme les escaliers et l’entrée Est pas classé », Sada al-Balad, 5 mars 2019). du palais ont été sécurisées. Des échafaudages métalliques ont été installés - - tout au long des quatre façades. Mercredi 6 mars 2019

Rappelant que le palais Alexan compte parmi les édifices les plus importants du gouvernorat d’Asyût. Il a été édifié en 1910 par Alexan Pacha Abskharoun. En 1996, il fut classé sur la liste du patrimoine islamique et copte. Il est situé au centre-ville d’Asyût, sur le bord du fleuve. Il appartient aux styles In an effort to enhance visitors’ experience Baroque tardif et rococo. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le at archaeological sites in Egypt, the Ministry of palais Alexan à Asyût en cours de Antiquities has introduced a number of new restauration », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 mars 2019). services at the Gîza Plateau, which is home to - - the famed pyramids of Gîza. Assistant of the Minister of Antiquities for Des sources auprès du ministère de the Development of Archaeological Sites l’Archéologie se sont exprimées au sujet de Ayman Sa‘îd explains that the introduction of l’édifice, sis rue de France à Alexandrie, qui the new services is part of a cooperation est en passe d’être rasé. Les photos de cette protocol between the ministry and the destruction relayées sur Internet ont soulevé National Bank of Egypt to develop a number l’indignation des amoureux du patrimoine. of archaeological sites in Egypt. Toutefois, les sources du ministère affirment que ce bâtiment n’est pas inscrit sur la liste du BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 103

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The protocol covers sites including Abû anciennes églises de l’Égypte. Ces livres ont Simbil, Philae and Karnak temples, as well as été rédigés par Marcus Sémaika lui-même. the Dahshûr and Saqqâra archaeological sites. « Empreinte d’amour a été inaugurée le 14 The services in Gîza include an information février, Journée mondiale de l’amour, qui nous desk, sun shades, benches and outlets to a inspiré ce titre. Mais c’est aussi en marque charge mobile phones and cameras in de reconnaissance du rôle du fondateur du different areas of the plateau, according to musée », souligne Gîhân ‘Âtif, directrice Sa‘îd. générale du musée Copte. Pour elle, bien que le nombre des pièces exposées soit modeste, Also installed are guide posts and elles sont d’une importance majeure, puisque signboards to improve the presentation of the c’est avec ces œuvres qu’a été créé le noyau archaeological site. (Nevine El-Aref, “New du musée Copte. services for tourists installed at Gîza Plateau”, Ahram Online, March 6, 2019. Voir également En effet, vers la fin du XIXe siècle, l’Égypte Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministère de ne comptait qu’une poignée de musées : le l’Archéologie équipe le plateau des pyramides Musée gréco-romain à Alexandrie, le Musée de nouveaux services pour les visiteurs », al- d’Art islamique, qui occupait une pièce dans la Masrî al-Yawm, 6 mars ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le mosquée al-Hâkim Bi Amr Allah au Caire, et le ministère de l’Archéologie achève l’installation Musée Égyptien à Boulaq, dirigé par de nouveaux services pour les visiteurs du l’archéologue français Gaston MASPERO, qui y plateau des pyramides », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 avait consacré une pièce pour les œuvres mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Nouveaux services coptes. De là est née l’idée de Sémaika Pacha pour les visiteurs du plateau des pyramides », de créer un musée consacré à la civilisation Sada al-Balad, 6 mars). copte. « Les pièces coptes sont un point de - - liaison entre les civilisations de l’Égypte ancienne et gréco-romaine et plus tard islamique », explique Hânî Zarîf, adjoint au musée Copte.

En hiver 1908, « le patriarcat orthodoxe, sous la souveraineté du pape Cyril V, avait besoin de financer les travaux de rénovation et de restauration des églises. Faute de budget, le pape exposait d’anciennes pièces coptes à la vente », raconte Zarîf. Et c’est Marcus Sémaika Pacha qui a demandé d’arrêter cette Le 14 mars 1910, date exceptionnelle pour vente et de conserver ces œuvres, tout en le Vieux-Caire qui voit l’inauguration du promettant de payer le patriarcat. Il a alors premier pavillon du musée Copte, au sein du ouvert les dons publics pour le patriarcat et a fort romain Babylone, entouré d’anciennes fourni la somme voulue, soit 180 L.E. Et les églises. Cette inauguration a été réalisée objets ont été conservés temporairement dans grâce aux efforts de Marcus Sémaika Pacha une pièce adjointe à l’église Suspendue, qui s’est beaucoup investi pour le fonder et jusqu’à l’installation du musée Copte. l’enrichir au fil des années. Le musée célèbre Parmi les pièces sauvées figurent les trois cette inauguration par une petite exposition, coffrets d’Évangile fabriqués de bois et de « Empreinte d’amour », qui dure jusqu’à la couverts d’argent doré composantes de moitié du mois de mars. Celle-ci est l’exposition. Néanmoins, chacun d’eux composée de trois coffrets d’Évangile en provient d’une église et d’une époque argent et d’un chapiteau, ainsi que de trois différente. Le premier vient de l’église de livres qui racontent l’histoire du musée et des Sainte-Barbara du Vieux Caire. « Selon l’inscription arabe du côté, ce coffret et

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 104

Mars 2019 l’Évangile qu’il contenait sont dédiés à la rareté, cette pièce a été intégrée dans chapelle de l’Archange Michel de l’église de l’exposition », reprend Zarîf. Sainte-Barbara en 1724 », explique Zarîf. Sur ce coffret, une grande croix constitue le motif dominant, encadré par des textes coptes.

Fondateur du musée. Coffret daté du XVIe siècle En plus des coffrets, le visiteur peut aussi Toujours provenant du Vieux Caire, le découvrir trois livres exposés qui relatent deuxième coffret exposé a été découvert à l’histoire de la fondation du musée. Le premier l’église de la Vierge au sein de Qasrat al- présente le prologue du guide du musée Rihân. « D’après une inscription arabe, il date Copte réalisé par Marcus Pacha. Il expose le de 1424 », reprend Zarîf. Plus riche en texte de la loi 14 promulguée en 1931 par le ornements, ce coffret comporte une croix avec roi Fu’âd Ier de transférer la propriété du un texte copte et une décoration florale. Les musée Copte de celle du patriarcat orthodoxe extrémités de la croix sont décorées par du au ministère d’al-Ma‘ârif al-‘Umûmiyya, verre coloré, alors que les coins du coffret sont équivalent du ministère de l’Éducation. ornés de motif floral où dominent les marguerites et les vignes torsadées. Quant au Le deuxième livre met l’accent sur la liste troisième coffret, il se distingue par la croix à des manuscrits coptes et arabes qui se tête triangulaire. Il est orné de deux lignes de trouvaient au musée Copte, au patriarcat et textes coptes. Les motifs floraux, habilement dans les monastères de toute l’Égypte dessinés, dominent tout le coffret. jusqu’en 1930. Dans la même vitrine, le visiteur peut lire un article rédigé par Sémaika L’exposition contient aussi un chapiteau en Pacha, qui raconte l’histoire de la fondation du calcaire. « Vu ses ornements et l’histoire de musée Copte. Ce texte est écrit à l’occasion son arrivée au musée, ce chapiteau est de la visite de Sa Majesté le sultan Fu’âd Ier, le énigmatique », souligne l’adjoint du musée. mardi 21 décembre 1920, au musée Copte. Ce chapiteau est divisé en deux. La partie L’exposition regroupe toutes les étapes de la supérieure est ornée d’un relief sculpté : un fondation du musée Copte et montre les visage humain entouré de feuilles d’arbres. efforts de son créateur. (Doaa Elhami, « Musée Selon Zarîf, c’est la première fois qu’un visage copte, le retour aux sources », Al-Ahram apparaît dans un motif ornemental. Tandis Hebdo du 6 mars 2019). que la partie inférieure est décorée de l’épine du Christ. « On ne sait pas exactement les - - origines de cette pièce. Le musée l’a achetée Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât à un certain ‘Abbâd ‘Alî al-‘Awadî. Il faut announced on Tuesday that the Egyptian étudier cette œuvre. Mais vu sa beauté et sa pavilion at the Berlin Stock Exchange will raise the banner of the Grand Egyptian Museum. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 105

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She also revealed that 360-degree photos for international sur le thème de la sauvegarde the museum would be displayed at the event. numérique du patrimoine et intitulé « De la pierre au papier, du papier au numérique ». La She added that the Egyptian pavilion conférence s’est intéressée aux conséquences participating in the stock exchange this year de la mondialisation et à la menace accrue du will be backed by new technological and terrorisme, de même qu’aux risques de la promotional methods. destruction du patrimoine africain et arabe, qui touchent un grand nombre de pays. Elle a par ailleurs mis l’accent sur l’importance du numérique, qui pourrait constituer la meilleure solution en matière de sauvegarde du patrimoine en péril. Le colloque a offert une plateforme d’échange pour des présentations de cas issus de plusieurs domaines, soit les monuments, les objets d’art et les bibliothèques. Il a For the first time, the Egyptian pavilion will accueilli des experts, principalement shed light on the various Egyptian tourist cities francophones, en plus de décideurs via the allotment of presentation sections with économiques et politiques, de chercheurs et screens displaying promotional materials for d’universitaires, venus expliquer aux each tourist city. These displays reflect one of participants les meilleures solutions en vue the main elements of the promotion initiative d’une conservation durable du patrimoine. and structural reform program launched by the Parmi les tables rondes les plus ministry in November 2018, according to al- intéressantes du colloque figurait celle Mashât. consacrée à l’importance du numérique pour She mentioned that the Ministry of Tourism la documentation des langues en voie de will promote the inauguration of the Grand disparition. « Les langues constituent une Egyptian Museum on tickets to the Berlin composante fondamentale du patrimoine Stock Exchange and will put giant banners for immatériel de l’humanité. Plusieurs milliers de the museum on the streets of the German langues sont menacées (Crystal, Dixon, Maffi) capital to attract widespread attention to the et leur sauvegarde est une question dont les opening of largest museum in the world, chercheurs, les organismes internationaux et scheduled for 2020. les fondations se sont emparés au cours des dernières décennies », a expliqué Laura Abou As part of the promotion of the Grand Haidar, professeure à l’Université Grenoble à Egyptian Museum opening, a promotion Alep, indiquant que « dans le domaine des program that constitutes one of the main sciences du langage, la révolution numérique elements of the promotional campaign for nous a aidés à lancer un nouveau projet de Egyptian tourism, a part of the Egyptian recherche dont nous posons les bases pavilion has been dedicated to the museum, actuellement et qui s’appelle ANSOLVAR ou showing its maquette alongside three- Atlas numérique sonore des langues dimensional images of King Tutankhamun’s vernaculaires du monde arabophone ». golden mask and throne. (“Grand Egyptian Museum banner to be raised at Berlin Stock Et d’ajouter : « En regardant un peu la Exchange: Tourism Minister”, Egypt situation géopolitique du monde arabophone, Independent, March 6, 2019). son instabilité chronique et les situations de - - guerre qui entraînent des mouvements migratoires massifs, il paraît évident que les L’université Senghor d’Alexandrie a langues en usage dans cette partie du monde organisé, du 25 au 28 février, un colloque subissent des bouleversements majeurs, et le

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Mars 2019 recours au numérique, à travers la constitution et ce, dans le but de préserver et de mettre à d’un atlas numérique sonore de langues la disposition des chercheurs, sur Internet, vernaculaires, peut constituer une solution de près de 10 000 documents, accompagnés sauvegarde digne d’intérêt sur le plan d’une centaine de textes rédigés par des patrimonial », a-t-elle expliqué, précisant que universitaires, des scientifiques et des le projet est actuellement en cours conservateurs pour éclairer les thématiques et d’exécution, afin de venir au secours de ces contextualiser les documents. Ces documents, langues en voie d’extinction. numérisés, selon des normes de haute qualité, sont disponibles sur le portail numérique de la BnF. (Samar Zarée, « Numériser pour conserver », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 6 mars 2019). - -

L'église rupestre de Qorqor en Éthiopie Durant une autre session, les chercheurs Claire Bosc TIESSE, de l’Institut national d’histoire de l’art (INHA), et François GUENA, de l’École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture

à Paris, ont montré aux participants comment ils ont réalisé un modèle 3D à partir duquel il Trois questions à Philipe DELAVAL, président du est possible d’effectuer des visites interactives Centre des monuments nationaux à Paris. d’églises et de sites chrétiens d’une façon Al-Ahram Hebdo : La numérisation dans le simple et attrayante. « Nous avons travaillé sur domaine du patrimoine est-elle une un exemple 3D pour l’église antique de exigence ? Maryam Qorqor, ou Korkor, en Éthiopie, qui Philipe DELAVAL : Je dois avouer que est l’une des plus grandes et plus belles depuis que j’ai rencontré le numérique pour la églises rupestres dans la région éthiopienne première fois, il ne m’a plus quitté. Mon datant du XIIIe siècle. À travers ce 3D, premier contact avec la révolution numérique l’internaute peut effectuer une visite avec une remonte au début des années 1990. À cette présentation complète de son histoire et de époque, je participais à la Bibliothèque ses caractéristiques », a expliqué TIESSE. Il nationale de France à un programme de s’agit d’un travail permettant de poser les numérisation des connexions de la bases d’une future étude plus large sur les bibliothèque, dans le cadre du grand projet sites chrétiens du nord de l’Éthiopie et de sa rénovation ou de sa refondation, susceptible d’intéresser les chercheurs et les engagé à l’époque par l’ancien président professionnels des domaines de la François MITTERRAND. J’ai réalisé alors que la conservation du patrimoine et du tourisme. numérisation des connexions écrites et des Agnès MACQUIN, directrice de la documents papiers était une garantie pour Bibliothèque de l’Institut Français une bonne conservation. d’Archéologie Orientale (IFAO), a, elle aussi, — Comment le numérique peut-il servir fait part de son expérience avec le numérique. le patrimoine ? En effet, l’IFAO participe, depuis 2016 — Je suis convaincu que les documents, déjà, à un projet de numérisation international les archives et même le patrimoine immatériel en coordination avec la Bibliothèque nationale ne doivent pas rester à l’écart de la révolution de France (BnF) et les Bibliothèques d’Orient, BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 107

Mars 2019 numérique. Nous avons des exemples très fac-similé. (Samar Zarée, « Philipe DELAVAL : clairs où la numérisation est essentielle, Les documents, les archives et même le comme les événements en Syrie et en patrimoine immatériel ne doivent pas rester à Afghanistan, il y a quelques années. On a alors l’écart du numérique », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 6 vu comment un certain positionnement mars 2019). identitaire peut avoir des conséquences très - - graves sur la conservation ou le maintien du patrimoine, ce qui nous explique pourquoi L’entrepôt muséologique n° 18, situé dans l’on doit créer une forte relation entre le la zone archéologique de Saqqâra, a été numérique et le patrimoine. Pas seulement victime d’une tentative de vol. Des sources dans les cas où ces monuments sont auprès du ministère de l’Archéologie ont totalement ou partiellement détruits et où le révélé qu’il y a environ un mois et demi, numérique permet de les restituer à travers l’entrepôt a été ouvert pour inventaire. Or, la des dispositifs de réalité virtuelle. Le commission d’inventaire a été surprise de numérique apporte aussi une plus-value découvrir qu’une grande partie des caisses considérable à la connaissance et à la mise en contenant les pièces antiques a été fracturée valeur des monuments existants par la et les pièces dispersées sur le sol. Les présentation de leurs états successifs ou de autorités judiciaires ont alors ordonné la leurs usages, ce qui aide à percevoir des fermeture de l’entrepôt. éléments difficilement saisissables à l’œil nu, à Après autorisation de la justice, le Conseil permettre la visite aux personnes handicapées Suprême des Antiquités a procédé, hier, à un et à gérer les flux de visite, notamment dans nouvel inventaire de l’entrepôt. Une grande les lieux exposés à un risque de statue archéologique, qui existait au moment surfréquentation. du premier inventaire, a disparu. Après des — La visite numérique des sites recherches minutieuses, elle fut retrouvée à archéologiques remplacera-t-elle un jour la l’extérieur de l’entrepôt. Ce qui pose de visite réelle ? nombreuses questions sur les raisons de sa sortie de l’entrepôt et de sa présence dans cet — En parlant de monuments, je pense que endroit. Une enquête criminelle est ouverte, ce n’est pas possible, puisque le site afin d’élucider tous ces mystères. (‘Alâ’ al- archéologique a un caractère de fixité, Minyâwî, « Tentative de vol de la réserve d’intransportabilité et d’impossibilité de n° 18, située à Saqqâra », Sada al-Balad, 6 duplication. Un tableau ou un livre, par mars 2019). exemple, vous pouvez les reproduire plusieurs fois et ils auront le même effet, mais on ne - - peut pas reproduire les ensembles monumentaux, et encore moins les sites Vendredi 8 mars 2019 naturels, qui sont liés au patrimoine monumental. Le deuxième facteur qui rend difficile l’intervention du numérique dans le secteur monumental est l’entourage territorial de ces monuments. Un monument implanté dans une ville ou un lieu possède souvent une influence déterminante sur les caractéristiques de ce lieu. Un exemple : le château de Versailles qui a créé toute une ville autour de lui, qui est la ville de Versailles. De plus, il est difficile de reproduire le caractère expérientiel d’une visite, qui est le produit d’un ensemble "Queens of Egypt" est le titre de la de facteurs, comme l’humidité de l’air et nouvelle exposition organisée par le National l’odeur de moisissure, qui sont absents dans le Geographic de Washington. Elle braque la BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 108

Mars 2019 lumière sur les multiples moyens déployés par sur la fuite à l’étranger de 32 % des antiquités les femmes pour accéder au pouvoir dans égyptiennes », Watanî, 11 mars). l’Égypte ancienne. Plus de trois cents pièces - - archéologiques exceptionnelles y sont exposées. Elles proviennent de cinq musées Mercredi 13 mars 2019 européens et canadiens dont, surtout, le Museo Egizio di Torino. De Néfertiti à Cléopâtre, en passant par Néfertari et Sekhmet, toutes ces figures fortes reflètent le respect accordé par les anciens Égyptiens au rôle de la femme. (Muhammad ‘Abd al- Rahmân, « "Queens of Egypt" : 300 pièces antiques qui éblouissent le monde », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 mars 2019). - -

Névine Nizâr Mardi 12 mars 2019 Névine Nizâr vient d’être nommée assistante du ministre des Antiquités pour la muséologie. The Information Center of the Cabinet Dépoussiérer, moderniser et réinventer les denied rumors that 32 percent of the artifact scénographies des musées égyptiens, telle est of Egypt, equal to 32,600, were smuggled sa mission. Entretien. since 2011. Al-Ahram Hebdo : Vous avez été nommée The Center said in a report that it had assistante du ministre pour la muséologie, un contacted the Ministry of Antiquities, which nouveau poste au sein du ministère des categorically denied the news, stressing that Antiquités. Quel est votre rôle ? 32 percent of the Egyptian antiquities were neither smuggled nor sold abroad and that Névine Nizâr : Dans le cadre du the state has been careful to preserve its développement et du réaménagement de cultural heritage against illegal attempts to plusieurs musées en Égypte, j’ai eu comme smuggle Egyptian antiquities abroad. mission de préparer et de suivre l’exécution des travaux muséologiques de nouveaux The ministry stressed it spares no effort to grands projets. Cela concerne le choix des restore any Egyptian antiquities smuggled pièces antiques à restaurer ou à exposer en abroad. accord avec les thèmes et scénarios The Antiquities Ministry has taken all muséologiques des musées, comme la necessary measures to protect artifacts against préparation du design des salles pour mettre any attempt to damage them or steal them. en valeur les pièces exposées. Par ailleurs, je The Ministry of Antiquities appealed to all cherche à mettre en place une méthode media outlets to be careful and accurate commune à tous les musées tout en prenant before spreading such rumors, which may lead en considération la spécificité de chacun pour to confusion of public opinion and anger les enrichir. citizens. (Mira Maged, “Cabinet denies 32% of — Êtes-vous satisfaite de l’état actuel des Egypt’s artifacts were smuggled abroad”, musées en Égypte ? Egypt Independent, March 12, 2019. Voir — Non, pas tellement. Plusieurs d’entre également « Le Conseil des ministres : La eux doivent être modernisés. Le ministère des vente à l’étranger de 32 % des antiquités Antiquités dirige près de 50 musées égyptiennes est une rumeur infondée », al- nationaux, régionaux et spécialisés. Cette Masrî al-Yawm, 11 mars ; Ruz Husnî, « La vérité variété et cette richesse ont leur pour et leur contre. Nous avons des édifices récents,

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Mars 2019 certains tout juste inaugurés, mais qui, informations détaillées sur chacune d’elles, sur pourtant, auraient besoin d’une nouvelle ses dimensions, son lieu de découverte, son vision plus moderne, d’une scénographie historique de restauration et autres. Si on différente pour améliorer la qualité de leurs partage les informations de tous ces expositions. domaines, on pourra arriver aux résultats visés et à une bonne muséologie. — Quels sont les points faibles que vous avez pointés dans les différents musées — La muséologie est-elle une science à égyptiens ? étudier ou une discipline à pratiquer ? — Bien que ces lieux exposent des pièces — Aujourd’hui, le terme de muséologie se qui éblouissent toujours les visiteurs du définit dans le monde entier comme un monde entier, ils manquent de conception. Et ensemble de théories et méthodes c’est ce qu’on cherche à créer : une scientifiques liées au champ muséal. C’est un conception unique, claire et riche. Jusqu’à travail compliqué de recherches et de maintenant, le travail et les programmes dans synthèses. Le terme « muséologie » est les musées ne sont que des efforts et des extrêmement vaste. Il faut avoir une idée, la tentatives personnelles de modernisation. Il développer et ensuite chercher les pièces les n’y a pas de vision commune. plus pertinentes, y apporter un complément d’informations, et les meilleures conditions — Cela veut dire que tous les musées en d’exposition ; d’éclairage, de peinture, de Égypte devront suivre les mêmes méthodes vitrines et autres. de travail ? La muséologie est à la fois une science et — Je cherche à créer une méthode unifiée une discipline, qui étudie la vie muséale et ses de recherches et d’études scientifiques. Par interactions avec l’environnement qui exemple, il est inacceptable que la l’entoure. C’est un gros challenge. Et pour le scénographie d’un musée se contente d’une réussir au mieux, nous devons profiter des liste de pièces entassées dans une salle, sans nouvelles générations qui ont étudié cette pouvoir développer ni transmettre au visiteur science dans les universités égyptiennes une information sur ce qu’il voit. Il est aussi d’archéologie. regrettable de trouver des pancartes explicatives portant les noms de célèbres — Avec l’inauguration de nouveaux pharaons, écrits différemment à chaque fois, musées, notamment régionaux, peut-on dire ainsi que les dates et les dynasties, la police et que l’Égypte possède aujourd’hui des musées la traduction, etc. C’est un travail compliqué, dotés de visions modernes ? mais nous sommes actuellement sur la bonne — La vision des musées régionaux a voie. Pour régler ce problème, nous avons changé au cours des dernières années car leur besoin d’un seul guide, rassemblant tous les objectif est devenu plutôt éducatif. Par termes archéologiques, qui serait la référence exemple, celui de Kafr al-Shaykh, qui devrait pour tous les musées du monde. être inauguré cette année, a pour thème — Comment peut-on améliorer l’exposition essentiel la science et les contributions des pièces antiques et les rendre plus égyptiennes. Pour ce, nous avons collaboré attractives ? avec les facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie pour montrer l’évolution de la — D’abord, il faut bien déterminer le médecine depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à l’époque message que chaque musée veut transmettre, contemporaine. pour ensuite lui créer sa propre vision. Puis, nous avons besoin de faire des études — Êtes-vous contre l’exposition de grand approfondies pour bien choisir et classifier les nombre de pièces, et de la muséologie basée pièces. Pour ce faire, il faut créer une banque sur une ligne chronologique que l’on voit un de données détaillée qui permet de choisir peu partout ? facilement les pièces à exposer, d’avoir des

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— Les musées ne sont pas des entrepôts réalisation de ces projets nationaux. De plus, où l’on conserve les pièces. On doit savoir le touriste veut voir le plus grand nombre de classer les pièces de sorte qu’elles soient monuments possible au cours de son séjour explicatives et en faire un scénario qui puisse en Égypte, dans un seul endroit. Il n’a pas le donner une idée claire aux différents visiteurs. temps de visiter tous les sites archéologiques On doit déterminer le public ciblé pour établir du pays. un thème de manière attrayante, voire — Peut-on changer le scénario muséal ludique. Le classement des pièces, la mise en dans les anciens musées ? Plus précisément, valeur de chaque collection, la médiation, peut-on moderniser le Musée égyptien du l’animation, l’éclairage, etc. Tous ces enjeux Caire ? doivent être pris en considération lors de la planification d’une salle dans un musée. — Tout le monde parle du sort du Musée égyptien du Caire, surtout après les nouveaux — Il faudrait donc de nouvelles approches projets du GEM et du NMEC. On ne peut pas pour attirer le public ? du jour au lendemain décider de tout — La muséologie doit être nouvelle, recommencer. Les gens sont attachés à ce attrayante, et pourquoi pas choquante. Il faut musée sous cette forme. D’autre part, le que chaque pièce conduise à une autre et musée en tant que bâtiment est devenu qu’elle apporte une information historique et l’on doit le conserver. C’est le complémentaire, aidant à développer l’histoire premier édifice fondé en Égypte pour être un racontée. On doit classer les pièces d’une musée. Il continuera de conserver les manière à captiver le public tout en facilitant antiquités égyptiennes, soit 5 000 pièces, et son cheminement à travers l’exposition. ses vitrines de valeur. Mais ces dernières années, force est de constater que certaines Je rêve aussi de faire une sorte de livret salles étaient devenues un entrepôt pour les pour les jeunes dans chaque musée, dans pièces antiques et non plus un musée. Nous lequel ils répondraient à des questions. allons changer cela. (Nasma Réda, « Névine — Combien de temps estimez-vous Nizâr : La muséologie doit être nouvelle, nécessaire pour mettre en place tous ces attrayante, et pourquoi pas choquante », Al- changements ? Ahram Hebdo du 13 mars 2019). — Une fois que l’idée muséologique est - - claire, le travail pour concrétiser un scénario dure au moins deux ans, le temps de l’étudier et ensuite de bien choisir les pièces qui seront exposées. Ce plan de travail est donné à une compagnie qui s’occupe des vitrines et des équipements de son et lumière. — Le Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) et celui de la civilisation à Fustât, le NMEC, ont emprunté beaucoup de pièces aux différents musées. Aujourd’hui, certains musées craignent d’être vidés de leurs trésors. Qu’en L’équipe de restaurateurs du ministère de pensez-vous ? l’Archéologie a achevé les travaux de restauration et de nettoyage des scènes et — Les musées doivent se compléter. Et des inscriptions qui décorent le plafond du pour cela, ils doivent échanger des pièces temple d’Isnâ, situé au sud de Louqsor. Le entre eux. Malheureusement, en Égypte, secrétaire général du CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, chaque musée s’attache à sa collection, même a précisé que cette intervention a révélé pour si elle ne contribue pas à enrichir son scénario. la première fois la splendeur des couleurs et Or, on doit tous collaborer pour permettre la des décorations.

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De son côté, le directeur de la zone 1919. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Accès gratuit aux archéologique d’Isnâ, Ahmad Hasan Amîn, a Égyptiens à la zone archéologique de Mît annoncé l’achèvement de la documentation Rahîna pour célébrer la Fête nationale de photographique des textes et des décors du Gîza », Sada al-Balad, 13 mars 2019. Voir temple. également Ahmad Mansûr, « Accès gratuit aux Égyptiens à la zone archéologique de Mît Rahîna », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 mars ; Ibrâhîm Mu‘awwad, « Accès gratuit à la zone archéologique de Mît Rahîna pour célébrer la Fête nationale de Gîza », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 23 mars). - -

Jeudi 14 mars 2019

Quant à la directrice des restaurations du temple d’Isnâ, Intisâr Mustafa, elle a souligné que l’équipe de travail poursuivra sa mission en vue de restaurer et de nettoyer tous les parois, fixer les couleurs, retirer la couche de suie et refixer certains blocs de pierre. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- achève la restauration et le nettoyage du ‘Inânî, a reçu l’ambassadeur de la République plafond du temple d’Isnâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, tchèque en Égypte, S.E.M. Jan FULIK, afin 13 mars 2019. Voir également Samar al- d’examiner les moyens de renforcer la Naggâr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie coopération bilatérale dans le domaine annonce l’achèvement de la restauration et du archéologique, les musées et l’échange nettoyage du plafond du temple d’Isnâ », al- d’expertise. Au cours de cet entretien, Masrî al-Yawm, 13 mars ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî, « Le l’ambassadeur s’est félicité des relations ministère de l’Archéologie achève la établies entre les deux États. Il a affirmé la restauration et le nettoyage du plafond du volonté de son pays à resserrer les liens temple d’Isnâ », al-Ahrâm, 13 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al- bilatéraux dans le champ archéologique. Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie achève la restauration et le nettoyage du et l’ambassadeur tchèque examinent le plafond du temple d’Isnâ », Sada al-Balad, 13 renforcement de la coopération », al-Yawm al- mars). Sâbi‘, 14 mars 2019. Voir également Samar al- Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit - - l’ambassadeur tchèque au Caire », al-Masrî al- À l’occasion de la célébration de la Fête Yawm, 14 mars ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Le nationale du gouvernorat de Gîza, la zone ministre de l’Archéologie et l’ambassadeur archéologique de Mît Rahîna accueillera tchèque examinent le renforcement de la gratuitement tous les visiteurs égyptiens, le coopération archéologique », al-Shurûq, 14 dimanche 31 mars prochain. Cette date fait mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de référence à la mort de plusieurs habitants du l’Archéologie et l’ambassadeur tchèque village Nazlat al-Shubak au cours des examinent le renforcement de la affrontements avec l’occupant britannique en coopération », Sada al-Balad, 14 mars).

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- - This is what we need in Egypt: conservation. We need to preserve our heritage, and the Getty carried out what we really need. The conservation work on the tomb of Tutankhamun was in my opinion the most important project ever done in the archaeology of Egypt, and it was led by professional scholars WHALEN and AGNEW. I would like to thank them on behalf of Khâlid al-‘Inânî, the minister of antiquities, and Mustafa Wazîrî, director-general of the The southwest corner of the burial chamber post-conservation in 2018 photos courtesy of GCI Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). The Getty Conservation Institute has I asked AGNEW to write a brief summary of orchestrated the most important archaeological the Getty’s work on the tomb. I do not think I project ever carried out in Egypt in its need to change anything in the text he wrote, conservation of the tomb of Tutankhamun, because it is important for the world to know writes Zâhî Hawwâs. all the steps of this conservation project that took 10 years to complete. When the tomb of the boy Pharaoh Tutankhamun, who died at the age of 19, was The text appears below. discovered in 1922 by archaeologist Howard “Rising concerns were expressed about the CARTER, the media frenzy that followed was condition of the tomb and the impact of so incredible and continues to this day. The tomb many visitors all clamouring for entry. Day alone attracts thousands of visitors each year. after day, year after year, visitors had flowed in Moreover, the modern city of Luxor with its and out of the tomb like the tide coming in monuments of the Karnak and Luxor Temples and going out. Nobody knows how many on the East Bank, and the necropolis on the people have been into the tomb since its West Bank, together with the mortuary discovery — it must be in the many millions. temples, the Valley of the Kings, the Valley of “After 3,232 years of total darkness and the Queens, the tombs of the Nobles, nearly quiet, seemingly safe deep below the valley 1,000 in total, all attract an endless stream of floor, it was subjected to a dramatic and visitors. shocking change — lights, people, the shuffle Almost every tourist to the Valley of the of feet on the wooden viewing platform, and Kings enters king Tutankhamun’s tomb, one of the sometimes loud babble of voices as the smallest in the valley consisting of only excited visitors pointed and exclaimed. Then four chambers and with only the burial film crews made endless demands for access, chamber painted. All the other walls are bare, and they swarmed into the tomb with even a unique situation in royal tombs and an more powerful lights dragging tripods and indication that Tutankhamun’s death had been cables, sometimes bumping into the walls and unexpected, and his tomb had to be prepared dragging against the beautiful quartzite in haste. sarcophagus.

The archaeologist Neville AGNEW was the “Some were even so thoughtless as to maestro who led the team that performed the scratch graffiti on the walls; visitors picked at conservation work on the tomb of the paintings where they could reach out from Tutankhamun. He exercised the most the platform into the burial chamber; they professional leadership throughout and was shed lint from their clothes, dust from their supported by Timothy WHALEN, the director of shoes, sweat from their bodies, and carbon the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) in the dioxide from their breath. US.

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history. Nefertari’s tomb in the Valley of the Queens had suffered from a different kind of ‘disease’ — natural salts in the wall paintings that were destroying them. The acclaim that the success in the conservation of Nefertari’s tomb received gave Hawwâs the confidence to approach the Getty with a new challenge: that of dealing with the spots, but not only the spots, also the other threats to Tutankhamun’s tomb. Conservators at work in the burial chamber “The GCI rose to the challenge, and in “Worse, what was the effect of all this on 2009 it began an intensive study with SCA the disfiguring brown spots on the wall personnel of the condition of the tomb and paintings in the tomb? These spots, up to a the wall paintings and, of course, the spots. few centimetres in diameter, appeared only on The objectives of the project were to conserve the wall paintings. They had been noted with the wall paintings, improve the environmental interest by CARTER, who believed they were conditions, upgrade the infrastructure microbiological, fungi and bacteria. Unknown (lighting, walkways, viewing platform, and in other tombs in Egypt, there was no frame of ventilation) and presentation of the tomb reference to be certain that the change in (signage and interpretative materials), environment caused by the visitors was not undertake the training of staff, and devise a reactivating the spots. Were they growing and programme for the sustainable maintenance would they spread and destroy the wall and visitation of the tomb. paintings? “A big team was assembled: Egyptologists, “Such changes to the ancient art of conservators, engineers to study the underground monuments are well known. For environment and ways to improve it, example, the famous prehistoric cave designers, lighting experts, scientists to paintings of Lascaux in France had been research the materials of the tomb, research afflicted by aggressive fungus after the tomb librarians and photographic archivists. Many was opened to tourists. Nobody really knew organisations generously shared their how to deal with the fungus, but it certainly knowledge and resources. After 10 years, with resulted from the huge change in the unavoidable delays, the project is complete, microclimate. It seemed very possible that and the tomb is in stable condition with a Tutankhamun’s tomb might go the same way. pleasant environment for visitors due to the A sort of panic resulted, and experiments were new filtered air-ventilation system and the wall conducted to try to sterilise the spots and the paintings cleaned and stabilised. tomb itself. There was no certainty that the treatments would be effective. Many news “No restoration was done — that is media kept up the clamour for answers. Some forbidden in modern conservation practice said the tomb had to be sealed again, while because restoration diminishes the others called for fewer visitors or for access authenticity of the original and that over time only by small numbers of visitors and so on. could lead to confusion as to what is real and what is new, and we do not have the right to “When Zâhî Hawwâs took over as head of do that. the Antiquities Organisation, he turned to the GCI, a trusted partner which had previously “The good news was that the spots were conducted a six-year conservation of the definitely not growing — the micro-organisms spectacularly beautiful wall paintings in the are dead. This was shown in two ways by tomb of queen Nefertari, the favourite wife of sophisticated micro-biological analysis and Ramses the Great, the long-lived and one of testing and more simply by a careful the most powerful rulers in all of Egypt’s examination of historic photographs from BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 114

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CARTER’s time. Comparison of the wall ventilation, with new signs in English and paintings with the photographs showed no Arabic, it is the obligation of the authorities to growth of the existing spots and no new spots. keep the tomb in the best condition possible. The result is conclusive. “If neglect were to be the case, it would be “The less good news is that extremely fine noticed by international visitors and the press dust cannot be totally excluded from the tomb that the tomb’s condition had deteriorated when thousands of visitors enter daily bearing once again. Such an unfortunate situation dust and lint on their clothes. While most of would not bring credit to the authorities. At the dust will be extracted by the ventilation historic sites in Egypt, monitoring of the system that supplies filtered air, it is condition and maintenance of the impossible to maintain a dust-free infrastructure have not been strong points in environment. After all, outside is the desert, the past. with frequent dust storms and people walking “The joint GCI-SCA team has drawn up a into the tomb covered in dust. It is a bad manual in English and Arabic for day-to-day, situation for conservation because cleaning weekly, monthly, and annual monitoring and the wall paintings, which are fragile, inevitably maintenance. Though not exciting like leads to the loss of paint fragments that is archaeological discovery, the functions of site irreversible and cumulative. management cannot be neglected or a site will suffer irreversible damage. The site manager and the authorities in Luxor and on the West Bank have confidence that the tomb, with guidance from the manual, will be well protected and managed for the future, and the Getty stands by to provide advice and support should it be needed — after all, that is what partners and friends should do for each other.

Conservators at work in the burial chamber “We all want the glorious tomb of Tutankhamun to continue to exist in the best “A symposium was organised at the end of possible condition for centuries to come.” January 2019 in Luxor to present the project (Zâhî Hawwâs, “Getty’s symphony for to the Egyptian authorities, archaeologists, Tutankhamun”, Al-Ahram Weekly, March 14, and the press. Hawwâs spoke on behalf of the 2019). ministry of antiquities and expressed satisfaction at the outcome of the project and - - thanks to the GCI, which again had rescued one of the treasures of Egypt. Vendredi 15 mars 2019 “In 2022, the centenary of the discovery of the tomb will be the occasion for renewed celebrations and more public interest and exhibitions on Tutankhamun’s life and times and his untimely death. Ever more visitors will come to see the treasure in the Grand Egyptian Museum and to the tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Now that the Getty Conservation Institute and the Supreme Council of Antiquities have completed the conservation of the tomb and renewed and upgraded the infrastructure, lighting and

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Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- point of both civilizations and a vital strategic ‘Inânî, a reçu hier l’ambassadeur d’Autriche en base for their partnership. Égypte, S.E.M. Georg STILLFRIED, afin The ceremony will include an artistic d’examiner les moyens de renforcer la session reflecting the Arab and African coopération bilatérale dans le domaine civilizations combined, and speeches by a archéologique : musées, restauration, etc. Les number of African figures on their aspirations deux responsables ont également envisagé la in respect to Egypt’s chairmanship of the AU. signature d’un accord portant sur la muséologie, l’entraînement des archéologues The agenda includes panel and roundtable et l’échange d’expertise. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le discussions on Arab and African challenges ministre de l’Archéologie et l’ambassadeur having as participants youth leaders and d’Autriche examinent le renforcement de la decision makers. That is in addition to a coopération bilatérale », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 number of cultural and entertainment mars 2019. Voir également Ahmad ‘Uthmân, activities. (Mustafa Marie, “Aswân’s sites to be « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec opened for free for AAYP guests”, Egypt l’ambassadeur d’Autriche le renforcement de Today, March 16, 2019). la coopération archéologique », al-Wafd, 15 - - mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec l’ambassadeur d’Autriche la signature d’un accord sur l’entraînement des archéologue », Sada al- Balad, 15 mars). - -

Samedi 16 mars 2019

The director of Aswân and Nubia antiquities ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd said that all

Aswân’s archaeological sites will be opened for free without tickets for the guests of Arab To encourage bilateral cooperation and African Youth Platform. Sa‘îd added that between the public and private sector, the Philae, Abû Simbil, Idfû, Kom Ombo temples Ministry of Antiquities has started a will be all ready for the platform guests. cooperation scheme with the private sector to develop the visitor facilities at local The first edition of the Arab and African archaeological sites. Youth Platform having as participants 1,500 youths will kick off on Saturday in Aswân under In collaboration with the National Bank of the auspices of President ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî Egypt the ministry completed the and will conclude on Monday. President Sîsî development of Philae temple archaeological dubbed Aswân the capital of African youth in site according to UNESCO standards. the closing session of the second edition of the World Youth Forum that took place in Sharm al-Shaykh in November where he announced the launch of the current event. The first event on the agenda is a ceremony celebrating Egypt’s chairmanship of the African Union (AU) as the status of the country in the Arab World and the African continent will be highlighted as a meeting

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Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the work includes upgrading the Nile dock and the entrance gate, and the installation of security kiosks and signs. He promised that the ministry will start similar development projects in Abû Simbil, the Gîza Plateau, Dahshûr, Karnak and Saqqâra. (Nevine El-Aref, “Facilities upgraded at Egypt’s Philæ temple complex”, Ahram

Online, March 16, 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Lancement du projet de Head of the Central Department of développement du temple de Philæ », al- Submerged Antiquities Ihâb Fahmî explained Masrî al-Yawm, 6 mars ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le that the anchors discovered were made of ministère de l’Archéologie lance le projet de stone, iron and lead and dated back to the réaménagement du temple de Philæ à Hellenistic era up until the 20th century. Aswân », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al- In addition, a number of pottery vessels Minyâwî, « Lancement du projet de from North Africa, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Spain réaménagement du temple de Philæ à and Palestine were also discovered by the Aswân », Sada al-Balad, 6 mars ; Muhammad archaeological mission, which indicates ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : intense marine activity in that region through Réaménagement du temple de Philæ à the different ages and reveals that Bâgûsh Aswân », al-Ahrâm, 7 mars). Harbor has been used by ships for more than - - 2,000 years. Fahmî affirmed that the mission will resume Lundi 18 mars 2019 its work to conduct a careful study on these discoveries to highlight the development of marine activities in Egypt. (Mustafa Marie, “Several marine discoveries made in Marsa Matrûh”, Egypt Today, March 18, 2019. Voir également Ragab Ramadân, « Découverte à Bâgûsh d’un certain nombre d’ancres », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 18 mars ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la mise au jour d’un certain nombre d’ancres à Bâgûsh », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 18 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte à Bâgûsh d’un certain nombre d’ancres », Sada al-Balad, 18 mars ; “Anchors The Archaeological mission of the Maritime dating to Hellenistic era uncovered near Marsa Archaeological Center of Alexandria Matrûh”, Egypt Independent, March 19 ; Dalia University’s Faculty of Arts found a number of Farouq, « D’anciennes ancres maritimes different types and sizes of anchors during an découvertes sur la Côte-Nord », Al-Ahram archaeological survey. Hebdo du 17 avril). The survey was performed at Bâgûsh - - Harbor on the North-West Coast, near the city In collaboration between the Pulitzer Arts of Marsa Matrûh, under the supervision of the Foundation and Brooklyn Museum, an Central Department of Submerged Antiquities exhibition titled “Striking Power: Iconoclasm in of the Ministry of Antiquities.

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Ancient Egypt” will run at the Brooklyn - - Museum from March 22 until August 11. Mardi 19 mars 2019

Akhenaten and His Daughter Offering to the Aten. Photo: Brooklyn Museum According to the Pulitzer Arts Foundation’s website, this exhibition is the first to portray the history of iconoclasm (destruction of religious art) within ancient Egypt. Le ministère de l’Archéologie est sur le Utilizing almost 40 artifacts from the point d’achever son projet de construction museum’s collection, the exhibition aims to d’un club pour son personnel, situé à côté du shed light on the widespread campaigns of Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne intentional destruction that was religiously and (NMEC) à Fustât. Le secrétaire général du politically motivated. CSA, Dr Mustafa Wazîrî, a confirmé que près de 60 % du projet est déjà terminé. The legacies of pharaohs Hatshepsut (reigned ca. 1478–1458 BCE) and Akhenaten (reigned ca. 1353–1336 BCE) are the main subjects, in addition to the topic of iconoclasm targeting religious beliefs of the time by devastating their objects.

Both intact and damaged pieces will be put on display.

Crown Prince Khaemwaset. Photo: Brooklyn Museum By focusing on how iconoclasm as a practice existed within ancient times and continues until day this, visitors will question De son côté, l’adjoint au ministre de the nature of ownership, memory, and visual l’Archéologie pour les affaires architecturales, culture. (Mira Maged, “Brooklyn Museum Hishâm Samîr, a précisé que ce projet consiste holds first exhibition on iconoclasm in Ancient en trois étapes. La première étape, achevée à Egypt”, Egypt Independent, March 18, 2019). 90 %, consiste en un bâtiment d’une superficie de 5 500 m2, une salle de fêtes, une salle de

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Mars 2019 réunions, un grand restaurant principal, une palace was built in 1907 was turned in to a bibliothèque et des terrasses de plein air. La centre of arts by the Ministry of Culture in deuxième étape consiste en une grande 1975. piscine, un bâtiment annexe de deux étages, d’une superficie de 3 500 m2. Quant à la troisième étape, elle consiste en des terrains de jeux, un jardin pour les enfants, des espaces de divertissement et des parkings. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Achèvement de 60 % du projet d’un club pour le personnel du ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 19 mars 2019. Voir également Islâm ‘Abd al- The marble statue of Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha in the middle of the Ma‘bûd, « Wazîrî : Achèvement de 60 % du main hall in ‘Â’isha Fahmî’s Palace standing between oil painting of his grandsons Khedive Tawfîq and King Fu’âd I (Photo: Zeinab projet d’un club pour le personnel du El-Gundy) ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Shurûq, 19 mars ; Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Achèvement It was closed for the past two decades for de 60 % du projet d’un club pour le personnel renovations and was reopened in May 2017. It du ministère de l’Archéologie », Vetogate, 19 has since begun to host a series of exhibitions. mars ; MENA, « Achèvement de 60 % du The first exhibition’s theme was paintings projet d’un club pour le personnel du by internationally renowned artists in Egyptian ministère de l’Archéologie », al-Dustûr, 19 museums. The second was “ancient textiles” mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Achèvement de 60 % from the Islamic and Coptic museums. du projet d’un club pour le personnel du ministère de l’Archéologie », Sada al-Balad, 19 mars). - -

Mercredi 20 mars 2019

An exhibition at the Centre of Arts in

Zamâlik offers a fascinating glimpse into The stained glass and staircase at ‘Â’isha Fahmî’s Palace. (Photo: Egypt’s monarchical period, with a collection Zeinab El-Gundy) of paintings and statues depicting the The current exhibition showcases 120 Muhammad ‘Alî dynasty which ruled Egypt for painting and artefacts that were already in the nearly 150 years. less-known al-Gazîra Arts Museum, which has The “Features of an Era” exhibition, which been closed for nearly two decades due to opened in January and closes next week, is maintenance and renovation work. showcasing a number of items that have never Most of the artefacts are paintings and before been displayed for the public. portraits of members of the Muhammad ‘Alî According to the director of centre and the family, including Muhammad ‘Alî himself, organiser of the exhibition Ihâb al-Labbân, considered the founder of the modern “Features of an Era” is the newest in the series Egyptian state. of exhibitions called “Treasures of our The Muhammad ‘Alî dynasty started in Museums” hosted at the centre since its 1804 when Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha, an inauguration, focusing on unique items from Albanian commander in the Ottoman army, Egyptian museums. was chosen by the public to rule Egypt to The Centre of Arts is located in ‘Â’isha break away from Ottoman rule following Fahmî’s Palace, a neo-classical European Napoleon’s short invasion of Egypt in the late th architectural gem in upscale Zamâlik. The 18 century.

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A bronze statue depicting Muhammad ‘Alî see recognition of the good things done by Pasha riding a horse. (Photo: Zeinab El-Gundy) the Muhammad ‘Alî dynasty in Egypt. For nearly 150 years Egypt saw ups and downs under the rule of Muhammad ‘Alî royal family. A 19-century oil painting of Muhammad ‘Alî Pasha. (Photo: Zeinab El-Gundy) The dynasty’s rule came to an end on 23 July 1952 when a group of Egyptian army officers, led by Muhammad Nagîb and Gamâl An undated and unfinished oil painting for King Fârûq of Egypt and ‘Abd al-Nâsir, overthrew King Fârûq, sending Sudan along with one of the tea silverware set used in the inauguration of Suez Canal in 1869. (Photo: Zeinab El-Gundy) him into exile in Italy, where he lived until his death. The exhibition also includes valuable household items that were once owned by On 18 June 1953, the Egyptian republic members of the royal family, like a silver tea was officially declared, putting an official end set that was used in the inauguration of Suez to the monarchy. Canal in 1869. (Zeinab El-Gundy, “Zamâlik Members of the Muhammad ‘Alî family exhibition offers glimpse of royal faces from a were among the visitors to the exhibition in bygone era”, Ahram Online, March 20, 2019). Cairo, including Crown Prince Muhammad ‘Alî, - - the son of former King Ahmad Fu’âd II and grandson of King Fârûq, as well his wife La directrice générale du musée Copte, Dr Princess Nawâl, who came from abroad to see Gîhân ‘Âtif, inaugure aujourd’hui une it. exposition temporaire intitulée "Hawwa" (Ève). Les pièces exposées varient entre des accessoires de beauté et des vêtements féminins datant de l’époque copte. Cette exposition est organisée en marge de plusieurs célébrations concernant la femme, comme la Fête des Mères ou la Journée internationale des femmes. Quant au titre de l’exposition, il reflète le soin accordé par la

femme égyptienne à sa beauté tout au long King Fârûq on the board of Egypt’s Royal Ship "Al-Mahrousa". de l’histoire égyptienne en général et au cours (Photo: Zeinab El-Gundy) de l’époque copte en particulier. (‘Alâ’ al- Former Prince ‘Abbâs Hilmî, the son of Minyâwî, « L’exposition "Hawwa" révèle la Prince Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun‘im and the beauté de la femme égyptienne à travers les grandson of Khedive ‘Abbâs Hilmî II, visited siècles », Sada al-Balad, 20 mars 2019). the exhibition and expressed his happiness to the curators about how it shows the public - - paintings and artefacts that they have not seen before. Jeudi 21 mars 2019

Melekper TOUSSOUN, the granddaughter of Tutankhamun fever hit the French capital Prince ‘Umar Toussoun who was known for his this week as Paris is welcoming the huge contribution to charity, archaeology, “Tutankhamun, the Treasures of the Pharaoh” culture and the independence movement exhibition on its second leg after Los Angeles came from Paris to see the exhibition. in the US as part of a worldwide tour. Toussoun praised the exhibition and its organisers saying that she was happy to finally

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sold, and it is expected that this will reach 150,000 tickets before the public opening of the exhibition at the Grande Halle de la Villette on 23 March. A VIP inauguration by Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî is to be held on 21 March.

Covers of French magazines (photo: Vincent NAGEOTTE) The features of the golden boy-king can be seen everywhere in the city centre, including in metro stations, shops, restaurants and outside residential buildings. Meanwhile, the golden sarcophagus of Tutankhamun has caught the front pages of many French The mask exhibited in 1967 newspapers and magazines, some of which The immersive exhibition will unveil more have devoted issues to Tutankhamun’s than 150 artefacts from the tomb of treasures, history, and the discovery of his Tutankhamun over the next six months. More tomb. than 50 pieces from this collection have travelled for the first time out of Egypt.

It is a unique opportunity for worldwide audiences to rediscover the history of one of the most perplexing kings in ancient Egyptian history who lived almost 3,300 years ago as well as many of the personal belongings of the young sovereign that accompanied him in the two worlds of life and death.

These will be exhibited within the Grand Gilded statuette of god Horus (photo: Vincent NAGEOTTE) Egyptian Museum (GEM) that is currently The collection of the young Pharaoh is under construction overlooking the Gîza back in Paris, 52 years after its last visit in 1967 Plateau and is scheduled to open in 2020. when more than 1.2 million visitors gathered to admire 45 objects from the boy-king’s collection exhibited in the Petit Palais. Managing director for exhibitions at the IMG company that organised this year’s show, John NORMAN, said the exhibition was like none that had been seen before. Millions of people around the world would get the opportunity to see these ancient objects in an immersive context, he said, adding that Ka “Tutankhamun’s place in people’s imaginations will be secure for generations to Visitors will be able to learn about how come.” scientific analysis of the Pharaoh’s 3,000-year- old mummy has revealed new information According to the organiser of the about his health and lineage, as well as how exhibition, some 130,000 tickets had been cutting-edge archaeological tools have

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Mars 2019 assisted in discovering tombs and analysing gilded wooden statuette depicting the king existing ones in ways never before imagined. riding a black varnished leopard, four marble canopic jars, and a gilded wooden jackal- The discovery of the tomb and the history headed figurine with the god Duamutef on the of Egyptian archaeology, along with new base. scientific analysis of the mummy, will be also shown through a video exhibition in the show There is a wooden travelling chest with presenting scan data of Tutankhamun’s gilded knobs inlaid with ebony and ivory, gold mummy. finger rings with images of the god Amun-Re on a cartouche-shaped bezel, a marble game board, and tapestry woven linen gloves. One iconic item in the exhibition is a statue of Ka, a wooden guardian statue with gilded head-dress and skirt, and other items including ushabti figurines, head-rests, boxes and jewellery. “We had to change the 110 doors of the Grande Halle to hardened steel models to

The god Horus with the sun-disk protect the works from the risk of fire and to ensure their safety. We also had to modernise New DNA testing shows that the young the temperature conditions, since it was Pharaoh suffered from malaria and had a badly necessary to cool the room without air- broken left leg above the knee that pierced his conditioning,“ Didier FUSILLIER, head of the skin. This likely resulted in the infection that Grande Halle de la Villette, told the French caused his death. newspaper Les Échos. The exhibition also takes visitors into the “The works arrive from Los Angeles and afterlife, visualising it through objects from only come out of their container inside la Tutankhamun’s tomb. It combines technology, Villette. Cranes and trucks enter directly into music and animation in novel ways. the Grande Halle, which avoids the “We have used a lot of technology in the manipulation of objects.” exhibition,” NORMAN said, describing it as “a very theatrical experience”.

Tutankhamun posters decorating the buildings and streets in Paris

“We have equipped the crates with a Tutankhamun Sense Aware system, which provides The most important artefacts on show information on geolocation and environmental include a 40cm gold coffin, the gold diadem conditions such as temperature and humidity,” from Tutankhamun’s mummy, a gold fan Mathilde GOFFARD, vice president of land featuring an ostrich hunt, a small gold canopic operations at FedEx France, told the coffin ornamented with faience, a silver newspaper. trumpet used for religious ceremonies, a

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Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museums Sectors également Ahmad Mansûr, « Campagne at the ministry, said the collection had been publicitaire à Paris pour l’exposition de insured for $800 million. It would be Toutankhamon », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 mars ; accompanied by an officer from Egypt’s Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Paris célèbre la Tourist and Antiquities Police, a restorer and a venue de Toutankhamon », al-Ahrâm, 21 curator, she said, adding that the revenue mars). from the exhibition was estimated at $50 - - million for each country involved, and there would also be a percentage paid on the number of tickets and souvenirs sold. The ministry would benefit from 10 per cent of the value of the items sold, as well as $1 for each visitor above 400,000, reaching $4 per visitor at 700,000 visitors. “The exhibition arrived in Los Angeles in March 2018, and it is now in Paris as a message of peace from the Egyptians to the The Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) in al- whole world to show how the ancient Rimâya Square received 35 large pieces of Egyptians built their own great civilisation with wooden antiquities from Khufu’s second boat passion, faith, love, knowledge and art,” al- in Gîza; in addition to receiving 118 artifacts ‘Inânî said. from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr.

“It will allow humanity to admire our Director General of the Preliminary treasures and encourage visitors to come to Restoration and Transportation of Heavy see the fascinating monuments in their original Antiquities at the GEM Îsa Zaydân explained context in Egypt,” he added. that among the most important pieces received is a wooden box personally used by Other legs of the exhibition include the King Tut, coated with ivory and seashells, in Saatchi Museum in London, the Smithsonian addition to a boat with a pair of paddles and a Museum in Washington, the Sydney Museum colorful frontal cabin with natural colors. A in Australia, the National Museum in South collection of sculptures made of colored wood Korea, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, depicting everyday life in ancient Egypt was the Field Museum in Chicago, the Muri Art also among the transferred artifacts. Centre in Tokyo and the Osaka Museum of Art. Zaydân further pointed out that before packaging and transferring the artifacts, The French TV channel France2 described preliminary repairing and strengthening of the the Tutankhamun exhibition as the most boat and other artifacts were completed. It important cultural event in Paris for years, took 12 days to restore, package and transfer while the one held in 1967 “was the most the artifacts. beautiful Christmas gift” imaginable, it said. The restoration and transfer team also Recalling the 1967 exhibition, Jean-Marc transported 35 large wooden artifacts after the GONION, the editor of Le Figaro Magazine, completion of its preliminary restoration told Târiq al-‘Awadî, the curator of the works, documentation and three-dimensional exhibition, that although he was young at that photography. Thus, the total transferred time he remembered that his parents had left wooden artifacts from Khufu’s second ship to him at his grandmother’s house so he would the Grand Egyptian Museum are 784 pieces. not stand queuing at the Petit Palais to (Mustafa Marie, “35 additional artifacts explore the treasures of the Egyptian boy- transferred to Grand Egyptian Museum”, king. (Nevine El-Aref, “Tutankhamun comes to Egypt Today, March 21, 2019. Voir également Paris”, Al-Ahram Weekly, March 21, 2019. Voir Ahmad Mansûr, « Le GEM réceptionne 35 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 123

Mars 2019 pièces en bois appartenant à la deuxième The Ancient Egypt galleries at the Bolton barque de Chéops », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 Museum were inaugurated in September 2018 mars ; Radwa Hâshim, « Le GEM réceptionne by Irish Margaret MOUNTFORD and leading 35 pièces en bois appartenant à la deuxième Egyptology Professor Joann FLETCHER. barque de Chéops », al-Watan, 21 mars ; It has welcomed 135,000 visitors since ‘Umar al-Mahdî, « Le GEM réceptionne 35 September 2018, according to the Bolton pièces en bois appartenant à la deuxième Council. barque de Chéops », al-Ahrâm, 21 mars ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Le GEM réceptionne The ancient Egypt gallery was an 35 pièces en bois appartenant à la deuxième exceptional collaboration coordinated by barque de Chéops », al-Shurûq, 21 mars ; Leach Studio, its client Bolton Council and its Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Le GEM réceptionne main contractor Willmott Dixon. 35 pièces en bois appartenant à la deuxième The nominated gallery’s display of 2,000 barque de Chéops », Vetogate, 21 mars ; ancient Egyptian artifacts tells the Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le GEM réceptionne 35 pièces comprehensive story of the pieces including en bois appartenant à la deuxième barque de who used them, where they were initially Chéops », Watanî, 21 mars). discovered, and their history before arriving at - - the Bolton Museum. The artifacts are showcased interactively through audiovisuals, Vendredi 22 mars 2019 graphic designs and more. The newly launched gallery exhibits the iconic burial chamber of Thutmose III in full- size reproduction. The Bolton’s Egyptology collection also includes the oldest mummification sample in the world.

Leach Studio noted that it designed the gallery aiming to portray the studio’s significant commitment to the world of the pharaohs and the pyramids as it is known for housing important ancient Egyptian artifacts.

The winners will be revealed on Wednesday, 15 May. (Mira Maged, “Bolton’s The Bolton Council, local authority of the Egypt gallery nominated for UK National Metropolitan borough of Bolton in Greater Award”, Egypt Independent, March 22, 2019). Manchester, England, announced that the Bolton Museum in the UK has been shortlisted in this year’s Permanent Exhibition category at - - the 17th annual Museum + Heritage Awards, along with its partner Leach Studio. Samedi 23 mars 2019 The award celebrates sensational initiatives by museums and galleries in the UK and L’ambassadeur d’Égypte à Berne, Hishâm overseas. The 17th Museum + Heritage Awards Sayf al-Dîn, a annoncé la récupération de deux considers any museum — large or small — pièces archéologiques égyptiennes volées en that houses valuable heritage. Suisse. Le superviseur général du Département des antiquités restituées, Counselor John BYRNE, Executive Cabinet Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, a précisé qu’il s’agit member for Culture, expressed his happiness d’une statue en bois de la déesse Bastet et with the nomination, commending the d’une statue en granit rose représentant le museum’s groundbreaking record since its dieu Horus. latest launch, the Bolton Council reported. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 124

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Governor of Aswân Ahmad Ibrâhîm, Deputy of Kom Ombo Muhammad Sâlim, and a number of the project’s officials and employees. The project was funded by a US aid to Egypt that reached $ 8.8 million. The project is one of the most important projects implemented by the US Agency for the conservation of Egyptian Antiquities. For his part, al-‘Inânî stated that the USAID is an important partner in protecting Egypt’s culture and heritage and preserving the unique heritage owned by all humanity. al- ‘Inânî further explained that the agency participated in 40 projects through funding $10 million over the course of 25 years in several archaeological areas, most importantly Cette restitution vient couronner des in Gîza, Idfû Temple and Karnak Temple. efforts intensifs déployés depuis mars 2017. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Deux statues d’Horus et de al-‘Inânî clarified that the USAID Bastet restituées par la Suisse », al-Yawm al- participated in funding the withdrawal of Sâbi‘, 23 mars 2019. Voir également Islâm groundwater from the Temple of Kom Ombo ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « L’ambassade d’Égypte en and the area of Kom al-Shuqâfa in Alexandria, Suisse récupère deux pièces de Bastet et adding that the cost of the project to withdraw d’Horus », al-Shurûq, 23 mars ; Samar Nasr, groundwater in Kom Ombo alone amounted « L’ambassadeur d’Égypte à Berne se félicite to $8.8 million. “Over the course of our pour la restitution de deux pièces antiques », project, we have been able to find many al-Ahrâm, 23 mars ; Radwa Hâshim, discoveries which will be exhibited in several « L’ambassade d’Égypte en Suisse récupère museums, most notably the Egyptian deux pièces archéologiques », al-Watan, 23 Museum,” said al-‘Inânî. mars ; Kâmilyâ ‘Atrîs, « L’Égypte récupère "The agency is not only working on the deux pièces archéologiques volées en project to reduce groundwater, but there are Suisse », Ruz al-Yûsuf, 23 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al- many similar projects held in all governorates Minyâwî, « L’Égypte récupère deux pièces by the agency, and our goal is to preserve the archéologiques de Suisse », Sada al-Balad, 23 heritage and monuments because we know mars ; Imân Shawqî, « L’ambassade d’Égypte à that it is the catalyst for tourism in Egypt,” Berne réussit à récupérer deux pièces Sherry MARLIN, director of the USAID in Egypt archéologiques volées », Watanî, 23 mars). said. (Mustafa Marie, “al-‘Inânî inaugurates - - project to reduce groundwater in Kom Ombo Temple”, Egypt Today, March 25, 2019. Voir Lundi 25 mars 2019 également Mahmûd al-Mullâ, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure le projet visant à Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî baisser le niveau des eaux souterraines sous le inaugurated on March 25 a project to reduce temple de Kom Ombo », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 25 underground water in Kom Ombo Temple. mars ; Ahmad Mansûr, « L’USAID débourse 9 millions dollars pour baisser le niveau des The project’s launching was attended by eaux souterraines sous le temple de Kom President of the US Agency for International Ombo », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 25 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al- Development (USAID) Mark GREEN, Director of Minyâwî, « L’USAID sauve le temple de Kom the US Agency for Development in Egypt Ombo de la hausse du niveau des eaux Sherry MARLIN, Chargé d’affaires of the US souterraines », Sada al-Balad, 25 mars; Embassy in Egypt Thomas GOLD BERGO,

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Muhammad al-Aswânî, « Le ministre de French capital, Paris. The exhibition will l’Archéologie inaugure le projet visant à continue until September 15, Antiquities baisser le niveau des eaux souterraines sous le Minister Khâlid al-‘Inânî said. temple de Kom Ombo », Watanî, 25 mars). The number of visitors reached nearly - - 15,000 during the past 48 hours, he added. L’adjoint au ministre de l’Archéologie pour al-‘Inânî told al-Masrî al-Yawm that the les affaires architecturales, Hishâm Samîr, a exhibition promotes Egyptian monuments and assisté à la XIVe réunion de la commission tourism industry — an achievement much égypto-omanaise, tenue au Sultanat d’Oman. better than any material return. Durant deux jours, les participants ont al-‘Inânî called on the French people to examiné le renforcement de la coopération visit Egypt to enjoy seeing thousands of bilatérale entre le ministère égyptien de artifacts in Egyptian museums. He also l’Archéologie et le ministère omanais du extended an invitation for the French to see Patrimoine et de la Culture. Les deux parties the treasures of Egyptian King Tutankhamun ont convenu de la nécessité d’organiser des exhibited at the Grand Egyptian Museum due stages de formation pour les archéologues et to open in late 2020. (Mira Maged, “200,000 les restaurateurs, des ateliers et des tables tickets sold for Paris King Tut’s exhibition: rondes, afin de rehausser le niveau des minister”, Egypt Independent, March 25, responsables concernés. 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « 5 000 Un accord a été conclu en vue d’intensifier visiteurs de l’exposition de Toutankhamon les échanges d’expertise dans le domaine des durant les premières heures d’ouverture », fouilles archéologiques, de la restauration et Sada al-Balad, 23 mars ; Muhammad ‘Abd al- de la préservation du patrimoine, et de la lutte Mu‘tî, « 180 000 billets vendus pour contre le trafic illicite des biens culturels entre l’exposition de Toutankhamon à Paris », al- les deux États. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le Ahrâm, 24 mars). ministère de l’Archéologie participe à la - - commission égypto-omanaise, tenue au Sultanat d’Oman », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 25 mars Mardi 26 mars 2019 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie participe aux A group of researchers have discovered a travaux de la commission égypto-omanaise », sunken boat of a type first described by al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 25 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, ancient Greek historian HERODOTUS almost « Échange d’expertises avec le Sultanat 2,500 years ago, off the coast of Alexandria d’Oman », Sada al-Balad, 25 mars). among 70 other shipwrecks found while - - investigating the sunken ruins of ancient port city Thonis-Heracleion, Live Science reported. This port city was flooded and sank into the Mediterranean near the end of the second century BC. The city was rediscovered by maritime archaeologist Franck GODDIO alongside his team in 2000. They have since unearthed the remains of an ancient temple, statues, golden coins, and some 70 sunken ships.

HERODOTUS visited Egypt 450 BC, recorded 200,000 tickets have been sold for the King a detailed description for an unusual boat type Tutankhamun exhibition currently held in the called “Baris”. He wrote that it contained a

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Mars 2019 single wheel, papyrus sails and wooden - - boards made of acacia trees. The Misr Insurance Company has signed an “HERODOTUS describes the boats as having insurance coverage contract worth US$900 long internal ribs. Nobody really knew what million with the Supreme Council of that meant,” Damian ROBINSON, director of the Antiquities, alongside other companies Oxford Center for Maritime Archaeology, told organizing the tours for King Tutankhamun’s The Guardian. properties to be exhibited around the world. “That structure’s never been seen al-Bursa News reported that the insurance archaeologically before. Then we discovered will cover the Pharaoh’s artifacts in preparation this form of construction on this particular boat for any risks during the tour, such as fire and it absolutely is what HERODOTUS has been threats, flight turbulence while the belongings saying.” (Mira Maged, “Boat described by are on board and other possible dangers. HERODOTUS 2,500 years ago found in The insurance comes as Minister of Alexandria”, Egypt Independent, March 26, Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî and the French 2019. Voir également Amal al-Gayyâr, Minister of Culture, Franck RIESTER launched « Découverte de 72 bateaux submergés à the exhibition ‘Tutankhamun, the treasure of Alexandrie », al-Ahrâm, 19 mars ; Ragab the Pharaoh’. (Mira Maged, “Misr Insurance Ramadân, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie covers King Tutankhamun’s belongings with s’apprête à enregistrer 5 navires de guerre US$900m”, Egypt Independent, March 27, submergés », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 29 mars). 2019). - - - - Mercredi 27 mars 2019

À chaque fois que des pièces antiques égyptiennes voyagent, des craintes de Les policiers d’Alexandrie ont repêché le destruction, de falsification des pièces ou cadavre d’un chauffeur, âgé de 30 ans, jeté encore de vol les accompagnent. Traverser dans un canal à l’entrée du village al-‘Abîd. Il l’Atlantique et arriver non seulement en avait trouvé la mort lors de fouilles France, mais en plus à Paris, en pleine clandestines effectuées dans le sous-sol d’une manifestation des Gilets jaunes, a suscité des habitation. Ses complices (une mère de famille inquiétudes, en Égypte, concernant la tenue et quatre hommes) se sont débarrassés du de l’exposition de Toutankhamon. cadavre et ont rebouché le trou, afin de « Pas le moindre souci sur nos antiquités », dissimuler leur forfait. Après leur arrestation, assure, depuis Paris, Elhami al-Zayyât, ancien ils ont tout avoué. (Muhammad al-Ashmûnî, président de l’Union égyptienne des « Un cadavre dans le canal », al-Masrî al- Chambres du tourisme. Il explique que les Yawm, 27 mars 2019. Voir également autorités égyptiennes et françaises ont adopté Muhammad ‘Alî, « Le cadavre d’un chauffeur un plan d’urgence, digne de celui d’un chef conduit à l’arrestation d’une bande de d’État, pour assurer Toutankhamon ainsi pilleurs », al-Ahrâm, 27 mars). qu’une opération secrète de défense.

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« C’est comme déplacer un chef d’État, un s’acclimater. « Pour monter l’exposition, il faut président, de ville en ville », explique John compter trois semaines », explique Helen NORMAN, directeur général d’IMG, la société JANSSEN, directrice des événements pour IMG américaine organisatrice de l’exposition, qui a à Paris. Ce travail d’installation de l’exposition pris la charge de cette tournée mondiale dans était surveillé par deux experts égyptiens, les une dizaine de villes, et qui travaille dessus seuls autorisés à toucher les chefs-d’œuvre, depuis plus de 5 ans. Depuis leur sortie aidés de deux autres qui veillent à la d’Égypte jusqu’à leur arrivée à Paris après un protection et à la préservation de ces objets. séjour aux États-Unis et un vol au-dessus de l’Atlantique, les pièces exposées du trésor de Toutankhamon ont parcouru des milliers de kilomètres, et ce, dans le plus grand secret. Aucune date de voyage connue, aucun aéroport d’arrivée n’ont été divulgués. Soigneusement emballés et transportés dans une vingtaine de boîtes faites spécifiquement pour ce transport, ces trésors — soit 14 tonnes d’antiquités — ont été Dans le même contexte, la Villette a mis en surveillés de près pendant tout le voyage place des contrôles de sécurité renforcés : effectué dans un Boeing. inspections minutieuses des sacs, paquets, bagages à main avec l’interdiction des valises et sacs de grande contenance, également il a mis en place de personnel supplémentaire équipé pour adopter plus la sécurité à l’entrée des salles qui sont entraînées aux exercices d’évacuation. « À l’intérieur de la Villette, nous avons installé un coffre-fort qui est à peu près grand comme la tombe de Toutankhamon, dans lequel sont stockées les pièces avant d’être exposées dans leur vitrine », décrit son président, Didier FUSILLER, sur le site Internet de la Villette.

La Grande Halle a presque changé toutes Des mesures spéciales ont été prises pour ses portes, soit 110, pour qu’elles soient en ne pas prendre le risque d’abîmer ces pièces acier hyper-sécurisé. Les prix des assurances attendues à Paris. « Les caisses ont été affichent des sommes affolantes, soit environ disposées loin des portes du centre de l’avion, 880 millions d’euros, à la mesure de car il fallait absolument que la température l’événement, dont le coût s’élève à un milliard soit stable entre 20 et 22 degrés », explique de dollars. « C’est tout une aventure une Mathilde GOFFARD, responsable chez FedEx exposition comme ça », conclut-il. Une France. aventure pour laquelle le ministère égyptien Une fois arrivé en France, le trésor a été des Antiquités perçoit 5 millions de dollars par ville-étape et un pourcentage sur le nombre chargé, sous haute sécurité, dans des camions avec traqueur GPS à bord, pour les suivre à de visiteurs. (Nasma Réda, « Mission sous chaque instant lors du trajet jusqu’à la Villette, haute surveillance », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 27 situé au Nord-Est de Paris. Mais il a fallu mars 2019). attendre 48 heures avant d’ouvrir les caisses, pour vérifier que les pièces étaient en bon état - - et avaient eu le temps nécessaire pour

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The mystery of the golden king has stirred Jeudi 28 mars 2019 up worldwide curiosity since the discovery of his tomb in 1922, and now the “Tutankhamun, the Treasures of the Pharaoh” exhibition in Paris is fascinating visitors yet again. It features 150 pieces, 60 of which have never before been seen outside Egypt, and its theatrical design and exhibition scenario helps to reconstruct the path of the king into the afterlife. The gate of the Villette exhibition ground

was glittering with the name of Tutankhamun Visitors queuing in front of the gate this week, while the Grande Halle’s galleries Half a century after the success of the last were transformed into an ancient Egyptian exhibition of the treasures of the ancient necropolis with dark walls and soft lighting. Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamun to hit the Giant screens showed films documenting the French capital, a new exhibition, this time at work of British archaeologist Howard CARTER in the Grande Halle de la Villette rather than the discovering the intact tomb of Tutankhamun Petit Palais, is displaying more than 150 and its treasures, taking visitors back in time to treasured pieces from the tomb of the young the early 20th century, with strains of oriental Pharaoh to thousands of appreciative visitors music filling the air in the display areas. to the exhibition in Paris. Paris was seized by Egyptomania this week when the “Tutankhamun, the Treasures of the Pharaoh” exhibition opened for its second stop after opening in Los Angeles in the US last year.

Covers of French magazines Before going into the exhibition, visitors enter an immersive environment that begins with an introductory film on a 180-degree screen meant to transport them to the Valley of the Kings on the west bank of the Nile at

al-‘Inânî and RIESTER during the official opening Luxor where Tutankhamun’s tomb was discovered. Streets, shops, buses, the metro, the façade of buildings, hotels and restaurants The camera sweeps across the were all plastered with posters of the symbolic mountainous and desert landscape. Groups of golden coffin of the boy-king, one of the men studying maps, digging rocks, or sifting pieces in the exhibition, or of a gilded wooden sand are shown. Visitors then enter the first statuette depicting the king riding a black room of the exhibition proper, where images, leopard, or of the Ka, a wooden guardian lighting and sound are used to create the statue with gilded head-dress and skirt and impression of the imminent finds. gold jewelry studded with colored precious During the nine-gallery exhibition that stones. follows, guests pass through the six gates of the underworld as they travel with the king on

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Mars 2019 his journey to eternity. Along the way, they TECHNOLOGY: 3D scans of objects are encounter good-luck amulets, weapons meant shown on video screens on top of the display to fight off demons, alabaster containers of cases, so viewers can zoom in and spin objects oils that the ancient Egyptians believed on screen for an interactive experience. enabled the king to see and hear in the “There’s a lot more technology in this underworld, and figurines of gods meant to exhibition when it comes to being able to help guide and protect him. tell the story. With these videos, visitors really The second gallery is dedicated to the get to see these objects in a way they have gods. It is here that one finds the most never seen them before,” John NORMAN, impressive pieces, including the king’s director of exhibitions of the IMG company guardian, a powerful black-and-gold statue that organized the show, told Al-Ahram that has watched over the king’s sleep for Weekly. nearly three millennia, and a delicate miniature For the next six months, the Grande Halle sarcophagus that contained his embalmed de la Villette will display 150 magnificent viscera. objects from the collection that has captivated French audiences since its first tour there in the 1967, he said. Dramatically laid out in nine galleries, it relates the story of one of the most interesting and perplexing kings in ancient Egyptian history almost 3,300 years ago. Each section showcases the dazzling craftsmanship of ancient artisans that characterized the earlier Tutankhamun exhibition.

NORMAN said the exhibition used

Amulet multimedia displays to stimulate interest in the science related to archaeology. Visitors also Then comes the king’s rebirth, illustrated learn how the scientific analysis of the boy- by an arch of light evoking the journey of the king’s 3,000-year-old mummy had revealed god Re from sunrise to zenith. This room new information about his health and lineage, presents the fabulous treasures found in the as well as how cutting-edge archaeological boy-king’s burial chamber, including bracelets, tools were assisting in discovering tombs and tiaras, amulets and ornaments in which gold analyzing existing ones in ways never before and precious stones mingle. imagined. The penultimate part, using video and digital images, evokes the discovery and study of the mummy. The last room leaves visitors facing a colossus in stone representing the boy-king.

The Aka statue The last galleries in the show focus on the discovery of the tomb itself and the history of Egyptian archaeology, along with new scientific analyses of the mummy. These are The miniature coffin provided through a video table showing scan

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Mars 2019 data of Tutankhamun’s mummy. The scans are from 2005, but advances in technology have made it possible to glean more information from them, including that Tutankhamun had a club foot and an impacted wisdom tooth. New DNA testing shows that the young king also suffered from malaria and had a badly broken left leg above the knee that pierced his skin. This likely resulted in the infection that caused his death. Photo : Vincent NAGEOTTE The exhibition takes visitors through the Some 200,000 tickets have already been afterlife, visualizing it through objects from the sold for the Paris exhibition, with 5,000 people tomb. It combines technology, music and visiting the exhibition on its first day and animation in novel ways. “We have used a lot queuing outside la Villette. It is expected that of technology in the exhibition,” NORMAN the number of visitors to the Paris exhibition added, describing it as “a very theatrical will reach one million people before it travels experience”. He said that each gallery space to its third stop in London. had its own music to ground viewers in ancient “The exhibition is soothing and most Egypt and provide context for the exhibition. moving,” whispered Séverine, one of the first- Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- day visitors to the exhibition. She said the ‘Inânî, who officially inaugurated the exhibition darkness of the exhibition design provided “a along with French Minister of Culture Franck beautiful atmosphere which brings out the RIESTER, described the exhibition as an gilding”. “appetizer” for French audiences to “What is impressive in this exhibition is encourage them to travel to Egypt to admire seeing that almost everything is intact,” the rest of the king’s collection in its final Séverine continued, fascinated, like fellow resting place at the Grand Egyptian Museum visitor Sylvain, with the figurine of Horus, one (GEM), due to open in 2020. of the oldest Egyptian deities, and amazed by “It is a message of peace and security from the details and materials used. “To know the Egypt to the whole world,” al-‘Inânî said. techniques that they had at that time is just incredible,” he said. He also highlighted the strong friendship between Egypt and France, adding that Sylvain had anticipated the crowds, and archaeology had always had a special place in like his friends he had bought a ticket in the hearts of the French, who had contributed November for the exhibition. Jean-Marie, at a lot to it over the last two centuries since the exhibition with his children, had also French Egyptologist Jean-Francois bought tickets three months ago to be sure to CHAMPOLLION deciphered hieroglyphs in 1822. be able to get in. He had good reason to be present on the first day, as he had also been During his speech, al-‘Inânî highlighted the half a century ago at the first Tutankhamun recent discoveries and inaugurations of exhibition in Paris at the Petit Palais. archaeological projects carried out by the ministry last year. He also invited the French “I visited the exhibition 50 years ago when public to witness the announcement of three I was ten years old, which is the current age of new discoveries within the next few months my daughter,” he said. In 1967, “the and to visit Egypt to see the transportation of exhibition of the century” attracted more than the royal mummies from the Egyptian 1.2 million visitors, a record never equaled. “I Museum in Tahrîr Square to the new Museum absolutely wanted to pass this on to my of Egyptian Civilization (NMEC) in the Cairo children because it is a great moment of district of Fustât.

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Mars 2019 emotion for me. It is of an absolute and année le dernier samedi du mois de mars, timeless beauty,” Jean-Marie told the Weekly. consiste à couper les lumières non essentielles pour une durée d’une heure, afin de Tutankhamun seduces all generations, promouvoir l’économie d’électricité et, par however. “What is amazing is that there is conséquent, la réduction des émissions de gaz gold everywhere. It is a precious material, and à effet de serre et la lutte contre le you get the impression that the ancient réchauffement climatique. (Ahmad Mansûr, Egyptians had lots of it,” said one 13-year-old « Pour participer à l’Heure de la Terre, le visitor. ministère de l’Archéologie éteint l’éclairage Jeanette, an 80-year-old visitor on the extérieur de la citadelle de Saladin », al-Yawm second day along with her two friends, was al-Sâbi‘, 28 mars 2019. Voir également ‘Umar found in a corner of the exhibition crying. “We al-Mahdî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie are very sad,” Jeanette told the Weekly. participe à l’Heure de la Terre », al-Ahrâm, 28 “Fifty-two years ago, when the mars ; Radwa Hâshim, « Le ministère de Tutankhamun exhibition was first in Paris we l’Archéologie participe à l’Heure de la Terre », came to visit it. We were then four friends, and al-Watan, 28 mars ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le now we are only three as our fourth friend ministère de l’Archéologie participe à l’Heure passed away a few months ago. We were de la Terre », Sada al-Balad, 28 mars). hesitant whether to buy tickets and go to the - - exhibition, but we decided to do so in order to make our fourth friend happy. But upon our arrival we could not stop crying as we see her all around us,” Jeanette concluded. (Nevine El-Aref, “Treasures of Tutankhamun opens in Paris”, Al-Ahram Weekly, March 28, 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Inauguration de l’exposition de Toutankhamon à Paris », Sada al-Balad, 21 mars ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Inauguration de l’exposition de An ancient port used to transport stones Toutankhamon à Paris », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 22 for the construction of temples and obelisks mars ; Nasma Réda, « Toutankhamon fascine has been discovered in Egypt, according to toujours », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 27 mars). the country’s Ministry of Antiquities.

- - In a Facebook post Tuesday, the ministry said the main port, used to transport stone along the Nile River from the quarries of Gabal al-Silsila, was uncovered during an archaeological expedition excavating the ruins of Kom Ombo near Aswân.

Le ministère de l’Archéologie participe à l’Heure de la Terre, en éteignant l’éclairage extérieur de la citadelle de Saladin au Caire, The port on the Nile’s west bank extends entre 20h30 et 21h, le 30 mars prochain. Cette over 100 meters and lies about 200 meters Journée internationale, organisée chaque

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Mars 2019 from a large quarry, according to Mustafa Silsila », al-Ahrâm, 26 mars ; Muhammad al- Wazîrî, the secretary general of the Supreme Aswânî, « Découverte d’un port antique ayant Council of Antiquities. servi au transport des pierres des carrières de Gabal al-Silsila », Watanî, 26 mars ; River silt and greenery were cleared from Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte d’un the area, revealing inscriptions and port antique pour transporter les pierres mechanisms for tying the boats. d’Aswân », al-Ahrâm, 27 mars). - -

Vendredi 29 mars 2019

Excavation work carried out in Ramses II’s temple in Abydos, Suhâg, has uncovered a new temple palace belonging to the 19th Dynasty king.

The discovery was made by the New York Gabal al-Silsila is an important source of University mission, directed by Sâmih Iskandar. sandstone in Egypt. ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, director general of Aswân and Nubia “It is a very important discovery which will Antiquities Council, said that it has been change, for the first time, the plan of the widely used from the 18th dynasty into the temple more than 160 years since its modern era. discovery,” said Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Stone used to build temples such as Karnak, Madînat Hâbû, Kom Ombo and He describes the new discovery as “an Dandara was mostly cut in the area’s quarries, important contribution to our understanding Sa‘îd said, according to the announcement. of the development of the temple palaces (CNN, “Egypt announces discovery of ancient during the Ramesside period.” port used by temple builders”, Egypt The location and layout of the palace Independent, March 28, 2019. Voir également exhibits a noteworthy parallel to the temple Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte d’un port pour palace of Ramses II’s father Seti I in Abydos le transport des pierres des carrières de Gabal some 300 metres to the south. al-Silsila à travers le Nil », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 26 During the work of the mission around the mars ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie exhume un port ayant servi au temple to recover the architectural elements transport des pierres des carrières de Gabal south of the temple, Iskandar told Ahram al-Silsila à Aswân », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 26 mars ; Online, the mission accidently stumbled upon Hamada Ba‘zaq, « Mise au jour du port a stone walkway at the south-western door of principal pour le transport des pierres à a temple. Aswân», al-Shurûq, 26 mars ; Husâm Zaydân, « Découverte d’un port antique à Gabal al-

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Mars 2019

Samedi 30 mars 2019

Ambassadors from 30 countries paid a visit to ‘Âbidîn Palace in downtown Cairo on Saturday, organised by the antiquities This walkway led to an entrance of a palace ministry. building that contains the cartouches of Among them were the ambassadors of Ramses II. Germany, France, Italy, the European Union, He explained that the walls are built of Cameroon, Belgium, Russia, Malta, Holland, limestone and mud brick, the floors are made Sweden, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Hungary, of limestone, and the temple’s second hall has Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Armenia, and a sandstone column base and lintels with South Korea. inscriptions of the king. Other fragments The visit came within the framework of the decorated with stars were found. country’s policy to highlight its historical sites Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî, head of the Ancient and landmarks. Egyptian Antiquities Department, stated that It also came within the series of trips to the temple foundation inscriptions have an archaeological sites for ambassadors that the extremely rare depiction of Ramses II’s antiquities ministry is organising. Along the cartouches. past two years the ministry has organised trips They appear on all four corners of the to St. Catherine, New Valley, Abû Simbil and temple, showing Ramses II’s birth and throne other locations. names painted in a golden colour. They are Responding to the invitation of Minister of surmounted with double feathers with a sun Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, Minister of disk in between, and beneath them a Communications ‘Amr Tal‘at and Minister of decorative gold sign. (Nevine El-Aref, “New Public Enterprises Hishâm Tawfîq also temple palace discovered at Ramses II’s attended the tour. temple in Upper Egypt’s Suhâg”, Ahram Online, March 29, 2019. Voir également Mustafa Marie, “Min. of antiquities announces discovery of Ramses II’s royal lobby”, Egypt Today, March 28; “Archaeologists unearth lobby of Temple of Ramses II”, Egypt Independent, March 29).

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During the tour, all the invitees were impressed with the beauty of the palace and BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 134

Mars 2019 its exquisite architecture and distinguished coiffeur en possession de 79 pièces antiques à interior decorations and design, as well as the Minyâ », al-Ahrâm, 31 mars 2019). priceless furniture, artefacts and antiques on - - display within its halls, which reflect a very important period in Egypt’s history. ‘Âbidîn Palace was designed by a number of architectures under the supervision of French architect Lion ROSSO. It has a neo- classic architectural style and was built in 1863. It was the palace of Egypt’s monarchs from then until 1952. The visit on Saturday is the first in a series of visits to presidential palaces, in an attempt to shed more light on the country’s royal heritage in modern Egyptian history, which is Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- not less valuable than the country’s ancient, ‘Inânî, a nommé Dr Hânî al-Tayyib au poste de Islamic, and Coptic heritage. superviseur du Bureau scientifique du ministre During the visit, al-‘Inânî said that three de l’Archéologie, en remplacement du Dr new discoveries will be announced soon, and Huda Khalîfa. Soulignons qu’al-Tayyib a été that there will be inaugurations of a number of depuis 1999 inspecteur de la zone archaeological projects in different archéologique de Saqqâra, avant de devenir governorates. directeur général des antiquités de Saqqâra en 2019. Il a été choisi pour ce nouveau poste Tal‘at also delivered a lecture about ‘Âbidîn compte tenu de son expérience dans ce Palace and the history of the Muhammad ‘Alî domaine. dynasty. (Nevine El-Aref, “30 ambassadors to Egypt visit Cairo’s ‘Âbidîn Palace”, Ahram Dr al-Tayyib est titulaire d’une thèse Online, March 30, 2019). d’égyptologie de l’université du Caire. Il a - - publié de nombreuses recherches dans des périodiques scientifiques internationales. Il a contribué à de nombreuses missions de Dimanche 31 mars 2019 fouilles archéologiques. Il a également donné une série de conférences au British Museum et dans de nombreux congrès internationaux. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Hânî al-Tayyib nommé superviseur du Bureau scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 31 mars 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « al- Tayyib nommé superviseur du Bureau scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie »,

Sada al-Balad, 31 mars ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî, Les forces de sécurité de Minyâ ont arrêté « Hânî al-Tayyib remplace Huda Khalîfa », al- un coiffeur pour trafic et recel d’antiquités. La Ahrâm, 31 mars ; Kâmilyâ ‘Atrîs, « Nomination perquisition de son domicile a permis de saisir de Hânî al-Tayyib au poste de superviseur du 79 pièces archéologiques : 24 statues de Bureau scientifique du ministre de différentes tailles et 55 pièces de monnaies l’Archéologie », Ruz al-Yûsuf, 31 mars). remontant à différentes époques. L’accusé est passé aux aveux. Une enquête criminelle est ouverte. (Mahmûd Fu’âd, « Arrestation d’un -

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IV – AVRIL 2019

Lundi 1er avril 2019

During excavation work carried out at the Qwisnâ quarries in al-Munûfiyya, an Egyptian Gold scarab archaeological mission stumbled upon a A collection of clay pots, amphorae, plates, limestone sarcophagus containing two amulets and scarabs carved in gold and mummies. faience were also found, along with bronze Mostafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the coins from the Ptolemaic era. Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the sarcophagus is two metres tall and 60cm wide and is in good condition.

Statuettes depicting three of the four sons of Horus Three damaged statuettes depicting three of the four sons of the god Horus were also found.

The amulets were transported to the The two mummies inside are on top of Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr for display. (Nevine each other, and are in poor condition. El-Aref, “Limestone sarcophagus containing two mummies discovered in al-Munûfiyya The sarcophagus, which has some gilded quarry”, Ahram Online, April 1st, 2019. Voir fragments, and its contents have been sent to également Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte à Kafr al-Shaykh storage gallery for restoration. Qwisnâ d’un sarcophage en calcaire contenant une momie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er avril ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’un sarcophage en calcaire à Qwisnâ », al-Yawm

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Avril 2019 al-Sâbi‘, 1er avril ; “A limestone sarcophagus Saqqâra, and has also discovered the name of uncovered in al-Munûfiyya”, Egypt Today, the queen to whom a pyramid complex in the April 1st ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte à area belonged. Qwisnâ d’un sarcophage en calcaire contenant (…) The mission, in cooperation with an une momie », Sada al-Balad, 1er avril ; Liliane international team of Egyptologists, has also Nabîl, « Découverte à Qwisnâ d’un discovered an ancient Egyptian queen who sarcophage en calcaire contenant une lived during the late Fifth Dynasty in the same momie », Watanî, 1er avril ; “Pharaonic pyramid complex. limestone coffin uncovered in al-Munûfiyya governorate”, Egypt Independent, April 1st; The mission found the name of queen Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour d’un Setibhor, who was not known before from sarcophage contenant une momie à Qwisnâ », ancient sources, engraved on a column in the al-Ahrâm, 2 avril ; Doaa Elhami, « Du Delta à la south part of the until-now anonymous Haute-Égypte, encore des trouvailles », Al- pyramid complex. Ahram Hebdo du 17 avril). The complex is located by the pyramid of - - king Djedkare in south Saqqâra, and the identity of its owner was a puzzle that Yûsuf Ragab, âgé de 13 ans, a trouvé la Egyptologists have been trying to solve for mort suite à l’effondrement d’un puits au cours decades. des fouilles archéologiques clandestines effectuées dans une zone montagneuse sur la The name and titles of the owner of this route al-Khârga/Asyût. L’incident a fait unique monument was found on the column également quatre blessés : Ahmad Hammâd, made of red granite in the newly uncovered âgé de 33 ans ; ‘Abd al-Hakîm ‘Abd al-Hâdî, portico of the queen’s complex. The 33 ans ; Ahmad Ragab, 24 ans ; et Ahmad inscription was carved in sunken relief in a Muhammad, 35 ans. Le cadavre et les quatre rectangle on the shaft of the column, and it blessés ont été transférés à l’hôpital public reads: “The one who sees Horus and Seth, the d’al-Khârga. Une enquête criminelle a été great one of the hetes sceptre, the great of ouverte. (Ahmad ‘Abd al-Salâm, « 1 mort et 4 praise, king’s wife, his beloved Setibhor.” blessés lors de fouilles illicites dans la Nouvelle-Vallée », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1er avril 2019). - -

Mardi 2 avril 2019

The entrance of the tomb Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities An Egyptian archaeological mission has The column and the limestone blocks and discovered the tomb of a Fifth Dynasty fragments bearing relief decoration from the dignitary named Khuwy during an excavation temple of the queen were found during and documentation survey carried out in south exploration and documentation work in the pyramid complex of king Djedkare. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 137

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The pyramid complex of queen Setibhor Dynasty and the beginning of the Sixth represents one of the earliest pyramids in Dynasty. south Saqqâra, built at the end of the Fifth This period witnessed a radical Dynasty, and it is the largest pyramid complex transformation in ancient Egyptian ideology built for a queen during the Old Kingdom. and religious beliefs, such as the appearance Moreover, her funerary temple of the Pyramid Texts for the first time inside incorporated architectural elements and the pyramid of king Unas, the successor of chambers that were otherwise reserved for the Djedkare, and also the end of the practice of kings of the Old Kingdom only. constructing sun temples, which all the Fifth Dynasty predecessors of Djedkare had done. The large size of the pyramid complex of (Nevine El-Aref, “Fifth Dynasty tomb and queen Setibhor and her title of queen may name of a new queen discovered at Saqqâra”, indicate her direct intervention in helping her Ahram Online, April 2, 2019. Voir également husband, king Djedkare, ascend the throne of “Retaining Detailed Reliefs, Fifth Dynasty Egypt at the end of the Fifth Dynasty. It seems Tomb Uncovered in Saqqâra”, Egyptian that Djedkare wanted to honour his wife by Streets, April 2). constructing her a huge pyramid complex, with many unusual features, including - - palmiform granite columns, which constitute an architectural element so far known only in the pyramid complexes of kings and not used in the temples of the queens during the Old Kingdom period.

“Public visits to ‘Âbidîn Palace will take place under specific restrictions and

The area where the tomb was uncovered. regulations. There will be allowed only a Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities limited number of visitors as the palace houses Muhammad Migâhid, head of the many fragile antiquities,” Secretary General of archaeological mission, said that the mission the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa has also completed the architectural Wazîrî said during his telephone interview on restoration and consolidation of the “Hadrat al-Muwâtin” (The Citizen) TV program substructure of the king’s pyramid, which had on “al-Hadath al-Yawm” Channel. not been subjected to any restoration work Wazîrî clarified that visits to the palace before. should be controlled in order to protect it. The work of consolidation, restoration and The Ministry of Antiquities organized a visit reconstruction of the inner walls of the to Cairo’s ‘Âbidîn Palace for a group of pyramid represented a vital task for the ambassadors from 30 countries including mission, he said. Germany, France, Italy, Cameroon, Belgium, The mission is focused on the pyramid and other European Union member countries complexes of Djedkare and his Setibhor and among others. The ambassadors were invited their associated cemeteries, hoping to obtain by Antiquities Minister Khâlid al-‘Inânî. more information on the end of the Fifth BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 138

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Wazîrî referred to the ambassadors’ Director of the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr admiration for the palace’s beautiful and Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, said that the Roman significant architecture and decoration. He pieces will be displayed for the first time; as added that ‘Âbidîn was the Royal they were stored in the museum’s store Headquarters in winter. rooms. The marble bottle was one of the antiquities found in the Muntazah Palace in Wazîrî pointed out that Minister al-‘Inânî Alexandria. has begun collaboration with tourism companies to promote the palace on a larger The marble bottle is characterized by its scale. exquisite artistic style; with two handles decorated with two lion heads. On both sides, ‘Âbidîn Place was designed by Egyptian, there are two medallion-like designs Turkish, French and Italian architects in 1863. portraying Emperor Trajan on the right, while The palace has undergone intense renovation the left side displays a half-portrait of Emperor and restoration after being severely damaged Hadrian. On both medals, there is what by the powerful earthquake of 1992. Wazîrî appears as golden remains. acknowledged that the palace, furnished and decorated with prominent artifacts, houses Furthermore, the four coins are made of 550 rooms. bronze, two of which depict Emperor Trajan and two depicting Emperor Hadrian; both The Palace museum is open every weekday wearing the laurel garland and military gears. except Friday from 9 am to 10 pm. The ticket’s (Mustafa Marie, “Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr price is 10 LE for students and 20 LE for other presents distinguished Roman-era antiquities”, visitors. (Mira Meged, “Visits to ‘Âbidîn Palace Egypt Today, April 2, 2019). will be restricted: official”, Egypt Independent, April 2, 2019). - - - - The Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr presents this week a round bottle made of marble and four bronze coins dating back to the Roman era. The Egyptian Museum presents the Roman era antiquities as part of its weekly tradition of highlighting distinguished pieces of antiques, spanning back to various civilizations.

The Ministry of Antiquities announced that it has accepted the monetarily support presented by the Ministry of Tourism, estimated at LE 13 million, to carry out the cleaning work of al-Mu‘izz Street and its monuments. al-Mu‘izz St. is one of the oldest streets in the world, spanning back to more than a thousand years, and was built during the

The remarkable Roman-era bottle made of marble Fatimid state of Egypt. The ancient street is considered the most crowded street in Cairo;

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Avril 2019 hosting great Islamic monuments, and is also Palace, qui se tient dans la salle des miroirs du considered the largest street in Fatimid Cairo. sérail de la résidence, jusqu’au 21 avril. al-Mu‘izz St. stretches from Bâb al-Futûh in « Les 27 pièces de l’exposition du sérail de the north to Bâb Zuwayla in the south. In 1997, la résidence ont été sélectionnées parmi une the national government carried out extensive centaine d’autres qui sont conservées dans les renovations to the historical buildings, modern dépôts du musée », souligne Walâ’ Badawî, buildings, paving, and sewerage to turn the directeur du palais Manyal. street into an "open-air museum". "Ma Dame", c’est le titre de l’exposition On April 24, 2008, al-Mu‘izz Street was mettant en valeur des objets sélectionnés rededicated as a pedestrian only zone pour leur beauté et leur finesse. À l’image de between 8:00 am and 11:00 pm; cargo traffic deux princesses alides, icônes de beauté. will be allowed outside of these hours. On peut y découvrir les photos de ces The northern part of the street extends deux belles princesses, celle de la Française from the al-Hâkim Mosque in the north to the Alice, épouse du prince Muhammad ‘Alî Spice Market at al-Azhar Street and includes Tawfîq, propriétaire du palais Manyal, et celle the antiques markets section, al-Aqmar de la princesse Fatma Nasl Chah, épouse du Mosque (one of the few extant Fatimid prince Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, le neveu mosques), the Qalâwwûn complex, and du propriétaire du palais. several well preserved medieval mansions and palaces.

The southern part extends from the Ghûriyya complex to the Bâb Zuwayla and includes the magnificent Tent Market in the al- Gamâliyya district. (Mustafa Marie, “Min. of Tourism support al-Mu‘izz St. with LE 13 in renovations”, Egypt Today, April 2, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie accepte la contribution du ministère du Tourisme au nettoyage de la rue al-Mu‘izz », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 avril). - -

Mercredi 3 avril 2019 La princesse Alice. « Le palais Manyal a vu les noces du prince Tawfîq et de la princesse Alice. J’ai donc préféré réunir leurs photos dans le lieu privé du palais, le sérail de la résidence », souligne Hadîr ‘Âdil, chef du département des expositions permanentes au musée Manyal. La princesse Alice est peinte, coiffée d’un chapeau avec un foulard enveloppant son cou.

« Une tenue française par excellence », Vue générale de l’exposition reprend ‘Âdil. On y voit aussi une photo Miroirs, pantoufles, flacons à khôl, boucles représentant la princesse Fatma Nasl Chah, de ceinture, flacon de parfum en argent, ainsi tenant sur ses genoux son fils, le prince ‘Abbâs que des photos composent l’actuelle Hilmî, l’actuel directeur de gestion principal exposition temporaire du musée du Manyal du groupe Concorde en Égypte. Le palais

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Avril 2019 avait été ouvert pour le nouveau couple pour Cette salle renferme, outre la photo du y faire leur cortège des noces. prince Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq, le buste en marbre du khédive Ismâ‘îl et les peintures de Le choix de présenter les deux princesses à tous les sultans ottomans. Par cette l’exposition n’est pas un hasard. « Leurs vies exposition, l’on apprend à connaître les se ressemblent. Elles ont vécu des femmes de cette famille à travers des objets événements très similaires. Toutes deux privés, voire intimes. (Doaa Elhami, « La icônes de beauté, elles ont célébré leurs finesse des princesses alides », Al-Ahram noces au même endroit et ont endossé le rôle Hebdo du 3 avril 2019). de reine d’Égypte pendant un temps. Suite à l’abdication du roi Fârûq, père d’Ahmad - - Fu’âd, âgé de 6 mois, leurs époux, Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq et Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, sont alors devenus tuteurs du trône, après le déclenchement de la Révolution de 1952. Évident donc de les regrouper dans une seule exposition », explique ‘Âdil. L’exposition reflète surtout la finesse des objets et bijoux de la famille, comme ces 15 boîtes à collyre en argent, ornées de pierres al-Hattâba bordé par la citadelle précieuses, d’agate et de corail. « Le musée Bien que sa valeur archéologique, possède dans ses dépôts près d’une historique et artisanale soit presque égale à soixantaine de boîtes à collyre, on a choisi ici celle de la rue al-Mu‘izz, le site al-Hattâba, les plus belles », reprend ‘Âdil. Le visiteur peut situé dans le quartier al-Khalîfa, dans Le Caire aussi admirer, lors de sa visite de l’exposition, historique, est marginalisé. Pourtant, al- des flacons de parfum en argent appelés Hattâba, dont la superficie totale atteint « qomqoms », fabriqués spécialement pour les 38 500 m2, fait partie de l’enceinte femmes de la famille alide. La plupart de ces archéologique de la Citadelle Salâh al-Dîn, qomqoms sont en forme de poirier, dont le une situation qui redouble donc l’importance couvercle représentant une bouche de serpent et l’urgence de sa préservation. fait office de couvercle. L’ONG Al-Fekr Al-Omrani pour Parmi les chefs-d’œuvre de l’exposition, l’architecture, l’urbanisme et l’artisanat deux boucles de ceintures se remarquent. patrimoniaux (Mugawra), en partenariat avec « Elles étaient portées pendant les festivités le secteur des antiquités islamiques et coptes officielles », explique la responsable. La du ministère des Antiquités, ont effectué une première, en argent doré, est ornée de motifs étude pour sauver al-Hattâba, et le islamiques avec des chaînes dorées, la transformer en un site touristique attrayant. deuxième prend la forme d’un papillon. Les « L’objectif vise à réveiller la conscience deux sont incrustées de pierres précieuses. patrimoniale de la communauté locale et Enfin, les miroirs occupent une place travailler sur la préservation des monuments particulière dans l’exposition. Ils se restaurés du quartier al-Khalîfa », souligne caractérisent par leurs fins ornements faits de Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, directeur général du motifs islamiques argentés. Le premier est Caire historique auprès du ministère des ovale alors que le deuxième est rectangulaire, Antiquités. encadré par une étoffe de velours violet. Y Il ajoute que « les membres de l’ONG Al- sont rencontrées aussi des pantoufles Fekr Al-Omrani ont une bonne expérience fabriquées de velours brodé de motifs dans le développement des sites patrimoniaux islamiques et des perles. détériorés. Ils ont déjà restauré la mosquée de

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Avril 2019 l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î, les dômes d’al-Sayyida « al-Hattâba est un excellent exemple Ruqayya, petite-fille du prophète Muhammad, patrimonial pour les étudiants », explique celui de sa tante paternelle ‘Âtiqa, et d’al- ‘Abd al-‘Azîz al-Gindî, professeur Ga‘farî, l’un des amis du prophète, ainsi que la d’architecture à la faculté des beaux-arts de coupole de Shagarat al-Durr (1250), dernière l’Université de Hilwân. Pour lui, la position des sultane ayyoubide. Et tout ce travail a été fait maisons avec les arbres représente un tableau en intégrant la communauté locale », souligne artistique inspirant. « Je suis attirée par les ‘Abd al-‘Azîz. La région d’al-Hattâba et ses portes des maisons et leurs cadres variés », monuments seront soumis à des fouilles souligne Menna, étudiante en pleine création archéologiques et à une restauration avant le d’un tableau. commencement de l’étude de « Notre plan de développement de la réaménagement. région al-Hattâba est basé sur toutes ces al-Hattâba, créé pendant l’époque ressources historiques, archéologiques, ayyoubide, tire son nom du fait que le quartier humaines et économiques qui représentent un fournissait la Citadelle en bois de chauffage patrimoine matériel et immatériel riche. Un (hatab), ainsi que les reliefs et motifs circuit touristique sera donc imaginé autour de ornementaux fabriqués en bois. Ses ce trésor patrimonial », explique l’ingénieur monuments remontent aux époques Hiba Nigm, membre de l’ONG Mugawra, et mamelouke et ottomane. De l’époque responsable de l’étude. mamelouke demeurent aujourd’hui le al-Hattâba se situe au nord de la Citadelle mausolée al-Shurafa (les nobles, 1494), devant al-Bâb al-Gadîd (la Nouvelle Porte), qui Khânqa Nizâm al-Dîn (1356), la mosquée et le sera le point de départ du circuit touristique complexe de Mangak al-Yûsufî (1349), le proposé. Celui-ci débutera dans une longue bassin de l’émir Shaykû, et le dôme de Yûnis rue de près de 2 km, parallèle à la muraille de al-Dawadâr construit en 1381. la Citadelle. Selon le projet, des bazars y Alors que parmi les édifices érigés au cours seront ouverts où seront vendues les œuvres de l’époque ottomane, on trouve encore la artisanales produites par les habitants d’al- fontaine ‘Abd al-Rahmân Katkhuda qui date Hattâba. « C’est tout un complexe artisanal où de 1744. La plupart des monuments les touristes auront le droit de participer à la mamelouks se trouvent dans la rue Bâb al- fabrication des pièces, avant de les acheter », Wadâ‘ (la porte d’adieu). « Ceci indique que explique Nigm, ajoutant que cette rue les habitants du Caire des époques ayyoubide « touristique » renfermera aussi un espace et mamelouke n’avaient que ce chemin pour culturel. sortir de la capitale », explique ‘Abd al-‘Azîz. La visite se poursuivra avec la découverte Plusieurs activités artisanales d’une du mausolée d’al-Shurafa (nobles). « Ce importance majeure y sont encore exercées bâtiment sera restauré et transformé en centre aujourd’hui. al-Hattâba est connue pour la pour l’enseignement des conceptions menuiserie, avec toutes ses productions décoratives inspirées de la région », explique comme le mobilier orné de motifs floraux, les Nigm. tableaux et les boîtes incrustées de Le circuit mènera ensuite le visiteur vers un coquillages. Des pièces d’al-Khiyâmiyya, type endroit nommé al-Sahara (le désert). D’après de tissu brodé, y sont aussi toujours le plan général, dans cet espace vide sera confectionnées. Avec ses ruelles montantes, aménagé un complexe touristique avec des al-Hattâba possède un paysage panoramique kiosques artisanaux, des ateliers d’artisans et exceptionnel et attire toujours de nombreux des lieux pour accueillir des concerts. À visiteurs, comme des peintres et des proximité d’al-Sahara se trouve le jardin d’al- professeurs des beaux-arts venus faire Hattâba, longtemps recouvert par des tas découvrir la richesse des lieux à leurs élèves. d’ordures. « L’année dernière, la compagnie Chipsy Égypte a financé la transformation de

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Avril 2019 cet espace en jardin qui sert aujourd’hui de promenade architecturale sur l’évolution des lieu de détente pour les habitants d’al- mausolées du Caire depuis l’arrivée de ‘Amr Hattâba », explique l’architecte Farah, Ibn al-‘Âs, en 641 jusqu’à la fin de l’époque membre de l’ONG. ottomane en 1922, sera proposée. Enfin, le complexe de Mangak al-Yûsufî, qui se Sur les hauteurs d’al-Hattâba se trouve al- compose d’une mosquée, d’un réservoir, Khânqa al-Nizâmiyya, où vivaient les soufis. d’une tikiyya et d’une cour, sera transformé en « Dressée sur l’endroit le plus élevé de cette musée dédié aux activités des productions zone, la Khânqâ al-Nizâmiyya offrira une vue artisanales d’al-Hattâba et à leur évolution. panoramique sur tout Le Caire historique », (Doaa Elhami, « al-Hattâba, un projet pour souligne Nigm, précisant qu’un restaurant y attirer les touristes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 3 sera installé. Néanmoins, la réalisation de ce avril 2019). projet sera précédée de fouilles archéologiques et de la restauration des - - maisons et d’al-Khânqâ. Le circuit conduira ensuite à la route de Bâb al-Wadâ‘ menant aux édifices mamelouks qui seront transformés en musées racontant l’histoire d’al-Hattâba et plus largement du Caire historique. Le dernier arrêt de ce circuit sera au centre de services, un lieu aux multiples fonctions. Il y aura un département pour servir les touristes, un autre consacré aux activités des femmes de la région et un troisième qui abritera un centre Portrait d’une femme maquillée, brodé sur un tissu sportif pour les jeunes. 26 pièces composent l’exposition sur les Ce projet vise à servir à la fois les touristes objets liés à la cosmétique de la femme à et les visiteurs d’al-Hattâba, mais aussi la l’époque copte. Jusqu’au 20 avril, une communauté locale, notamment les femmes collection importante d’un point de vue et les artisans. archéologique et esthétique est à découvrir au Outre le circuit touristique réaménagé pour musée Copte. Le visiteur y trouve des miroirs, la visite de cette partie historique du Caire, des peignes, des bijoux avec leurs coffrets, quelques monuments seront transformés en des flacons de khôl et bien d’autres. musées. Dans l’espace de la fontaine « Tous ces objets reflètent au mieux le type Katkhuda, qui remonte à l’époque ottomane, de cosmétiques qu’utilisait la femme pendant on pourra découvrir l’histoire de l’eau depuis l’époque copte et ses pratiques », explique l’an 641, début de l’époque islamique en Hânî Zarîf, adjoint du musée Copte, qui attire Égypte. Ce musée va, par exemple, exposer l’attention sur un miroir en verre avec une les photos des porteurs d’eau. Il y aura aussi manche en bois. C’est, selon lui, l’un des plus les jarres et les récipients d’eau et leur anciens miroirs du monde fabriqué en verre. évolution à travers les époques islamiques. « Au temps de l’ancienne Égypte, les miroirs Alors que le bassin de l’émir Shaykhû, de étaient fabriqués en fer, en argent, et en or l’époque mamelouke, sera un musée consacré pour les gens aisés, parfois en bronze. Mais au pèlerinage. Localisé sur la route de Bâb al- jamais en verre. D’où la rareté de ce miroir Wadâ‘, il était utilisé par les pèlerins pour exposé, qui date peut-être du Ier siècle », partir à La Mecque. Ce musée racontera explique Zarîf, ajoutant que c’était l’un des l’histoire du voyage saint avec toutes ses outils indispensables pour la beauté de la préparations, ses festivités et ses rites. femme. Dans le dôme Yûnis al-Dawadâr, situé juste L’exposition comprend aussi trois peignes à côté du cimetière de Bâb al-Wazîr, une en bois décorés de cercles, symboles de

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Avril 2019 l’infini dans la foi copte. Ces peignes ont été orné d’une coquille, « symbole de la trouvés non seulement dans les vestiges des résurrection et d’une nouvelle vie », souligne maisons, mais aussi dans les monastères. L’un Zarîf. Ces bijoux étaient conservés dans des des types des peignes exposés est, par coffrets en bois incrustés d’ivoire. L’un de ces exemple, visible sur une scène gravée sur un coffrets y est présenté. La matière incrustée bloc de pierre. Il s’agit de deux dames dont forme des croix sur les côtés de la boîte et des l’une est assise devant un bassin où l’on motifs géométriques sur le couvercle. donne un bain à son bébé. « C’est un culte Parmi les pièces de l’exposition, le visiteur religieux nommé al-tisht, signifiant le bassin, peut remarquer des flacons à khôl d’ivoire, réalisé le 7e ou le 15e jour suivant la naissance dont la tête est en forme de coq, « qui de l’enfant. Le nouveau-né est emmené à symbolise le réveil, l’éveil pour la prière et les l’église pour que le moine le baigne et le paroles de Dieu », explique Zarîf. L’un de ces bénisse », explique Zarîf. Le peigne servait à flacons est orné de cercles qui, ensemble, coiffer l’enfant après son bain ou était utilisé forment des croix. par sa mère, pour qu’elle se coiffe pour la cérémonie. Cette exposition offre une promenade dans le monde cosmétique intime de la femme. Le musée Copte renferme de rares trésors qui ont davantage besoin d’être mis en relief à travers l’organisation de telles expositions. (Doaa Elhami, « Une histoire de coquetterie », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 3 avril 2019). - -

Flacons à khôl dont l'un est orné de cercles qui, ensemble, forment des croix

De cette collection exposée, un fragment en ivoire attire l’œil. « Malgré la petite taille de À l’occasion de la Journée mondiale de la pièce, dont les mesures ne dépassent pas sensibilisation à l’autisme 2019, le ministère les 12 cm sur 3,5 cm, les détails de la scène de l’Archéologie a illuminé en bleu le temple sculptée sont raffinés », souligne Zarîf. On y de Louqsor et le dromos, hier 2 avril. (Ahmad voit une jeune fille coiffée et habillée à la Mansûr, « Le temple de Louqsor et le dromos mode gréco-romaine. Pour Zarîf, ce fragment illuminés en bleu à l’occasion de la Journée d’ivoire pourrait être une partie de la mondiale de sensibilisation à l’autisme », al- décoration d’un coffret. Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 3 avril 2019. Voir également Îmân al-Hawwârî, « Le temple de Louqsor Les bijoux, véritables trésors en bronze et illuminé en bleu pour sensibiliser à la maladie en fer, occupent une place importante dans de l’autisme », al-Ahrâm, 2 avril ; Muna ‘Abdu, l’exposition. Des boucles d’oreilles et des « Le temple de Louqsor et le dromos illuminés bracelets sont finement travaillés et décorés en bleu à l’occasion de la Journée mondiale de motifs ornementaux géométriques et de l’autisme », al-Wafd, 3 avril ; MENA, « Le botaniques. On y admire aussi des colliers en temple de Louqsor et le dromos illuminés en pierres précieuses et en ivoire, dont l’un est bleu à l’occasion de la Journée mondiale de BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 144

Avril 2019 l’autisme », al-Shurûq, 3 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, world tours, which took place in the 1960s and « Le temple de Louqsor et le dromos illuminés 1970s and took in destinations that included en bleu à l’occasion de la Journée mondiale Paris (1967), London (1972) and New York de l’autisme », Sada al-Balad, 3 avril). (1976-1979). - - The earlier tour had seen objects from the Tutankhamun collection hosted at the Petit Jeudi 4 avril 2019 Palais in central Paris, the British Museum in London, where the exhibition was the most popular ever staged and attracted some 1.6 million visitors, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, where it attracted some eight million visitors and was the first and thus far the most successful of all the museum’s famous blockbuster shows. It triumphantly proved not only that archaeology could be popular, even wildly so in the shape of the “Tut-mania” that especially

Visitors queuing in front of the exhibition gate in the United States accompanied the show, but also that museums themselves could As Nevine El-Aref wrote in Al-Ahram become major leisure destinations and appeal Weekly last week, there can be few residents much more widely than to their traditional or visitors to the French capital who are not audiences of scholars and connoisseurs. aware that the “Tutankhamun: Treasures of Perhaps more than any other single exhibition the Pharaoh” exhibition has stopped off in in the Metropolitan Museum’s history, the Paris on the latest leg of a world tour that has Tutankhamun exhibition democratised the already taken it to the California Science museum in a way that had been almost Center in Los Angeles where it opened in unthinkable before. March last year. In Paris, the “Tutankhamun: Treasures of In November, the exhibition will be the Pharaoh” exhibition is being hosted at the touching down at London’s Saatchi Gallery for Grande Halle de la Villette in the capital’s 19th a further four-month run before it travels to arrondissement, an originally 19th-century iron- Sydney in Australia for another six months and-glass commercial structure that has been before returning to Egypt in 2021. The 150 adapted and reused as a multi-purpose objects from the Tutankhamun collection exhibition and performance venue. It is set included in the tour will then be integrated within a landscaped area that also includes the into the new Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) main Paris concert hall, music conservatory, on the Gîza Plateau that is slated to open to science and technology centre and the public later in the same year. planetarium. It is all a far cry from the Louvre This may very well be the last time that in central Paris, also an adapted building, objects from the Tutankhamun collection go though this time from its previous use as a on such a comprehensive world tour, and it royal palace. has been reflected in the exhibition’s The selection of la Villette as the venue for marketing. Not only does it mark almost 100 the exhibition on Tutankhamun suggests that years since the discovery of the young the organisers wanted to escape the solemnity Pharaoh’s previously unknown tomb by British of a traditional museum environment and archaeologist Howard CARTER in the Valley of appeal to the widest possible audience. the Kings on the West Bank of the Nile at Joining the queues outside the Grande Halle Luxor in 1922, but it also falls some 50 years on a weekday morning, the Weekly found that after the most famous of all Tutankhamun’s this was a bet that had well paid off, for in

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Avril 2019 addition to the regular, rather elderly weekday years ago when the ancient Egyptian priests audience, “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the had sealed it up as far as they knew for all Pharaoh” had also attracted a large number of eternity, one can still imagine the sense of family groups — young parents, perhaps mystery and privilege that CARTER, taking time off work to ensure that their small CARNARVON, and other members of their team children had a chance to see the show, as well must have experienced on entering a space as grandparents taking grandchildren to the and breathing air that had last had human exhibition while their parents were at work. visitors in 1323 BCE. There were also many school parties, often The exhibition uses modern technology to of primary school-age pupils neatly arranged try to reproduce that sense of wonder for in groups of two and clutching illustrated today’s audiences, with the first room notebooks on the treasures of Tutankhamun. featuring a 360-degree video presentation of There were older school groups waiting the history and discovery of the tomb. Once patiently for their appointed entry time — within the show itself, visitors are greeted by a visitors are advised to purchase timed tickets dramatically lit statue of the god Amun in advance — and passing the time by protecting Tutankhamun, borrowed from the consulting Internet materials and taking selfies Louvre, before passing through into the of each other on mobile phones. second room and a selection from the 150 objects included in the show, all of them taken The atmosphere, expectant and good- from the more than 5,000 discovered in the humoured, continued within the walls of the tomb and slated for permanent display in the Grande Halle itself, where visitors, reminded GEM. of exhibition etiquette, were treated to large- scale video projections of the Valley of the The display aptly negotiates the different Kings. Some of these were of hot-air balloon priorities facing any major museum show. trips above the Nile at Luxor, a marvellous Some visitors will doubtless want to emerge experience for those with a head for heights having learned more about ancient Egyptian and an unforgettable perspective on the stark kingship and burial practices and above all boundary between the green fertility of the about what is known about the enigmatic Nile Valley and the biscuit-coloured desert figure of the boy king Tutankhamun. Others, land stretching out beyond. like the school parties on the day the Weekly visited, may have more narrowly defined aims, having been asked by their teachers to find particular objects or information.

Others still, probably the majority, may simply want to be in the presence, even separated by the glass of the display cases, of objects from the tomb, their mysterious aura being the pull factor that year after year, decade after decade, brings tens of thousands of visitors face-to-face with the objects found Statuette of Tutankhamun in the tomb of Tutankhamun. Photographs in THE EXHIBITION: Entering the exhibition, books or on the Internet, whatever their visitors may be reminded of the legendary quality, cannot substitute for the experience of moment when on 26 November 1922 CARTER seeing the physical objects. The exhibition accompanied by his aristocratic British sponsor organisers, knowing this, have ensured that Lord CARNARVON first entered the tomb of the each object, unusually well displayed, can be ancient Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamun. viewed in the round and has been given space to breath. While the air in the tomb would probably not have been entirely that of more than 3,000

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Many visitors were heard to comment on summarising the two Englishmen’s how extraordinarily well-preserved the pieces involvement and Tutankhamun’s subsequent were, perhaps especially, and most amazingly, afterlife as a kind of ambassador of ancient the wooden objects on show. As is well- and modern Egypt worldwide. This cannot known, the ancient Egyptian priests, other- have been the afterlife the ancient Egyptian worldly in many ways, were also touchingly priests had had in mind when they interred his down-to-earth, even literal-minded, when it royal body in his Theban tomb, but perhaps came to provisioning the Pharaohs’ tombs. they would not have minded, so successfully They provided the tables, chairs, beds and has Tutankhamun performed his role more other medium-sized domestic items that the than 3,000 years after he died. king would surely require in the afterlife as One exits the final room with a head full of well as the chariots, armour and weapons that ancient Egyptian imagery, feeling slightly he would want on outdoor occasions. melancholy at thinking how death-directed the In addition to formal suits, he would also ancient Egyptian religion seems to have been. want every day wear, they must have thought, But then one remembers how positively life- rather like people putting together wedding affirming it was also, since the afterlife was lists and adding household items like knives, always conceived of as being a kind of forks and spoons. In any case, Tutankhamun’s perfected and immutable version of the household furniture, much of it made of inlaid present one, except as little subject to wood, was of the highest possible quality, and tarnishing and decay as the gold used in the seen close to it looks as if it could have been objects in Tutankhamun’s tomb. (David made yesterday so completely preserved has Tresilian, “A visit to Tutankhamun”, Al-Ahram it been by the dry air of his desert tomb. Weekly, April 4, 2019. Voir également Zâhî Hawwâs, « Toutankhamon à Paris », al-Masrî The exhibition’s rooms follow a loose al-Yawm, 30 avril). narrative line recounting the death, burial, and resurrection of the boy king Tutankhamun. - - Room four includes gilded figures of the king En coopération avec le ministère égyptien engaged in some of the activities that he des Affaires étrangères, le ministère de presumably enjoyed in his earthly life and that l’Archéologie a réussi à récupérer huit pièces it was assumed he would enjoy in the next one antiques saisies en Bavière, après leur too, including riding atop a black panther and exportation illicite en 2011. Le superviseur wrestling a lion (maybe he did not actually général du département des antiquités engage in those activities) and harpooning fish restituées, Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, a from a boat on the Nile. annoncé que les autorités allemandes ont Room five focuses on the voyage through remis ces pièces volées aux responsables de the afterlife in a display centred around a l’ambassade d’Égypte à Berlin. Elles magnificent guardian statue of the king’s ka, retourneront au pays incessamment. Il s’agit or soul. Subsequent rooms look at de poteries de différentes tailles remontant à mummification practices and include some of l’époque tardive. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « L’Égypte the smaller objects found in the tomb, récupère 8 pièces archéologiques volées en including the ushabti figurines that were Allemagne », Sada al-Balad, 4 avril 2019. Voir thought of as attending to the king’s needs in également Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Des pièces the afterlife. Various pieces of jewellery archéologiques restituées par l’Allemagne », received attention from many visitors because Watanî, 4 avril ; Ibrâhîm al-Sakhâwî, of their astonishingly fine workmanship and « L’ambassade d’Égypte à Berlin réussit à immaculate state of conservation. récupérer 8 pièces antiques volées », al- Ahrâm, 5 avril). In the exhibition’s final rooms, CARTER, CARNARVON and the discovery of the tomb re- - - enter the picture, with the organisers

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Vendredi 5 avril 2019

“Although it is a very small tomb from the Ptolemaic period, it is exceptionally painted

with beautiful scenes,” said Wazîrî. An exceptionally well-painted Ptolemaic- era tomb of a nobleman called Toutou and his The tomb consists of two tiny rooms wife, a musician, was discovered at al-Diyâbât containing two limestone sarcophagi, as well archaeological site in Suhâg governorate on as a very-well preserved mummy that has not Friday. been identified yet.

A number of mummified animals and birds were also found in the tomb, including falcons,

eagles, cats, dogs and shrews. The tomb was accidentally discovered when the Tourism and Antiquities Police arrested a gang who were carrying out illegal excavations in an area near the al-Diyâbât archaeological mound.

Wazîrî said that shrews can see very well at night, and ancient Egyptians believed they could cure blindness. (Nevine El-Aref, “Ptolemaic-era tomb discovered in Upper Egypt’s Suhâg”, Ahram Online, April 5, 2019. After the completion of investigations, the Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, Ministry of Antiquities assigned a scientific « Découverte d’une tombe double datant de archaeological mission, led by Mustafa Wazîrî, l’époque romaine », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 5 avril ; secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour de la tombe de Antiquities, to start excavations of the tomb. Toutou à Suhâg », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 avril ; “Toutou tomb uncovered in Suhâg”, Egypt Today, April 6 ; Doaa Elhami, « Suhâg, le BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 148

Avril 2019 nouvel eldorado des archéologues », Al- General Supervisor of the Historic Cairo Ahram Hebdo du 10 avril). Rehabilitation Project (HCRP), Muhammad - - ‘Abd al-‘Azîz told Egypt Today in an interview that around 602 tourist attractions would Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî along benefit from the new study and development with Suhâg Governor Ahmad al-Ansârî plan. inaugurated developing Abydos He also added that the study contributes to archaeological area project in Suhâg at a cost originating new tourism marketing ideas to of 42 million L.E on Friday, April 5. promote the tourism sector and relocate About forty foreign ambassadors from 25 Egypt to its “proper stature” worldwide. Arab and foreign countries witnessed the ‘Abd al-‘Azîz further added that the inauguration of Abydos archaeological area. program also focuses on benefiting from the al-‘Inânî recounted during the inauguration existing old trades, skills, crafts and industries, that Abydos archaeological area houses which span back to over 100 years, and still visitors center and a project to lower the exist. groundwater level at Abydos temple, which is ‘Abd al-‘Azîz stressed that attracting being executed in cooperation with the tourism to Historic Cairo remains one of the National Co. for General Construction & most important objectives of the Historic Cairo Supplies. Rehabilitation Project (HCRP). (…) The Ministry of Antiquities succeeded Attracting visitors, according to him, will be in regrouping and restoring the statue of through the achievement of a diversity of Ramses II in Akhmîm city in Suhâg touristic products and taking advantage of the governorate and was placed in its original efforts undertaken by the Ministry of Tourism place beside Queen Mirit Amon statue. and Tourism Development Authority in the (“Khâlid al-‘Inânî inaugurates Abydos past; taking into account the requirements of archaeological area”, Egypt Today, April 5, different tourists from different backgrounds. 2019). - - Moreover, ‘Abd al-‘Azîz stressed that Historic Cairo represents a real treasure for all Egyptians and should be utilized for the Samedi 6 avril 2019 benefit of the current and future generations, which have the right to enjoy the pride in their country’s architectural heritage and rich culture. (Mustafa Marie, “HCRP to promote 1204 archaeological sites”, Egypt Today, April 6, 2019). - -

Dimanche 7 avril 2019

An urban development plan for Historic Cairo aims at boosting tourism and reviving the rich spirit of one of the world’s oldest Islamic cities. Sponsored by the Ministry of Antiquities, the plan is based on a detailed study of tourist destinations in Historic Cairo in order to include them in future tourism programs.

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In what seems to be an unusual and travelled to several countries in order to bring exciting occasion, the Discovery Channel will viewers various thrilling sites around the world. broadcast a 2-hour live show in which it will “I think folks can expect to meet a mummy open an ancient Egyptian sarcophagus on face to face,” GATES also said in the Monday, April 8. promotional video “We’re going to be going The show titled “Expedition Unknown: into these tight tunnels and tombs and Egypt Live” will follow U.S TV presenter Josh passages and there are snakes and curses and GATES and former Minister of Antiquities Dr. all that good stuff.” Zâhî Hawwâs as they trek through a Late In an additional interview with Fox News Period site in Minyâ in search for adventure Channel, the show presenter also highlighted and knowledge regarding the identity of the show’s contribution to reviving tourism in area’s tomb owners. the country stating “Egypt’s tourism is not in a The iconic presenters will be accompanied great place. After the Arab Spring, tourism by the secretary-general of the Supreme really dried up in Egypt in a lot of places. A lot Council of Antiquities of Egypt, Mustafa Wazîrî of European tourism has returned, Asian and American TV commentator Chris JACOBS. tourism has returned, but U.S. tourism really hasn’t bounced back as much.”

The episode, which promises to be one of its kind as it involves the opening of a 3,000- year-old sarcophagus for the first time live on World renown-Egyptologist Hawwâs has TV, will also be aired on the Travel and also continuously reiterated the importance of Science Channels. Egypt’s tourism, highlighting that the arrival of tourists and proliferation of archeological visits The site in which the sarcophagus lays was provide funding to restoring and managing discovered February 2018 at the hands of an the country’s antiquities. Egyptian archeological mission. This Expedition Unknown episode, taking place in Egypt’s tourism was hit post-2011 a site that mass audiences are generally not revolution and ousting of former president well-aware of, was orchestrated through a Husnî Mubârak. In the last years, the close collaboration between the Discovery government has aggressively and consistently Channel and Egypt’s antiquities Ministry. targeted the improvement of the tourism sector which has begun to flourish once more “We know that there are a lot of mummies although not hitting its former statistic of b4.7 that are down there,” stated GATES concerning million tourists in 2010. the site in which the show will take place, according to Egypt Today. The explorer According to official government figures, highlighted that the tombs may contain the tourist arrival reached 8.3 million in 2017 with mummies of high-class ancient Egyptians. key cities of attractions being Cairo, Luxor, Aswân, Hurghada, Sharm al-Shaykh and GATES, the 41-year-old host of the Alexandria. (“Discovery Channel to Open Expedition Unknown series, which is about to Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagus LIVE on TV”, premiere its fifth season, is known to have Egyptian Streets, April 7, 2019. Voir

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également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de - - l’Archéologie autorise Discovery Channel à diffuser une émission sur une découverte archéologique à Minyâ », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 6 avril ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Discovery Channel diffuse aujourd’hui une émission sur une découverte archéologique à Minyâ », al- Ahrâm, 7 avril ; « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : Discovery Channel a payé 150 000 dollars pour un tournage de 2 heures à l’intérieur d’une tombe à Minyâ », al-Dustûr,

8 avril ; Angy Essam, “Egyptian DOP joins The colossus of Ramses II unearthing Pharaonic tomb”, Egypt Today, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî and April 9). 40 ambassadors have inaugurated the statue - - of King Ramses II on Saturday, after completion of the restoration work and assembling of its pieces. The statue was installed next to the statue of Queen Merit Amun in the city of Akhmîm, Suhâg.

The ceremony was attended by Governor of Suhâg Ahmad al-Ansârî, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa al-Wazîrî and 40 ambassadors from Arab and foreign countries.

According to al-‘Inânî, Suhâg is putting in Dans le cadre des célébrations de son continuous effort in cooperation with the centenaire, l’Organisation international du Antiquities Ministry to mark itself on the map Travail (OIT) a offert au Grand Musée Égyptien of international tourism. (GEM) cent arbres qui ont été plantés par des étudiants égyptiens lors d’une cérémonie. Ont al-Ansârî said that the statue was assisté à cette cérémonie : le ministre de inaugurated in conjunction with the Suhâg l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al-‘Inânî ; le ministre National Day. de la Main-d’œuvre, Muhammad Sa‘fân ; et le The restoration of the statue began six superviseur général du GEM, major ‘Âtif months ago, and included cleaning, archiving, Muftâh. assembling and re-installation. The statue’s Selon le directeur du bureau de l’OIT au height, after the completion of work, stands at Caire, Eric OECHSLIN, le choix de l’Égypte pour approximately 12 meters and was placed on a la célébration de la cérémonie est justifié par base next to the statue of Merit Amun, les avancées réalisées, lors de la dernière according to Wazîrî. (“King Ramses II statue période, en matière de politiques sociales et inaugurated in Suhâg”, Egypt Independent, ouvrières. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Des étudiants April 7, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, plantent 100 arbres au GEM », Sada al-Balad, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure la 7 avril 2019. Voir également Mahmûd ‘Abd al- statue de Ramsès II à Suhâg », al-Yawm al- Bâqî, « L’OIT offre 100 arbres au GEM », Sâbi‘, 5 avril ; Doaa Elhami, « Ramsès II rejoint Vetogate, 4 avril ; Karîma Hasan, « Sa‘fân et al- sa fille Méritamon », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 10 ‘Inânî plantent 100 arbres, cadeau de l’OIT », avril). al-Masrî al-Yawm, 7 avril ; May Al-Maghrabi, - - « Égypte et OIT, 60 ans de partenariat », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 17 avril).

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At the burial site in Minyâ province, the Lundi 8 avril 2019 team also found a rare wax head. “I never discovered in the late period anything like this,” Hawwâs said. Egyptian archaeologists discovered the site a year and a half ago and the excavation is continuing. “I really believe that this site needs excavation maybe for the coming 50 years,” Hawwâs told Reuters a day before the

sarcophagi were opened. He expects more Egypt has unveiled the 2,500-year-old tombs to be found there. mummy of a high priest at an ancient cemetery south of Cairo. In 1927, a huge limestone sarcophagus was found in the area and placed in the Egyptian The sarcophagus of an ancient Egyptian Museum in Cairo, but the site was then high priest has been opened on live TV by forgotten, Hawwâs said. experts working with the Discovery Channel. But two years ago, an unauthorised digger The mummy was found alongside a was found at the site and stopped, he said. “mysterious wax head,” which is believed to That’s what alerted archaeologists and be an exact cast of the priest, the network excavation began. (Reuters, “Ancient Egyptian said. Its features were so detailed “he could Sarcophagus of high priest opened live on have easily been picked out on the street,” a Discovery Channel”, Ahram Online, April 8, statement from Discovery said. 2019. Voir également Hâshim, « Wazîrî : Discovery Channel a payé 150 000 dollars pour filmer la nouvelle découverte archéologique à Minyâ », al-Watan, 9 avril ; Mira Maged, “2,500-year-old 26th Dynasty sarcophagi unearthed in Egypt”, Egypt Independent, April 11). - -

Egyptologist Zâhî Hawwâs and an Egyptian team opened three sealed sarcophagi from the 26th Dynasty. One contained the well-preserved mummy of a powerful priest, wrapped in linen and decorated with a golden figure depicting Isis, an ancient Egyptian goddess. Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu ce matin le ministre tchèque de The team also opened two other la Culture, Antonin STANEK. Ont assisté à cet sarcophagi, one containing a female mummy entretien : l’ambassadeur de la République decorated with blue beads and another with a tchèque au Caire, S.E.M. Jan FULIK ; le chef de father in a family tomb. The finds were la mission archéologique tchèque, Miroslav revealed live on air on the Discovery Channel BARTA ; le directeur général du Musée national on Sunday. tchèque, Michal LUKES. L’entretien a porté sur

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Avril 2019 le renforcement de la coopération bilatérale of the monasteries, the Ministry is also dans le champ archéologique et l’échange planning on improving infrastructure in the d’expériences et d’expertises dans les roads directing the trail, providing ‘green’ domaines des musées et de la restauration. spaces and the refurbishment of certain monuments. Le ministre tchèque de la Culture s’est félicité des liens reliant son pays à l’Égypte et du travail effectué par les missions archéologiques tchèques, notamment en matière de restauration des églises antiques. Rappelons que deux missions tchèques opèrent à Saqqâra et à Abûsîr. À l’issue de l’entretien, Antonin STANEK a invité Khâlid al- ‘Inânî à visiter la capitale Prague, ses sites historiques et ses musées. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le ministre tchèque de la Culture », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 8 avril 2019. Voir également Rîm al- Syrian Monastery Zâhid, « al-‘Inânî reçoit le ministre tchèque de “The Holy Family came to Egypt, traveling la Culture », Akhbâr al-Yawm, 8 avril ; ‘Umar for about three-and-a-half years across the al-Mahdî, « Les ministres égyptien et tchèque country. What we have done is — and this examinent la coopération archéologique », al- project is not recent as we started it about two Ahrâm, 8 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre or three years ago — we picked eight de l’Archéologie examine la coopération avec locations in four cities and we prepared their le ministre tchèque de la Culture », Sada al- infrastructure to receive tourists,” Hishâm al- Balad, 8 avril). Dimayrî, chairman of the Egyptian Tourism - - Promotion Board told Egypt Today concerning the lay-out of the Holy Family’s trail.

Mardi 9 avril 2019 As for the significant sites that will be developed, they are spread through Cairo and According to local Egyptian news outlets, Wâdî al-Natrûn with monuments in need for the Ministry of Local development has maintenance and development work. announced its program to develop five As per the program laid out by the archeological sites on the flight of the Holy Ministry, the work will debut with the Family’s trail. development of monasteries in Minyâ and The decision was announced on Monday; it Asyût; it is meant to last 6 to 18 months in involves the Monastery of Bishop Bishoy, the both heavily-Christian populated Church of the Virgin in Ma‘âdî, the Monastery governorates. of al-Suryân, the Barâmus Monastery and the Church of Abû Sirga in Masr al-Qadîma. There are various forms of tourism, the backbone of the country’s economy, existing in Egypt; local and international tourists indulge in cultural and leisure tourism although the government is promoting the country’s potential for medical and religious tourism as well. Other than allocating money for the development of tourists spots in the enclosure Barâmus Monastery BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 153

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This stage will be followed with work in mountains is believed to have been the place other governorates, namely Kafr al-Shaykh, al- where Moses received the Ten Sharqiyya and al-Gharbiyya. Commandments. (“Holy Family Trail in Egypt: Five Sites Under Development Program”, Still outside of Cairo, the roads leading to Egyptian Streets, April 9, 2019). three monasteries in the governorate of al- Buhayra will be paved and widened; the - - endeavor will amount to 3.4 million EGP. Also in al-Buhayra, 250 palm trees will be planted with the assistance of the university of Damanhûr. Moreover, designated as resting spots for future tourists, the minister is designing three camps “in the old Coptic style” on the roads leading to the monasteries.

Christie’s Auction and Private Sales in New York is holding an auction entitled “Antiques”, which includes many antiquities dating back to ancient Egypt, in addition to antiquities from

the Roman Era. The antiquities will be held for Saint Bishoy Monastery sale on April 29. The Ministry is additionally seeking to develop archeological sites of religious significance, as well as cleaning up West Cairo’s dump site in order to turn it into an open garden. Also in Cairo, the Ministry is pumping 6 million EGP into the restoration of the Church of Ma‘âdî, its surrounding environment and into the establishment an allocated tourist spot. The Holy Family “tour” was devised by the Ministry of Tourism in April 2017; it was promoted with the collaboration of Pope Francis in April of that year.

Two Italian delegations have already been Among the pieces held for sale is an on the tour; the program is forecasted to ancient Egyptian statue, a basalt figure of a attract a large number of tourists from all man, dating back to the Middle Kingdom, around the world. circa late 12th -13th dynasty, circa 1800-1640 Thousands of tourists already flock to Saint B.C. The height of the statue is 15.9 cm and is Catherine’s monastery in Sinai every year as estimated to cost between $20000 to $30000. the site is considered of religious significance Christie’s is a name and place that speaks to world’s three major Abrahamic religions of extraordinary art, unparalleled service, Christianity, Islam and Judaism as one of its expertise and global reach. Founded in 1766 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 154

Avril 2019 by James CHRISTIE, Christie’s has since Egypt Today, April 9, 2019. Voir également conducted the greatest and most celebrated Basant Gamîl, « Christie’s met en vente 17 auctions through the centuries providing a pièces pharaoniques pour des milliers de popular showcase for the unique and the dollars », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 avril ; « Une beautiful. statue pharaonique en vente pour 30 000 dollars », al-Ahrâm, 10 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Vente de 17 pièces pharaoniques chez Christie’s », Sada al-Balad, 10 avril ; Ruz Husnî, « Des pièces pharaoniques vendues dans une salle d’enchères aux États-Unis », Watanî, 16 avril). - - The Luxor Center for Studies, Dialogue and Development recently published a study by Egyptian researcher Wissam Daoud, which describes how dancing was a frequent part of ancient Egyptian daily life and religious Christie’s offers around 350 auctions activities. annually in over 80 categories, including all In light of the upcoming International Day areas of fine and decorative arts, jewellery, of Dance on April 29, the study details ancient photographs, collectibles, wine, and more. dances such as the “Dwarf’s Dance”, once Prices range from $200 to over $100 performed every morning besides raucous war million. Christie’s also has a long and dances which featured performers who behave successful history conducting private sales for as if they jumped out of the African bush. its clients in all categories, with emphasis on The study also details another dance by a Post-War & Contemporary, Impressionist & female group who would spin around, Modern, Old Masters and Jewellery. showcasing their agility.

Researcher Dawood stated that thousands of years ago “The Four Winds” song was the one of the first recorded dancing show, which featured acrobatic female dancers performing in the Middle Kingdom era.

The study added that there were specialized dances that were performed during burials and weddings. Quotes by

Egyptologist Henrick FIELD within the study Christie’s has a global presence in 46 also describes a type of dance in which female countries, with 10 salerooms around the world dancers would fix their feet while moving their including in London, New York, Paris, Geneva, hands aggressively. Milan, Amsterdam, Dubai, Zürich, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. According to the study, some of the earliest records describing ancient Egyptian More recently, Christie’s has led the market dance practices were found on temple walls at with expanded initiatives in growth markets the western desert. (Mira Maged, “Study such as Russia, China, India and the United highlights ancient Egypt’s passion for Arab Emirates, with successful sales and dancing”, Egypt Independent, April 9, 2019). exhibitions in Beijing, Mumbai and Dubai. (Angy Essam, “Ancient Egyptian basalt statue - - to be auctioned in Christie’s on April 29”,

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Since its discovery by archaeologists Jeudi 11 avril 2019 Flinders PETRIE and Margaret MURRAY in 1902, the Osirion has been suffering from a high The Upper Egyptian governorate of Suhâg level of groundwater, but after two years of made the headlines this week as a result of work the groundwater-lowering project has several archaeological activities. been completed. Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî and “This is the third groundwater-lowering ambassadors from 40 foreign, Arab and project the ministry is conducting at African countries flocked to the area to witness archaeological sites,” al-‘Inânî told the Weekly. the announcement of a new tomb discovery in He explained that the project came within the the al-Diyâbât area, the unveiling of a colossus work of the ministry to protect archaeological of Ramses II in Akhmîm after its restoration, sites from high levels of subterranean water. In the completion of the Osirion groundwater the last 30 days, al-‘Inânî added, the ministry project in Abydos, and the viewing of the had succeeded in completing and area’s Coptic monuments in the Red and inaugurating three groundwater-lowering White Monasteries and the newly inaugurated projects at three archaeological sites. Suhâg National Museum. (…) The first was at the Kom al-Shuqâfa Catacombs in Alexandria and the second at the Kom Ombo Temples in Aswân, both in cooperation with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Authority for Potable Water and Sewerage (NAPWAS).

The Osirion OSIRION GROUNDWATER PROJECT: al- ‘Inânî and the delegation also paid a visit to the Temple of Seti I in Abydos near Suhâg to inspect recent development and facilities being provided to visitors.

A new visitor centre has been established at the entrance of the temple. It includes a hall showing the archaeological excavations being carried out at Abydos as well as information about the site and its monuments. A route with signs and maps bearing information about every monument at the site has been built and a parking area, entrance gate, and ticket and information office provided. A The Osirion project was completed in lighting system has been installed to make the collaboration with the National Co. for site accessible at night. General Construction & Supplies. The Osirion, an ancient Egyptian temple Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, head of the Projects located to the rear of the Seti I Temple, was Sector at the Ministry of Antiquities, said the also inaugurated after the completion of a Osirion was a bath originally built on top of groundwater-lowering project to reduce the ancient springs 18m lower than the level of subterranean water. foundations of the Seti I Temple. The

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Avril 2019 construction of the Aswân High Dam had Bishop Antonious al-Shenoudi of the Red contributed to the increase in the level of Monastery offered al-‘Inânî a copy of the subterranean water inside the temple as well Quran, which al-‘Inânî described as being as the urban and agricultural development of testimony that Egypt and Egyptians were one. Abydos, he said. He said that the restoration project of the monastery was a way that the ministry could The project aimed at reducing the water help protect and preserve one of Egypt’s level through digging six 60m wells equipped ancient Coptic shrines. with two electronic water stations to pump water outside the temple to the main drainage In collaboration with the American system. Research Centre in Egypt (ARCE) and the Monastery administration, the ministry is The Osirion consists of a vaulted corridor carrying out a restoration project that starting from the Temple of Seti I, a short according to the ARCE Website began in 2002 passage that connects to the great central and had revealed magnificent painted chamber, and a last chamber parallel to an surfaces. antechamber. Elements of the building are made of granite similar to the temples on the Pyramids Plateau in Gîza, and some scholars have suggested that it may be a copy or a previous building that was reused.

Although it has been dated to the reign of Seti I, some scholars disagree. The ancient Greek historian STRABO, who visited the Osirion in the first century BCE, suggested that it could be dated to the reign of

Amenemhet III. (…) The Church of the Red Monastery ATHRIBIS: al-‘Inânî also paid a visit to the Inside the Monastery’s triconch sanctuary, a site of Athribis (al-Shaykh Hamad) located new limestone floor has been laid, new 10km south-west of Suhâg, where he visited wooden doors and metal handrails installed, a the excavation and restoration work carried new altar table built, and a new system of LED out by a German archaeological mission in a lighting designed and fitted in collaboration Ptolemaic temple built by Ptolemy XII. with Philips Egypt. The entire church has been rewired and a completely new electrical The mission is also studying the temple’s system put in place to support the lighting as wall reliefs. During the visit, al-‘Inânî discussed well as the sound and video equipment measures to open parts of the temple to required by the church. visitors in the near future. Athribis houses a collection of Ptolemaic Gamâl Mustafa, head of the Islamic, Coptic monuments, among them a temple dedicated and Jewish Antiquities Sector at the ministry, said the Red Monastery was at the heart of a to the lion goddess Repyt and a massive large monastic community in an area known as gateway of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, who also an important centre of ascetic life since the began the construction of a temple against fifth century CE. It was an astonishingly rare the slope of a hill. There are few remains in example of the artistic integrity of late antique situ. (…) monuments in Egypt, he said, and was so- THE RED AND WHITE MONASTERIES: The called because of the red granite taken from delegation also embarked on a guided tour of nearby Pharaonic temples used in its the Red and White Monasteries while in construction. (…) Suhâg. In 2013, the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (ISESCO) added the

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Red Monastery to its World Heritage List for attention and care to the Upper Egyptian the Islamic World. The move was in governorates and to develop their resources,” recognition of Egypt’s ancient civilisation and al-‘Inânî told the Weekly. He added that the the country’s many outstanding monuments. completion of the museum was a dream come true and the result of a promise by the ministry to Suhâg and its inhabitants. The museum does not only display the history of Egypt as a country, but also reveals the history of the ancient cities of Suhâg, Abydos and Akhmîm, sites that were the origins of Egypt’s ancient civilisation. Ilhâm Salâh, head of the Museums Sector at the ministry, told the Weekly that the aim of

The White Monastery the museum was not only to reflect the unique history of the governorate from pre-history to The White Monastery, also on the itinerary, modern times, but also to highlight Egyptian was built by Pope Shenoute in 441 CE on the identity through the changes that have taken ruins of an ancient Egyptian settlement. The place in Upper Egypt. church of the monastery is considered the best preserved, along with the one in the Red The exhibition scenario focuses on six Monastery, from late antique Egypt. influential aspects of Egyptian life through the ages: kingship, the family, cooking and The monastery acquired its colloquial cuisine, faith and religion, employment, names from the building materials used in its industry and textiles and handicrafts. monumental church and is built principally of white limestone, some of it reused from a It displays a collection of 945 artefacts, Pharaonic building. Within its church most of them unearthed in different sites near important sculptures and paintings have Suhâg and the rest having been carefully survived, dating between the fifth and 14th selected from the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr centuries CE. Archaeological remains from the Square in Cairo, the Museum of Islamic Art in ancient monastery still exist around the church Cairo’s Bâb al-Khalq neighbourhood, the and restoration work will continue. Textiles Museum in al-Mu‘izz Street in Islamic Cairo and the Coptic Museum in Old Cairo.

“The concept of the museum is no longer dependent on placing artefacts next to each other to illustrate ancient Egyptian civilisation,” Salâh said. “Instead, the Ministry of Antiquities has adopted a new philosophy to turn the country’s regional museums into more educational, cultural and productive institutions.”

A painted sarcophagus in Suhâg Museum Suhâg is well-known for its distinguished textiles and its industry, Salâh said, and the SUHAG NATIONAL MUSEUM: The last new museum has allocated a hall to the city’s stop on the visit was the Suhâg National textiles. It is also friendly to the disabled, and Museum, inaugurated by President ‘Abd al- the visitor route is provided with ramps to Fattâh al-Sîsî in August 2018 after 30 years of facilitate circulation. (Nevine El-Aref, “News construction. from Suhâg”, Al-Ahram Weekly, April 11, The museum is not just a regional museum, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le but is part of the ministry’s strategy “to give ministère de l’Archéologie inaugure 3 projets

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Avril 2019 dont le coût s’élève à 300 millions L.E. », al- Vendredi 12 avril 2019 Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce 3 projets Dans le cadre des célébrations de la dont le coût s’élève à 300 millions L.E. », Sada Journée mondiale du patrimoine, le musée al-Balad, 1er avril ; al-Sayyid Abû ‘Alî, « Le d’Art islamique inaugure jeudi 18 avril une ministre de l’Archéologie visite le Monastère exposition intitulée "Patrimoines IV". Le Blanc », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 avril ; MENA, « Le directeur général du musée d’Art islamique, ministre de l’Archéologie et 40 ambassadeurs Dr Mamdûh ‘Uthmân, a précisé que cette inspectent le musée de Suhâg », al-Dustûr, 6 exposition se tiendra dans les jardins de avril ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le ministre l’American University in Cairo (AUC), place de l’Archéologie : Poursuite de la restauration Tahrîr. Des produits artisanaux réalisés dans du Monastère Rouge à Suhâg », al-Ahrâm, 7 les ateliers du musée d’Art islamique et avril ; Mustafa Marie, “Minister of Antiquities inspirés par certaines de ses collections y visits White Monastery in Suhâg”, Egypt seront exposés au public. (Ahmad Mansûr, Today, April 7). « Le ministère de l’Archéologie organise une - - exposition dans les jardins de l’AUC », al- Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 12 avril 2019). - -

Samedi 13 avril 2019

Egypt’s Antiquities Minister Khâlid al-‘Inânî has chosen to open all museums and archaeological sites for free on Thursday, April Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- 18, to celebrate World Heritage Day. ‘Inânî, a reçu l’ambassadeur d’Arménie en A statement from the Antiquities Ministry Égypte, S.E.M. Karen GRIGORIAN, fraîchement on Saturday said that includes archaeological nommé. L’entretien a porté sur le sites registered on the World Heritage List. renforcement de la coopération bilatérale The statement said this aims to draw the dans les domaines archéologique et world’s attention towards endangered scientifique. GRIGORIAN a loué les efforts historical sites, especially those on the World déployés par le ministère de l’Archéologie Heritage site list. dans la sauvegarde du patrimoine égyptien. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de In Egypt, six cultural sites are listed on the l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur d’Arménie World Heritage List: Abû Mînâ, Ancient en Égypte », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 11 avril 2019. Thebes with its necropolis, Historic Cairo, Voir également Ahmad Ibrâhîm, « Le ministre Memphis and its necropolis including the de l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur pyramid fields from Gîza to Dahshûr, Nubian d’Arménie en Égypte », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 monuments from Abû Simbil to Philae, the avril ; Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Le ministre de area centring on Saint Catherine’s Monastery, l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur d’Arménie and Wâdî al-Hîtân (Valley of the Whales). en Égypte », Vetogate, 10 avril ; ‘Umar al- The World Heritage list includes 890 sites Mahdî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie et worldwide considered to have “outstanding l’ambassadeur d’Arménie au Caire examinent universal value.” le renforcement des relations bilatérales », al- UNESCO’s World Heritage Day, first Ahrâm, 10 avril). launched in 1983, aims to raise public - - awareness about the diversity of cultural heritage and draw attention to ancient sites around the world.

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The idea of the celebrations is to give of Tûna al-Gabal necropolis. al-‘Inânî added exposure to international efforts to preserve that the uncovered grave was probably for a these sites, and increase awareness towards family from the upper middle class. He the importance of supporting them. (“On explained that the discovery dates back to the World Heritage Day, Egypt opens its museums beginning of the Roman era and the and archaeological sites for free”, Egypt uncovered antique coffins date back to the Independent, April 13, 2019. Voir également late era. « Accès gratuit aux musées et aux sites al-‘Inânî further explained that the newly archéologiques à l’occasion de la Journée uncovered grave consists of a number of mondiale du patrimoine », al-Masrî al-Yawm, burial chambers housing about 40 human 13 avril ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Gratuité d’accès mummies of different genders and ages, aux musées et aux sites archéologiques pour including children. All the discovered les Égyptiens le 18 avril », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 mummies are in a good condition where some avril ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Accès gratuit aux are wrapped in linen or decorated with musées jeudi prochain à l’occasion de la Demotic handwriting. (Angy Essam, “Why Journée mondiale du patrimoine », al-Ahrâm, Tûna al-Gabal exhibition in Egyptian museum 14 avril). will be a great one?”, Egypt Today, April 14, - - 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le Musée Égyptien organise le 17 avril une Dimanche 14 avril 2019 exposition sur Tûna al-Gabal », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 13 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Inauguration The Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr will aujourd’hui au Musée Égyptien d’exposition organize an exhibition of the artifacts sur Tûna al-Gabal », Sada al-Balad, 16 avril). discovered in Tûna al-Gabal region in al- - - Minyâ, which is scheduled to start on April 17.

Director of the Egyptian Museum stated that the exhibition will include a collection of pottery vessels, statues of alabaster and a number of statues of the goddess Sekhmet, in addition to a collection of different statues, which will be presented to the public, after the completion of the temporary exhibition currently held in the museum.

The temporary exhibition in the Egyptian

Museum in Tahrîr comprises the findings of the excavation works of the French-Italian The Egyptian Textile Museum at al-Mu‘izz mission, which was launched by Minister of Street in Cairo is organizing a celebration on Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî on February 4. The World Heritage Day on Thursday, in French-Italian mission’s findings include 200 cooperation with the General Administration pieces found during excavation works in Umm for Heritage Preservation in Cairo. al-Buraygât area in Fayyûm; the pieces were discovered over a span of 30 years starting Head of the Museums Sector at the 1988. Antiquities Ministry Ilhâm Salâh said on Sunday that this year’s celebration, organized (…) Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî on al-Mu‘izz Street, has been dedicated to announced on February 4 that a joint mission African heritage following Egypt’s presidency from the Ministry of Antiquities and the of the African Union and that 2019 is the year Research Centre for Archaeological Studies at of Africa in Egypt. Minyâ University uncovered a collection of Ptolemaic-era rock burial chambers at the site

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The festival will include an exhibition of a frappé l’un des fleurons du patrimoine de heritage crafts, with the participation of a l’humanité. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministre de group of African countries such as Eritrea, l’Archéologie : l’incendie de Notre-Dame est Sudan, South Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, une perte pour l’humanité », Sada al-Balad, 15 Comoros, Nigeria, Cameroon and Mali, as well avril 2019. Voir également Nâdir Shukrî, « Le as Palestine as guest of honour. ministre de l’Archéologie : l’incendie de Notre-Dame est une perte pour toute Salâh added that he participates in Egypt l’humanité », Watanî, 16 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al- with a group of faculties of applied arts, plastic Minyâwî, « Hawwâs : La cathédrale Notre- artists and major artists of traditional crafts, Dame est la pyramide de la France ; son representing different regions such as: Nubia, incendie constitue une perte pour Sinai, Oases, Port Said, Cairo and others. l’humanité », Sada al-Balad, 17 avril). For his part, the Director General of the - - Egyptian Textile Museum Ashraf Abû al-Yazîd said that a large group of Basharia tribes from Halâyyib and Shalâtîn will also participate in Mardi 16 avril 2019 the celebration. The Ministry of Antiquities will organise the He added that some of the participating third edition of the Egyptian Heritage Festival countries will also present artistic pieces of in the Egyptian Textile Museum on April 18 their own heritage at Bayt al-Shi‘r Theatre, which coincides with the International Heritage next to the Egyptian Textile Museum. Day. (“Festival of African heritage to be held in The Ministry of Antiquities will open all the Cairo’s al-Mu‘izz Street on Thursday”, Egypt Egyptian museums for free on April 18 in Independent, April 14, 2019. Voir également celebration of the International Heritage Day. Ahmad Mansûr, « À l’occasion de la Journée mondiale du patrimoine, le ministère de The Textile Museum celebrated its ninth l’Archéologie organise un festival dans la rue anniversary on Wednesday, February 13. This al-Mu‘izz », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 14 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al- museum is the only textile museum in the Minyâwî, « Festival du patrimoine égyptien Middle East. organisé jeudi prochain dans la rue al-Mu‘izz », The Textile Museum in al-Mu‘izz Street, Sada al-Balad, 14 avril). Cairo displays fine collections of textile from - - the Pharaonic, Roman, Coptic and Islamic eras. It is proof that Egypt’s lengthy history is Lundi 15 avril 2019 not only documented on papyrus or stones, but also knitted in garments. The collection of the Ancient Egyptian textiles contains clothes, bed sheets, mummy covers, cushions and even diapers. The museum also displays small statues of men, women, servants, and gods with their outfit carved on their bodies to display the variation in their dress codes.

The section that displays the Roman era Le ministère de l’Archéologie a exprimé sa textiles also holds a number of sewing tools as totale solidarité avec la France et le peuple well as a small model of a spinning and français, à la suite de l’incendie qui a ravagé la weaving workshop. cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris. Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al-‘Inânî, s’est dit The Coptic section in the museum shows profondément attristé par ce grand sinistre qui that this era was revolutionary in textile

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Avril 2019 production in terms of colours and the use of - - other materials such as cotton, wool and silk. The Islamic section features different styles Mercredi 17 avril 2019 of Arabic calligraphy and holds parts of the Ka’ba cover, which Egypt used to produce. Additionally, the museum displays some pieces from outside Egypt, mostly from Iran. (Angy Essam, “Egyptian Heritage Festival to kick off at Egyptian Textile Museum on Apr.18”, Egypt Today, April 16, 2019). - -

Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr. Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu l’Ambassadeur de France en Égypte, M. Stéphane ROMATET, afin d’examiner les moyens de renforcer la coopération bilatérale. Ils ont lancé mardi 16 avril 2019 un ambitieux projet de coopération franco-égyptien pour la protection et la mise en valeur du site de Sân al-Hagar, l’antique ville de Tanis, situé dans le gouvernorat d’al- Sharqiyya. Ce projet est financé par le ministère français de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères dans le cadre du « Fonds de Solidarité Prioritaire innovante » (FSPi). Il vient renforcer

encore davantage la coopération qui lie la France et l’Égypte en matière d’archéologie. Le Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr expose le sarcophage de Ramsès II avant son transfert Ce projet porte sur : définitif vers le Musée national de la • l’aménagement d’un centre Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC). La directrice d’interprétation et de facilités pour les générale du Musée Égyptien, Sabâh ‘Abd al- visiteurs ; Râziq, a précisé que ce sarcophage anthropoïde complet en bois est exposé pour • la restauration de la porte monumentale la première fois dans le hall du musée. En de Chéchonq III ; effet, le couvercle était exposé à part dans la • la restauration de nouveaux monuments salle 47 du premier étage, alors que le reste sur le site ; du sarcophage était conservé dans les réserves. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Le sarcophage de • la protection des tombes royales contre Ramsès II exposé au Musée Égyptien », al- les eaux de pluie ; Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 avril 2019. Voir également • la conservation-restauration des tombes Samar al-Naggâr, « Le sarcophage de Ramsès royales ; II exposé cette semaine au Musée Égyptien », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 16 avril ; Husâm Zaydân, • l’aménagement de la nécropole royale « Le sarcophage de Ramsès II exposé cette pour les visiteurs ; semaine au Musée Égyptien », al-Fagr, 16 • l’installation d’une signalétique sur le avril ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Exposition site ; du sarcophage de Ramsès II avant son • la création de pages web donnant des transfert vers le NMEC », al-Ahrâm, 17 avril). informations complémentaires, des images BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 162

Avril 2019 d’archive datant de la découverte, la réaménagement du site de Sân al-Hagar », al- présentation des objets découverts dans les Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 17 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « La tombes royales, accessibles grâce à des codes France approuve un projet franco-égyptien de QR placés sur les panneaux d’information ; coopération pour la mise en valeur du site de Sân al-Hagar », Sada al-Balad, 17 avril). • des actions de formation et de sensibilisation au patrimoine auprès des - - écoles de Sân al-Hagar. Mené en étroite collaboration avec la Jeudi 18 avril 2019 Mission française des fouilles de Tanis (MFFT), le projet est mis en œuvre par l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) et le ministère égyptien de l’Archéologie. Il bénéficie de l’expertise du musée du Louvre et de plusieurs institutions scientifiques françaises, notamment l’Université de Montpellier et le Centre interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP), ainsi que le Fonds Khéops pour l’Archéologie. Ce projet Wall painting depicting the deceased in different positions. a également reçu le soutien de la Direction Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Antiquities générale des Patrimoines du ministère français The serenity of the Saqqâra Necropolis de la Culture. near Cairo was disturbed this week as Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî, actress Yusrâ, and a group of 52 ambassadors and cultural attachés of foreign, Arab and African countries flocked to the archaeological site to visit the newly discovered tomb of a dignitary named Khuwy who lived during the reign of the Fifth- Dynasty Pharaoh Djedkare.

Un comité de pilotage franco-égyptien a été constitué, qui se réunira prochainement sur le site de Sân al-Hagar pour lancer officiellement les travaux, qui se poursuivront jusqu’à la fin de l’année 2020.

Comptant parmi les plus importantes découvertes de l’égyptologie, la ville de Tanis fait l’objet de fouilles françaises régulières depuis 1929. Depuis 1965, la MFFT est en charge de l’étude du site, qu’elle poursuit aujourd’hui sous l’égide de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) et de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. (Samar al-

Naggâr, « Lancement d’un projet franco- égyptien de coopération pour la mise en Yusrâ had come to explore the necropolis valeur du site de Sân al-Hagar », al-Masrî al- and enjoy a special visit to the exceptional Yawm, 17 avril 2019. Voir également Ahmad painted tomb of Khuwy, recently uncovered Mansûr, « Lancement d’un projet franco- by an Egyptian archaeological mission. She égyptien de coopération pour le described the visit as “thrilling and exciting” BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 163

Avril 2019 and promised not to miss any other visits Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the organised by the ministry in future, praising its Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), said efforts to preserve Egypt’s antiquities and that the newly discovered tomb belonged to a make new discoveries. Fifth-Dynasty dignitary named Khuwy and had been discovered during an excavation and “Although the tomb’s discovery was documentation survey carried out in Saqqâra announced earlier this month, its distinguished by an Egyptian mission led by Muhammad wall paintings and the vivid colours of its Migâhid and members of the Czech Institute scenes encouraged the media to ask for a of Egyptology at Charles University in Prague. special tour inside its two small halls,” al-‘Inânî said. The tomb was not the only item the mission had uncovered, he said, as it had also discovered the name of the queen to whom a pyramid complex in the area belonged. The tomb consists of a superstructure with an L-shaped offering chamber, which was once decorated with reliefs. “Only the bottom part of the decoration is preserved, as the

white limestone blocks of the other parts were re-used in the construction of other buildings He said that it was the fifth time he had in antiquity,” Wazîrî told Al-Ahram Weekly. visited Saqqâra in last nine months to attend the announcement of the discoveries of a On the north wall of the tomb, the mission mummification workshop, the tomb of the located the entrance to a unique substructure, Fifth-Dynasty priest Kakai, the Wahti tomb, a which is for the first time clearly inspired by cat necropolis, and the opening of tomb of the design of the substructures of the royal Mehu for the first time since its discovery. pyramids of the Fifth Dynasty. This part of the tomb starts with a descending corridor that During his speech on the present visit, al- leads to a vestibule. An entrance in its ‘Inânî announced that on 18 April Egypt would southern wall gives access to a decorated celebrate World Heritage Day in Luxor by antechamber with scenes depicting the tomb announcing two new discoveries in al-‘Asâsîf owner sitting in front of an offering table on and the Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ Necropolis on the south and north walls. An offering list is Luxor’s west bank, as well as witnessing the depicted on the east wall and a palace façade completion of the restoration of the Ramses II on the west wall. colossus at the first pylon of the Luxor Temple.

He also announced that on the day all museums and archaeological sites in Egypt would be open for free to all Egyptians, Africans, Arabs and foreigners living in Egypt.

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The mission located the undecorated burial exploration and documentation work in the chamber through two entrances in the west pyramid complex of king Djedkare. wall of the antechamber of the tomb. “It The pyramid complex of queen Setibhor is seems that the space of the burial chamber one of the earliest pyramids in south Saqqâra was almost completely filled with a limestone built at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, and it is sarcophagus, which was found entirely the largest pyramid complex built for a queen destroyed by ancient tomb robbers,” Migâhid during the Old Kingdom. Her funerary temple said. However, he added that the mission had incorporates architectural elements and discovered the remains of Khuwy, which chambers that were otherwise reserved for the showed clear traces of mummification. kings of the Old Kingdom only. An entrance in the south wall of the The large size of the pyramid complex and decorated antechamber leads to a small room, her title of queen may indicate her most likely used as a storeroom. The mission intervention in helping her husband Djedkare found this room to be filled with debris, with ascend the throne of Egypt at the end of the no finds of value. Fifth Dynasty. It seems that Djedkare wanted “The discovery of this tomb stresses the to honour his wife by constructing a huge importance of Djedkare’s reign and the end of pyramid complex for her with many unusual the Fifth Dynasty in general,” Migâhid said. features, including palmiform granite columns, an architectural element so far known only in ANOTHER FIND: He added that in the pyramid complexes of kings. cooperation with an international team of Egyptologists, the mission had also discovered Migâhid said the mission had also the name of an ancient Egyptian queen who completed the architectural restoration and lived during the late Fifth Dynasty in the same consolidation of the substructure of the king’s pyramid complex. pyramid, which had not been the object of restoration work before. The work was a vital “The mission found the name of queen task for the mission, he added. Setibhor, who had not been known before from ancient sources, engraved on a column in The mission focuses on the pyramid the south part of the until-now anonymous complexes of Djedkare and his wife Setibhor pyramid complex,” Migâhid told the Weekly. and their associated cemeteries, and it hopes to obtain more information on the end of the He said that the complex was located by Fifth Dynasty and the beginning of the sixth. the pyramid of king Djedkare in south Saqqâra, and the identity of its owner had This period witnessed a radical been a puzzle that Egyptologists had been transformation in ancient Egyptian religious trying to solve for decades. beliefs, such as the appearance of the Pyramid Texts for the first time inside the pyramid of The name and titles of the owner of this king Unas, the successor of Djedkare, and also unique monument was found on a column the end of the practice of constructing sun made of red granite in the newly uncovered temples, which all the Fifth Dynasty portico of the queen’s complex. The predecessors of Djedkare had done. inscription was carved in sunken relief in a rectangle on the shaft of the column, and it Migâhid said that Djedkare’s reign was the reads “the one who sees Horus and Seth, the longest of the Fifth Dynasty and in many ways great one of the hetes sceptre, the great one the most significant. He had built his pyramid of praise, the king’s wife, his beloved complex in south Saqqâra, on the way Setibhor.” between the Third-Dynasty Step Pyramid and the Fourth-Dynasty pyramids at Dahshûr, and The column and limestone blocks and several kilometres to the south of the royal fragments bearing relief decorations from the cemetery of his predecessors in Abûsîr and the temple of the queen were found during central Saqqâra area where the pyramid

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Avril 2019 complexes of Userkaf and possibly Menkauhor Wazîrî said the discovery was “very were established, he said. important” because it will change the archaeological and historical map of the site as Djedkare had decided to start a new royal well as providing a new understanding of the cemetery in a place that had not previously architecture and design of individuals’ tombs been used for royal burials. in Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ. This royal cemetery was later used in the Sixth Dynasty, where the Pharaohs Pepi I and Merenre together with their families constructed burial monuments nearby. “The question why Djedkare moved to this new area has not been satisfactorily answered,” Migâhid said. (Nevine El-Aref, “A visit to Saqqâra”, Al-Ahram Weekly, April 18, 2019. Voir également Radwa Hâshim, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie annonce la découverte d’une tombe exceptionnelle au sud de Saqqâra », al- Prime Minister Mustafa Madbûlî was at the Watan, 2 avril ; “Retaining Detailed Reliefs, event where the new discovery was Fifth Dynasty Tomb Uncovered in Saqqâra”, announced, as were a number of other Egyptian Streets, April 2 ; MENA, ministers, the governor of Luxor, and several « Découverte de la tombe de Khuwy au Sud MPs. de Saqqâra », al-Dustûr, 2 avril ; Nevine El- Madbûlî spoke at the event, saying the Aref, “Egyptian antiquities minister takes discovery showed the greatness of the ambassadors to visit newly discovered tomb in Egyptians and their unique civilisation. Saqqâra”, Ahram Online, April 13 ; AFP, Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî told “Egypt unveils colourful Fifth Dynasty tomb”, Ahram Online that the announcement of the Egypt Independent, April 14 ; Doaa Elhami, new discovery and the restoration and re- « Du Delta à la Haute-Égypte, encore des erection of Ramses II’s statue at Luxor Temple trouvailles », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 17 avril). is “Egypt’s gift to the world” on World - - Heritage Day, which falls on Thursday.

He said that the saff tomb belonged to a holder of the king’s funerary cones named Shedsu-Djehuty.

Egypt Today/Mustafa Marie The discovery of a new saff tomb in the Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ necropolis on the West Bank of Luxor was announced by Egyptian officials on Thursday. “It is the biggest ‘saff’ tomb to be ever discovered in the Theban necropolis,” said Mostafa Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Restoration works The tomb’s findings Supreme Council of Antiquities. started inside the new included a number of tomb, Egypt Ushabti statues, Egypt

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Today/Mustafa Marie Today/Mustafa Marie restored by 250 archaeological missions over The tomb has painted walls with scenes eight months, announced Head of Luxor depicting the deceased before the gods and Antiquities department of the Ministry of scenes showing daily life, the fabrication of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî in celebration at wooden boats, hunting and fishing. Pots and Luxor Temple on the World Heritage Day, ushabti figurines made of faience, clay and Thursday. wood were also unearthed, as were canopic “The Egyptian missions is who jars and an anthropoid cartonage accomplished that! [the restoration],” he said, sarcophagus. adding “here we are today announcing the restoration of the fourth Ramses II statue after its restoration.” He added that the state is the fourth one belongs to Ramses II at the temple. “This is Luxor’s gift to the entire world on the World Heritage Day!” Wazîrî said. “We faced some many troubles but we overcame them just like the pharaohs overcame their obstacles and built the greatest monuments in the world […] We did it! We are the Egyptians who did it!” he continued. The decorated corridor The celebration was attended by Prime Saff tombs are rock-hewn tombs from the Minister Mustafa Madbûlî, Minister of Tourism 11th Dynasty. (Nevine El-Aref, “Egypt unveils Rânyâ al-Mashât, Minister of Culture Înâs ‘Abd newly discovered saff tomb in Luxor”, Ahram al-Dâyim, dozens of people, celebrities, and Online, April 18, 2019. Voir également more than 40 diplomats. Muhammad Ibrâhîm, « Le Premier ministre inaugure la plus grande tombe découverte sur Egyptian Folklore show was performed la rive Ouest de Louqsor », al-Dustûr, 18 avril ; prior to unveiling Ramses II statue in inside Mustafa Marie, “Egypt announces tomb Luxor Temple. discovery at Luxor’s Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ necropolis”, Egypt Today, April 18 ; “Biggest Saff Tomb Discovered in Luxor”, Egyptian Streets, April 19 ; Rana Gohar, « Une tombe et d’autres trouvailles archéologiques », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 24 avril). - -

Egypt Today/Mustafa Marie Former Minister of Antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs told the attendees that he was honoured to celebrate the World Heritage Day in Luxor, saying “For the first time we see a prime minister attends World Heritage Day celebration in Egypt!” Egypt Today/Mustafa Marie “I thank President Sîsî for giving big Egypt unveiled a new statue of Ramses II attention to antiquities,” said Hawwâs. (1279-1213 BCE) Luxor Temple on Thursday (Mustafa Marie, “Egypt unveils Ramses II after being restored. The 50-ton statue was statue at Luxor Temple”, Egypt Today, April broken into more than 50 pieces and was 18, 2019. Voir également Mira Meged,

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“Egypt’s King Ramses II unveiled on World Ptolemy II era and a set of pottery ostracon Heritage Day”, Egypt Independent, April 19). were also found. Among discovered artifacts was the upper - - part of a bowl cover made of limestone in the shape of a monkey representing the god Habi, On Thursday morning, Prime Minister one of the four sons of Horus. Mustafa Madbûlî inaugurated the largest “line- The cemetery has colourful and clear up” cemetery in the West Bank, Luxor. scenes on its entrance columns, bearing texts (…) Secretary General of the Supreme in which the name of the cemetery’s owner is Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî said this recorded as well as his titles. He was titled the archaeological discovery will explain some hereditary prince, the mayor, the butler, the ideas and concepts related to the planning of holder of the seal of the king of Lower Egypt, the graves of individuals in the area of Dhirâ‘ and the holder of the seal of the king of Upper Abû al-Nagâ. Egypt. An Egyptian archaeological mission It also depicted fishing scenes, birds that headed by Wazîrî removed the rubble maintained their bright colours, a funeral accumulated by work of foreign missions for procession, and other images. more than 200 years, leading to the discovery The cemetery is fronted by a very large of the cemetery, Wazîrî said. courtyard with a width of 55 meters leading to The mission discovered during excavation a cemetery of 18 entrances, which is the a complete compartment made of bricks and largest number of entrances of a cemetery in a well in the courtyard of the “line-up” Theban Necropolis, said German researcher cemetery, he said, pointing out that it is the Fredrica CAMP, who is in charge of recording first full compartment found in the Theban the cemetery. Necropolis. The maximum number of entrances to a The compartment is a complete example cemetery discovered in a Theban Necropolis of a mud-brick cemetery with a small stone cemetery is between 11 and 13, according to courtyard and a deep well in the middle. CAMP. Preliminary studies have shown that it is more It is the first cemetery in the Theban likely to be dated to the Ramses kings’ era. Necropolis to have a marital rather than an He pointed out that the mission also found individual number of entrances. In its northern six other graves below the courtyard of the part, there is a well at a depth of about 11 ”line-up” cemetery. One of the graves was meters, and in its southern corner there is opened, believed to belong to a person another well of almost the same depth, she named Chesb, who was the registrar of the said. King’s warehouse. According to CAMP, the cemetery dates Other artifacts were found, including a back to the 17th Dynasty and was reused at the large collection of Ushabti statues of different beginning of the 18th Dynasty until the age of sizes and shapes and made of blue Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut. faience and wood, a complex mask of The owner of the cemetery likely served cartonage (layers of linen and papyrus covered under the reign of King Thutmose I. (“PM with plaster), and more than 50 funeral seals inaugurates significant recently discovered for people whose graves have not yet been cemetery in Luxor”, Egypt Independent, April found, Wazîrî mentioned. 18, 2019). A papyrus written in hieratic script and wrapped in linen in addition to a coin of copper-plated bronze dating back to King - -

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Samedi 20 avril 2019

Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Jacek CZAPUTOWICZ and his accompanying Coffin of Taosiris. Akhmîm. Egyptian. Late Period, 722-332 BC. Wood, pigment. Gift of the Georges RICARD Foundation. delegation visited on Monday the Gîza Le Michael C. Carlos Museum d’Atlanta a Pyramids during their two-day visit to Egypt. annoncé son intention d’exposer près de Egyptian archaeologist Zâhî Hawwâs 1 500 pièces archéologiques égyptiennes. received the Polish delegation and took them Cette vaste collection comprend des cercueils on a tour in the archaeological area. Hawwâs d’époque tardive, des momies, quelques denied all rumours about a hidden city under masques funéraires dorés, des statuettes en the Sphinx, assuring that such news is not bronze de divinités égyptiennes, ainsi qu’une based on scientific evidence. collection de verres anciens. “We have a lot of photos that document Cette collection a été rassemblée dans les the process of digging under the Sphinx années soixante-dix par l’homme d’affaires proving that there are no passages under the français, Georges RICARD. Avant d’arriver au Sphinx and that it is a concrete statue,” Michael C. Carlos Museum, elle a été exposée Hawwâs stated. au Musée de l’Égypte et du Monde Antique à Hawwâs affirmed the presence of three Monaco. Pour des problèmes liés à la tunnels; the first exists above the back of the conservation, ce musée a fermé ses portes statue and was discovered in 1937 by the après quelques années. Dans les années French engineer BERING who was searching for soixante-dix, la collection a alors quitté treasures inside the body of the statue. Monaco, lorsque la famille RICARD a déménagé à Santa Barbara, en Californie. À While the second tunnel was found at the partir de 1997, Georges RICARD et son fils north side of the statue before it was drowned Yann ont mis en ligne cette collection en tant by French Egyptologist GUPINO. It was que Musée égyptien virtuel. believed that the tunnel was full of treasures and monuments. Après le décès de RICARD, le Conseil d’administration de la Fondation Georges The third tunnel exists behind “The Dream RICARD a choisi le Michael C. Carlos Museum Portrait” and was found by the Italian comme lieu d’accueil permanent pour la adventurer KAVLIAIN the early 19th century collection Senusret. Rendez-vous le 18 mai when he was digging under the chest of prochain pour admirer ces magnifiques Sphinx. œuvres d’art, présentées aux visiteurs pour la For his part, CZAPUTOWICZ admired the première fois depuis la fin des années Egyptian monuments. At the end of the tour, soixante-dix. (Basant Gamîl, « 1 500 pièces Hawwâs gave CZAPUTOWICZ his book about archéologiques égyptiennes exposées au Gîza. (Fatma El-Bakry, “Hawwâs affirmed the Michael C. Carlos Museum », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, presence of three tunnels inside Sphinx”, 20 avril 2019). Egypt Today, April 20, 2019. Voir également - - Samar al-Naggâr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le ministre polonais des Affaires étrangères », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 15 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 169

Avril 2019 avril ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de During the inauguration of the fourth forum l’Archéologie reçoit le ministre polonais des of archaeological missions in Egypt, the Affaires étrangères pour renforcer la minister said that some 250 missions from 25 coopération bilatérale », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 15 countries, including 80 Egyptian missions, are avril ; “Zâhî Hawwâs accompanies Polish working at many archaeological sites across foreign minister on Gîza pyramids tour”, Egypt the country. Independent, April 15 ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le The minister said that the forum gives a ministre de l’Archéologie examine avec le chance for all missions to exchange expertise ministre polonais des Affaires étrangères la in the field of excavation, pointing out that a coopération bilatérale », Sada al-Balad, 15 total of 23 researches had been exchanged. avril). - - Experts from France, Germany, Poland, Austria, Italy, the United States, Switzerland and other countries attended the forum. (MENA, “250 archaeological missions from 25 countries work in Egypt: Minister”, Ahram Online, April 22, 2019. Voir également Fâdî Francis, « al-‘Inânî : 250 missions archéologiques étrangères opèrent en Égypte depuis le retour de la sécurité », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 22 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « al-‘Inânî : Le nombre des missions archéologiques opérant en Égypte est en augmentation grâce au retour de la sécurité », Sada al-Balad, 22 avril ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : 250 missions archéologiques étrangères opèrent en Égypte. Une augmentation sans précédent », al- Ahrâm, 23 avril). L’archéologue Dr Zâhî Hawwâs a voté pour - - le référendum sur la révision constitutionnelle. À cette occasion, il a comparé le président ‘Abd al-Fattâh al-Sîsî au général Horemheb qui avait sauvé l’Égypte à la fin des règnes d’Akhenaton et de Toutankhamon. (Ahmad Mansûr, « Hawwâs vote pour le référendum constitutionnel et compare al-Sîsî à Horemheb », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 avril 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Hawwâs vote pour le référendum constitutionnel », Sada al-Balad, 20 avril).

- - A huge parade was hosted in al-Mu‘izz Street on April 21, as part of the International Lundi 22 avril 2019 Festival of Drums and Traditional Arts’ seventh edition headed by artist Intisâr ‘Abd al-Fattâh. Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- Crowds gathered from al-Futûh Gate to al- ‘Inânî said on Monday that the number of Ghûriyya Street to watch more than 22 bands foreign missions working in Egypt in the field representing numerous cultures in the festival, of archaeological excavation has risen to an led by the cavalry and Hassab Allah band. The unprecedented number. bands performed national songs that inflamed

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Avril 2019 the feelings and enthusiasm of the masses, in a rock dating back to the Greco-Roman era. followed by a circus show where distinguished Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of and delightful forms of performances were Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî stated that a presented. wooden coffin containing hieroglyphic text was found inside the tomb, through which the mission was able to identify the name of the ancient graveyard. Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Department Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî pointed out that the cemetery consists of a ladder that leads to a side chamber where a rock-cut coffin, a front stone consisting of a group of mummies in a poor state and three nests were found.

In addition, the audience enjoyed the numerous cultural shows presented by the bands. The cultural bands represented China, Colombia, Ghana, India, Sri Lanka, Palestine, Congo, Greece, Jordan, Mexico, Indonesia, South Sudan and Egypt.

The teams gathered in a theatre specially designed for them to present their traditional and rhythmic arts and the audience participated in singing and dancing with them. The parade ended with the Egyptian National anthem "Bilâdî" for Sayyid Darwîsh. (Mustafa Marie, “al-Mu‘izz St. hosts a huge folklore For her part, Head of the mission Patrizia parade on April 21”, Egypt Today, April 22, PIACENTINI said that many important 2019. Voir également « 22 troupes archaeological artifacts dating back to the internationales se produisent dans la rue al- Greco-Roman era were also discovered, Mu‘izz », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 22 avril). including a large collection of cartons.

- - PIACENTINI added that the archaeological mission has also completed a map of the site Mardi 23 avril 2019 including 226 ancient cemeteries in the area. (Mustafa Marie, “New tomb discovered in Aga Khan Cemetery in West Aswân”, Egypt Today, April 23, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour à l’ouest d’Aswân d’une tombe d’époque gréco-romaine contenant des masques dorés », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 23 avril ; « Découverte d’une tombe gréco-romaine à l’ouest d’Aswân », al-Masrî al- Yawm, 23 avril ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Découverte

d’une tombe gréco-romaine à l’ouest The discovered cemetery d’Aswân », Watanî, 23 avril ; Muhammad ‘Abd The Egyptian-Italian archaeological mission al-Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour à Aswân d’une tombe operating in the Aga Khan cemetery in d’époque gréco-romaine », al-Ahrâm, 24 avril). western Aswân found an ancient tomb carved - -

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Some opposed the placement of the Mercredi 24 avril 2019 colossus before the first pylon of the temple. They said the colossus had the Osirian Le Parquet d’Aswân a ouvert une position (crossing the hands on the chest), instruction judiciaire contre quatre touristes which contradicts with neighbouring colossi, britanniques arrêtés à l’aéroport d’Aswân en who have their left legs before the right. The possession de quelques pièces latter, opponents asserted, are the original archéologiques. Une statuette antique et dix- colossi that stand before the façade of any sept fragments de poterie étaient dissimulés temple. dans leurs bagages. Ces quatre touristes s’apprêtaient à rentrer à Londres à bord d’un “The colossus of Ramses II is in its original jet privé. (‘Awad Silîm, « 4 étrangers mis en location, as restorers have just restored the examen pour tentative d’exportation illicite colossus and re-erected it in the location d’antiquités à travers l’aéroport d’Aswân », al- where its blocks were found,” asserted Ahmad Tahrîr, 24 avril 2019. Voir également ‘Arabî, director of Luxor Temple. Muhammad al-Aswânî, « 4 touristes ‘Arabî told Ahram Online that the façade of britanniques interrogés par le Parquet Luxor Temple had two original architectural d’Aswân », Watanî, 24 avril ; Hasan Kâmil, designs. The first was drawn during its « Les douaniers de l’aéroport d’Aswân construction at the beginning of King Ramses saisissent une statuette et des tessons », al- II’s reign, and the second was drawn during Dustûr, 24 avril). the end of the monarchy of King Ramses II. - - The original design, ‘Arabî continues, is drawn behind the eastern pylon on the left entrance Jeudi 25 avril 2019 and it shows the façade with two seated colossi of the king and two obelisks, which is the characteristic design of all temples of the New Kingdom.

The newer design is drawn on the southwestern side of the façade and it shows six colossi and two obelisks.

“The façade had two colossi originally and then four other statues were added at the end of King Ramses II’s reign to extend the

number to six colossi,” ‘Arabî pointed out. He The façade of Luxor Temple with six statues of Ramses II asserted that the restored colossus is the one The newly restored colossus of King that whose blocks were uncovered by Ramses II at Luxor Temple has been placed in Egyptologist Muhammad ‘Abd al-Qâdir along its original location according to the original with the blocks of other colossi of the Luxor layout of the Temple. Temple’s facade between 1958 and 1960.

American Egyptologist Ray JOHNSON, a All these statues were destroyed due to a specialist at Luxor Temple who restored the destructive earthquake that had hit the colossus in collaboration with Egyptians country in antiquity. ‘Abd al-Qâdir was able to counterparts, says that the statue has been collect all the blocks and pieces of the colossi placed in its correct location and has the right and put the ones of each colossus on a body pose. wooden base in its original location to ensure its protection. In a scientific newsletter, of With the last colossus of Ramses II restored which Ahram Online obtained a copy, ‘Abd al- and erected to re-join its five counterparts at Qâdir wrote that one of the statues he found Luxor Temple, debate on its location and restoration was sparked among Egyptologists. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 172

Avril 2019 before the temple’s facade was in the Osirian adding that sometimes plans change, even in position. ancient Egypt. Inside the first court, Ramses II’s colossal statues, inscribed with the early ‘Arabî suggested that the statue could has form of his name (Ra-ms-ss), were placed been transferred from another place inside the alongside Amenhotep III’s statues (the original temple, maybe at the end of Ramses II’s reign, Ramses II statues do not have bull tails to decorate the façade of the temple. He between their legs, while the original explained that several Osirian statues decorate Amenhotep III statues all have bull tails the façade of ancient Egyptian temples. The between their legs). western façade of Luxor Temple has two Osirian colossi. In the first court of Karnak When Ramses II erected the statues there, Temple there is a gigantic colossus of King the original names of Amenhotep III were left Ramses II in Osirian form. intact, because Ramses II wanted to be associated with the glorious king who built JOHNSON shared his opinion on the third of Luxor Temple. Later, JOHNSON restored colossus with Ahram Online and said continued, just before Ramses II’s first jubilee, that the reliefs of the Luxor Temple pylon he changed his mind and erased Amenhotep façade at the back of the first court, that III’s names and re-inscribed the colossi with his depicts the pylons, two obelisks, flagpoles, own name, in the later form (Ra-ms-sw), taking and statues, were carved before the statues over their identity. All of Ramses II’s original were put in place and reflect the original plan statues in the first court are inscribed with the that was never completely carried out. early form of Ramses’ name, while the original The original plan seems to have been for Amenhotep III statues are inscribed with all the pylon colossal sculptures to be original Ramses II’s later name. grey granodiorite statues of Ramses II, striding “This tells us that he didn’t appropriate the and seated. But, he continued, for some Amenhotep III statues until many years after reason that plan changed, perhaps to meet he placed them in the court,” JOHNSON said. Ramses II’s deadline for completion, and two “Another change of plan.” earlier red granite statues were brought in and inscribed for Ramses II, one for the far east JOHNSON asserted that the outermost side and one for the far west side. colossal statues in red granite on the far eastern and far western sides of the pylons The westernmost colossus, still standing, were both part of a revised plan for the pylon was originally Amenhotep III, and is also façade, and that the reconstruction is correct. different: it had a white crown, not a double Egyptian restorers have done an extraordinary crown, and is also red granite. job, he said, and have brought the Luxor “The easternmost red granite colossus, that Temple pylon façade back to glorious life. All was just reassembled with the financial Egyptian temples of the New Kingdom were support of Chicago House and the US decorated in a similar manner, but Luxor Embassy, was a late 18th Dynasty colossal Temple is now the only temple in Egypt that statue, possibly of Horemheb (the face is has all six of its original colossal sculptures in reworked),” JOHNSON said. their original places. He continued that the pieces of the statue “Congratulation to the Supreme Council of that survive indicate that it was in the Osirian Antiquities, the Ministry of Antiquities, and to pose. The base of the statue that was still in Egypt for this wonderful work," JOHNSON said. situ was too small for a striding statue, which (Nevine El-Aref, “Newly restored Ramses II indicates that the statue was standing and not colossus placed in correct location at Luxor striding. Temple: Egyptologist”, Ahram Online, April “The reconstruction, and original position, 25, 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Trois archéologues étrangers confirment are 100 percent correct,” JOHNSON confirmed, l’emplacement de la statue de Ramsès II »,

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Sada al-Balad, 20 avril ; Zâhî Hawwâs, Haykal, head of the Media, Culture and “Ramses returns”, Al-Ahram Weekly, April 25; Antiquities Committee in Parliament. Rana Gohar, « Une tombe et d’autres “The temple was first built during the New trouvailles archéologiques », Al-Ahram Hebdo Kingdom in the reign of the 18th-Dynasty and du 24 avril ; Ahmad Mar‘î, « Polémique autour was completed in the Late Period and the de l’emplacement de la statue de Ramsès II », Ptolemaic Period,” Wazîrî said. He added that al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 24 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, the temple was dedicated to the worship of « La restauration et l’emplacement de la statue hippopotamus goddess Opet, the deity of de Ramsès II suscitent une contreverse. protection in ancient Egypt, “who was also Réponse du ministère de l’Archéologie », Sada considered the torch bearer goddess that lit al-Balad, 24 avril). up the afterlife”. - - The Opet Temple is characterised by its colourful inscriptions, covered by soot until this was carefully removed during the restoration process. (Nevine El-Aref, “Celebrating World Heritage”, Al-Ahram Weekly, April 25, 2019. Voir également Muhammad al-Samkûrî, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inaugure le temple d’Opet », al- Masrî al-Yawm, 19 avril ; Mustafa Marie,

“Egypt’s Ministers, celebrities celebrate World For the third consecutive year, Egypt Heritage Day at Karnak”, Egypt Today, April celebrated World Heritage Day in Luxor again 19 ; Mustafa Marie, “Egypt inaugurates newly- this year with a number of archaeological restored Opet Temple in Luxor”, Egypt Today, events that caught the headlines of the April 19 ; Mira Meged, “Minister of Antiquities international and local press. opens Opet Temple in Luxor”, Egypt The discovery of the biggest “saff” tomb in Independent, April 20 ; Rana Gohar, « Une the Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ Necropolis on the west tombe et d’autres trouvailles bank, the re-erection of a colossal statue of archéologiques », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 24 Ramses II after restoration in front of the avril). façade of the Luxor Temple, and the opening - - of the Opet Temple to the public for the first time since its discovery were the icing on the Lundi 29 avril 2019 cake of celebrations attended by Prime Minister Mustafa Madbûlî and Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî along with the ministers of culture, tourism, manpower, and health and population. al-‘Inânî inaugurated the Opet Temple, opening it to visitors for the first time since its discovery and after restoration. The original paintings on the temple’s walls were revealed after being hidden for decades under bird Uncovered mummies deposits, dust, and the smoke of oil-burning during the Coptic era when the Temple was This mission has discovered till now around used as a church. 300 tombs in the Aswân West Bank area. The uncovered tomb contained various artefacts, Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât attended including a statuette of a bird, various vases, the inauguration ceremony as well as Usâma

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Avril 2019 and a stretcher that was probably used to leads to a side chamber where a rock-cut bring mummies into the tomb. coffin, a front stone consisting of a group of mummies in a poor state and three nests were Writing found on parts of a coffin in the found. tomb showed clearly both a series of prayers to different goddess as well as the name of The mission also recovered many amphora- the tomb’s owner Tjt. shaped jugs, ritual offering vases and some vessels which still contained food. Vessels Tjt tomb has a main room that housed 30 containing bitumen that was used in the mummies, including young children who were mummification process, a lamp, and white lying together in a long, sideways alcove. cartonnage that was ready to be painted were Archaeological mission head Patrizia all found near the entrance to the burial PIACENTINI said that among the mummies were chambers. two that were ‘superimposed’ and thought to In addition, the team found many other be that of a mother and child. The pair were vividly coloured and gilded cartonnages, parts extracted still covered in painted cartonnage, of gold-painted funeral masks and a well- a type of mummy covering which is formed preserved statuette of a Ba-bird. In Ancient from chunks of linen or papyrus which have Egyptian mythology, the Ba-bird represents been glued together. the soul of a deceased individual, which was Secretary-General of the Supreme Council believed to fly out the person’s tomb to join of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî stated that a their vital essence in the afterlife. wooden coffin containing hieroglyphic text Authorities have dated the tomb back to was found inside the tomb, through which the the Graeco-Roman period, which began when mission was able to identify the name of the Alexander the Great conquered Egypt out ancient graveyard. from under Persian rule in 332 BC. Wazîrî added that the tomb also contained The tomb is located near one of Aswân’s parts of two painted wooden coffins. One of major landmarks, the Mausoleum of the Aga the fragmented coffins presented a complete Khan III, Sir Sultan Muhammed Shah. This text, detailing the name of the tomb’s owner, religious leader lobbied for Muslim rights in Tjt, and prayers to the gods of the Nile’s First India, and was buried in Egypt near the sight Cataract — Anuket, Khnum and Satet — along of his former winter-time villa two years after with Hapi, the god of the annual Nile floods. his death in 1957. Leaning up against the north wall of the To date, the mission has mapped around tomb’s interior was an intact stretcher which, 300 individual tombs in the area around the archaeologists believe, may have been used Mausoleum of the Aga Khan. The tombs all to bring the mummies into the tomb in the date between the 6th Century BC and the 4th first place. It was made of palm wood Century AD. 25 tombs have been excavated connected by linen strips. by the archaeologists in the previous three years alone. “Daily Mail highlights Tjt tomb discovery”, Egypt Today, April 29, 2019). - -

Mardi 30 avril 2019

Cairo International Airport’s customs authority seized on Monday large quantities of Head of the Egyptian Antiquities ammunition, blade weapons, coins, ancient Department Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî pointed out swords and gemstones before they were that the cemetery consists of a ladder that smuggled in violation of the Weapons and

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Ammunition Law and the Antiquities on the seizures and referred it to prosecution Protection Law. to complete the investigations. (“Cairo Airport seizes baggage containing ammunition, blade The customs officer suspected a Gulf weapons, coins, swords, gemstones”, Egypt passenger coming from the Saudi Kingdom Independent, April 30, 2019. Voir également during inspection measures and asked him to Hasan Kâmil, « Échec d’une tentative pass his baggage through the X-ray machine, d’exportation illicite de pièces archéologiques which revealed that the baggage contained à travers l’aéroport du Caire », al-Dustûr, 30 opaque objects, the Customs Authority said. avril). The officer opened the baggage and found live ammunition, 8 blade weapons, 22 ancient coins, two ancient swords, and gemstones hidden between clothes. - Head of the Central Administration of - - Passenger Customs at the Airport Ibrâhîm ‘Abd al-Latîf filed a custom smuggling report -

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V – MAI 2019

Mercredi 1er mai 2019 - -

A young man ascended to the top of Khufu pyramid this morning and threw stones at Le directeur général d’Aswân et de la visitors in the archaeological area, al-Watan Nubie, ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, a annoncé news website reported. l’achèvement du projet de développement de la zone archéologique du temple de Kalâbsha. Security forces failed to control the Le parcours de la visite a été réaménagé à situation for two hours before the man was l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur du temple, afin arrested. d’en faciliter l’accès. Security services are currently questioning the man to find out the motive behind the act.

The young infiltrator uprooted the triangle located at the top of the pyramid, said Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn, director of the archaeological area of the pyramids, explaining that the man entered the archaeological area with an ordinary ticket before ascending to the top of the pyramid. (“Man throws stones at visitors from top of Khufu pyramid”, Egypt st Independent, May 1 , 2019. Voir également Des panneaux signalétiques modernes ont Muhammad ‘Abd al-Galîl, « Le ministère de été fixés dans différents endroits de l’île. Les l’Intérieur dévoile l’identité de l’individu qui a toilettes publiques ont été rénovées. (Ahmad escaladé la pyramide de Chéops », al-Watan, Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie er 1 mai ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Un jeune homme achève les travaux de réaménagement du escalade la pyramide de Chéops et lance des temple de Kalâbsha », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1er er pierres sur les visiteurs », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 1 mai 2019). mai ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie : L’individu a passé une heure au - - sommet de la pyramide de Chéops et Egypt’s Tourism Minister Rânyâ al-Mashât l’incident n’a eu d’impact sur le tourisme », declared during a phone interview with Extra er Sada al-Balad, 1 mai ; Bassâm Ramadân, « Le News Channel that King Tut’s tomb will be ministère de l’Archéologie : L’escalade de la displayed via hologram technology during the pyramide de Chéops est interdite par le opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum er règlement », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 1 mai). (GEM) by the end of 2020.

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al-Mashât stressed that the whole world is After several years of examinations, looking forward to the opening of the long- restoration and transportation of monuments, awaited museum. the GEM is expected to house around 100,000 artifacts from various periods of Egypt’s rich, The public awaits the viewing of King Tut, long history. to be shown with all of his belongings including his mask. al-Mashât mentioned that Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- these objects are always showcased with high ‘Inânî said that approximately 20,000 artifacts technology in the façade of the Egyptian would be displayed exclusively for the first booth at international exhibitions. time. (Mira Maged, “GEM to display King Tut’s tomb with hologram technology during Breaking new ground, GEM aims to 2020 opening”, Egypt Independent, May 1st, impress with King Tutankhamun displays that 2019). have never been shown before since the King’s unearthing in 1922. - - Hologram shows are facilitated by virtual technology that constructs three-dimensional Jeudi 2 mai 2019 images from the diffraction of light into an image, making for a lifelike structure. “We decided to focus on the quality, not the quantity; we should be present in various conspicuous exhibitions, but unique through distinctive promoting means,” al-Mashât said in the same interview, explaining that Egypt used to show up in many international exhibitions but not necessarily with a Dr al-Tayyib ‘Abbâs prestigious appearance. Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- The GEM’s General Manager Târiq Tawfîq ‘Inânî, a nommé Dr al-Tayyib ‘Abbâs au poste said in a previous interview with The Art de directeur des affaires archéologiques du Newspaper that the GEM accommodates two projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) pour 7,000 square meter galleries revealing the une durée d’un an. Dr ‘Abbâs occupe king’s lifestyle – how he lived, dressed and ate actuellement les fonctions de vice-doyen de la will be shown alongside a complete collection faculté de Tourisme et d’Hôtellerie à of his precious belongings. l’université d’al-Minyâ. Il est titulaire d’une Egypt’s presence in international thèse de doctorat d’égyptologie de exhibitions now combines authenticity with l’University of Liverpool. technology, depicting scenes with virtual En 2012, il a bénéficié d’une bourse reality among other advanced means. Fulbright pour son projet d’étude des “Visitors at the Egyptian booths can wear sarcophages de la XXIe dynastie, découverts 3D sunglasses to see themselves delving into dans la cache de Bâb al-Qusus à al-Dayr al- Luxor’s archaeological sites or diving in Baharî. En 2015, il a été chercheur associé à Egypt’s Red Sea,” she added. l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao), puis correspondant scientifique. En 2017, il a Constructed on approximately 500,000 été chef adjoint de la mission de fouilles square meters, the mega museum is located conjointes entre l’université d’al-Minyâ et le nearby the Gîza Pyramids. The GEM is ministère de l’Archéologie. Cette mission a expected to be one of the largest museums in mis au jour en 2019 une cache de momies the entire world, presenting a heritage dans la zone de Tûna al-Gabal. devoted to a single civilization.

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Enfin, Dr al-Tayyib ‘Abbâs est l’auteur de plusieurs articles scientifiques et ouvrages traitant des textes religieux et de la littérature du Moyen Empire. (Muhammad ‘Âtif, « al- Tayyib ‘Abbâs nommé directeur des affaires archéologiques du GEM », Masrâwî, 2 mai 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie nomme al-Tayyib ‘Abbâs directeur des affaires archéologiques du GEM », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 2 mai ; MENA, “Tayyib ‘Abbâs named manager at GEM”, The building will also include a cinema hall Egypt Today, May 2 ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « al- that will accommodate 150 visitors who will be Tayyib nommé directeur des affaires able to watch a movie highlighting the history archéologiques du GEM », Sada al-Balad, 2 of the archaeological area, Muhyî al-Dîn mai). noted. - - Meanwhile, he shed light on the new student center that will have a view of the Samedi 4 mai 2019 archaeological area. He underlined that the project aims to provide all amenities to the Egyptian and foreign visitors. (MENA, “Pyramids Plateau Development Project to be opened in late 2019”, Egypt Today, May 4, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Muhyî al-Dîn : Le réaménagement du plateau de Gîza a coûté 500 millions de dollars », al-Yawm al- Sâbi‘, 4 mai ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Muhyî al-Dîn : Nous accueillerons 20 000 visiteurs par jour », Sada al-Balad, 4 mai).

- - Director of the Pyramids Archaeological Area Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn uncovered that the Dimanche 5 mai 2019 final stage of the Gîza Plateau Development Project includes establishing a tourist walkway Le Conseil d’administration du CSA a that connects the Grand Egyptian Museum approuvé, lors de sa dernière réunion, (GEM) with the Pyramids area. l’ouverture nocturne du musée des Textiles During his inspection tour of the new égyptiens durant le mois de ramadan. Pour le visitors’ building in the Pyramids même tarif diurne, le musée sera donc archaeological area, Muhyî al-Dîn said that the accessible aux visiteurs entre 20h30 et 24h. project of developing the Pyramids Plateau (Ahmad Mansûr, « Ouverture nocturne du will be opened in the second half of 2019 with musée des Textiles égyptiens durant le mois a cost of about EGP 500 million. de ramadan », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 mai 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Ouverture The visitors’ building will group 12 ticket nocturne du musée des Textiles égyptiens windows including two windows for people durant le mois de ramadan », Sada al-Balad, 5 with special needs, four others for the mai ; « Ouverture nocturne du musée des Egyptian visitors and six for the foreigners Textiles égyptiens durant le mois de along with three others for the students, ramadan », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 5 mai). Muhyî al-Dîn added. - -

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De même, l’équipe cherche à s’assurer des Lundi 6 mai 2019 causes de la mort de la reine Hatchepsout, à savoir si elle est morte suite à un cancer ou si elle a été assassinée. (« Voyages en bref », Al- Ahram Hebdo du 8 mai 2019). - -

Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- ‘Inânî, a reçu l’ambassadeur du Japon au Caire, S.E.M. Masaki NOKE. L’entretien a porté sur le renforcement des relations bilatérales dans le domaine archéologique en général et Le Musée national de Rio de Janeiro a à propos du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) en annoncé la restauration de 200 pièces particulier. Les deux responsables ont examiné égyptiennes après avoir été ravagé par un l’avancement des travaux architecturaux du incendie en septembre dernier. Avant ce GEM dont l’inauguration est prévue en 2020. sinistre, le Musée national de Rio de Janeiro L’ambassadeur du Japon a confirmé le soutien possédait la plus grande collection égyptienne de son gouvernement à ce projet gigantesque (700 pièces) dans toute l’Amérique latine, et à la poursuite de la coopération selon la chaîne satellitaire Sky News Arabia. archéologique entre les deux pays. (« Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit l’ambassadeur Le directeur du musée a précisé que ces du Japon en Égypte », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 6 restaurations ont été effectuées grâce aux mai 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, dons recueillis sur Internet et au soutien « Le ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit financier du gouvernement allemand. Les l’ambassadeur du Japon au Caire », al-Yawm responsables du musée n’avaient pas de al-Sâbi‘, 6 mai ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, contact avec l’administration du président Jair « L’ambassadeur du Japon au Caire : Nous BOLSONARO. Malheureusement, l’argent attachons une importance toute particulière à collecté sera bientôt épuisé. (« Le Brésil l’achèvement du projet du GEM », Sada al- restaure 200 pièces égyptiennes après Balad, 6 mai). l’incendie de 2018 », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 8 mai 2019). - - - - Mercredi 8 mai 2019 Jeudi 9 mai 2019 La Ve conférence internationale sur Toutankhamon, organisée par le Grand Musée The heat wave that hit Egypt this week did Égyptien (GEM) a été tenue cette semaine à not prohibit Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- l’hôtel Méridien. Le grand égyptologue Zâhî ‘Inânî and former minister of antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs a annoncé le début d’un grand projet Hawwâs from heading to the south-eastern national pour étudier une vingtaine de side of the Gîza Plateau, along with members momies royales à travers le CT scan et le DNA of the Egyptian and international media, to cherchant un fil qui les a conduites à la announce a new discovery. découverte de la momie de Néfertiti ou celle d’Ankhesenamon, l’épouse de Toutankhamon. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 180

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ã Ahmed Romeih

ã Reuters Many artefacts were discovered in the After the ascent of a small hill of sand, they tomb, among the most significant being a fine arrived at a newly discovered cemetery where limestone statue of one of the tomb’s owners, a collection of tombs and burial shafts had his wife and son. been uncovered during excavation work Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn, director-general of the carried out by an Egyptian archaeological Gîza Plateau, said that the cemetery had been mission led by Mustafa Wazîrî, secretary- reused extensively during the Late Period general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (early seventh century BC), and therefore many (SCA). wooden painted and decorated anthropoid coffins from this time had been discovered in other tombs along with wooden and clay funerary items.

Some of the coffins bore the face of the deceased and were decorated with vertical lines of hieroglyphic inscriptions, he said. Burial shafts that served as communal graves were also identified at the site.

Only three burials have thus far been excavated and cleaned. “The oldest one is a limestone double tomb from the Fifth Dynasty, which still retains some of its inscriptions and wall paintings,” Wazîrî told Al-Ahram Weekly, pointing out that the team had to remove 450 cubic metres of sand to reveal the tomb. He explained that the tomb belonged to two people. The first was Behnui-Ka, whose Hawwâs explained to the Weekly the name has not been found before on the Gîza importance of the site and how the Gîza Plateau. He had seven titles, among them Plateau was particularly significant as it was purifier of the kings Khafre, Userkaf and the place where the workmen’s cemetery was Niuserre, priest of the goddess Maat, and discovered, proving that the builders of the elder judge of the court. Pyramids were Egyptians and that they had The second owner of the tomb was named not been slaves. Nwi, and he had five titles among them chief They had been allowed to build their of the great state, overseer of the new tombs for all eternity in the shadow of the settlements, and purifier of king Khafre. Pyramids beside those of their kings, Hawwâs said.

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He pointed out that he had thought that découverte à Gîza de la tombe de deux the tombs of the Pyramid builders extended prêtres datant de l’Ancien Empire », al-Yawm to the south-eastern side of the Plateau, but al-Sâbi‘, 4 mai ; Nevine El-Aref, “Old Kingdom that the new discovery had disproved this idea tombs discovered on Egypt’s Gîza Plateau”, and proved that the area and the people Ahram Online, May 4 ; MENA, « Le ministre de buried in it could be connected to the 26th- l’Archéologie : Découverte à Gîza d’une Dynasty priests’ cemetery located behind the tombe double datant de la Ve dynastie », Sada Sphinx. al-Balad, 4 mai ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Nouvelle découverte archéologique sur le plateau de Gîza », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 4 mai ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte d’une nécropole de l’Ancien Empire sur le plateau de Gîza », al- Ahrâm, 5 mai ; “Egypt’s archaeological mission discovers cemetery dated to the fifth dynasty”, Egypt Independent, May 5 ; Nasma Réda, « Sur la piste d’une nouvelle nécropole au pied des pyramides », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 8 mai).

“To discover a Fifth-Dynasty tomb within a - - 26th-Dynasty cemetery is very important for archaeology,” Hawwâs said, describing the tomb as small and beautiful.

“Making new discoveries in Egypt known worldwide is very important as it is the best way to promote Egypt abroad,” he added.

Three days before the beginning of the holy month of Ramadan, the Ministry of Antiquities reopened three mosques in Cairo and Asyût to worshippers after restoration.

The first was the Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’ Mosque in the Bâb al-Khalq district of Cairo. The mosque was in a good condition as it had al-‘Inânî said that the announcement of the previously been restored, but the minaret was new discoveries and archaeological projects leaning by some 12cm. carried out by the Ministry of Antiquities did Restoration work on the minaret started not only have a scientific and archaeological two years ago in order to consolidate and value but was also important to promoting straighten it. Egypt’s true image and culture abroad as an important source of its soft power. (Nevine El- “It is the first time we have dismantled and Aref, “New discovery on the Gîza Plateau”, Al- reconstructed an historic minaret without Ahram Weekly, May 9, 2019. Voir également missing any of the original stone blocks,” Angy Essam, “A double tomb dating back to Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, supervisor of the the fifth dynasty uncovered at Pyramids of Historic Cairo Department at the ministry, told Gîza”, Egypt Today, May 4; Ahmad Mansûr, Al-Ahram Weekly. « Le ministre de l’Archéologie annonce la

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He added that the minaret had been masonry had been broken and water had reconstructed according to its original form leaked over its floors. and construction techniques after being hidden under wooden scaffolding for 23 years as a result of the earthquake that hit the country in 1992. Studies had been carried out to analyse the foundations and to document the minaret’s condition, he said.

When the mosque’s minaret started to lean some 12 cm in 1992, the ministry stepped in These had revealed an unstable level of to consolidate it with wooden and iron water in the ground that had been responsible scaffolding. The restoration work then for the leaning of the minaret. The area’s stopped until 2014 when work resumed on the drainage system had been repaired in order to mosque, without, however, treating the guarantee the stability of the minaret in the problem of the leaning minaret. But the future, ‘Abd al-‘Azîz said. masonry was repaired, the walls consolidated, and the cracks restored. The foundations of the minaret have now been consolidated. A new external lighting The mosque’s minaret remained in a system has been installed as part of the dangerous condition, and in 2014 the ministry restoration project. appointed an archaeological committee to inspect its condition in order to undertake the Gamâl Mustafa, head of Islamic, Coptic and restoration. Jewish Monuments at the ministry, said that the restoration work on the mosque was The only remaining Mameluke elements of completed before the beginning of the the Mosque that survive are the portal and the minaret’s restoration and had included the mihrâb. The rest of the Mosque, including the floors, walls and ablution area. minaret, are Ottoman additions. The mosque was built in 1477 CE by Rashîd al-Dîn al-Bahâ‘î for Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’, the wife of the Mameluke sultan Qâytbây. During the Ottoman period, the mosque was renovated and renamed the Maraa Mosque, or “Women’s Mosque”, instead. The mosque contains two tombs, one dedicated to al-Shaqrâ’ and the other to an unknown person.

Time has taken its toll on the mosque since In the Upper Egyptian city of Asyût, the al- its last restoration, and before its present Mujahideen and al-Kâshif mosques were also rehabilitation cracks had spread in its walls, its reopened after restoration.

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Both were in a bad condition as their walls muballigh (reciting bench), an ablution area, had cracked, masonry was damaged, and the and a kuttâb (Quranic school) attached. condition of the ceilings and the floors was Although it is a small building, it houses critical. The mosques had been closed to decorative elements such as a minbar (pulpit), prayers and visitors. Quranic chair, mihrâb (niche), shoghshekha The foundations of both mosques were (wooden decorative dome) and windows strengthened and protected against future decorated with foliage motifs and arabesque damage through a micro-pile system involving decoration. (Nevine El-Aref, “Mosques the installation of sharp pointed columns reopen”, Al-Ahram Weekly, May 9, 2019. Voir beneath the mosques to reinforce their également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le ministère de foundations. l’Archéologie inaugure aujourd’hui la mosquée Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’ après 4 années de The walls were reinforced, cracks removed, restauration de son minaret », Sada al-Balad, 2 missing and decayed stones replaced, and the mai ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Inauguration de la masonry cleaned and desalinated. The mosquée Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’ à l’issue de sa mosques now stand as proudly as they did in restauration », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 2 mai ; the past. Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Inauguration de la mosquée Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’ à l’issue de sa restauration », al-Ahrâm, 3 mai ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Les mosquées al-Mujahideen et al- Kâshif souffraient d’une fragilité architecturale », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 3 mai ; Ihâb ‘Umar, « Inauguration des mosquées al- Mujahideen et al-Kâshif à Asyût », Sada al- Balad, 3 mai ; Doaa Elhami, « Splendeur retrouvée », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 22 mai). - - Mustafa said that all the restoration work had been carried out according to the latest methods. “Every effort was made to ensure that all the original architectural features were retained,” he said, adding that the restoration of the mosques should now preserve them for future generations.

The al-Mujahideen Mosque was built in the Ottoman architectural style by emir Muhammad Bek. It is the oldest mosque in Asyût and was originally built on a hill. However, over time the level of the street has been raised, and now the mosque is only a few cm above street level.

The al-Kâshif Mosque was built by emir An archaeological mission from Egypt’s Muhammad al-Kâshif who ruled Asyût in 1811. Ministry of Antiquities, which operates in Wâdî It observes the Ottoman architectural style of Abû Subayra, has excavated early royal roofed mosques. inscriptions in the Eastern Desert northeast of It is a rectangular-shaped mosque with two Aswân. The inscriptions date back to the large marble columns that divide it into three Neolithic period. sections that run in parallel with the qibla iwân (prayer hall). The mosque has a dikkat al-

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Secretary-General of the Supreme Council désert Oriental au Nord-Est d’Aswân », al- of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî said that Shurûq, 8 mai ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, thousands of stone inscriptions from the « Mise au jour d’inscriptions royales dans le Neolithic period were uncovered in a semi- désert Oriental au Nord-Est d’Aswân », al- enclosed circular valley, depicting scenes Ahrâm, 9 mai). featuring animals that were living in the area at - - that time, such as giraffes, elephants and crocodiles. Vendredi 10 mai 2019

Other inscriptions showing a small city, with Head of the Islamic, Coptic, and Jewish scenes of cattle grazing and trees being Antiquities Sector Gamâl Mustafa stated on planted, bear Egyptian royal signs, such as the Thursday that the ministry has finished the first falcon god Horus. stage in the development works of the monastery of Saint Catherine in South Sinai in cooperation with the ministries of local development, culture, environment, housing and the Information and Decision Support Center (IDSC).

‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd, director-general of Aswân and Nubian Antiquities, said that sacred motives were also found on some blocks such as the sacred sign of Horus as well Mustafa added that he inspected the as other foliage decorations. (Nevine El-Aref, project works in the monastery of Saint “Neolithic royal inscriptions discovered in Catherine under the supervision of the Aswân”, Ahram Online, May 9, 2019. Voir Supreme Committee for coordinating, raising également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère de efficiency for and developing the monastery. l’Archéologie annonce la découverte des premières inscriptions royales dans le désert Mustafa clarified that the works included Oriental à Aswân », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 mai ; the pavement of roads leading to Monastery ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Premières inscriptions of Saint Catherine and Mount Moses, royales découvertes dans le désert Oriental à developing a running parking for tourist buses Aswân », Sada al-Balad, 8 mai ; « Découverte and cars, raising efficiency of all services in the des premières inscriptions royales dans le area of bazaars, baths and clinic, and setting

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Mai 2019 up an electronic security system equipped incrustation du minbar de la mosquée al- with “x-ray” devices connected to a control Mu’ayyid Shaykh, située à al-Ghûriyya dans le panel linked to surveillance cameras. quartier d’al-Azhar. La Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités a immédiatement été alertée. Le président du département des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives, Dr Gamâl Mustafa, s’est rendu sur les lieux, accompagné d’autres hauts responsables. L’incrustation volée mesurait 5x5 cm. Ce polygone à cinq côtés ou pentagone était en bois incrusté d’ivoire. La police a visionné les caméras de vidéosurveillance, afin de déterminer l’identité du coupable. (Ahmad Thousands of tourists attended the church Mansûr, « Vol d’une incrustation du minbar de mass at Saint Catherine’s Monastery on Friday la mosquée al-Mu’ayyid Shaykh », al-Yawm al- and Saturday in celebration of the anniversary Sâbi‘, 10 mai 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al- of Saint Catherine’s birth on December 8. Minyâwî, « Vol d’une petite incrustation du (“Egypt’s antiquities ministry completes minbar de la mosquée al-Mu’ayyid Shaykh », development works on monastery of Saint Sada al-Balad, 10 mai). Catherine”, Egypt Independent, May 10, - - 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « La haute Commission inspecte les travaux de la Dimanche 12 mai 2019 première phase de réaménagement de Wâdî al-Dayr à Sainte-Catherine », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 8 mai ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie déploie des efforts intensifs pour réaménager la zone de Sainte-Catherine », Watanî, 8 mai ; « Achèvement de la première phase du projet de réaménagement de Wâdî al-Dayr à Sainte-Catherine », al-Shurûq, 9 mai ; Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Achèvement de la première phase du projet de réaménagement de Wâdî al-Dayr à Sainte-Catherine », al- Part of the attendees Ahrâm, 10 mai ; « Achèvement de la première The Egyptian Embassy in Berlin launched a phase du projet de réaménagement de Wâdî cultural blog to preserve and digitalize the al-Dayr à Sainte-Catherine », al-Shurûq, 23 Egyptian heritage. The cultural blog comes as mai). part of a cooperation program between the - - Egyptian National Library and Archives, Faculty of Archaeology in Fayyûm University, Department of Islamic Studies at the German University of Marburg and the German Association for Scientific Cooperation. The launch came in the presence of a number of accredited ambassadors and officials of the German Foreign Ministry in addition to a number of German citizens and Lors d’une tournée d’inspection, la members of the Egyptian community in directrice de la zone archéologique de Darb Germany. Ambassador of Egypt to Berlin Badr Sa‘âda a constaté la disparition d’une petite ‘Abd al-‘Âtî stressed the importance of the

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Mai 2019 efforts exerted to preserve the Egyptian Journée mondiale du patrimoine, qui a eu lieu heritage and digitalize it, pointing to the 16 avril. Focus sur trois d'entre elles : Egyptian leadership’s keen interest in culture "Effendina", au palais Manyal, "Tûna al-Gabal", and civilization, in addition to establishing a au Musée égyptien de Tahrîr, et "L’Asie large city for culture and arts in the new accueillie par Kiridliya", au Musée GAYER- administrative capital, beside the ANDERSON. establishment of the Museum of Civilization 17 panneaux regroupant une sélection des and the launching of the Grand Egyptian archives photographiques du prince Museum in 2020. Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq composent The ambassador further stressed the l’exposition "Effendina", dans la grande salle importance the state attaches to improving du musée privé du palais Manyal. L’exposition the mechanisms of preserving monuments, se tient jusqu’au 16 juillet et est organisée en documents and manuscripts and that this coopération avec la Société des amis du serves not only Egypt, but all humanity, as the musée. « Cette exposition nous donne une Egyptian heritage is a world heritage. The idée du mode de vie de la génération qui a ambassador also praised the cooperation vécu pendant les années 1930 et 40 », a between Egypt and Germany in various fields. indiqué le prince ‘Abbâs Hilmî, le fils du neveu de Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq, lors de ‘Abd al-‘Âtî noted that Egyptian Minister of l’inauguration. Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî will visit Germany in the upcoming days in the framework of further cooperation between Egypt and Germany in the areas of monument preservation and training provision. Head of the Egyptian National Library (ENLA) and Archives Hishâm ‘Azmî spoke about the important efforts exerted by the ENLA which was established in 1870 to benefit from international expertise in the preservation of thousands of manuscripts which represent a great human asset.

Last but not least, the head of the Islamic Studies at Marburg University stated that the horizon is fully open for further cooperation between Egypt and Germany in the development and preservation of manuscripts Le choix du nom « Effendina » n’est pas un and documents in light of the multiplicity of hasard. « Ce titre a été donné seulement au German centers and institutions in this field. khédive Ismâ‘îl et à son fils Muhammad ‘Alî (Mustafa Marie, “Egyptians, Germans Tawfîq et à son petit-fils ‘Abbâs Hilmî II, qui lui cooperate to digitalize Egyptian heritage”, ont succédé sur le trône. Mais le prince Egypt Today, May 12, 2019. Voir également Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq était le prince héritier Ahmad Ibrâhîm, « L’ambassade d’Égypte à pendant le règne du khédive ‘Abbâs Hilmî II Berlin célèbre la numérisation du patrimoine (1892-1899). Ensuite, il a été régent du trône à égyptien en association avec une institution deux reprises, une fois à la mort du roi Fu’âd allemande », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 11 mai). Ier en 1936, et une autre fois après le - - déclenchement de la Révolution de 1952. « Le propriétaire du palais Manyal a, de ce Mercredi 15 mai 2019 fait, été honoré en on lui a attribué ce titre lui aussi », explique Hadîr ‘Âdil, cheffe du Plusieurs expositions se tiennent actuellement département des expositions temporaires au dans différents musées du Caire en lien avec la

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Mai 2019 musée du palais Manyal. Les photos ont été Le prince a aussi voulu y aménager des sélectionnées parmi le nombre considérable jardins comme ceux du palais Qubba. Les d’images composant les archives du prince. photos montrent donc les vastes surfaces de « Nous étions à la recherche de photos verdure et les arbres historiques comme les significatives et, en même temps, de bonne cèdres. Les jardins du palais témoignent aussi qualité. Les photos exposées ont été de la vie sociale du prince, qui avait de scannées, documentées, puis imprimées en bonnes relations avec la haute société. C’est une taille convenant à l’exposition », explique ainsi que les visiteurs de l’exposition verront ‘Âdil. sur les photos exposées notamment Sir et Lady Miles LAMPSON. Parmi les photos les plus particulières figurent celles montrant des chevaux. « Ces photos ont été scannées à partir de deux volumes rédigés par le prince et dont le thème était l’élevage des chevaux arabes. C’était l’une des traditions de la famille alide, dont le fondateur, Muhammad ‘Alî pacha, avait fait installer, au début du XIXe siècle, une

vaste écurie », souligne ‘Âdil. Étant « Chaque panneau fait référence à une conservateur des traditions de sa famille, le phase de la vie du prince, depuis son enfance, prince a aussi gardé un nombre considérable en passant par sa jeunesse et ses activités, et de peintures représentatives des diverses jusqu’à ses rôles officiels et amis préférés », tenues de sa famille. L’exposition consacre explique Walâ’ Badawî, directeur du musée. ainsi plusieurs panneaux à des reproductions Les photos montrent notamment le prince de peinture et à des photos de membres de la pendant ses années d’études en Autriche. Il famille alide, dont celles de ‘Abbâs Hilmî Ier, était alors fasciné de voyage, de déplacement de Sa‘îd pacha, des khédives Ismâ‘îl, Tawfîq et d’art. « D’après les mémoires du prince, (avec sa famille) et de ‘Abbâs Hilmî II sont les qu’il a rédigées à l’âge de 75 ans et qui ont plus remarquables. été publiées en 1950, Muhammad ‘Alî Tawfîq est né en 1875 au palais Qubba, à l’est du Certaines photos de Muhammad ‘Alî Caire », lit-on sur les panneaux. Le prince Tawfîq le représentent dans des situations aimait les jardins de ce palais, où il a passé officielles alors qu’il était régent. L’une son enfance. témoigne de sa présence à l’ouverture de la session parlementaire de 1936, tandis qu’une C’est cette fascination qui l’a l’incité à autre le représente en compagnie de Sa‘îd construire le palais Manyal. « Le prince a Zoulfiqar pacha, chef du dîwân royal, lors de décidé de construire son palais sur l’île de l’inauguration de la gare de Ménouf, capitale Rawda, connue pour ses plantes et arbres du gouvernorat d’al-Munûfiyya, dans le Delta. rares et son histoire, surtout durant l’époque Les panneaux exposés reflètent ainsi la vie mamelouke », explique ‘Âdil, tout en ajoutant riche du prince qui aimait l’Égypte et qui lui a que le prince voulait que son palais devienne laissé un patrimoine de valeur, témoignant une œuvre de renaissance de l’architecture d’une époque raffinée. (Doaa Elhami, « Une islamique, inspirée de diverses régions du vie de prince », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 mai monde — Asie Mineure, Afrique du Nord et 2019. Voir également Nirvân Nabîl, Andalousie. L’exposition présente d’ailleurs « "Effendina" : une exposition des photos du palais en cours de construction photographique sur la vie de l’émir e au début du XX siècle, tout comme des divers Muhammad ‘Alî au palais Manyal », al- sérails du palais, qui se compose de 5 Bawwâba News, 11 avril ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, bâtiments ainsi que de quelques salles « "Effendina" : une exposition représentatives de l’art islamique. photographique organisée au palais Manyal », BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 188

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Watanî, 12 avril ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, l’égyptologue Ahmad Badrân, directeur « L’exposition "Effendina" au palais Manyal adjoint de la mission. dévoile la vie d’un grand collectionneur », Les pièces exposées varient entre momies Sada al-Balad, 16 avril). d’animaux et de volailles, sarcophages, - - masques, papyri, maquettes et bien d’autres. La divinité Thot occupe une place centrale dans l’exposition. Elle y est représentée avec ses deux aspects : l’ibis et le babouin. Le visiteur peut découvrir des statuettes de ceux- ci, trouvées en nombre dans le cimetière des animaux divinisés. « Ces statuettes auraient été présentées comme offrandes », souligne l’égyptologue. Y sont remarqués aussi des momies et des sarcophages d’animaux ainsi qu’un squelette d’ibis.

Plume d’or

Une centaine de pièces découvertes dans les cimetières des animaux divinisés et des Le plus surprenant, c’est la présence d’une humains dans la région de Tûna al-Gabal, à clepsydre, surmontée d’une statue de 250 km au sud du Caire, sont à observer babouin. « Ce type d’horloge, dégagée du actuellement au Musée du Caire. L’exposition cimetière, avait comme but d’éveiller le défunt "Tûna al-Gabal — entre les légendes de la pour être interrogé par la divinité », explique création et la divinisation de l’animal, 100 ans Badrân. Y sont exposés aussi des outils de de découvertes par la mission égypto- chirurgie. allemande", inaugurée mi-avril, se tient jusqu’à la fin du mois de mai dans la salle 44 Bien que Thot soit divinisé depuis l’Ancien du musée, place Tahrîr. Empire, son culte était toujours en plein épanouissement durant l’époque gréco- Ces pièces présentées dans l’exposition romaine, notamment à Tûna al-Gabal où a été sont le résultat de fouilles menées par deux découvert son cimetière, ainsi que son temple. missions archéologiques. L’une, ancienne, dirigée par l’archéologue renommé Sâmî Mais le chef-d’œuvre de l’exposition reste Gabra, a fouillé la région entre 1933 et 1954, le sarcophage de Pétosiris, le grand prêtre du et l’autre est le résultat des fouilles de la temple de Thot, et d’autres divinités locales mission égypto-allemande présidée par d’al-Ashmûnayn en Moyenne-Égypte. Le l’archéologue Salâh al-Khûlî, qui y opère sarcophage est en bois et en verre coloré, son depuis des années et encore aujourd’hui. couvercle est orné de 5 colonnes de signes hiéroglyphes. Le texte comprend le nom du « Tûna al-Gabal est un endroit d’une défunt, ses titres, ainsi qu’une formule du grande importance archéologique. C’est le chapitre 42 du Livre des Morts, qui aide le cimetière principal de la fameuse cité d’al- défunt à surmonter les dangers de l’au-delà. Ashmûnayn, connue aussi sous le nom d’Hermopolis Magna », souligne BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 189

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Parmi les trouvailles de l’égyptologue Sâmî Gabal », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 avril ; Yâsir al- Gabra, qui a découvert les vestiges du temple Ghabîrî, « Inauguration au Musée Égyptien de de Thot en 1936, on peut admirer une statue Tahrîr de l’exposition Tûnâ al-Gabal », al- en granite, datée du Ier siècle de notre ère. De Bawwâba News, 16 avril ; Fâdya Ihâb, « Le site même y est rencontrée une tête de Tûna al-Gabal exposé au Musée représentative de la divinité Osiris en bois Égyptien », al-Watan, 16 avril ; Imân Magdî, doré. Cette tête fait partie d’une grande « Inauguration aujourd’hui au Musée Égyptien statue, sortie du cimetière des animaux divins. de Tahrîr de l’exposition Tûnâ al-Gabal », al- Wafd, 16 avril). Quant à la partie consacrée au cimetière humain, l’exposition comprend une plume en - - or, des amulettes en faïence, des bijoux comme le collier de verre coloré et les bagues en or, ainsi que des masques en gypse qui étaient déposés sur la partie supérieure de la momie. « Cette tradition funéraire était commune durant l’époque romaine. Elle symbolisait la résurrection du défunt », souligne Badrân.

Si les cimetières et les nécropoles occupent une partie considérable de l’exposition, des œuvres de la vie quotidienne "L’Asie accueillie par al-Kritliyya" est le titre sont aussi présentées. Le visiteur y trouve des de l’exposition tenue au Musée Gayer- maquettes de maisons-tours, composées de Anderson, rue Ahmad Ibn Tûlûn dans le trois étages, un nouveau style architectural, quartier de Sayyida Zaynab au Caire. Ouverte apparu pendant l’époque romaine. Pour les jusqu’au 22 juin, cette exposition célèbre les archéologues, il est rare de pouvoir dégager 77 ans du musée inauguré en 1942. sur un chantier ces maisons, d’où vient L’exposition invite le visiteur à se plonger l’importance de ces pièces exposées, qui dans les différentes civilisations asiatiques : « à proviennent de la colline du temple de Thot savoir la civilisation syrienne, hindoue, en 2016. chinoise, iranienne et turque. Et ce, via des Parmi les pièces de la vie quotidienne, il y pièces sorties des dépôts du musée et a aussi des papyri en écriture démotique. « Ce exposées pour la première fois au grand sont des contrats de mariage, de vente ou public », explique Mirvat ‘Izzat, directrice encore de livraison. Le plus important c’est générale du musée. Pour elle, ces civilisations que, dans ces contrats, on trouve l’année du ont livré des œuvres qui témoignent de leur règne et des signatures des témoins », prospérité, leur culture, leur coutume ainsi que souligne Badrân. leur art, bien distinct les uns des autres. Les pièces exposées sont accompagnées Les pièces exposées varient entre tableaux, de panneaux montrant des photos de la coffrets et accessoires cosmétiques, boîtes, mission sur le chantier et retraçant l’histoire de vases, chandeliers, statuettes et dalles de ces recherches effectuées à Tûna al-Gabal. Les porcelaine. archéologues espèrent, avec cette exposition, La civilisation iranienne ou perse est avoir mis en lumière un site peu connu du largement présentée. Le visiteur peut admirer grand public, tout en espérant de nouvelles des dalles en porcelaine ornées de motifs découvertes à venir. (Doaa Elhami, « Les botaniques et d’animaux, et d’autres de animaux divinisés de Tûna al-Gabal », Al- scènes humaines qui datent de l’époque Ahram Hebdo du 15 mai 2019. Voir safavide (1779-1925). « L’art à cette époque également Ahmad Mansûr, « Inauguration au était d’influence européenne. Il reflète la vie Musée Égyptien d’une exposition sur Tûnâ al- prospère du palais royal et des hauts BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 190

Mai 2019 fonctionnaires du royaume safavide », divinités hindoues Bouddha et Krishna sont explique l’archéologue Hishâm Nagîb, exposées. ajoutant que ces scènes peintes sur les dalles Quant à la civilisation syrienne, elle est reflètent la finesse de l’art à cette époque. présentée dans l’exposition par une seule pièce. Il s’agit d’un ballon astronomique sur lequel sont dessinés les astres. Pour la directrice, bien que ce ballon soit la seule pièce représentant la Syrie, il reflète l’évolution scientifique de cette civilisation. Cette exposition invite le visiteur à une plongée dans un monde légendaire, digne de celui des Mille et Une Nuits. (Doaa Elhami, « Richesses d’Asie à al-Kritliyya », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 mai 2019. Voir également Husâm Zaydân, « L’exposition "L’Asie accueillie par al-Kritliyya" au Musée Gayer- Anderson », al-Fagr, 16 avril ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî,

« Le Musée Gayer-Anderson fête la Journée Scène de la vie quotidienne de l’époque safavide. mondiale du patrimoine », al-Ahrâm, 17 avril ; Outre les dalles de porcelaine et ses Ahmad ‘Uthmân, « Le Musée Gayer-Anderson scènes, deux coffrets de cette époque célèbre la Journée mondiale du patrimoine », iranienne, ainsi que des accessoires al-Wafd, 17 avril ; Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Le cosmétiques, comme un peigne en bois et un Musée Gayer-Anderson fête la Journée miroir ovale, sont exposés. « Le dos du miroir mondiale du patrimoine », Vetogate, 17 avril). est orné de l’illustration d’un prince safavide - - en tenue officielle et coiffé d’une plume », explique la directrice, pour qui l’exposition permet de se faire une idée, à travers des peintures, du mode vestimentaire de chaque civilisation. Pendant que les princesses iraniennes portaient de longues robes aux vestes multicolores, coiffées de couronnes plumées et incrustées de pierres précieuses, les jeunes filles chinoises, quant à elles, se distinguaient par leurs fameuses robes The International Museum Day is traditionnelles, leurs cheveux en chignon celebrated annually on May 18. On this tenant dans leurs mains un bouquet de fleurs. occasion, the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr will present a collection of artifacts that shed light Quant aux Turcs, ils sont représentés par la on ancient customs and traditions, linking fameuse tenue de tannûra (large jupe double- them to modern day traditions. cloche) et coiffés du long tarbouche pour les jeunes hommes et longs foulards blancs des The Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr will hold jeunes filles. Les Indiennes, elles, se this celebration under the title "The role of distinguaient avec leurs longues tresses de Museums in Maintaining Customs and cheveux noirs, ornées de colliers et leurs saris Traditions" as set by the International de couleurs vives. Organization of Museums. L’exposition ne fait pas l’impasse sur Director of the Egyptian Museum Sabâh l’aspect religieux de ces civilisations. Deux ‘Abd al-Râziq explained that the selected statuettes en bronze représentatives des pieces include a collection of cosmetics that were used in ancient Egypt that comprise

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Mai 2019 utensils to preserve essential oils, cosmetics’ normes scientifiques modernes appliquées spoons made of wood and stones as well as dans le monde entier. mirrors, wooden combs and cosmetic blades En effet, les travaux de reconstruction de la made of bronze. tombe G989 ont commencé en novembre 2017. Ce n’est qu’en 2018 que les travaux de restauration minutieuse ont commencé. En outre, une entrée spéciale a été pavée pour faciliter l’accès des visiteurs. Faisant partie de la nécropole ouest d’Alexandrie, ces deux tombes ont été découvertes par Annibale Evaristo BRECCIA dans la région d’al-Wardiyân e ‘Abd al-Râziq further stated that the au début du XX siècle. Elles ont été sculptées museum will organize on May 18 free guided dans le rocher en forme de chambres, et se educational tours in the Egyptian Museum and caractérisent par l’architecture et les the Children’s Museum to highlight the ornements colorés. customs and traditions of ancient Egypt. Pour sa part, Nâdya Khidr, directrice du (Mustafa Marie, “Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr département central des antiquités du Delta, a celebrates International Museum Day”, Egypt expliqué qu’en 1952, les deux tombes ont été Today, May 15, 2019). déplacées pour être exposées dans le jardin - - du Musée gréco-romain. La tombe G990 remonte à la période ptolémaïque, elle renferme une chambre funéraire avec un plafond orné de sculptures géométriques colorées. Cette chambre comprend un seul sarcophage ainsi qu’un autel au milieu de la tombe. Sur ses parois aussi se trouvent des gravures géométriques.

Quant à la deuxième tombe, elle remonte à la période romaine et se caractérise par une chambre funéraire et une entrée spéciale en Deux tombes ont été restaurées dans le forme de semi-dôme et renfermant trois cadre du développement et de sarcophages. (« Deux tombes gréco-romaines l’aménagement des catacombes de Kom al- restaurées », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 15 mai Shuqâfa. Les deux tombes restaurées et 2019). désormais prêtes à la visite sont connues sous - - le nom de G990 et G989. « En réalité, ces deux tombes étaient exposées dans le jardin du Musée gréco-romain, puis elles ont été démantelées et déplacées dans cette région dès 2009. « On a saisi l’occasion du projet du développement des catacombes pour reconstruire ces tombes », a expliqué Gharîb Sunbul, directeur du département central de maintenance au ministère des Antiquités. Et d’ajouter que le démantèlement ainsi que la Vieilles de 2 000 ans, les catacombes de documentation des éléments architecturaux Kom al-Shuqâfa, dans le quartier de Karmûz, à de ces tombes ont été effectués selon les l’Est d’Alexandrie, ont fait l’objet d’un projet de préservation. Ces catacombes sont BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 192

Mai 2019 constituées de trois tombes souterraines lors des célébrations de fin de projet la creusées dans la roche calcaire et renferment semaine dernière. les sépultures de riches familles de l’époque L’ingénieur Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ, responsable gréco-romaine. Elles étaient menacées par la du secteur des projets au ministère des montée de la nappe phréatique depuis plus Antiquités, a indiqué dans un communiqué de de cent ans. presse qu’après de longs mois d’études Les travaux du projet de conservation et de approfondies du site et du problème des eaux développement de la région, réalisés en souterraines, la décision avait été prise de coopération avec l’United States Agency for creuser 6 puits à une profondeur de 40 mètres International Development (USAID), avaient ainsi que d’installer des pompes dotées d’un débuté en novembre 2017. Il s’agissait système de contrôle électronique dans un d’équiper le site de puits et de pompes de nouveau bâtiment de contrôle, construit sur le drainage. « C’est un programme unique qui a site. « En outre, des tuyaux ont été implantés combiné archéologie et ingénierie civile », se sur le site, afin d’expulser et de disperser l’eau félicite Thomas NICHOLS, un ingénieur loin des catacombes, surtout au moment des consultant ayant participé au projet. pluies torrentielles qui tombent à Alexandrie en hiver », a-t-il par ailleurs expliqué. En plus de la préservation des catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa, le développement du site et son aménagement pour les visites touristiques a aussi été pris en considération lors de l’exécution de ce grand projet. Selon Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA), un itinéraire de visite a été aménagé ainsi que la route environnante de l’extérieur. De grosses pierres Les puits creusés à Kom al-Shuqâfa pour remédier au problème des eaux souterraines. ont été ajoutées pour sécuriser le parcours. Des objets antiques ont également été Le problème de la montée de la nappe réaménagés dans le musée à ciel ouvert, soit phréatique à Kom al-Shuqâfa avait commencé de nombreux cercueils, autels et statues. dès sa découverte en 1900. Plusieurs tentatives avaient été menées pour faire Ce projet est « un exemple réussi de baisser le niveau des eaux souterraines et coopération entre les États-Unis et le assécher la région, dont la plus importante gouvernement égyptien dans la préservation remonte aux années 1990. Mais l’expansion de son héritage culturel », a déclaré Tom urbaine dans la zone résidentielle adjacente et GOLDBERGER, chargé d’affaires des États-Unis l’infiltration du canal al-Mahmûdiyya avaient en Égypte, lors des célébrations de fin de conduit à une nouvelle hausse de la nappe projet. Il a indiqué que Washington avait phréatique. Il y a quelques années, le consacré « plus de cent millions de dollars à ministère des Antiquités avait fait creuser des ce domaine au cours des dernières puits pour retirer l’eau qui menaçait les décennies ». fondations du site historique, mais sans réussir Les catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa ne à préserver les catacombes de façon sont pas le seul site antique égyptien menacé définitive. par la montée des eaux souterraines, qui Aujourd’hui, la préservation est chose faite. fragilisent leurs fondations. « Un autre projet, « Ce projet, subventionné par les États-Unis toujours avec l’aide d’USAID, est en œuvre avec 5,7 millions de dollars, permet de mettre dans le temple de Kom Ombo, à Aswân, afin fin à ce drame et de réduire le volume des de réduire les eaux souterraines qui menacent eaux souterraines de manière permanente », a le temple », a indiqué al-‘Inânî. Et d’ajouter assuré Khâlid al-‘Inânî, ministre des Antiquités, que cette montée des eaux souterraines est BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 193

Mai 2019 liée à divers facteurs, notamment l’irrigation Forensic technology has been playing a intense et l’urbanisation. (Dalia Farouq, « Les major role in Egyptology in recent years, and catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa sauvées », Al- after centuries of mystery surrounding several Ahram Hebdo du 15 mai 2019). chapters of ancient Egyptian history modern - - science has cleared up many of the enigmas and provided a better understanding of Lors d’une interview accordée à Sada al- important episodes in this great civilisation. Balad, Dr Zâhî Hawwâs s’est exprimé sur la Modern scientific methods have succeeded pléthore de facultés d’archéologie créées au in identifying several royal mummies, detailing cours des dernières années. « C’est une très their lineages and recognising the diseases mauvaise chose, estime-t-il. Nous n’avons from which they suffered in life as well as besoin que de dix diplômés en archéologie solving the paradoxes behind some chaque année. Au lieu de cela, 10 000 mysterious deaths. diplômés sont jetés annuellement sur le marché du travail. Ce qui les contraint à Among these achievements has been exercer d’autres métiers. C’est un vrai solving the enigma of the early death of the problème ». boy-king Tutankhamun, including the symptoms that led to his death in early « Par ailleurs, les effectifs surnuméraires manhood as well as the identity of the nuisent à la qualité de l’enseignement mummies of his two unborn children. dispensé. Il est impossible d’enseigner à un millier d’étudiants entassés dans un Science has identified the mummy of the amphithéâtre. Seuls 10 archéologues monotheistic Pharaoh Akhenaten and proved diplômés chaque année feraient l’affaire : 2 that he was Tutankhamun’s father by a égyptologues, 2 spécialistes de l’époque secondary wife. The mummy of queen gréco-romaine, 2 de l’époque islamique et 3 Hatshepsut has also been identified through a restaurateurs. De toute façon, il n’y a plus de tooth found in a box inside the Egyptian poste. Le système, tel qu’il est, génère des Museum in Cairo. It revealed that she was chômeurs. Franchement, il vaut mieux fermer obese, diabetic and died of cancer. ces facultés d’Archéologie et orienter l’enseignement vers d’autres disciplines plus utiles pour le pays ». (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Hawwâs : Nos facultés d’Archéologies sont pléthoriques et inutiles », Sada al-Balad, 15 mai 2019). - -

Jeudi 16 mai 2019

It has also solved the long-debated mystery over the death of the Pharaoh Ramses III, as recorded on the “harem conspiracy” papyrus now exhibited in the Turin Museum in Italy. CT scans on the mummy have revealed a deep wound in the throat of Ramses III’s mummy, which would have caused his immediate death. The Pharaoh’s death was overshadowed by

Photos courtesy of Zâhî Hawwâs CT scans on the Hatshepsut and a plot described in the “Judicial Papyrus” in Ramses III mummies Turin. Despite the information in the papyrus it

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Mai 2019 could not be determined whether Ramses III during the Late Intermediate Period to hide escaped or was killed during the plot, and preserve the bodies of 18th, 19th and 20th- however. Dynasty rulers. According to the papyrus, also known as “The priests might have stripped the the “Trial Transcripts Papyrus”, a plot to kill mummies and the royal tombs of their most Ramses III was woven in 1155 BCE by officials valuable treasures, yet they still wanted to in the palace and army standard bearers, as protect the royal remains from the tomb well as his secondary wife Tiya and her son robbers who roamed the sacred hills of Pentawere. The plan was to end the life of the Thebes,” he said. king and place Pentawere on the throne in his stead.

In their hurry, Hawwâs believes, some mummies were misplaced or unidentified. The papyrus says that the coup failed and Initially, the royal mummies were rehoused in the defendants were rounded up and sent for nearby tombs, and records show that the trial, but it was unclear whether the mummy of Ramses II was originally moved to assassination was successful. It goes on to the tomb of his father Seti I and then later recount four separate trials and lists the transferred to the al-Dayr al-Baharî cache. punishments meted out to the criminals. Some “It is difficult to plot the routes followed by were sentenced to death while others were the mummies,” Hawwâs said. In the process of sentenced to commit suicide. Among the moving the corpses and the confusion that latter was Pentawere. ensued, some were stripped of all The papyrus also relates that the court identification. received instructions from the pharaoh, but Hawwâs said that the second phase of the this does not in itself pinpoint the exact time Egyptian Mummies Project had now resumed of the king’s death and whether it took place in order to study the rest of the royal during the court trials or later. mummies, among them those on display at “The marriage between modern the Egyptian Museum in Cairo that will be technology, science and archaeology which transported to the National Museum of started in 2005 by the CT scan and DNA test Egyptian Civilisation in Fustât. on Tutankhamun’s mummy has resulted in “We resumed the work with a study to important findings which have helped resolve identify two headless mummies found inside the enigmas surrounding some of the ancient Tomb KV21 in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor. Egyptian royals that grew out of the relocating Samples of Tutankhamun’s foetuses were also of their mummies from their original burial taken for analysis,” Hawwâs said. places to caches,” Zâhî Hawwâs, a former minister of antiquities, told Al-Ahram Weekly. He said that preliminary studies had shown that there was a relationship between one of He added that the royal mummies were the headless mummies and the foetuses, moved quickly at night by the high priests of indicating that it could belong to Amun who controlled the Theban Necropolis Tutankhamun’s wife queen Ankhesenamun. BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 195

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“Until now we are not sure of the results,” d’une enquête. On les croyait définitivement Hawwâs said, adding that “we have to wait perdues. Il s’agit « d’un flocon en verre, d’une until more studies have been carried out in écritoire en cuivre, de quatre pendentifs et de order to be 100 per cent sure. I think the trois médailles ». Cette trouvaille a été studies will reveal that one of these mummies consignée dans les registres de l’entrepôt, belongs to Ankhesenamun and the second to sous la responsabilité de Mahmûd Khalîl et du her mother, queen Nefertiti. The ancient Dr Muhammad Hamâda, membres de la Egyptians usually buried the daughter beside commission d’inventaire. (Ahmad Mansûr, the mother, like the mummy of queen Tiye « Découverte d’un carton contenant des and her daughter, the mummy of the younger pièces archéologiques », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 lady,” Hawwâs told the Weekly. mai 2019). He said he had tried to find the mummy of - - queen Nefertiti’s sister, Mut Nedjment, in Egypt is making new efforts to promote order to compare it with the headless mummy, tourism on the international stage by but regretfully he could not find the remains partnering with the US channel CNN to launch previously located by Egyptologist Jeffrey a global tourism campaign and making a MARTIN inside the tomb of her husband series of documentaries on Egypt’s Horemhab in Saqqâra. archaeological wonders with an Italian media Hawwâs said that further studies of group, according to announcements by the Tutankhamun’s mummy would reveal the Ministry of Tourism. cause of his death. Analysis by a machine to The CNN campaign will kick off on 22 May be brought to Egypt in September would with innovative material on contemporary allow scientists to reveal the exact cause of the Egypt to attract a global audience on death of Tutankhamun, he said. (Nevine El- television networks and digital platforms. Aref, “Investigating the mummies”, Al-Ahram Weekly, May 16, 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al- To increase engagement with audiences, Minyâwî, « Hawwâs : Nous cherchons à advertising will be placed adjacent to relevant élucider la mort de Toutankhamon », Sada al- content such as CNN Travel on digital Balad, 4 mai). platforms, using first-party data to reach - - specific segments and engage with audiences showing interest in editorial content about Egypt, said Rânyâ al-Mashât, the minister of Tourism.

The campaign targets tourists from the European, North American, Asian, African and Middle Eastern markets. The CNN campaign would tap into the high interest in travel amongst CNN audiences, 66 per cent of whom are personally interested in travel, with 50 per cent travelling internationally each year, al-Mashât said. Earlier this week, she also announced that Italy’s biggest commercial broadcaster

MediaSet would be launching a new season of Des sources informées ont révélé la documentaries on the secrets of ancient Egypt découverte de pièces archéologiques after the success of a previous season. entreposées dans un carton, à l’abri des regards, dans l’entrepôt archéologique de The Italian series Freedom Oltre Il Confine Fustât. Ces pièces avaient déjà fait l’objet (Freedom Beyond Borders) and its presenter

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Roberto GIACOBBO would broadcast from audiences, adding that German, Spanish documentaries on the wonders of ancient and Italian viewers preferred to watch their Egyptian civilisation, al-Mashât said. local television channels. The series, entitled “Exclusive Permits”, will He said that CNN viewers in Europe were be aired on Italian television. The 13 episodes limited to English-speaking tourists and — the first season contained 12 — were shot holidaymakers who wished to follow world at archaeological sites unfamiliar to tourists, news. such as the Osirion, an ancient Egyptian The campaign seeks to create a positive temple located behind the Seti I Temple in image of Egypt through story-telling that Abydos, and the Djoser Step Pyramid where a focuses on tourist destinations, said Cathy statuette of Osiris was recently discovered. IBAL, vice president of CNN International Parts of the series were shot inside tombs Commercial, adding that the campaign was unearthed in Luxor’s Dirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ expected to be viewed by more than 10 Necropolis, as well as in the tomb of million tourists. Tutankhamun’s wet nurse in Saqqâra and that For Muhammad Hasanayn, a member of of the scribe who drafted the Egypt-Hittite the Egyptian Chamber of Tourism Companies peace treaty between Ramses II and Hittite whose company works on tourism from Spain, ruler Hattusilis III. promoting Egypt abroad will make it easier for The programme contains ancient Egyptian private tourism businesses to attract scenes that will be aired exclusively on Italian holidaymakers. television. In 2018, approximately 11.3 million tourists The first season of the series was broadcast visited Egypt, spending almost 122 million between 28 December 2018 and 14 February, nights in the country. with each episode drawing between 1.5 and The European market was the largest five million viewers, Rai, the national public exporter of tourists last year, with seven broadcasting company of Italy, said. million vacationers. The Arab market came “Promoting Egypt on CNN and Italian second with three million tourists. Asia was television is an excellent step forward,” said third with around 700,000 tourists, and the Husâm al-Shâ‘ir, chairman of the Egyptian Americas fourth with approximately 500,000. Chamber of Tourism Companies. “We are now The promotion campaign has three awaiting the launch of a wide-ranging aspects: branding by destination, based on campaign in countries sending tourists to promoting each tourist destination separately, Egypt, such as Germany and the UK.” including Aswân, Luxor, Sharm al-Shaykh and In her announcement of the partnership Marsâ ‘Alam; a people-to-people scheme; and with CNN, al-Mashât said that “innovation lies marketing the Grand Egyptian Museum at the heart of the partnership through the use (GEM), which is slated to open in 2020. of CNN’s sophisticated data capabilities and The museum inauguration comes amid insight to reach these audiences. CNN will other events Egypt is preparing for, such as leverage its unique scale via TV networks as the Africa Cup of Nations taking place next well as precision-targeting across digital and month. The partnership with CNN could not social media to optimise a campaign showing have happened at a better time, with the the beauty of Egypt and its culture and world’s eyes turning to Egypt for the events. people.” Hasanayn said that promoting Egypt’s However, one tourism marketing expert, cultural tourism, which focuses on museums who preferred to withhold his name, viewed and archaeological sites, will impact positively the CNN campaign differently. He said the on the overall flow of travellers to Egypt. global network would not receive attention

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al-Mashât said the first documentary series The success of the series had led the Italian aired in Italy augured well for the success of Focus channel to broadcast it again. the second. She said season two had been After developing tourist areas such as in shot in Aswân, Abû Simbil, Suhâg, Luxor and Aswân and linking Hurghada and Luxor, Gîza in April. Modern promotion mechanisms Hasanayn said Egypt should hold sound and depending on storytelling, location and light shows on the west bank of the Nile at people had responded to tourists’ desires for Luxor. new experiences. He said it was pivotal to embark on “The new promotion strategy will have a promotion campaigns in traditional markets positive impression on the targeted such as Germany and the UK and new markets audience,” said Magdî Sâdiq, a member of such as China and India, while addressing the Egyptian Chamber of Tourism Companies each market according to its targeted whose company attracts tourists from Italy. travellers, whether they were interested in Italian tourists are primarily interested in beaches, cultural or religious tourism. (Safeya Egypt’s beaches and cultural destinations, said Mounir, “Travelling out of the box”, Al-Ahram Sâdiq, who confirmed that the number of Weekly, May 16, 2019). Italian tourists visiting Egypt in 2018 had - - increased by 16 per cent on the year before. The first three months of 2019 had seen a 40 Samedi 18 mai 2019 per cent rise in Italian tourists on the same period in 2018, with the influx concentrated in La Central Agency for Public Mobilization Marsâ ‘Alam and Sharm al-Shaykh. and Statistics (CAPMAS) a révélé qu’en 2018 Presenter GIACOBBO said the first season of on compte 34 musées archéologiques, the series on the secrets of ancient Egypt had historiques et régionaux en Égypte, contre 35 been a big hit, particularly the parts shot in the musées en 2017 ; soit une baisse de 2,9 %. Grand Egyptian Museum, which had garnered Ces musées ont attiré 2,845 millions de two million viewers. visiteurs en 2018, contre 2,361 millions en Season one documented recent 2017 ; soit une augmentation de 20,5 %. archaeological discoveries in Egypt, such as Les revenus drainés par ces musées ont Miho’s tomb in the Saqqâra Necropolis and atteint 169,021 millions Livres égyptiennes en the restoration of Khufu’s second solar boar. A 2018, contre 99,133 millions L.E. en 2017 ; soit special episode on the journey of the Holy une augmentation de 70,5 %. (Amîra Sâlih, Family in Egypt was aired at Christmas. « CAPMAS : 70,5 millions L.E. d’augmentation Other episodes included one on the des revenus des musées en 2018 », al-Masrî secrets of the Pyramids of Gîza, in which al-Yawm, 18 mai 2019). famed Egyptologist and former minister of - - antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs was hosted. Another was on the Battle of Kadesh, which took place L’Administration centrale pour la before the signing of the first peace treaty in restauration et la préservation archéologiques human history between Ramses II and the a lancé la deuxième phase de restauration des Hittite emperor. momies de Sîwa. Ces momies ont été découvertes, il y a deux ans, à environ 300 m The final episode of the first season was de l’oasis. Il s’agit de trois momies recouvertes aired on Valentine’s Day. It recounted the de cartonnage funéraire, d’une momie story of queen Nefertari, who was Ramses II’s enveloppée dans du lin, d’une momie favourite wife and to whom he dedicated a d’enfant, ainsi que de près de douze temple in Abû Simbil and a private cemetery. squelettes. Cette découverte remonte à l’époque romaine. (Ahmad Mansûr,

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« Restauration de momies découvertes à This is Egypt’s second attack at the same Sîwa », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 18 mai 2019). location within six months. In December, a - - roadside bomb hit a tourist bus near the Gîza Pyramids, killing four and injuring 11 others. Dimanche 19 mai 2019 The tourist victims were of Vietnamese origin while some Egyptians were also injured At least 17 people have been injured after namely the bus driver and the guide. an explosion targeted a tour bus and a private Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism and the vehicle travelling near the Grand Egyptian government at large have been aggressively Museum in Gîza. promoting Egypt as a safe destination for According to local and international tourists, a considerably effort considering reports, including social media posts, an tourism is one of the nation’s strongest sectors explosion near the Grand Egyptian Museum in the economy. (GEM) — which has not yet opened to the The number of tourists soared in 2018 and public — left a tour bus with shattered is expected to reach new highs in 2019; as windows. such, authorities has implemented tight Initial reports from state media indicate 10 security measures to prevent any disturbance Egyptians and seven South Africans were or attacks. among those injured. In June 2018, the annual Gallup Global Law According to media reports, two vehicles and Order ranked Egypt the 16th safest — a tour bus and a private vehicle — were country in the world, outranking both the impacted by the explosion. The tour bus was United States, the United Kingdom and the carrying 25 people while the private vehicle entire African continent. Egypt was also was carrying four people. deemed safer than popular European tourist destinations such as France, Italy, Turkey and The extent of the damage remains unclear. Germany. (“Explosion Reported Near Grand However, photographs from the scene show Egyptian Museum”, Egyptian Streets, May 19, shattered windows on the bus while 2019). individuals roam around the overly intact bus. - - Security forces and ambulances rushed to the scene of the explosion within minutes of the incident. Mercredi 22 mai 2019

The road near the GEM is often popular with tour buses travelling to and from the Great Pyramid of Gîza complex and other nearby antiquity and historic sites. The GEM is set to open in 2020 and will be the largest archaeological museum in the world, housing many of Egypt’s treasures. It has not been harmed following the explosion ã Ministère de l’Archéologie of the device. Non loin du Canal de Suez, à 16 km à l’Est The site of the GEM. (AP Photo/Amr Nabil) plus précisément, se trouve le site archéologique de Tell al-Kidwa, témoin de Authorities have rushed to claim that the l’architecture militaire de la XXVIe dynastie, situation is under control although no group connue sous « l’époque saïte ». claimed responsibility for the attack and the culprits have yet to be apprehended. Une mission égyptienne y a dévoilé, la semaine dernière, les vestiges d’une

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Mai 2019 forteresse construite en briques crues. « Les directeur, les couches de cendres qui couvrent restes des tours des coins nord-est et sud-est le site ont inspiré les bédouins de la région ainsi que l’extension de la muraille sud d’une pour nommer ce site « Tell al-Kidwa » qui forteresse ont été découverts », a annoncé signifie « une chose enflammée ». Mustafa Wazîrî, secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA). L’extension mise au jour atteint 85 mètres de long, une taille qui pourrait encore évoluer selon les prochaines trouvailles.

Vue générale du site au cours des fouilles ã Ministère de l’Archéologie D’après Husayn, la forteresse reflète l’architecture militaire de l’époque de la XXVIe dynastie. Les murailles font jusqu’à 10 mètres

d’épaisseur. Et celles, côté nord, sont, en plus, Pointes de flèches dégagées du site. ã Ministère des Antiquités consolidées avec des piliers internes et Il s’agit d’une forteresse en forme carrée, externes. Ce type architectural est privé de de 200 m x 200 m, qui a été consolidée par 4 tout luxe, contrairement aux gigantesques tours dressées dans les quatre coins. Lors des bâtiments du Nouvel Empire. « Les documents travaux de la mission, l’une des entrées de retracent que la forteresse de Tell al-Kidwa l’édifice de défense a aussi été découverte était la seule à contrôler l’entrée et la sortie e dans la partie nord-est du site. « C’est l’une des frontières égyptiennes pendant la XXVI des portes latérales », explique Hishâm dynastie. Ce qui explique pourquoi elle était si Husayn, directeur général des antiquités imposante, car c’était l’unique endroit pour égyptiennes du Nord-Sinaï, ajoutant que « à sécuriser les limites Est du pays contre les droite de cette porte ont été trouvées les diverses invasions des ennemis », explique le fondations d’une pièce qui, probablement, directeur Husayn, assurant que cette servait de chambre de garde, et depuis cette forteresse a été fortement attaquée pendant e pièce, l’entrée et la sortie de ce côté de la la moitié de la XXVI dynastie et ses murs ont forteresse étaient contrôlées ». été détruits.

Les membres de la mission ont aussi trouvé une amulette en faïence sur laquelle est inscrit le nom du bâtisseur de la forteresse, le roi Psammétique Ier qui est aussi le fondateur de la XXVIe dynastie. En outre, de grands fours cylindriques, dont le diamètre du plus grand dépasse les 1,50 mètre, ont été révélés. « Ils étaient utilisés pour fondre les métaux, qui servaient dans la fabrication des armes, comme le cuivre et le bronze. Ce qui explique l’épaisse couche de cendre qui couvre le site », explique Husayn. Y ont été trouvées aussi des pointes de flèche de cuivre, qui auraient pu être ã Ministère de l’Archéologie fabriquées à cette époque sur le site. Selon le BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 200

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À la fin de cette époque, une autre YOYOTTE, sur le site de Gourob. À cela s’ajoute citadelle a été dressée sur les vestiges de celle la mission franco-italienne, dirigée par le Prof de Psammétique Ier. Celle-ci a été découverte Claudio Gallazzi, qui a fouillé deux mois sur le par l’Université Ben Gourion du Néguev site de Umm al-Buraygât (Tebtynis). (Rabâb al- pendant l’occupation israélienne du Sinaï. Gâlî, « Une mission de l’Ifao fouille le mois « Bien que la superficie de cette citadelle soit prochain à Girzâ dans le Fayyûm », al-Yawm al- plus petite, ses murailles sont plus épaisses, Sâbi‘, 22 mai 2019. Voir également “Ifao to leurs largeurs atteignant 11 mètres. Et elle resume excavation in Fayyûm for 3rd season: possède 16 tours », souligne Nâdya Khidr, official”, Egypt Today, May 23). directrice générale du département central - - des monuments de la Basse-Égypte. Les travaux de fouille continuent toujours Jeudi 23 mai 2019 sur le site pour dégager le reste des vestiges de la forteresse, car les égyptologues estiment que le site dissimule encore des trésors et des secrets à dévoiler dans les prochaines saisons de fouille. (Doaa Elhami, « Les murailles de Tell al-Kidwa refont surface », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 22 mai 2019. Voir également « Découverte au Nord-Sinaï de vestiges d’une forteresse militaire datant de Psammétique Ier », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 13 mai ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Découverte au Nord-Sinaï de Hawwâs along with archaeologists and scientists during the CT scan vestiges d’une forteresse militaire datant de examination of the royal mummies at the Egyptian Museum Psammétique Ier », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 mai ; The beautiful queen Nefertiti, wife of the Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Nouvelle découverte de monotheistic king Akhenaten, has always vestiges d’une forteresse militaire à Tell perplexed archaeologists. Kidwa », Watanî, 13 mai ; Mustafa Marie, “Min.: Ancient military fortress discovered in Nefertiti acquired unprecedented power Tell al-Kidwa”, Egypt Today, May 14; during the first 12 years of the reign of her Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Découverte au husband, and she occupied the throne Nord-Sinaï de vestiges de forteresses alongside him and appeared nearly twice as militaires », al-Ahrâm, 14 mai ;“Archaeological often in reliefs as Akhenaten during the first team uncovers ancient fortress towers in North five years of his reign. Sinai”, Egypt Independent, May 14). She continued to appear in reliefs even - - when, in the 12th year of Akhenaten’s reign, she disappeared from the scene and her name Le directeur général des antiquités du vanished from the pages of history. Fayyûm, Sayyid al-Shûra, a annoncé qu’une mission de l’Institut français d’archéologie Some think she either died from plague or orientale (Ifao) reprendra le mois prochain sa fell out of favour, but recent theories have troisième saison de fouilles sur le site de Kom denied such claims. Four images of Nefertiti al-Kharâba al-Kabîr, Girzâ (Philadelphie), sous adorn Akhenaten’s sarcophagus, not the usual la direction de Ruey-Lin CHANG. goddesses, indicating that her importance to the pharaoh continued up until his death and Plusieurs missions archéologiques disproving the idea that she fell out of favour. étrangères ont travaillé dans le Fayyûm cette They also show her continuous role as a deity saison. Il s’agit, par exemple, de la mission or semi-deity with Akhenaten. allemande dans la zone de Watfa ; de la mission américano-hollandaise à Kom Ûshîm; Shortly after her disappearance, Akhenaten de la mission française, dirigée par Marine took a co-regent to the throne. The identity of BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 201

Mai 2019 this person has created speculation. One Research was carried out at an early stage theory says it was Nefertiti herself in a new to verify whether the mummy of the Younger guise as a “female king,” like the female Lady was, in fact, Nefertiti, but to no avail. Pharaohs Sobkneferu and Hatshepsut who Over the years, scientists have tried to ruled the country for several years. identify the mummy of Nefertiti and determine Another theory introduces the idea of two her real facial features through carrying out co-regents, a male one called Smenkhkare and scientific and archaeological research or using Nefertiti under the name of Neferneferuaten. technology. But all attempts have thus far Some scholars believe that Nefertiti became failed and been considered as mere co-regent with her husband and that her role speculation. as queen consort was taken over by her eldest Now, however, some historians believe daughter Meritaten. Nefertiti has already been found and currently Although her iconic bust, now on display at lies in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. the Neues Museum in Berlin, was unearthed in In 2003, Joann FLETCHER, a mummification an artist’s workshop at Tell al-Amarna in 1912 expert from the University of York in the UK, by German archaeologist Ludwig BORCHARDT, announced that she and her team may have neither her tomb nor her mummy have yet identified the mummy of the queen, as she been unearthed. believes that Nefertiti’s mummy could be that Back in 1898, French Egyptologist Victor of the Younger Lady. LORET excavated the tomb of Amenhotep II in She based her conclusions on a number of the Theban Necropolis and came upon a factors, such as its similarity in physiognomy remarkable find. This was the first tomb ever and the swan-like neck of the mummy that opened in which the pharaoh was still in his bears a resemblance to Nefertiti’s face as original resting place, and, moreover, 11 other immortalised in the limestone bust in Berlin, a mummies were also discovered in a sealed doubled-pierced ear lobe, which she claims chamber in the tomb, nine belonging to was a rare fashion statement in ancient Egypt members of the royal family. and that can clearly be seen in images of Eight of the mummies were transferred to Nefertiti, and a shaven head and the the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and three were impression of the tight-fitting brow-band worn left in situ due to their critical state of by royalty. preservation. FLETCHER’s hypothesis has not been One of this trio of mummies is a female accepted by many Egyptologists, however. who had managed to retain her remarkable The x-ray examination carried out on the beauty and is known among Egyptologists as mummy of the Younger Lady prior to the “Elder Lady”. She was identified as queen FLETCHER’s theory indicated that it was a 16- Tiye, the chief wife of the Pharaoh Amenhotep year-old girl, whereas Nefertiti is thought to III. have died in her 30s. Without comparative DNA studies, any speculation about the owner A mummy of a young prince, not of the mummy is dubious. identified, bears a facial resemblance to that of Tiye’s mummy, suggesting it could be In 2015, British Egyptologist Nicholas prince Thutmose, the eldest son of REEVES made headlines by announcing his Amenhotep III. As for the third mummy, belief that Nefertiti was buried in a secret known as the “Younger Lady”, Egyptologists chamber located behind the west and north sway between thinking it is queen Nefertiti walls of Tutankhamun’s tomb in the Valley of and princess Sitamun, a daughter of Tiye and the Kings. Amenhotep III. But after three scan trials on the tomb’s walls the theory proved a failure, as well as

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Mai 2019 receiving criticism from other Egyptologists poorly preserved female mummies, one of and historians. Even so, it does demonstrate them headless, found in 1870 by Italian the enduring fascination with Nefertiti and explorer Giovanni BELZONI inside tomb KV21 finding her mummy. in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor,” he said. “Samples of foetuses found in the tomb of Tutankhamun were also taken for analysis,” Hawwâs told the Weekly, adding that these had long been thought to be the stillborn daughters of Tutankhamun and his royal wife Ankhesenamun, the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. “Comparison between their DNA and the headless mummy revealed that the headless

KV21 mummy was in fact the mother of the New attempts: In an attempt to put an end two foetuses, which should mean that this was to the Nefertiti mystery, the second phase of Tutankhamun’s wife queen Ankhesenamun,” the Egyptian Mummies Project, whose first Hawwâs said. phase started in 2005 to solve the mystery of the death of the boy-king Tutankhamun, has He pointed out that the mummies from resumed to study the rest of the royal KV21 were in poor conservation condition due mummies. to the effects of floods that have swept through the Valley and into the tomb. To The project will begin with those on display prevent further degradation of the remains, at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo before their the mummies were moved to the Egyptian relocation to the National Museum of Museum in Cairo for conservation. Egyptian Civilisation (NMEC) in Fustât. “I believe that the second female mummy “CT scans on all the royal mummies now in KV21 could be none other than queen on display at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo Nefertiti,” Hawwâs said, explaining that the that will be transferred to the NMEC were ancient Egyptians sometimes placed mother carried out last month,” said former minister of and daughter near each other in burial antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs, highlighting that chambers. among the most important was the mummy belonging to king Seqenenre because This was the case in tomb KV35, where the previous studies had revealed it to be in a mummy of Tutankhamun’s grandmother poor conservation condition. queen Tiye was placed next to the mummy of one of Tiye’s many daughters, a woman Seqenenre is thought to have died from a revealed by DNA tests to be Tutankhamun’s blow from an axe during battles against the mother. Hyksos, a foreign group that had invaded Egypt. However, some claim he was He continued by saying that the Egyptian assassinated in his sleep. Mummies Project would also begin the search for other mummies that belonged to Hawwâs said that the earlier study had not Nefertiti’s family, including her five other used scientific analysis or CT scans. More missing daughters and her sister queen Mut recent studies had found that the wounds on Nedjment in order to compare them with the the mummy were from a battle against the second mummy without a head in KV21. Hyksos and that the pharaoh had died during battle. However, “I have not been able to find the remains of Mut Nedjment that were previously In September, a fresh search for Nefertiti’s located by Egyptologist Geoffrey MARTIN mummy will begin. “We have prepared for such a search by the identification of two BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 203

Mai 2019 inside the tomb of her husband Horemhab in This scenario favours the theory of an Saqqâra,” Hawwâs said. accident causing a fracture and the open wound leading to a probable infection and Paleopathologist Eugen STROUHAL, Hawwâs death. Today, Hawwâs said, scientific analysis said, had studied these remains, which could test the theory and reveal whether the included the skull, and determined that infection was the cause that led to the king’s Mutnodjmet had died at about the age of 40 death. and may have died during labour since the bones of a foetus or newborn were found with Yahya Gâd, a professor of molecular her. genetics at the National Research Centre who heads the committee dealing with paleo- “If these bones can ever be DNA tested, biology, said that the project would not only they could yield many important clues about reveal the health of the ancient Egyptian Tutankhamun’s family,” he added. royals and their genetic diseases but their “Although I do not really trust DNA tests, I linages as well. It could help find the answers decided in 2005 to study such a project in to many historical questions and mysteries, he order to begin about a new era of scientific added. research on mummies to be carried out by The project would also determine the Egyptian archaeologists and scientists who are microbes that affected the mummies in order experts in the field in collaboration with to find ways of restoring them. (Nevine El- foreign experts and scholars and directed by Aref, “Finding Nefertiti?”, Al-Ahram Weekly, myself,” Hawwâs told Al-Ahram Weekly. (…) May 23, 2019). - -

Tutankhamun: Further studies will also be made on the mummy of Tutankhamun to reveal the exact cause of his death. Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- Hawwâs told the Weekly that the general ‘Inânî, a reçu l’ambassadeur de Nouvelle- health of Tutankhamun might have been Zélande au Caire, S.E.M. Greg LEWIS, affected by the high degree of inbreeding he fraîchement nommé à son poste. L’entretien a had been exposed to, and radiological porté sur le renforcement des relations evidence carried out in the first phase of the bilatérales dans le domaine archéologique et Mummies Project had undermined the l’échange d’expertises. possibility of murder by head blows and revealed a fracture in his left femur just above Les deux responsables ont abordé la the knee. restitution de quelques pièces archéologiques léguées en 1920 par un Néozélandais au Radiological imaging of the left knee had musée Whanganui. Il est prévu de remettre also pointed to an early bone reaction to ces pièces, le mois prochain, à l’ambassade fracture and hence a short period predating d’Égypte à Wellington, en vue de leur retour death. au pays. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Entretien entre le ministre de l’Archéologie et l’ambassadeur de

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Nouvelle-Zélande au Caire », al-Masrî al- du fer à béton armé. On relève également la Yawm, 23 mai 2019). chute de fragments du minaret, ainsi que la - - présence de nombreuses fissures dans le mausolée et le reste de la mosquée. Director of the Karnak Antiquities Region Qadhâfî ‘Abd al-Rahîm stated that restoration works are resuming in the temples of Karnak and Luxor and that a new budget plan was developed over the past few days. The new budget plan will be examined and discussed by the archaeological experts of the country. The director of the Karnak Antiquities Il y a quelques années, un bureau d’études Region stated that the new budget plan et d’architecture avait recommandé le includes a number of important archaeological démontage de la totalité du plafond qui temples. menaçait ruine. Le Conseil Suprême des The restoration plan will continue Antiquités avait alors fait établir un devis qui throughout the year at a steady pace and will s’élevait à près de 400 000 L.E. Aujourd’hui, prioritize places that need immediate les travaux de restauration architecturale et de restoration. There is also continuous follow-up renouvellement du réseau d’égout by the management of restoration and responsable des dégâts s’élèvent à 16 millions maintenance of monuments on the achieved L.E. Aucune décision n’a encore été prise. progress. (Hind Ibrâhîm, « La restauration de la mosquée The restoration department completed Sîdî Shibl incombe au ministère de preparing and rehabilitating the passages in l’Archéologie », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 24 mai the second visit axis of the Karnak Temple 2019. Voir également Muhammad al-‘Isâwî, which extends between the seventh and tenth « Divergence entre les ministères des Waqfs et edifices in light of the ministry’s plan to de l’Archéologie autour de la restauration de rehabilitate the archaeological sites and la mosquée Sîdî Shibl », al-Ahrâm, 26 mai). museums for visitors, especially those with - - special needs. (Mustafa Marie, “Restoration of temples resume in Luxor”, Egypt Today, May Mardi 28 mai 2019 23, 2019). - -

Vendredi 24 mai 2019

A church dating back to the fourth century

has been unearthed near Alexandria by polish De nouveaux fragments du plafond sont archaeologists who claim that it might be tombés sur la tête des fidèles en prière à oldest church discovered in Egypt, The First l’intérieur de la mosquée Sîdî Shibl al-Aswad, News reported. l’une des plus grandes mosquées d’al- Munûfiyya. Ces chutes sont dues à l’érosion The discovery is based on research conducted by a team from the University of BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 205

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Warsaw’s Center of Mediterranean christianisme en Égypte », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, Archaeology since 2000, alongside intensive 28 mai ; Yusrâ al-Sharqâwî, « Découverte à fieldwork. Alexandrie des vestiges de la plus ancienne église », al-Ahrâm, 29 mai). The mission’s discoveries in Alexandria also include a burial chapel and the largest - - collection of ceramics excavated in Egypt yet, according to The First News. Mercredi 29 mai 2019

The polish team had been excavating a Basilica, which they believed had operated 22 momies royales quitteront le Musée from the fifth century well until the eighth égyptien du Caire, en septembre prochain, century, when they uncovered the ancient pour être exposées au nouveau Musée church buried beneath it. national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC), “At the end of the last research season, situé à Fustât. La fragilité et l’importance under the floor of the basilica, we historique des momies rendent la mission encountered a wall’s remains, which turned délicate. Ainsi, des mesures de grande out to be the outer walls of an even older envergure doivent être prises pour garantir la church,” Krzysztof BABRAJ, who headed réussite de ce transfert. research work on the basilica told The First Sur les 22 momies qui seront transférées, News. 16 sont actuellement exposées dans deux salles du Musée Égyptien, alors que les 6 BABRAJ explained that there are no other church remains have been found in the area so restantes n’ont jamais été montrées et se far, making this a significant discovery. trouvent dans les entrepôts du musée.

Thousands of fragments of the old church « Les momies sont des pièces très fragiles. have been excavated underneath the Elles doivent être traitées avec beaucoup de discovered Basilica. The church had been soin lors du transfert pour qu’elles puissent devastated by an earthquake, leaving behind supporter la vibration de la route. Et aussi, il nothing but scattered glass, ceramic and faut pouvoir contrôler la chaleur et les gaz lors limestone wall ruins, according to The First du transfert, surtout que les vitrines sont News. dépourvues d’oxygène pour garantir une bonne conservation des corps royaux », BABRAJ said that they will resume their explique Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, directrice du research, with the discovery of this church as a Musée Égyptien, assurant que toutes les just the beginning. (Mira Maged, “Polish momies seront transférées avec leurs vitrines archaeologists claim discovery of oldest du Musée Égyptien à celui de Fustât. « Bien church in Egypt”, Egypt Independent, May 28, que les vitrines subissent des travaux de 2019. Voir également Basant Gamîl, « Les maintenance régulière, elles seront soumises à vestiges d’une église alexandrine offrent une des travaux supplémentaires pour garantir nouvelle vision de l’introduction du leurs états », reprend ‘Abd al-Râziq, assurant

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Mai 2019 qu’elle n’est pas inquiète de faire sortir les notamment un certain nombre de momies momies du musée et que leur déplacement, animales. « Même si notre musée antique bien qu’il soit très délicat, n’est pas difficile. perd une partie de sa collection, il renferme beaucoup d’autres pièces riches « Toutes les mesures de sécurité doivent historiquement et scientifiquement », déclare- être prises pour que le transfert soit à la t-elle, ajoutant que le Musée Égyptien ne hauteur des rois et des reines qui seront perdra jamais son charme et continuera déplacés », annonce le célèbre égyptologue toujours à fasciner. Zâhî Hawwâs qui se souvient du cortège organisé depuis l’aéroport du Caire en 2003 Quant au NMEC, il se prépare également lors du retour de la momie du roi Ramsès Ier pour ce grand événement, qui marquera la du musée Michael Carlos d’Atlanta, des États- date de l’inauguration officielle de trois de ses Unis, momie qui avait été volée il y a plus de salles parmi lesquelles celle des momies 120 ans. royales. Selon les dernières déclarations ministérielles, la salle centrale, celle des Selon lui, les momies royales ont un momies et la tour, qui est en forme charme énigmatique spécial, et leur transfert pyramidale, sont les trois salles qui seront de la place Tahrîr jusqu’au Vieux-Caire, à inaugurées au dernier trimestre de cette Fustât, sera suivi par le monde entier. Elles année. vont traverser des rues cairotes, près de 7 km, dans un cortège royal militaire. Une « Le NMEC doit être prêt à accueillir la célébration sans précédent qui pourrait être collection singulière des momies », annonce encore plus importante que celle de la statue Khâlid ‘Azab, nouveau directeur du Musée de colossale de Ramsès II, de la place portant son Fustât, assurant qu’au cours des derniers mois, nom, au centre-ville, vers sa destination finale les travaux se déroulaient d’arrache-pied au au nouveau Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM), musée pour être prêt à accueillir les pièces près du plateau des pyramides. antiques qui seront exposées dans les trois nouvelles salles et surtout celle des momies. « Une fois les momies arrivées à leur nouvel emplacement, elles seront sujettes à une observation minutieuse pour s’assurer de leur état après le transfert », souligne ‘Azab, expliquant que chaque momie sera accompagnée d’un buste ou d’une statue du même roi ou reine pour enrichir la muséologie de la salle.

« Une fois les momies transférées, d’autres Les 22 momies ne seront pas toutes non royales mais d’une grande importance exposées, puisque quelques-unes seront historique seront exposées à leur place dans consacrées aux études des spécialistes. un nouveau scénario muséal, donnant des « Nous n’avons pas encore décidé combien informations supplémentaires sur les momies à de momies seront exposées au public », a-t-il travers des multimédias modernes », indique repris. ‘Abd al-Râziq, donnant l’exemple de la momie Avec l’annonce du transfert des momies hurlante, dont la découverte remonte à 1881, royales du centre-ville à Fustât, les avis sont à al-Dayr al-Baharî, et celle de la nourrice de la partagés, notamment à cause de la position reine Hatchepsout « Satrê », qui étaient toutes géographique du lieu. Pour les uns, l’accès au les deux conservées depuis leur découverte musée est difficile et n’est pas une destination dans les entrepôts du musée. convenable pour les touristes. D’après ‘Azab, À noter que le Musée Égyptien du Caire le musée, le lac ‘Ayn al-Sîra, et toute la région regroupe une riche collection de momies jouissent actuellement d’un projet de découvertes dans les quatre coins du pays, développement et de réaménagement qui BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 207

Mai 2019 facilitera l’accès au musée. « Les momies Several residents in Naga‘ Abû ‘Usba at the seront conservées dans leurs vitrines loin de Karnak area committed numerous violations l’humidité ou de la chaleur, car le bâtiment est that needed to be removed in order to très bien aéré. Et on va mettre des complete the project according to the équipements spéciaux pour le réglage de la statement, adding that this would represent a température et de l’humidité. Les momies big leap forward in Egypt’s tourism. trouveront une destination confortable », Minyâ police, in cooperation with local assure-t-il. authorities, also removed 33 violations on the À noter que les responsables au musée se Nile River. préparent non seulement pour recevoir les Two infringements of state-owned land momies, mais aussi pour pouvoir inaugurer les across a 130-meter area on the Bâwîtî road in trois autres salles. « Tout doit être prêt, les Banî Mazâr, Minyâ, were addressed by the laboratoires qui sont au total de 11, quelques police in accordance with the orders of Minyâ nouvelles vitrines, les moyens de sécurité, les Governor Qâsim Husayn. (“Luxor authorities films documentaires et les dioramas, en plus remove resident violations on Kibâsh road”, des conservateurs et inspecteurs capables Egypt Independent, May 29, 2019. Voir d’expliquer et de répondre à toutes les également Muhammad al-Samkûrî, « Le questions des visiteurs. On ne doit pas se gouvernorat de Louqsor combat les précipiter ; le tout doit être prêt. Parce qu’une empiètements sur le Dromos », al-Masrî al- fois le musée inauguré, on doit garantir sa Yawm, 28 mai ; « L’Égypte dépense 400 continuité », conclut ‘Azab. (Nasma Réda, millions L.E. pour ressusciter le Dromos », al- « Les momies royales se préparent au transfert Shurûq, 28 mai ; Rânyâ ‘Abd al-‘Âtî, à Fustât », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 29 mai 2019. « Poursuite du projet du Dromos », al-Ahrâm, Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Zâhî 29 mai). Hawwâs : Les momies royales seront transférées du Musée Égyptien vers le NMEC - - le 15 juin », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 4 mai ; ‘Alâ’ al- Minyâwî, « Hawwâs : Les momies royales Jeudi 30 mai 2019 seront transférées de Tahrîr vers le NMEC mi- juin dans un cortège impressionnant », Sada al-Balad, 4 mai ; Angy Essam, “Royal mummies to be Transferred from Egyptian Museum to NMEC on June.15”, Egypt Today, May 11 ; “Royal Mummies to be Transferred to NMEC from Egyptian Museum”, Egyptian Streets, May 12 ; Zâhî Hawwâs, « Transfert des momies : Une parade dans les rues du Caire », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 14 mai). - - Overlooking the Pyramids on the Gîza Luxor’s executive authorities launched a Plateau, the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) campaign on Tuesday to remove numerous with its eye-catching trapezoidal architectural violations on the governorate’s main roads, design and distinguished external wall is particularly the Kibâsh road, which extends for surrounded by workers, engineers and 2,700 meters from the Luxor Temple to the consultants all wearing gloves and yellow Karnak Temple. helmets and hard at work. In a Tuesday statement, Luxor’s governor They are absorbed and driven in spite of said that this renovation of the Kibâsh road the heat to complete the construction of the aims to turn Luxor into an open-air museum, a long-awaited 500,000 square metres of the project that would revive interest in the area. new museum, whose spacious, transparent BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 208

Mai 2019 marble-fronted building offers an enormous Muftâh described the GEM as “the largest panoramic view of the Gîza Plateau. and most significant cultural project in the world today that will change Egypt’s tourism “The work is at full swing, and the site is a map. It will be a wonderful attraction that will hive of activity to complete this gigantic and blend history with a modern and authentic long-awaited project,” ‘Âtif Muftâh, twist.” supervisor-general of the GEM project, told Al-Ahram Weekly. The project is almost Egypt is the world capital of cultural complete architecturally in work that has been tourism, he said, adding that nothing could done in collaboration with the Engineering make a bolder statement than when this Authority of the Armed Forces, but the magnificent new museum sees its official archaeological displays are still being opening with the completion of the Gîza completed. Plateau Development Project and the area around the GEM as a whole. Muftâh said a final revision of the bid documents was taking place in order to launch work in June among the shortlist of companies and consortiums that were selected last year to enter the open tender to manage the facilities of the GEM. The facilities include a 1,000-seat conference centre, a 500-seat cinema, eight restaurants, with two overlooking the Gîza Pyramids, an open-air theatre, food courts, bookshops and other retail outlets with 28 shops, a traditional arts and crafts centre, a spacious piazza for festivals of more than 15,000 participants and a multifunctional building. In the development of the area Muftâh said that the Ministry of Antiquities surrounding the GEM, the al-Rimâya Club has was the only authority responsible for the been relocated to another place on the Cairo- management and security of the GEM’s ‘Ayn al-Sukhna Road and its previous area will collection, as well as everything related to be connected to another 52-feddan plot of antiquities, such as the exhibition halls, the land located beside the ring road to form a maintenance and restoration centre, and the cultural and entertainment zone for the children’s museum. museum’s visitors and the area’s inhabitants. He said that the surface area of the indoor Muftâh added that after the opening of the exhibition was 35,000 metres and the outdoor museum and the development of the area one was 55,000 metres, while the commercial around it, more and more tourists will want to and investment area was more than 65,000 extend their stays in Cairo from the present metres and would provide revenue for the two to five nights or beyond. project. The area around the GEM was also now A state-of-the-art security system has been under development in collaboration with the installed in the museum to detect the ministries of housing and new urban movement of every artefact in the collection as communities, defence, and irrigation along well as the corridors, galleries, laboratories, with the Cairo governorate. The project will be storage areas, and the garden via cameras executed in phases, with the first one already installed inside and outside the museum and started with the building of the surrounding in its external walls. roads.

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Two roads with four lanes each have been used was imported from Italy. The cost had created in the northern and southern areas to increased to almost $200 million in 2016-2017 reduce traffic around the GEM, in addition to when the construction of the wall began. the digging of the 1.2km Fayyûm Road Tunnel As a result, Muftâh said a decision had to solve traffic problems in the area between been taken to rationalise the construction al-Rimâya Square, the Faysal and Pyramid without compromising the quality of the Roads and the Fayyûm-Alexandria Road. material used. “We kept the original vision of “Ninety-five per cent of the work has been the designer, but with a little twist,” Muftâh completed, and the digging of the tunnel has said, adding that Egyptian materials were already started beside the land of the al- used in the wall construction instead such as Rimâya Club,” Muftâh said. He added that a the transparent marble and metal frame at a metro station would be built in the vicinity of lesser cost. the GEM, with ideas in the pipeline to lay on transport between the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, the GEM, and the National Museum of Egyptian Civilisation. These are being studied by the Prime Minister and the ministers of Antiquities, and Housing, and the Cairo and Gîza governors.

EXHIBITION: The newly transported obelisk from the Sân al-Hagar archaeological site in Zaqâzîq will be part of the collection of the GEM. The GEM project was launched in 2002 in order to build a state-of-the-art antiquities It will be put on show in the Obelisk Square museum near the Gîza Pyramids to solve the at the GEM’s main entrance. It will be the first problems of the overstuffed Egyptian Museum obelisk in the world to be placed in a special in Tahrîr Square and to bring together display offering visitors the opportunity to materials stored at various archaeological sites walk beneath it and see the cartouche of king across the country. Ramses II engraved on its bottom. The museum will centre on what has been Ancient Egyptian royal figures used to called the “Dunnal Eye”, an area containing engrave their cartouches on the bottoms of the main exhibition spaces. From this central obelisks as a mark of ownership. hub, a network of streets, piazzas and bridges The estimated cost of the GEM project is will link the museum’s many sections. The $1.6 billion, with costs increasing as a result of design is by Shih-Fu PENG of the Dublin various delays but still being trimmed by some architectural firm Heneghan, winner of the $770 million. Some 44 of the 87 large objects international architectural competition held in that will be exhibited on the GEM’s grand 2003. staircase have been transported. The GEM is to display a collection of Muftâh told the Weekly that the GEM had 100,000 objects from ancient Egypt beginning a 17-metre esplanade in front of it and a with prehistory and going up to the early striking architectural design that incorporated Roman period. Among the objects on display a wall 50 metres high and 800 metres long will be the unique objects of the boy king with a total surface of 27,000 square metres. Tutankhamun. The design was complicated, and its It will house a conference centre with an construction would cost $186 million auditorium seating 1,000 and catering to according to a study carried out at the theatrical performances, concerts, conferences beginning of the project because the marble and business meetings. The main auditorium

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Mai 2019 will be supplemented with seminar rooms, Another $27 million has been donated by meeting rooms, a multi-purpose hall suitable Egyptian businessmen, while the Ministry of for a variety of events, and an open-plan Culture under the former Mubârak regime gallery for accompanying exhibitions. provided $150 million. However, problems encountered after the 25 January Revolution A 7,000-square metre commercial area with led to budgetary problems, slowing the retail shops, cafeterias, restaurants, leisure and construction of the new museum. recreational activities is planned for the ground-floor level, as well as a 250-seat In 2012, a joint venture between Egypt’s cinema. Orascom Construction Industries (OCI) and the Belgian BESIX Group was awarded the contract for the completion of the GEM’s third phase, which includes the construction of the museum’s main building and landscaping. The museum will be opened to the public in 2020. (Nevine El-Aref, “GEM countdown begins”, Al-Ahram Weekly, May 30, 2019. Voir également Walaa Ali, “GEM to be inaugurated in last quarter of 2020”, Egypt Today, May 1st ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le monde entire attend le The first and second phases of the GEM GEM », Sada al-Balad, 13 mai; Radwa Hâshim, were completed in 2010. They included the « Zâhî Hawwâs : Le GEM sera le plus construction of a power plant, fire station, and important projet culturel au monde », al- fully equipped conservation centre built 10 Watan, 14 mai). metres below ground level. The centre has 12 - - laboratories and four storage galleries. It is believed to be the largest such facility in the world and is intended as a regional, as well as an Egyptian, expert centre.

The museum’s storage rooms are equipped with units designed for secure storage and easy access. The environment is determined by the materials kept in the individual rooms, whether they are organic or Almost a year after its relocation from the non-organic, or require low temperatures to Salâh al-Dîn Citadel in Cairo to its new optimise preservation. permanent display space in the atrium of the The project is funded by the Egyptian Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM), reports government and two loans from the Japan Nevine Al-Aref, the column of the Pharaoh International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Merenptah is now standing beside the which in 2006 provided the first soft loan of colossus of his father Ramses II ready to greet $300 million to be repaid over 30 years at 1.5 visitors to the museum. per cent interest. Payments will be made in The column was transported from the instalments after a 10-year grace period citadel where it has been kept since 2006 for following the GEM’s official opening. The conservation and preservation purposes. It second soft loan is for some $460 million, was originally discovered in 1970 among other which the government will repay over 25 years architectural elements from the ruins of at an interest rate of 1.4 per cent after a Merenptah mortuary temple in the ancient city seven-year grace period. of Heliopolis, now the Cairo suburb of

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Matariyya, where it had suffered deterioration Re, who holds the ankh sign in one hand and a due to high levels of subsoil water. curved dagger in the other. He gives the dagger to the Pharaoh, saying “take the Director of first-aid restoration at the GEM slander of all foreign lands.” Îsa Zaydân explained that great care had been taken before the column’s transportation and Wearing the blue crown, Merenptah offers that it had been comprehensively studied to incense to a worshipper, Anat, who holds the detect and consolidate weak points. sign of the ankh in her left hand and presents him with her hand to help suppress rebels. It had taken eight hours to prepare the column for transportation and two hours for its He also appears wearing the double crown journey to the GEM, he said. A wooden base inscribed with the royal prayer offering bread padded with layers of foam had been to the mother of the god Ra Hor Akhti, who designed for the column, and it had been tied encourages the Pharaoh to act against foreign with carefully tensioned rope to safeguard it countries. (Nevine El-Aref, “Greetings at the during transportation. GEM”, Al-Ahram Weekly, May 30, 2019. Voir également Radwa Hâshim, « La colonne de The Tourism and Antiquities Police Mérenptah rejoint son emplacement définitif accompanied it on its journey. Upon its arrival, au GEM », al-Watan, 22 mai ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, it was examined, and further restoration work « La colonne de Mérenptah transférée au was completed. GEM », Sada al-Balad, 22 mai ; Muhammad “Lifting up the column to stand beside the ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « La colonne de Mérenptah colossus of his father was not an easy task,” repose au GEM », al-Ahrâm, 24 mai). Zaydân told Al-Ahram Weekly. He said that - - the process was “a challenge” that had taken two days of work with the help of a special company under the supervision of archaeologists and restorers from the GEM Conservation Centre.

The column is 5.6m tall and weighs 10 tons. It is carved of red granite, while the base is made of limestone. It is decorated with engravings showing the Pharaoh’s different titles and scenes commemorating his victory Coptic Museum cc Ameera Mostafa against Libyan tribes. The Coptic Museum is organizing a temporary exhibition on Sunday, June 2 under the title "Holy Journey" on the occasion of the anniversary of the arrival of the Holy Family to Egypt. Head of the Museums Sector Ilhâm Salâh said that the exhibition features a collection of artifacts that reflect the journey of the Holy Family, some stereoscopic models illustrating the path of the journey and a variety of distinguished artistic activities. In the same context, Director General of the Coptic Museum Gîhân ‘Âtif stated that a Scenes at the top of the column show him scene portraying the Holy Family’s journey will wearing the red crown of ancient Egypt and be displayed, in addition to hosting a number offering incense and wine to the god Amun of musical performances.

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The exhibition will also display paintings supervised by a group of competent trainers illustrating the journey of the Holy Family by from various scientific centers. iconic Coptic artist Bishoy Rif’at. Also, ‘Âtif pointed out that the museum’s educational section will present an artistic workshop, guided tours for visitors and an educational lecture on the journey of the Holy Family to the land of Egypt. (Mustafa Marie, “Coptic Museum organizes 'Holy Journey' exhibition on June 2”, Egypt Today, May 30, 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, « Le

Musée copte consacre une exposition au séjour de la Sainte Famille en Égypte », al- The newly uncovered archaeological house Masrî al-Yawm, 30 mai ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le dates back to the Ptolemaic era and was part Musée copte organise une exposition autour of an ancient complex. A collection of silver du voyage de la Sainte Famille en Égypte », coins, saddles and pieces of pottery were al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 30 mai). found inside. The pottery discovered inside - - the house remains had Greek texts engraved on them.

Tûna al-Gabal archaeological site Remains of an ancient house that was part of a residential complex Excavation works of the School of from the Ptolemaic period Excavations of the scientific center of training Director General of Central Egypt in Central Egypt’s Tûna al-Gabal resulted in Antiquities Gamâl al-Simistâwî stated that the discovery of remains of an ancient house excavation works also included the surface that was part of a residential complex from the cleaning of the modern layer of the site. It was Ptolemaic period. found that the house was designed in the style This discovery is the first work of the School of a tower, which was the common design of Excavations in its first season. al-Hafâyr used during the Ptolemaic era. School (School of Excavations) was established Furthermore, the archaeological mission in Central Egypt, under Order No. 50 of found remains of amphoras from the first January 20 2016. century BC and the first century AD, in The Scientific Center for Training in Central addition to the remains of animal bones for Egypt established the first School of horses and donkeys. A collection of silver Excavations in the archaeological area of Tûna coins was also found inside a linen bed placed al-Gabal to train the inspectors of archaeology beneath one of the corners of the house. on the latest excavations methods using Director of the Excavation School site advanced technical tools. Fifteen inspectors pointed out that the students were trained on representing the governorates of Central methods of preserving the fossils of animal Egypt were highly trained. Their training was

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Mai 2019 bones and classifying them. (Mustafa Marie, Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 28 mai ; Muhammad ‘Abd al- “New discoveries made in Tûna al-Gabal”, Mu‘tî, « Mise au jour de vestiges d’une maison Egypt Today, May 30, 2019. Voir également ptolémaïque à Tûna al-Gabal », al-Ahrâm, 29 Hiba ‘Âdil, « Après les récentes découvertes mai). archéologiques à Tûna al-Gabal, Minyâ va renouer avec le tourisme », al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî, 23 mai ; Samar al-Naggâr, « Découverte de vestiges d’une maison ptolémaïque à Tûna al- - Gabal », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 28 mai ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour de vestiges d’une - - maison ptolémaïque à Tûna al-Gabal », al- -

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Dimanche 2 juin 2019 There are various forms of tourism, the backbone of the country’s economy, existing in Egypt; local and international tourists indulge in cultural and leisure tourism although the government is promoting the country’s potential for medical and religious tourism as well. A Holy Family “tour” was devised by the Ministry of Tourism in April 2017; it was promoted with the collaboration of Pope Francis in April of that year.

The Coptic Museum is organizing a Two Italian delegations have already been temporary exhibition on Sunday, June 2 under on the tour; the program is forecasted to the title “Holy Journey” on the occasion of the attract a large number of tourists from all anniversary of the arrival of the Holy Family to around the world. Egypt. Thousands of tourists already flock to Saint According to Egypt Today, the exhibition Catherine’s monastery in Sinai every year as will feature models illustrating the path of the the site is considered of religious significance journey as well as a variety of artifacts that to world’s three major Abrahamic religions allude to the journey as per Head of the Christianity, Islam and Judaism as one of its Museums Sector Ilhâm Salâh. mountains is believed to have been the place where Moses received the Ten The exhibition will also be accompanied Commandments. being a number of musical performances that will be taking place in the museum, as well as In an effort to promote greater workshops guided tours and educational international recognition of the Coptic lectures. community and to introduce this ancient, Orthodox Church to the world, 1 June 2019 The Coptic Museum is a cherished and has been designated to mark the inaugural iconic establishment near the Hanging Church. celebration of the Global Coptic Day, which Not only does it contain artifacts which record will continue on an annual basis. (“Coptic the transition of Egypt’s history and culture Museum Inaugurates ‘Holy Family Journey’ from Greco-Roman to early Christianity and Exhibition Today”, Egyptian Streets, June 2, then Islamic, the museum’s impressive artwork 2019. Voir également ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le collection in the world. musée Copte commémore la fuite de la Sainte The end of the 19th century saw a peaking Famille en Égypte », Sada al-Balad, 2 juin ; interest in Coptic art which has led to the Nâsir Subhî, « Le musée Copte consacre une increased collection and retrieval of Coptic exposition à la Sainte Famille », Watanî, 2 artifacts until the proper establishment of the juin). museum in 1910. Since then, the museum has - - been a home to frescoes, sculptures, clothes and manuscripts among other artifacts.

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Toutes les rumeurs circulant à ce sujet sont donc totalement infondées et visent à soulever l’indignation de l’opinion publique.

Le ministère de l’Archéologie a nié catégoriquement les informations relayées par certains médias et des réseaux sociaux au sujet de la mise en vente par le gouvernement du palais du baron Empain. Le ministère a dénoncé ces rumeurs totalement infondées qui visent à semer la confusion et à soulever l’ire de l’opinion publique. Un plan de restauration du palais Empain est en cours d’exécution pour un montant de 100 millions L.E. Tous les travaux de restauration seront achevés dans six mois. Enfin, le ministère de l’Archéologie a exhorté les médias et les internautes à la plus grande vigilance. (Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Rumeurs autour de la mise en vente du palais Empain », al- Ahrâm, 2 juin 2019. Voir également Muhammad Nassâr, « Le gouvernement s’explique sur la mise en vente du palais Empain », Masrâwî, 2 juin ; « Le ministère de Le gouvernorat de Louqsor a ajouté que le l’Archéologie : La vente du palais Empain n’est retrait de tous ces empiètements s’inscrit dans que rumeur », al-Watan, 2 juin ; Mahmûd le cadre de la dernière phase de Mutâwi‘, « Le palais Empain est-il mis en réaménagement du Dromos, un projet vente ? Réponse du gouvernement », Sada al- national ambitieux pour le tourisme et le Balad, 2 juin ; Ruz Husnî, « Le gouvernement développement à Louqsor. nie la vente du palais Empain », Watanî, 2 juin ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Achèvement de 80 % des travaux de restauration du palais Empain », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 3 juin). - - Le Service d’information du Conseil des ministres a nié catégoriquement les informations publiées par l’un des sites étrangers au sujet du déplacement forcé de la population de Nag‘ Abû ‘Usba, dans la région de Karnak. Le gouvernorat de Louqsor a précisé qu’il s’agit de détruire certaines Enfin, le gouvernorat a exhorté les médias habitations construites illégalement sur le et les internautes à faire preuve d’objectivité tracé du Dromos. Les habitants évacués et à se mettre en relation avec les autorités auront droit à des indemnisations rapides. concernées avant de publier des informations BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 216

Juin 2019 mensongères. (Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, Société française d’Égyptologie. Il a « Les habitants de Karnak ont-ils été déplacés également publié plusieurs ouvrages et de force ? Réponse du gouvernement », al- articles scientifiques. (Samar al-Naggâr, « Le Ahrâm, 2 juin 2019. Voir également ministre de l’Archéologie reçoit le nouveau Muhammad Mahrûs, « Destruction des directeur de l’Ifao », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 3 juin habitations construites sur le Dromos à Nag‘ 2019. Voir également Ahmad ‘Uthmân, « al- Abû ‘Usba », Masrâwî, 28 mai ; Hind Mukhtâr, ‘Inânî reçoit le nouveau directeur de l’Ifao », « Le gouvernement s’explique sur les rumeurs al-Wafd, 3 juin ; Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Le de déplacement forcé et sans indemnisation ministère de l’Archéologie : Nouvelles des habitants de Nag‘ Abû ‘Usba », al-Yawm perspectives de coopération avec l’Ifao », al-Sâbi‘, 2 juin ; « Le gouverneur de Louqsor : Vetogate, 3 juin ; Yâsir al-Ghabîrî, « Khâlid al- Le déplacement forcé des habitants de Nag‘ ‘Inânî reçoit le nouveau directeur de l’Ifao », Abû ‘Usba n’est que rumeur », al-Watan, 2 al-Bawwâba News, 3 juin). juin). - - - - Vendredi 7 juin 2019 Lundi 3 juin 2019 Ministry of Immigration and Egyptian Expatriates’ Affairs congratulated the Egyptians living in Canada after the Legislative Assembly of Ontario approved the celebration of the Egyptian civilization and heritage month in Canada every year in July. Later this decision will be applied in all Canada’s cities.

The Legislative Assembly of Ontario spoke about the successful examples of Egyptian immigrants in Canada like professor Huda al- Marâghî the dean of the faculty of engineering and the Egyptian actor Mena Mas‘ûd. Le ministre de l’Archéologie, Dr Khâlid al- Ministers of Immigration, Culture, Social ‘Inânî, a reçu lundi le nouveau directeur de Solidarity and Antiquities met on Wednesday, l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao), May 8 to discuss the initial plan for the Dr Laurent COULON. Celui-ci a tenu à Immigration minister’s proposal to prepare for rencontrer le ministre dès sa nomination à la the probable celebration of the Egyptian tête de l’Ifao, le 1er juin 2019. civilization and heritage month in Canada in L’entretien a porté sur plusieurs sujets July. visant à renforcer la coopération bilatérale Minister of Immigration and Egyptian dans les champs archéologique et muséal. Dr Expatriates’ Affairs Nabîla Makram previously al-‘Inânî a insisté sur la nécessité de poursuivre met with Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî la formation et l’entraînement des jeunes and Minister of Culture Înâs ‘Abd al-Dâyim to archéologues du ministère, ainsi que les discuss Canadian Member of Parliament Shirîf grands projets communs, comme le Sabawy’s bill to the legislature to recognize réaménagement de la zone archéologique de the month of July as Egyptian Heritage Month. Sân al-Hagar, située dans le gouvernorat d’al- Sharqiyya. The meeting aimed to benefit from bill 106 for 2019 that is being discussed at the Signalons que Laurent COULON est titulaire moment in the Canadian Parliament of Ontario d’une thèse de doctorat d’égyptologie de which declares July the Egyptian heritage l’université de Paris IV. Il a exercé différents month in Canada and to lay out a plan to postes scientifiques dont la présidence de la

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Juin 2019 advertise Egyptian archaeological discoveries Lundi 10 juin 2019 and culture in Canada once the bill is approved. The ministers prepared a memorandum on the proposal of the ceremony and was submitted by the Immigration minister to the Prime Minister immediately after the Canadian Parliament issues its decision. Declaring a month for Egyptian civilization and heritage in Canada came as a result of the efforts of MP Shirîf Sabawy, Makram said, Part of the discovered remains affirming Egypt’s support for the efforts of the expats to strengthen relations between their The Egyptian Archaeological Mission homeland and the country where they reside. working in Tell al-Abqa‘în in the center of Hush Issa, al-Buhayra Governorate was able to The decision enables the Egyptian trace the remains of two architectural units community to officially praise their homeland attached to a military fortress used as stores. and is an extension of the celebration of the glorious July Revolution that commemorates The mission was also able to discover a Egypt’s conversion to an independent residential building from the era of King republic. Ramses II during the mission’s work in the north-west corner of the military fortress. The meeting delivered a message of encouragement to all Egyptian communities For his part, Head of the Egyptian abroad that their government supports them Antiquities Sector Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî stated in any effort being made for the benefit of the that the two discovered units are complete country, Makram previously said, commending and each is surrounded by the remains of a the recent decision of the Canadian square-shaped brick wall, separated by a government to update the instructions for its rectangular courtyard consisting of a controller citizens concerning traveling to Egypt. room for silos and another for guards.

Also, al-‘Inânî suggested that the events al-‘Ashmâwî added that the two discovered include a number of lectures dealing with the units are stores and silos that are round and history of Egypt since the Pharaonic era, come in the shape of a beehive. shedding light on its cultural heritage and reviewing the modern archaeological discoveries and its significance in the human heritage. He also suggested launching an initiative to invite people across Canada to visit Egypt. ‘Abd al-Dâyim suggested organizing a cultural convoy that includes a wide range of events to highlight the distinctive character of the Egyptian civilization and creativity. (“Ontario Assembly marks July as Egyptian heritage month”, Egypt Today, June 7, 2019).

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During the cleaning work, animal and fish bones were found inside, indicating that these silos were also used to store foodstuff. For her part, Head of the Central Department of Antiquities in the Nile Delta area Nâdya Khidr added that a set of pottery kilns was also found which indicates that ancient Egyptian were guided to the idea of roasting grain to cleanse insects and rid them of moisture and the impact of heat, before storing grains in silos. The mission also found a collection of pottery vessels. Accompagné d’une délégation officielle, le représentant de la Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) pour l’Europe et le Moyen-Orient, Takema SAKAMOTO, a visité le site de la deuxième barque de Chéops. Il a été accueilli par le superviseur archéologique du projet, Mamdûh Taha, et le directeur de la restauration, ‘Îsa Zaydân. SAKAMOTO a pris connaissance des opérations d’extraction des pièces en bois, de leur acheminement vers les laboratoires, de leur restauration et de leur documentation.

SAKAMOTO a exprimé sa satisfaction du Director General of al-Buhayra province travail accompli et a adressé ses félicitations antiquities Khâlid ‘Abd al-Ghanî Farahât stated aux équipes. Soulignant que sur les 1 260 that during previous excavations, the mission fragments de la barque, près de 1 060 ont été revealed the external walls of the castle with extraits. 1 030 fragments ont déjà été its pillars and towers attached to it and the restaurés et 854 transportés au Grand Musée southern gate with the internal and external Égyptien. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le représentant reinforcement as well as the protective de la JICA inspecte la deuxième barque de courtyard in front of the gate that was used to Chéops », Sada al-Balad, 10 juin 2019. Voir deceive enemies with its western entrance. également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le représentant (Mustafa Marie, “Remains of a military fortress de la JICA visite la deuxième barque de discovered in al-Buhayra”, Egypt Today, June Chéops », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 juin ; 10, 2019. Voir également Samar al-Naggâr, Muhammad ‘Âtif, « Le représentant de la JICA « Découverte à al-Buhayra de deux unités inspecte le projet de la deuxième barque de attachées à une forteresse militaire datant de Chéops », Masrâwî, 10 juin) Ramsès II », al-Masrî al-Yawm, 10 juin ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Mise au jour à al-Buhayra de - - vestiges d’une forteresse militaire datant de Tantâ Museum has been closed for 18 Ramsès II », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 juin ; ‘Alâ’ al- years. The museum is currently being Minyâwî, « Découverte de silos à grains dans renovated and developed by the Projects une forteresse de Ramsès II », Sada al-Balad, Sector at the Ministry of Antiquities. 10 juin ; Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Découverte de vestiges de deux unités attachées à une Head of the sector Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ forteresse militaire à al-Buhayra », al-Shurûq, confirmed that the development, restoration 10 juin). and strengthening the pillars of Tantâ Museum is running on schedule due to the keenness of - -

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Juin 2019 the Projects Sector to inaugurate the museum Mercredi 12 juin 2019 as soon as possible. Abû al-‘Ilâ further stated that 90 percent of the engineering work has been completed, adding that all other preparations will be done in two weeks after Eid al-Fitr holidays.

Braille card system — for the blind — to be officially used in Egyptian Museum Halls According to local news outlet Sada al- Balad, Egypt’s beloved Gayer Anderson Museum has announced the completion of Tantâ Museum includes 8579 artifacts from museum cards and labels in Braille for its halls. various eras including the Pharaonic, Roman The labels and cards will be exhibited on and Greek eras. It is the only preserved June 18, in an event which will be attended by archaeological museum in al-Gharbiyya. organizations and delegations for the visually The Display Scenario Committee changed impaired and under the supervision of the the museums former display in order to Department of Education for people with present the numerous artifacts in a modern special needs. eye-catching manner. News of the braille cards implementation The museum displaying scenario will be was confirmed to Egyptian Streets through an divided into two sections; the first section official working in the museum. includes the archaeological discoveries of the It is however unclear which format the excavations that took place in al-Gharbiyya cards will be taking: simple written labels or Governorate, and the second section includes more detailed exhibition panel which could pieces that depict daily life, resurrection and also take on the form of various objects which immortality. the visually impaired visitor can experience The museum consists of five floors, the first through touch. floor is dedicated to distinguished services, the second and third floors will be used to display various artifacts. The fourth floor is reserved for the administrative offices of the museum staff, while the fifth floor has lecture and conference halls. (Mustafa Marie, “90% of Example of a tactile mean to ‘see’ a painting in the Ashmolean. Tantâ Museum renovation works completed”, Source: University of Oxford Egypt Today, June 10, 2019. Voir également The Gayer Anderson museum is not the Ahmad Mansûr, « Achèvement de 90 % des first institution to focus its efforts on the travaux architecturaux du musée de Tantâ », involvement of visually impaired individuals in al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 10 juin ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî, Egypt’s arts, culture and scientific fields. « Avancement des travaux des musées de Kafr al-Shaykh et de Tantâ », al-Ahrâm, 26 juin). The Bibliotheca Alexandrina operates the Taha Hussein Library for the Blind as well; the latter is a specialized library for blind and - - visually impaired citizens and residents.

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The library, which was named after famous blind Egyptian writer Taha Hussein, was officially opened on 16 October 2002 to provide services and programs. It houses a collection of books and corpuses in braille in order to meet the needs of students and researchers. Among its services, it also organizes training courses on how to read and write the code. In Egypt, the Wold Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 1 million people are blind and 3 million are visually Le National Geographic Museum de impaired. Washington DC rend hommage aux femmes égyptiennes à travers l’exposition "Queens of Particularly popular among students of Egypt". Cette exposition, qui dure jusqu’au 2 Islamic art and history, the Gayer Anderson septembre, permet de plonger dans l’univers museum is located near Ibn Tûlûn Mosque in des femmes égyptiennes, qui ont fait partie de Sayyida Zaynab. It is often known to as the l’histoire de l’Égypte antique. Ce sont surtout Gayer Anderson museum or Bayt al-Kritliyya les reines du Nouvel Empire. 300 pièces (House of the Cretan woman). It is composed antiques permettent de retracer le rôle caché of two adjoining houses which were erected in de sept reines égyptiennes, dont l’influence a 1540 and 1631 during the Ottoman period. perduré après leur vie et pendant plusieurs Various families lived in the houses, namely décennies. John GAYER ANDERSON, a British major and À l’exemple d’Ahmès-Néfertary, army doctor who resided in the house from Hatchepsout, Néfertiti et d’autres. Le visiteur 1935 to 1942 after receiving special de cette exposition peut notamment admirer permission from the Egyptian government des sculptures monumentales, telles que des while he was on assignment in Egypt. statues ou des bustes et des bijoux scintillants Through his travels in the region, des sarcophages impressionnants. Grâce à des ANDERSON collected artwork, carpets, images en 3D projetées sur grand écran, il antiquities and curious furniture which he kept peut aussi plonger dans l’atmosphère de l’une in the houses. Although ANDERSON left Egypt des tombes les mieux préservées de la vallée in 1942, his house remained popular among des Reines, celle de Néfertary. L’exposition visitors who were keen on seeing his invite aussi à découvrir le quotidien de celles- collections, so the houses eventually became a ci à travers de multiples objets. museum. (“Gayer Anderson Museum to Cette collection impressionnante provient Implement Braille Label Cards”, Egyptian essentiellement du Museo Egizio di Torino , Streets, June 12, 2019. Voir également MENA, en Italie, qui possède une des plus grandes « Mise en place des cartels et légendes en collections égyptiennes. D’autres objets braille dans le musée GAYER-ANDERSON », al- exposés viennent à la fois du Musée de la Shurûq, 16 juin ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî, « Mise en Pointe-à-Callière, des beaux-arts à Montréal, place des cartels et légendes en braille dans le du Rijksmuseum van Oudheden à Leiden, des musée GAYER-ANDERSON », al-Ahrâm, 16 juin ; musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire (MRAH) à Mustafa Marie, “Braille card system to be Bruxelles. officially used in Egyptian Museums”, Egypt Today, June 16 ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Des Les mères des pharaons, comme leurs aveugles lisent l’histoire de GAYER-ANDERSON grandes épouses royales, avaient un rôle actif en braille », Sada al-Balad, 19 juin). dans la gestion du Royaume : beaucoup ont - - gouverné ou étaient de précieuses conseillères pour les pharaons. Le musée en a

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Juin 2019 choisi quelques-unes, à commencer par Ahmès-Néfertary, surnommée « La Divine ». Elle fut la première reine de la XVIIIe dynastie. Elle était puissante et influente. Après sa mort, elle et son fils ont été divinisés à Dayr al- Madîna, où elle a été vénérée comme déesse de la résurrection.

ã Rebecca HALE/National Geographic C’est l’une des plus grandes et des plus somptueuses tombes de la vallée des Reines, de par ses peintures murales à découvrir en 3D. Cette visite virtuelle est une occasion à ne pas rater. Un buste de la « Belle » Néfertiti trône parmi des stèles, dans une des salles du

ã Rebecca HALE/National Geographic musée américain. Néfertiti, quant à elle, a joué un rôle important dans les domaines religieux « Il y avait beaucoup de reines d’Égypte, et politiques et était considérée comme certaines avec des noms très connus comme l’égale du roi. Une des plus belles histoires Néfertiti et Cléopâtre. Et pourtant, on en racontées lors de cette exposition est celle de savait peu sur elles, jusqu’à maintenant », Hatchepsout qui a régné après la mort de son explique Kathryn KEANE, directrice du musée, mari, Thoutmosis II, et est devenue Ve pharaon ajoutant que le National Geographic Society de la XVIIIe dynastie, gouvernant pendant 22 soutient depuis longtemps des recherches ans. Elle est considérée comme l’un des archéologiques ainsi que des études sur pharaons les plus puissants d’Égypte. Dans différents sites en Égypte et que cette cette rencontre des reines, il ne manque pas exposition sera une occasion aux visiteurs de non plus Tiye, la diplomate, ainsi que l’histoire rencontrer quelques égyptologues et experts fascinante de la dernière reine égyptienne la opérant sur des chantiers égyptiens. plus emblématique, Cléopâtre VII. « Malgré des décennies de découvertes Cette exposition exceptionnelle des reines extraordinaires en Égypte, pas un seul se termine par le buste fabuleux de celle-ci, tombeau intact d’une femme royale n’a jamais prêté par le Museo Egizio, et qui n’a jamais été trouvé. Nous espérons que cette été vu auparavant aux États-Unis. Trois cobras exposition incitera les gens à étudier pour sont assis sur sa tête, symbolisant les trois apprendre davantage sur cette histoire des pays qu’elle voulait gouverner : l’Égypte, la reines égyptiennes », souligne-t-elle. Le Syrie et l’Empire romain. "Queens of Egypt" visiteur de l’exposition n’oubliera jamais le maintient un équilibre délicat entre la grande nom de Néfertary « La Bien-aimée » présentée histoire et celle du quotidien de ces femmes. dans une salle spéciale avec des images en L’un des étalages de pots contient des 3D. Néfertary était la première reine de parfums de style égyptien ancien, considéré Ramsès II et la plus aimée. Sa tombe a été comme le préféré de Cléopâtre. découverte en 1904, presque vide, ne contenant que quelques pièces exposées au Les visiteurs peuvent ouvrir le couvercle et musée, comme une paire de sandales et apprécier cette senteur. Si les reines, les quelques poteries et statuettes ouchebti. mères ou les épouses étaient des figures puissantes à l’époque des pharaons, les Plusieurs sarcophages égyptiens, et leur déesses étaient aussi nombreuses et vénérées contenu, sont inclus dans l’exposition. comme Isis, Sekhmet, Hathor, Bastet, Maât, entre autres. Dans l’exposition, un couloir est BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 222

Juin 2019 bordé de quatre grandes statues en granit de - - Sekhmet, la déesse de la guerre au visage de lionne qui représentait le pouvoir des rayons Jeudi 13 juin 2019 du soleil, donnant la vie, mais pouvant aussi brûler et tuer.

ã Rebecca HALE/National Geographic D’autres galeries du National Geographic Museum révèlent ce qu’était la vie dans un harem de pharaon. Cela permet au visiteur The Egyptian ministries of antiquities and d’entrer dans la vie quotidienne de ces reines foreign affairs called on Christie’s auctioneers et ces princesses, femmes et sœurs du to halt the sale of a quartzite head thought to pharaon. C’est dans ces galeries que l’on be of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh découvre la façon dont les femmes Tutankhamun in London this week, with the disposaient de toutes sortes de produits pour ministries also calling upon the UN cultural prendre soin d’elles : crèmes, poudre, khôl, agency UNESCO to intervene. peignes pour les cheveux, parfums et bijoux The auction of the head is scheduled to somptueux. Le harem royal n’était pas take place at Christie’s in London on 4 July seulement un lieu de festivités et de plaisirs. Il and to make more than £4 million. comprenait une école pour les enfants, et on y menait de multiples activités comme la Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd, supervisor of the fabrication de produits artisanaux. Antiquities Repatriation Department at the Ministry of Antiquities, told Al-Ahram Weekly Dans ces salles consacrées à la vie that the ministry had asked the auctioneers to éternelle, l’exposition met un coup de provide documents showing proof of the projecteur sur Dayr al-Madîna, ce village qui object’s ownership. abritait les artisans qui ont construit et embelli les tombeaux royaux. Selon les responsables The Egyptian Embassy in London has du musée, aucune tournée de l’Égypte called on Christie’s and the British Ministry of ancienne ne serait complète sans les momies. Foreign Affairs to stop the sale of the head Juste avant de faire l’adieu à Cléopâtre et aux and to return it to its homeland along with reines égyptiennes, une grande chambre est à other ancient Egyptian objects to be visiter, contenant 12 sarcophages et leurs auctioned on 3 July. momies. Par une telle exposition, déjà tenue Christie’s says the head is to be auctioned en Europe et au Canada, National Geographic from the private Resandro collection in July, in s’adresse aux citoyens américains, essayant de a sale that includes marble heads dating from respecter son slogan : « Nous ne pouvons pas ancient Rome, a painted wooden Egyptian vous apporter le Sphinx, mais nous pouvons coffin, and an Egyptian bronze statue of a cat. vous amener au Sphinx ». (Nasma Réda, « Ces reines influentes », Al-Ahram Hebdo du 12 juin ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said that Egypt always 2019). fights against the sale of looted and illegally

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Juin 2019 smuggled antiquities and that his department Christie’s said the collection from which the monitors catalogues and auctioneers abroad. head comes was acquired from Heinz HERZER in Munich in 1985. Prior to this, the head was “If it is proven that any piece has been owned by the Austrian Joseph MESSINA, who illegally smuggled abroad, all legal acquired it in 1973-74 from Wilhelm von Thurn procedures are taken with Interpol and in und Taxis, who reputedly had it in his coordination with the Egyptian Foreign collection by the 1960s. Ministry in order to stop its sale and ensure its return,” ‘Abd al-Gawwâd said. The head has been exhibited twice, once in Germany in 1992 and 1993 and then in Spain “We will not tolerate or allow anyone to in 2002. sell Egyptian artefacts illegally,” he added. Egypt’s National Committee for the “We will take all the required procedures Repatriation of Antiquities held an urgent to stop this auction immediately and ask for meeting at the Ministry of Antiquities to the return of all the pieces,” said Mustafa discuss the subject. Until the Weekly went to Wazîrî, secretary-general of the Supreme print, the measures adopted to return the Council of Antiquities (SCA) in Cairo. head thought to be of king Tutankhamun and Former minister of antiquities Zâhî Hawwâs the 31 other Egyptian objects put up for sale said the head could have come from the were yet unrevealed. Karnak Temple in Luxor and left Egypt illegally The national committee, formed in 2008 to during the 1960s. “I don’t think Christie’s have repatriate stolen and smuggled antiquities, is the papers to show that it left Egypt legally. headed by the minister of antiquities and It’s impossible,” he said. “Christie’s has no comprises members from the ministries of evidence to prove that, and therefore it should foreign affairs, justice, international be returned to Egypt.” cooperation as well as the prosecutor-general The UK Independent newspaper quoted a and representatives from the concerned spokesperson for Christie’s defending the sale security and supervisory bodies. (Nevine El- by saying that “ancient objects by their nature Aref, “Stopping the sale of Tutankhamun”, Al- cannot be traced over millennia. It is hugely Ahram Weekly, June 13, 2019. Voir également important to establish recent ownership and Ahmad Mansûr, « Le département des the legal right to sell, which we have clearly antiquités restituées examine avec le ministère done. We would not offer for sale any object des Affaires étrangères le dossier de la vente where there was concern over ownership or aux enchères à Londres d’une tête de export.” Toutankhamon », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 5 juin ; “The work has been widely exhibited and “Tutankhamun Head to be Auctioned by published, and we have alerted the Egyptian Christie’s, Sparks Outrage”, Egyptian Streets, embassy so they are aware of the sale. There June 5; Angy Essam, “Wazîrî: We will stop this is a long-standing and legitimate market for auction, get back Tutankhamen bust”, Egypt works of art of the ancient world, in which Today, June 11 ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le Christie’s has participated for ministère de l’Archéologie saisit le Procureur generations. Christie’s strictly adheres to général pour stopper la vente de 32 pièces bilateral treaties and international laws with antiques chez Christie’s », Sada al-Balad, 13 respect to cultural property and patrimony,” juin ; « Le Parquet britannique écarte la he said. possibilité d’intervenir dans la vente d’une pièce de Toutankhamon », al-Ahrâm, 16 juin ; According to the Christie’s listing, the head Zâhî Hawwâs, « Toutankhamon à vendre », al- is 28.5cm tall, carved in brown quartzite, and Masrî al-Yawm, 18 juin). depicts the boy king in the shape of the god Amun. - -

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When Belgian entrepreneur and others want to see it turned into a cultural industrialist Edouard Louis Joseph, Baron centre or library. A third group wants it to be a EMPAIN, started the construction of the multi-functional edifice that will combine a Heliopolis suburb 10km northwest of Cairo library and cultural centre with musical and from 1905 onwards, he had the support of theatre performances. Boghos NUBAR, the son of Egyptian prime “The Ministry of Antiquities has another minister NUBAR Pasha. idea that could be implemented in Once finished, it was a luxurious and collaboration with the Belgium Embassy in leisured suburb with elegant villas with wide Egypt, the Centre for the Documentation of terraces, apartment buildings and tenement Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT), and blocks with balconies, hotels and facilities, as the two NGOs of the Heliopolis Heritage well as recreational amenities including a golf Foundation and the Heliopolis Association,” course, a racetrack and a large park. Nevine Nizâr, assistant to the minister of antiquities for museums, told Al-Ahram Heliopolis also offered a variety of leasing Weekly. and purchase options, making it a practical choice for Cairo’s well-heeled society at the She said that there were plans to organise time. This upscale character has remained the an exhibition relating to the history of area’s hallmark, and for over a century it has Heliopolis and its development over time. The been a prime location in Cairo. exhibition would put on show a collection of photographs, archival documents, maps, EMPAIN also built his own magnificent drawings and letters in relation to the history palace in the Heliopolis Avenue of Palaces, and construction of the Masr al-Gadîda suburb now al-‘Urûba Street, in an Indian architectural that includes Heliopolis and Matariyya. style inspired by the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the Hindu temples of Orissa in In addition, the exhibition would display India. Its external design incorporated objects reflecting the life styles of the suburb’s reproductions of a variety of human figures, inhabitants during the earlier period, such as statues of Indian dancers, elephants, snakes, chairs, lamps, tables or telephones. Buddhas, Shivas and Krishnas. Photographs showing the different phases of the palace restoration project would also be The palace consists of two floors and a on show, along with panels on the Hindu small extension near the roof. Windows architectural style and Baron EMPAIN and his studded with Belgian glass were specially family. created so as never to lose sight of the sun. The 1910 Heliopolis tramline, now replaced However, as negligence later took its toll, by the modern metro line, will also be a part the palace became the residence of bats, of the exhibition. which suited its more Gothic aspect. The gilded ceilings, the decorations, and the A cultural panoramic show portraying the famed Belgian mirrors that once graced the history of Heliopolis through nine interactives walls were masked by hundreds of bats and 180-degree panorama screens could be their droppings. provided by CULTNAT, along with augmented reality screens. Other screens showing In 2017, a long-awaited restoration project documentaries on the history of the suburb began to return the palace to its original look, and its construction would also be provided. and it is now scheduled to reopen in October this year. Cultural activities for children to raise their awareness of the country’s heritage have also Several ideas have been suggested to been suggested. rehabilitate the palace upon the completion of its restoration. Some have suggested Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz, supervisor of transforming it into a boutique hotel, while Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project, told the

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Weekly that the restoration project cost LE100 million as a whole. 80 per cent of the project was complete, he said, and the palace would be officially inaugurated in October. Heliopolis is built in a style synthesising elements from Islamic, European, Persian and Moorish architecture. Near the Baron’s Palace there are still some wealthy residences. Facing the palace is the Arabesque palace of Boghos NUBAR Pasha, now a military building, and just opposite stands a presidential guest-house that was the former residence of sultan Husayn Kâmil who reigned over Egypt between 1914 and 1917. Egypt successfully restored a lot of The presidential palace behind the archaeological artifacts and monuments Heliopolis Club was established as the Grand during the past ten years, despite the Heliopolis Palace Hotel in 1910 by EMPAIN’s existence of counter-campaigns aimed at company. destroying these efforts.

The Heliopolis Commonwealth Cemetery is located on Nabîl al-Waqqâd Street, and it contains the Port Tawfîq Memorial to the 4,000 soldiers of the British Indian Army who fell in World War I. The Catholic Basilica on al-Ahrâm Street is another famous landmark in Heliopolis, and it is the burial place of Baron EMPAIN. There are also 16 major mosques and Islamic charities The widespread false image - Facebook located in Heliopolis, including the Imam Sunbul clarified during a phone call on Hasan and ‘Umar bin ‘Abd al-‘Azîz mosques. DMC channel that the image spread on social Gîza Street is one of the many streets in the media showing the face of the statue of area that still look like pieces of Europe, with Ramses III being restored using black cement small gardens, townhouses, and semi- is fake, pointing out that the statue is detached buildings no higher than three undergoing a complete scientific restoration in storeys. (Nevine El-Aref, “Heliopolis on show”, accordance with international conventions on Al-Ahram Weekly, June 13, 2019). maintenance. (Mustafa Marie, “Sunbul denies - - allegation of using black cement to restore Ramses III”, Egypt Today, June 14, 2019. Voir Vendredi 14 juin 2019 également Ahmad Mansûr, « Une photo récente de la statue de Karnak prétendument Head of the Central Department of restaurée avec du ciment », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, Restoration and Conservation of Antiquities 12 juin). Gharîb Sunbul has stated that Egypt’s - - antiquities and monuments are in safe hands. Egypt has demanded the restoration of 32 artifacts, including the head of the golden pharaoh Tutankhamen from London.

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According to a statement made by the Samedi 15 juin 2019 Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities, the Standing Committee for Antiquities of Egypt expressed Egyptian Prime Minister Dr. Mustafa "great objection to the auction halls Madbûlî inspected the latest developments in (Christie’s) in the British capital, London, for the construction of the Grand Egyptian putting artifacts belonging to the Egyptian Museum (GEM) and the surrounding area. civilization for sale." Madbûlî was accompanied by Dr. Khâlid al- The statement mentioned that Christie’s ‘Inânî, Minister of Antiquities and Major Auction Hall in London is planning to display General ‘Âtif Muftâh, General Supervisor of 32 Egyptian artifacts for sale, including the the GEM. head of a stone statue attributed to King During the visit, the Egyptian Prime Tutankhamen at a public auction scheduled Minister inspected the proposed site for the for July 3 and 4. transfer of the Khufu boats, and instructed that The Ministry of Antiquities stressed "the the transfer of experts and specialists should need to stop the sale and immediately return be studied, and that a high-level team in all pieces that were illegally smuggled out of engineering and restoration affairs should do Egypt”. so. The Minister of Antiquities explained that the project of the GEM includes the main museum building, the main square, the entrance of the main visitors, the Ramses hall, the conference building, the pyramids wall, the recreational park, the Nile Valley, the children’s park, Khufu, Pyramids Restaurant, and Masala.

al-‘Inânî added that the total area of the

project is 167 thousand square meters, and the implementation rate is 91.5%. The This is the second official address as the Egyptian Foreign Ministry called on London structural structure has been completed by on June 10 to stop the sale of the head of the 100% and the surrounding roads are over golden pharaoh Tutankhamen’s statue and 90%. And the entrance hall where the statue of King Ramses II is located is 92%, the great asked for documents proving the ownership of staircase is completed by 98% and the main the antiquities. (Mustafa Marie, “Egypt renews display sectors are completed by 85%. The its demand to restore 32 artifacts from first field of the obelisk is standing in front of London”, Egypt Today, June 14, 2019. Voir the facade of the GEM. également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le Comité permanent proteste contre la vente aux Major General Muftâh pointed out that the enchères d’une pièce de Toutankhamon », al- paving of the roads surrounding the museum Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 12 juin ; MENA, « L’Union was completed from the east and west, and européenne soutient l’Égypte dans ses efforts the northern and southern roads were pour récupérer ses antiquités volées », al- implemented by 90%. The design works for Shurûq, 17 juin ; ‘Âdil Munîr, « Intensification the construction of the Fayyûm Road Tunnel des efforts pour stopper la vente des with a length of 1200 m were completed in antiquités égyptiennes à l’étranger », Watanî, two directions, consisting of 6 traffic lanes in 17 juin). each direction. In addition to the tunnel for - - the protection of facilities and drilling has been started, and the evacuation of the

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Juin 2019 presence located south of Fayyûm road is new site in Cairo, the National Museum of underway. Egyptian Civilization. He said: “There are procedures to develop The initial restructuring of the Egyptian other ways that serve the great museum, the Museum will include the redisplay of several most important of which are the beginning of galleries near the entrance and the relocation the al-Mansûriyya road with the ring road, the of the Tanis Royal Tombs to the space vacated roads of Fayyûm, Haram, Faysal, and the road by the Tutankhamun collection. ahead of the officers’ homes”. General Muftâh, the general supervisor of the project of the Egyptian Museum and the surrounding area, reviewed the executive position of the museum’s monuments. He pointed out that the total number of relics that have been transferred to date reached 47952 archaeological artifacts and that the total restoration and maintenance of archaeological Ivan SURKOS, Head of Eurpean Union Delegation to Egypt, and artifacts. Sahar Nasr, Egypt’s Minister of Investment and International Cooperation, sign an agreement for a European grant to renovate the Madbûlî stressed that efforts should be Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt June 16, 2019. (Photo: Reuters) exerted to speed up the completion of this Financed by 3.1 million euros of EU historical building, and that all works should funding and backed by a consortium of five be meticulously executed so that the great European museums including the British museum will be a message to the whole world Museum and the Louvre, the project will also about the new Egypt, which continues to develop a long-term vision for the museum make a present and a better future for its and, officials hope, allow it to win a listing as a people. (“Prime Minister inspects GEM latest UNESCO world heritage site. developments”, Egypt Today, June 15, 2019. Voir également Islâm ‘Abd al-Ma‘bûd, « Le Egyptian Antiquities Minister Khâlid al- ministère de l’Archéologie dresse un état des ‘Inânî repeated a promise that new museums lieux des réalisations au GEM », al-Shurûq, 11 would not pose a threat, and that the Egyptian juin ; ‘Isâm al-Dîn Râdî, « Achèvement du gros Museum, which houses more than 150,000 œuvre du GEM », al-Ahrâm, 16 juin). objects, should get "all the support and attention it deserves". - - "The time has come to shed a new light on Lundi 17 juin 2019 the museum’s rich collection, upgrade its physical structure and improve its research Egypt on Sunday launched a revamp of the and programming activities to reach the Egyptian Museum, promising to preserve and highest international standards," he told a enhance the storied site even as it loses its launch event in the museum’s garden. most famous collection. The apparently casual management and Located in the heart of Cairo on Tahrîr display of artefacts at the Egyptian Museum Square, the Egyptian Museum has long been surprises some visitors. In 2014 employees the foremost home for the country’s damaged King Tutankhamun’s golden burial bounteous collection of antiquities. mask by gluing its dislodged beard back on. But it will soon lose some of the treasure But it charms many others with its old- from King Tutankhamun’s tomb to the Grand fashioned feel. Some display cases date back th Egyptian Museum, due to open next year next to the mid-19 century when the collections to the Gîza pyramids, while a collection of were displayed elsewhere in Cairo, and there royal mummies is being transferred to another are signs have not been changed since the

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Juin 2019 museum opened in 1902, museum director réaménagement du Musée Égyptien », al- Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq said. Masrî al-Yawm, 17 juin ; Myriam ‘Âdlî, « Les ministres de l’Investissement, de la For Egyptologists, the museum is the Coopération internationale et de "mother" of Egyptian museums, said l’Archéologue annoncent le lancement du Friederike SEYFRIED, director of the Egyptian projet de réaménagement du Musée Museum of Berlin, which is also participating Égyptien », Watanî, 17 juin ; Rânyâ Rabî‘, « Le in the project. gouvernement : Le réaménagement du Musée "Nothing can be compared with the Égyptien n’est pas financé par le budget de Egyptian Museum at Tahrîr and this will never l’État », al-Shurûq, 19 juin). change," she said. - - "New-build museums will be beacons of Le Daily Express a annoncé, hier, une modern achievements in museology but the dernière découverte exceptionnelle. Des Egyptian museum at Tahrîr reflects the history archéologues ont trouvé le cœur momifié d’un of our science." vizir de la XIIe dynastie, à proximité du temple Tourism is a key sector in Egypt’s economy funéraire d’Amenhotep II à al-Dayr al-Baharî. and a major source of foreign revenue. It has Ce cœur a été momifié d’une façon been gradually recovering from the political prodigieuse et déposé dans un vase canope, turmoil and security problems that followed parmi les 56 autres vases exhumés à l’intérieur the "Arab Spring" civil unrest of 2011. d’une tombe secrète. Tous ces vases al-‘Inânî said he was aggrieved that Egypt contiennent les restes de momification du had to confront the continued loss of vizir : tissus, produits de conservation utilisés antiquities through looting and smuggling. dans l’embaumement, traces de sang. Curieusement, le reste du corps de ce vizir The government is currently battling to manque à l’appel. (Nuha Muhammad, th prevent the auction of an 18 Dynasty « Découverte du cœur d’un vizir pharaonique quartzite sculpture god Amen in the likeness à proximité du temple funéraire d’Amenhotep of King Tutankhamun scheduled for next II », al-Ahrâm, 17 juin 2019). month at Christie’s in London. - - "I’m deeply saddened to see every now and then some Egyptian antiquities put on The Ministry of Antiquities announced on sale in the international market. We have June 16 at 6:30 p.m. the launch of the succeeded in the ministry in the last few years development works of the Egyptian Museum in repatriating thousands of objects and will in Tahrîr. continue to do so," al-‘Inânî said. The declaration included signing a protocol He appealed to foreign ambassadors and of cooperation, with the aim of submitting it to cultural attaches, international organisations, the UNESCO, to put the Egyptian Museum on and UNESCO "to join efforts to stop the the World Heritage List. looting, selling and illicit trafficking of The development project, which will last for antiquities" (Reuters, “Cairo’s ‘mother of 3 years, is the first phase of a large project that Egyptian museums’ set for revamp”, Ahram includes major developments in the Egyptian Online, June 17, 2019. Voir également Museum, with the alliance of five European Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mu‘tî, « Réaménagement museums: the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy; du Musée égyptien de Tahrîr en coopération the Louvre Museum in France; the British avec l’Union européenne », al-Ahrâm, 14 juin ; Museum in England; the Berlin Museum in Walîd Magdî, « Les ministres de Germany; the Leiden Museum in Holland, and l’Investissement et de l’Archéologue et with the support of the European Union. l’ambassadeur de l’Union européenne annoncent le lancement du projet de

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The development plan includes the development of the museum entrance, and the development of the ground floor show halls. Also, wall paints will be changed and the lighting circuit will be developed. In addition, maintenance of displays — in terms of modernizing the paints and technically maintaining them — is part of the development plan, where at least 200 pieces will be displayed. The plan will also include the development of all museum aspects in terms of the museum display of artifacts. Furthermore, restoration of monuments, development of explanatory cards, insurance, lighting, floors and paints will be part of the development plan. The museum’s master plan, including the museum’s vision and future mission will also be developed. Dans le cadre du réaménagement du Management of the museum group, NMEC et de ses environs, le lac sera assaini et community communication, museum dépollué pour servir de lieu de promenade. education, the development of the archives Plusieurs restaurants ainsi qu’une zone department, the library and the re- d’activités y seront également aménagés. presentation of the treasures of the royal (Ahmad Mansûr, « Élargissement du lac ‘Ayn tombs discovered in Tanis in al-Sharqiyya will al-Sîra et création de restaurants », al-Yawm al- also come as part of the massive development Sâbi‘, 17 juin 2019. Voir également plan of the museum. (Mustafa Marie, “Massive Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Âtî, « Madbûlî inspecte le development plan announced for Tahrîr’s NMEC et les travaux de réaménagement de Egyptian Museum”, Egypt Today, June 17, Fustât et du lac ‘Ayn al-Sîra », al-Masrî al- 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le Yawm, 16 juin ; Muhammad ‘Âtif, ministère de l’Investissement signe un « Assainissement du lac ‘Ayn al-Sîra », protocole de coopération de 3,1 millions Masrâwî, 17 juin ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, d’euros pour le réaménagement du Musée « Assainissement du lac ‘Ayn al-Sîra et sa Égyptien », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 16 juin ; ‘Alâ’ al- transformation en lieu de promenade devant Minyâwî, « Projet de réaménagement du le NMEC », Sada al-Balad, 17 juin ; Mahmûd Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr », Sada al-Balad, 17 ‘Abd al-Bâqî, « Assainissement et juin ; Ranâ Gawhar, « 3,1 millions d’euros pour élargissement du lac ‘Ayn al-Sîra », Vetogate, le réaménagement du Musée Égyptien avec la 21 juin). collaboration de l’Union européenne », al- - - Ahrâm, 18 juin). - - Mardi 18 juin 2019 L’archéologue en chef du musée national Within a few months, Egyptian royal de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC), Sayyid mummies and their sarcophagi will be Abû al-Fad, a annoncé l’élargissement du lac transferred from the Egyptian Museum in ‘Ayn al-Sîra, contigu au NMEC, afin de devenir Tahrîr to the National Museum of Egyptian une partie intégrante du musée. Civilisation (NMEC) in Fustât.

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Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-’Inânî and Work is underway at the NMEC to ensure officials from a number of government bodies that the halls of the museum are ready to toured both museums to discuss the required receive mummies and the sarcophagi. The procedures to ensure the transportation display cases at the museum are currently process is conducted in a way that is fitting of being installed. the unique and great Egyptian civilisation. The main display hall is set to be inaugurated and will host a collection of objects that relay the history of Egypt since the prehistoric period to the modern time. During the inspection tour today, a black granite statue of King Amenemhat III in the shape of a sphinx was unveiled to be the first artefact to be displayed in the main hall. Two other objects showing a small statue

of a sphinx discovered in Kom Ombo temple NMEC outdoor overlooking ‘Ayn al-Sîra lake and a statue of King Tuthmosis III unearthed in Accompanying the minister on the tour Luxor were also unpacked to be put on display were representatives from the ministries of at NMEC’s temporary exhibition hall, which Defence, Interior and Tourism, as well as was inaugurated in 2017 by former UNESCO officials from Cairo governorate, security director-general Irina BOKOVA. authorities and the Supreme Council of Antiquities.

al-’Inânî promised that the artefacts will be transported in “a majestic cavalcade.”

Halls of the NMEC The hall displays objects relating to the history and development of Egyptian crafts over the ages. (Nevine El-Aref, “Royal

Tuthmosis III statue Egyptian mummies, sarcophagi to be transferred to NMEC soon”, Ahram Online, Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, director-general of June 18, 2019. Voir également Ahmad the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr, told Ahram Mansûr, « Le ministère de l’Archéologie étudie Online that 22 royal mummies and 17 royal les modalités du transfert de 22 momies et de sarcophagi from the 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th 17 sarcophages du Musée Égyptien vers le Dynasties will be transported to the NMEC, NMEC », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 13 juin ; ‘Alâ’ al- including 18 mummies of kings and four of Minyâwî, « Cortège impressionnant pour le queens. transfert des momies royales du Musée The mummies include those of kings Égyptien vers le NMEC », Sada al-Balad, 13 Ramses II, Seti I, Seqnenre, Tuthmoses III, and juin ; Fâdî Francis, « Le NMEC s’apprête à queens Hatshepsut, Meritamun, the wife of accueillir 22 momies et 17 sarcophages », al- King Amenhotep I, and Ahmose Nefertari, the Masrî al-Yawm, 18 juin ; Ranâ Gawhar, « Le wife of king Ahmose. NMEC s’apprête à accueillir les momies et les sarcophages royaux », al-Ahrâm, 18 juin ; “Sîsî

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Juin 2019 orders parade for royal mummies transferred all’ Italiana programme by the Italian Ministry to NMEC”, Egypt Today, June 23 ; Yâsmîn of Foreign Affairs. ‘Abd al-Râziq, « Le Caire s’apprête à transférer Italy is sharing its experience in this field in les momies royales du Musée Égyptien vers le response to the Egyptian authorities’ wish to NMEC », al-Shurûq, 24 juin). provide people with disabilities access to - - museums. Dr Mahmûd Mabrûk, conseiller en The new special itinerary relies upon the muséologie auprès du ministère de expertise of the Museo Tattile Statale Omera, l’Archéologie, a révélé que les nouvelles where the visually impaired can enjoy art vitrines d’exposition commandées pour le along with the rest of the public. musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne The new path at Tahrîr Museum is ready to (NMEC) sont une pure merveille. Fabriquées be expanded and the whole initiative can be en Allemagne, ces vitrines bénéficient d’un replicated in other museums. traitement antireflet. Elles sont taillées dans un verre extra clair et ultra transparent, sans aucun effet miroir. Enfin, le NMEC sera doté des moyens d’exposition les plus modernes, comparables, voire supérieurs à certains musées internationaux. (‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Mabrûk : Les vitrines d’exposition du NMEC sont fabriquées en Allemagne », Sada al- Balad, 18 juin 2019). - -

Jeudi 20 juin 2019

The main aim of the initiative is to share Italian know-how in the field through a capacity building approach. The training course for the museum operators was held from 16 to 19 June.

The itinerary includes 12 masterpieces of Egypt’s Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- Egyptian art from throughout ancient Egypt. ‘Inânî, Minister of Tourism Rânyâ al-Mashât, Every object along the path is made of hard Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Subhî, and Egyptian stone (such as granite and 16 foreign ambassadors embarked on a tour greywacke) with labels in Braille and electronic at the Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr to audio devices. inaugurate a new path for visually impaired The special itinerary includes the Narmer visitors. Palette, the triad of king Menkaure, and The path was developed by the the Sphinx of King Amenemhat III. (Nevine El- Archaeological Centre of the Italian Cultural Aref, “Egyptian Museum in Tahrîr inaugurates Institute in Cairo in collaboration with the new path for the visually impaired”, Ahram Egyptian Museum and the Museo Tattile Online, June 20, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Statale Omera in Ancona as part of the Vivere Mansûr, « Nouveau tracé dédié à la visite des non-voyants au Musée Égyptien », al-Yawm al-

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Sâbi‘, 19 juin ; “For the 1st time a path for visible in some of the furniture from the visually impaired in Egyptian Museum”, Egypt “golden age” of Danish furniture design. Today, June 21 ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Inauguration In this exhibition, you can see the du tracé dédié à la visite des non-voyants au inspiration from the Egyptian furniture makers Musée Égyptien », Watanî, 21 juin). in pieces by Danish architects Finn JUHL, Bernt - - PETERSEN, Ole WANSCHER and Ole GJERLØV- KNUDSE. (Nevine El-Aref, “‘First Movers’: Modern Danish furniture with an ancient Egyptian twist”, Ahram Online, June 20, 2019. Voir également Ahmad Mansûr, « Le Musée Égyptien expose 42 répliques archéologiques de meubles danois », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 20 juin). Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al- - - ‘Inânî visited an exhibition titled ‘The First Movers’ at the Bazaar of the Egyptian Museum Vendredi 21 juin 2019 in Tahrîr, which is organised within the framework of the Egyptian-Danish Dialogue Initiative in collaborate with the Egyptian Museum.

The exhibition includes 42 replicas of ancient Egyptian furniture, which have inspired many Danish furniture designers and architects throughout the years.

The exhibition put on display a table, a four-legged chair, a daybed, a stool and many more pieces.

The replicas of Egyptian furniture were Le Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr a célébré la made by Danish cabinetmaker and architect Journée de l’enfant africain, en présence des Dan SVARTH, who has made more than 100 enfants des communautés africaines installées models of ancient furniture in 1.5 scale. In this en Égypte. La directrice générale du musée, exhibition, you will see 35 of them together Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq, a accompagné les with full scale modern Danish furniture. enfants à travers les salles du musée à la “In the exhibition, we pay tribute to these découverte des pièces reflétant les artisanats first developers of furniture and their skills in africains : vannerie, verrerie, métaux et bois. À making all these types of furniture,” SVARTH cela s’ajoutent un atelier pour apprendre aux said. enfants à écrire leur nom en hiéroglyphes et un jeu de construction avec des légos. (Ahmad SVARTH started working on these models in Mansûr, « Le Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr a 1985, when he was an associate professor of célébré la Journée de l’enfant africain », al- the furniture department at the Royal Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 juin 2019. Voir également Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture. ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Les enfants africains à As part of his research programme, SVARTH l’honneur au Musée Égyptien », Sada al-Balad, studied the techniques of ancient Egyptian 20 juin). furniture makers.

Modern Danish furniture architects and - - designers looked at the Egyptian furniture to find inspiration, and this inspiration is clearly

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the most important of which were Samedi 22 juin 2019 Tutankhamun’s sunshade, a statue of king Amenemhat III and a collection of artefacts from the reign of Alexander the Great and both Kings Ptolemy I and II. He said that the sunshade is the last piece to be transported within the framework of an Egyptian-Japanese project to transport and restore 72 objects from the Egyptian museum in Tahrîr to the GEM with the support of JICA. All the objects were restored before

packing in order to strengthen the weak parts as well as using a special kind of packing free Could Tutankhamun’s chariot have come of alcohol and materials that absorb humidity. equipped with its own sunshade? The objects are now at the wood lab in the During studies carried out on GEM for more restoration before display Tutankhamun’s sunshade before its within the Tutankhamun collection when the transportation to the Grand Egyptian Museum museum opens in 2020. (Nevine El-Aref, (GEM) along with 155 other artefacts, a “Tutankhamun’s sunshade may have been Japanese scholar, Nozomu KAWAI, professor of attached to his chariot, scholar theorises”, Egyptology at Kanazawa University in Japan Ahram Online, June 22, 2019. Voir également revealed a new hypothesis. Ahmad Mansûr, « Le GEM réceptionne 155 He suggested that the sunshade of pièces archéologiques dont le parasol de Toutankhamon », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 21 juin ; Tutankhamun was a part of the boy king’s ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Le GEM réceptionne 155 chariot, to protect him from sun’s heat while pièces archéologiques », Sada al-Balad, 21 hunting or playing sports. juin ; ‘Umar al-Mahdî, « Le GEM réceptionne The examination and X-rays carried out on 155 pièces archéologiques », al-Ahrâm, 21 both the chariot and the sunshade show that juin ; Mustafa Marie, “Tutankhamen’s canopy the chariot has signs and remains like those restored and transferred to GEM”, Egypt used in fixing sunshades, a suggestion that Today, June 24). indicates that the sunshade is part of the chariot. Further studies will be carried out to - - find out more. Dimanche 23 juin 2019

Abûqîr sunken cities

‘Îsa Zaydân, director-general of the first aid President of Alexandria University ‘Isâm al- restoration department and transportation at Kurdî congratulated ‘Imâd Khalîl, professor of the GEM, told Ahram Online that the GEM Marine Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, on received a collection of 155 objects, among June 22 for winning the membership of the

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UNESCO Scientific Committee on Underwater appartenant à une momie probablement Cultural Heritage. d’époque ptolémaïque. L’Agence du département de la Sécurité intérieure Khalîl was nominated for the membership procèdera prochainement à la restitution de by the National Committee for UNESCO at ces pièces antiques à leur pays d’origine. the Ministry of Higher Education. (Basant Gamîl, « Le CBP saisit des échantillons The Egyptian Embassy in Paris represented de lin appartenant à une momie », al-Yawm al- by the Permanent Delegation of Egypt to Sâbi‘, 27 juin 2019). UNESCO exerted great diplomatic efforts to - - support Egypt’s candidate during the seventh edition of the Meeting of the States Parties to Le président du département des the UNESCO Convention 2001 to protect antiquités islamiques et coptes, Gamâl underwater cultural heritage, which was held Mustafa, a annoncé la mise en place d’un at the headquarters of the organization in Paris projet de restauration et d’installation d’un on June 20-21, 2019. centre pour les visiteurs à al-Bâgawât dans la Nouvelle-Vallée. Des travaux de fouilles sont This is the first time an Egyptian expert has en cours dans cette zone à laquelle le joined the ICRC, where the Scientific ministère de l’Archéologie attache une Committee consists of 14 experts from around importance toute particulière. La ville de Balât the globe in the field of underwater cultural fait l’objet d’un projet de restauration d’un heritage. It is the first scientific reference to montant de 13 millions L.E. Tous les entrepôts the UNESCO Charter for the Protection of muséologiques du gouvernorat sont en cours Underwater Cultural Heritage, where the d’inventaire et de documentation. Un grand committee provides expertise and scientific nombre de pièces archéologiques seront advice to Member States, which are 61 transférées vers la ville d’al-Khârga. (‘Alâ’ al- countries including Egypt. Minyâwî, « 13 millions L.E. pour restaurer la During this session, six members were ville de Balât », Sada al-Balad, 27 juin 2019). selected from 12 candidates representing 12 - - countries. (Mustafa Marie, “For the 1st time: Egypt a member in UNESCO scientific committee”, Egypt Today, June 23, 2019). Vendredi 28 juin 2019 - -

Jeudi 27 juin 2019

Source: Ministry of Antiquities Minister of Antiquities Khâlid al-‘Inânî,

members of parliament, Egyptian and Le Customs and Border Protection (CBP) a international media have embarked on a trip intercepté, le 25 mai, des bandelettes en lin on Friday to Fayyûm Governorate to appartenant à une momie égyptienne, au inaugurate al-Lâhûn pyramid of King Senusert cours de leur exportation illicite à travers les II for visitors after the completion of its frontières du Michigan. En effet, la police aux conservation. The ceremony also comes with frontières est parvenue à saisir cinq pots the announcement of a new discovery at the contenant des échantillons de textile BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 235

Juin 2019 northern corner of the pyramid and the The pyramid of al-Lâhûn is made of mud inauguration of Khuwând Aslabây Mosque. brick. It had a length of 106 m, a slope of 42 35 and a height of 48.6 m. The structure of the pyramid is supported with a natural rocky core that was cut to accept a pyramid top, large limestone cross walls which provided support for the brick sections, after being cased in limestone.

The events were attended by Major- General ‘Isâm Sa‘d Governor of Fayyûm, General Secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mustafa Wazîrî, along with members of parliament and top officials al-‘Inânî told attendees that he kept his promise to Fayyûm inhabitants as both al-

Lâhûn pyramid and Khuwând Aslabây Mosque Source: Ministry of Antiquities were restored and inaugurated for the first Excavation works carried out on the time. He called people to protect and southern side of al-Lâhûn pyramid by an preserve the mosque and the pyramid and not Egyptian archaeological mission headed by to use them inappropriately. “The restoration Wazîrî uncovered several artifacts from a of the mosque has revealed the beauty of the Middle Kingdom tomb. minbar and mihrâb and the inhabitants should preserve it not only because it is a religious Wazîrî explains that the uncovered objects edifice, but a part of Egyptian heritage as were found inside one of the Middle Kingdom well,” al-‘Inânî pointed out. tombs which consists of three shrines and a front court.

The tomb was filled with rubble, a collection of pot fragments, remains of wooden coffins and cartonage dating back to different ages, were unearthed after the tomb’s removal.

Inside the tomb, a collection of wooden coffins for men, women and children, were found. Some of them were badly carved, and Source: Ministry of Antiquities the others were skilfully carved and showing He explains that the conservation work of the facial features of the deceased. the pyramid includes the removal of debris Warîzî said that the mission also succeeded found inside the pyramid’s corridors and burial to unearth a wooden statue, a collection of chamber, installing wooden stairs to facilitate amulets made of faience, as well as clay its entrance, re-installing the fallen stones in vessels of different sizes and shapes, remains the hall and corridor to its original location, as of human bones, and wooden boxes filled well as restoring the deteriorated stones of its with a collection of ushabti statuettes made of floor and installing a new lighting system. clay. (Nevine El-Aref, “Inauguration of al- Guiding panels and signboards were also Lâhûn pyramid and Khuwând Aslabây Mosque provided to the site after years of restorations in Fayyûm”, Ahram

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Online, June 28, 2019. Voir également Fâdî pyramide al-Lâhûn », al-Ahrâm, 28 juin ; “The Francis, « Le ministre de l’Archéologie inauguration of the first Middle Kingdom tomb inaugure la pyramide al-Lâhûn », al-Masrî al- at al-Lâhûn Pyramid”, Egypt Today, June 28; Yawm, 28 juin ; Ahmad Mansûr, « Le ministère “Fayyûm Mudbrick ‘al-Lâhûn Pyramid Open to de l’Archéologie annonce l’inauguration de la Public”, Egyptian Streets, June 30). pyramide al-Lâhûn », al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘, 28 juin ; Sanâ’ Fârûq, « Inauguration de la pyramide de Sésostris II », Watanî, 28 juin ; ‘Alâ’ al-Minyâwî, « Découverte d’un trésor - archéologique dans une tombe rupestre à al- Fayyûm », Sada al-Balad, 28 juin ; ‘Umar al- - - Mahdî, « Après 120 ans de fermeture, le - ministère de l’Archéologie inaugure la

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VII - WHO’S WHO ?

Voici la liste alphabétique des principaux responsables égyptiens régulièrement cités dans le BIA :

Ministère de l’Archéologie

‘Abd al-Hamîd al-Kafâfî Directeur général de la planification et du suivi des restaurations

‘Abd al-Mun‘im Sa‘îd Directeur général des antiquités d’Aswân et de Nubie Mahmûd

‘Abd al-Nâsir Ahmad ‘Abd Directeur général de la restauration du temple de Karnak al-‘Azîm

‘Abd al-Rahîm Rayhân Directeur général des recherches, des études archéologiques et de la publication scientifique en Basse-Égypte et au Sinaï

‘Abdallah Sa‘d Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Qâytbây, à l’Est du Caire

‘Âdil Dalla Directeur général des antiquités islamiques du Fayyûm

‘Âdil Ghunaym Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes du Caire et de Gîza

‘Alâ’ al-Shahhât Vice-président du département des antiquités égyptiennes

‘Alâ’ Fawzî Muhammad Directeur de la documentation archéologique de Sâhil Silîm

‘Alî Ahmad ‘Alî Directeur général du département des antiquités restituées

‘Alî al-Bakrî Directeur général des antiquités de Mallawî

‘Alî Dâhî Directeur général du département des acquisitions archéologiques

‘Amr al-Tîbî Directeur exécutif de l’Unité des reproductions archéologiques

‘Âtif Muhammad al-Sa‘îd Directeur des entrepôts muséologiques islamiques et coptes à Fustât

‘Âtif Nagîb Vice-président du département des antiquités islamiques

‘Awnî Mukhtâr Hasan Directeur des antiquités de Fîrân et d’al-Tawr

‘Awnî Qustantîn Hilmî Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell Bastâ

‘Imâd ‘Uthmân Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Darb al-Ahmar

‘Imâd Hammâd Président du département de la restauration des antiquités de Rosette

‘Isâm Khamîs Directeur des antiquités de Mît Rahîna

‘Isâm Mughâzî ‘Abd al- Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Shatb Rahmân

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Who’ s Who ?

‘Izzat Habîb Salîb Directeur général de la restauration des musées du Grand Caire

‘Umar Zakî Directeur général des antiquités de Banî Swayf

Abû Bakr Ahmad ‘Abdallah Président de l’administration centrale des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza

Ahmad ‘Abdallah Bilâl Directeur général du Centre des unités archéologiques de Damiette

Ahmad ‘Arabî Directeur général du temple de Louqsor

Ahmad ‘Awad Inspecteur en chef de la zone archéologique Ouest d’Aswân

Ahmad ‘Awad al-Sa‘îdî Directeur général des antiquités coptes et islamiques à Asyût

Ahmad al-Nimr Membre du bureau scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie

Ahmad al-Sayyid Ahmad Directeur de la zone archéologique de l’arbre de la Vierge Marie à Sulaymân Matariyya

Ahmad Fathî Directeur de la zone archéologique de Tell al-Amarna

Ahmad Hammûda Sayyid Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Balât

Ahmad Hasan ‘Abd al- Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’Abû Simbil Mâgid

Ahmad Hasan Amîn Directeur de la zone archéologique d’Isnâ

Ahmad Ibrâhîm Directeur général des zones archéologiques al-Ibâgiyya et al-Tunsî

Ahmad Mahfûz Ibrâhîm Directeur de l’unité archéologique du port de Damiette

Ahmad Mûsa Directeur de l’Amphithéâtre romain d’Alexandrie

Ahmad Mûsa Mustafa Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Khârga

Ahmad Mutâwi‘ Assistant du président du département des antiquités islamiques et coptes

Ahmad Shu‘ayb Président de l’administration générale pour la restauration des antiquités et des musées du Delta Est

Ahmad Sulaymân ‘Abd al- Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes d’Asyût ‘Âal

al-Qazzâfî ‘Abd al-Rahîm Directeur de la zone archéologique de Karnak ‘Azab

al-Sayyid al-Talhâwî Inspecteur en chef d’al-Daqahliyya

al-Shâfi‘î Muhammad Zahrân Directeur général des fouilles archéologiques du Centre du Delta

Amîn Ramadân Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Qurna

Amîna ‘Abd al-Munsif Directrice de la restauration des antiquités du Nord d’al-Munûfiyya

Amîna al-Bârûdî Assistante du ministre de l’Archéologie pour les services numériques

As’ad al-Amîn Directeur des antiquités islamiques et coptes de Qinâ

Ashraf ‘Abd al-Salâm Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Gharbiyya Ibrâhîm

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Who’ s Who ?

Ashraf ‘Ukâsha Directeur général des antiquités d’Abydos

Ashraf Muhyî al-Dîn Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Gîza

Ashraf Sayyid ‘Abd al-Salâm Directeur général des antiquités de Sayyida Zaynab et d’al-Khalîfa

Ayman al-‘Ashmâwî ‘Alî Président du secteur des antiquités égyptiennes

Ayman al-Gunaydî Directeur général du palais Muhammad ‘Alî à Shubrâ al-Khayma

Ayman Hindî Directeur de la zone archéologique de Qinâ

Bâsim Gihâd Assistant du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des ressources humaines

Bassâm Hasan Muhammad Directeur de l’Inspectorat de Burg al-‘Arab

Dâlyâ Milîgî Directrice générale du Centre de recherches et de la maintenance des antiquités

Diyâ’ Gâd al-Karîm Directeur général des recherches et des études archéologiques dans le département des antiquités islamiques

Diyâ’ Zahrân Directeur général de l’enregistrement dans le département des antiquités islamiques et coptes

Doris Hannâ Directrice générale de l’Ancient Egyptian Art Revival Center

Fahîma al-Nahhâs Directrice générale des fouilles d’Alexandrie

Fathî ‘Awad Directeur du site archéologique de Tûna al-Gabal

Fathî al-Tahâwî Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Daqahliyya

Gâbir Ahmad Hâziz Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de l’Ouest de Suhâg

Gamâl ‘Abd al-Halîm Directeur général des antiquités de l’Ouest du Caire et d’al- Farahât Qalyûbiyya

Gamâl ‘Abd al-Nâsir Directeur général des antiquités de Suhâg

Gamâl Abû Bakr al- Directeur des antiquités de Moyenne-Égypte Samstâwî

Gamâl al-Hawwârî Directeur général de la zone archéologique du sultan Hasan et d’al- Rifâ‘î

Gamâl al-Simistâwî Directeur général des antiquités de Moyenne-Égypte

Gamâl al-Sûsânî Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Rahmâniyya, gouvernorat al-Buhayra

Gamâl Fârûq al-Qassâs Directeur général de l’administration générale pour l’enregistrement des antiquités du Delta Centre

Gamâl Mustafa Président du département des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives

Gharîb Sunbul Président de l’administration centrale pour la restauration et la maintenance

Hâla Qadrî Silîm Directrice générale des ressources humaines

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 240

Who’ s Who ?

Hamdî Humâm Président de l’administration centrale des unités archéologiques portuaires

Hamdî Amîn Sayyid Inspecteur en chef de Saqqâra-Nord et Centre

Hanân Hasan Mitwallî Directrice de l’inspectorat de Dâkhla

Hânî Abû al-‘Azm Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités de Haute- Égypte

Hasan Muhammad Inspecteur en chef des antiquités de Dâkhla

Hasan Tâhir Inspecteur en chef de la zone archéologique du Nord de Minyâ

Hind Muhammad Abû al- Directrice des antiquités du Nord d’al-Daqahliyya Futûh

Hisaniyya Muhammad Hilmî Directrice générale des antiquités du Vieux Caire Fadîlî

Hishâm al-Laythî Directeur général du Centre de documentation et d’études de l’Égypte ancienne

Hishâm Gum‘a Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Azhar et d’al-Ghûrî

Hishâm Husayn Directeur général des antiquités égyptiennes du Nord-Sinaï

Hishâm Samîr Adjoint au ministre de l’Archéologie pour les affaires architecturales

Husâm ‘Abdallah Ahmad Directeur général des antiquités de Bâb al-Sha‘riyya

Husâm al-Dîn ‘Abbûd Directeur de la publication scientifique à Qinâ

Husâm Ghadiyya Directeur général des antiquités du Sud Sinaï

Husnî ‘Abd al-Wahâb Directeur du temple de Montou

Ibrâhîm ‘Abd al-Rahmân Directeur général des zones archéologiques du Vieux Caire et de Fustât

Ibrâhîm al-‘Assâl Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Gharbiyya

Ibrâhîm al-Nuzûrî Directeur général de la documentation archéologique dans le département des antiquités islamiques et coptes

Ibrâhîm Ragab Directeur des antiquités islamiques du Fayyûm

Ibrâhîm Rif‘at Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Mît Rahîna

Ibrâhîm Subhî Inspecteur en chef des antiquités d’al-Buhayra Nord

Imân Riyâd Directrice général des restaurations à Matariyya et ‘Ayn Shams

Îmân Zaydân Assistante du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des ressources financières

Kamâl al-Tûkhî Restaurateur d’icônes antiques

Kâmil Ahmad Directeur de la zone archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée

Karîm Ahmad Hammâd Directeur des antiquités de ‘Ataba

Kârîmân Ahmad Sulaymân Directrice de l’Inspectorat Est d’Alexandrie

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 241

Who’ s Who ?

Khâlid ‘Abd al-Ghanî Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Buhayra Farahât

Khâlid ‘Abd al-Ghanî Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Buhayra Farahât

Khâlid Ahmad Shawqî Directeur des antiquités d’Abû Simbil

Khâlid al-‘Inânî Ministre de l’Archéologie

Khâlid Muhammad Abû al- Directeur général des antiquités de Matariyya et de ‘Ayn Shams ‘Ilâ

Khidr Madbûlî Directeur général des antiquités du Nord du Caire

Magdî Husayn Muhammad Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Khârga

Magdî Ibrâhîm Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Dâkhla

Magdî Mansûr Directeur général des antiquités et des musées du Grand Caire

Magdî Muhammad ‘Awad Directeur des temples rupestres de Nubie

Magdî Shawqî Midyâr Directeur de la zone archéologique au Sud d’Asyût

Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Latîf Directeur de la zone archéologique de Abû Ridîs

Mahmûd ‘Abd al-Qâdir ‘Abd Directeur des antiquités d’Alexandrie Ouest al-Salâm

Mahmûd Barîqî Président du département de restauration à Kom al-Shuqâfa

Mahmûd Musa Directeur général du palais Empain

Mahmûd Ragab Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Suez

Mahmûd Salâh Directeur général des antiquités de Minyâ

Mahmûd Sha‘bân Directeur des antiquités islamiques et coptes au sud de Gîza

Mahrûs Sa‘îd Directeur général du Nubian Antiquities Salvage Fund

Mamdûh ‘Uda Directeur général du département central de la gestion des crises et des risques

Mamdûh Taha Superviseur archéologique du projet de la deuxième barque de Chéops

Mansûr ‘Uthmân Directeur général des antiquités islamiques de la Nouvelle Vallée

Marwa ‘Abd al-Râziq Responsable du bureau d’enregistrement, de documentation et de la gestion des collections au Musée Égyptien

Marwa Sayyid Ismâ‘îl Directrice de l’Unité archéologique à l’aéroport du Caire

Mîmî Ibrâhîm ‘Abd al-Samî‘ Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Gharbiyya

Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîm Inspecteur du temple d’Hibis à Khârga Husayn

Muhammad ‘Abd al-‘Azîz Directeur du Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project (HCRP)

Muhammad ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur des antiquités d’Alexandrie Est

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 242

Who’ s Who ?

Muhammad ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur général de la zone archéologique Est du Caire Muhammad Râshid

Muhammad ‘Abd al-Maqsûd Coordinateur général du projet de développement des sites archéologiques situés dans l’axe du canal de Suez

Muhammad ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Directeur général des affaires financières ‘Uwayda

Muhammad ‘Abdallah Directeur général des antiquités Est du Caire

Muhammad Abû al-Wafâ Directeur général des antiquités de la mer Rouge

Muhammad Abû Srî‘ Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Gamâliyya

Muhammad Ahmad Directeur de l’Administration de la documentation archéologique ‘Uthmân d’Asyût

Muhammad Ahmad Gâd Directeur de l’Inspectorat d’Abûqîr

Muhammad al-Husaynî Directeur général des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives de Tamân Basse-Égypte et du Sinaï

Muhammad al-Sayyid al- Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Gharbiyya Sawwâf

Muhammad al-Sayyid Directeur général des antiquités d’Asyût Muhannadî

Muhammad al-Tuhâmî Directeur général des antiquités de Rosette

Muhammad Badîr Khalîl Directeur des antiquités du Sud Sinaï

Muhammad Hamâda Directeur général des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza

Muhammad Husayn Directeur général de la restauration du temple de Louqsor

Muhammad Husayn Hindâwî Inspecteur en chef de Saqqâra-Sud

Muhammad Ibrâhîm Directeur des antiquités de Khârga Muhammad

Muhammad Ismâ‘îl Superviseur du Comité permanent et des missions archéologiques étrangères

Muhammad Mahmûd Directeur général de la zone archéologique de Qinâ

Muhammad Mahrân Président de l’administration centrale pour les antiquités juives

Muhammad Mitwallî Directeur général des antiquités islamiques, coptes et juives d’Alexandrie et de la côte Nord

Muhammad Muhammad Directeur du Comité permanent des antiquités égyptiennes ‘Abd al-Badî‘

Muhammad Muhammad ‘Alî Directeur général des unités archéologiques des ports ‘Uthmân

Muhammad Mustafa ‘Abbâs Directeur de la zone archéologique de l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î

Muhammad Mustafa ‘Abd Superviseur général de l’administration centrale d’archéologie sous- al-Magîd marine en Alexandrie

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 243

Who’ s Who ?

Muhammad Ramadân Directeur général des affaires juridiques du CSA Madbûlî

Muhammad Rashâd ‘Abd al- Directeur général des antiquités Sud du Caire Hamîd

Muhammad Sa‘îd Dusûqî Directeur général de la zone archéologique de l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î

Muhammad Sayf al-Sayyid Vice-directeur général des ressources humaines

Muhammad Sha‘râwî Directeur général de la zone archéologique Ouest du Caire

Muhammad Yahya ‘Uwayda Directeur général des antiquités de Louqsor et de Haute-Égypte

Muhammad Yûsuf Directeur des antiquités de Dahshûr et d’al-Lisht

Muhammad Zayn Directeur de la zone archéologique du Vieux-Caire

Muhsin al-Badawî Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Qalyûbiyya

Mukhtâr al-Kasabânî Conseiller du ministre de l’Archéologie

Muna Yusrî Inspectrice en chef d’Asyût

Mushîra Mûsa Conseillère médiatique du ministre de l’Archéologie

Mustafa ‘Abd al-‘Azîz Directeur général des zones archéologiques d’al-Minyâ

Mustafa ‘Uthmân Directeur général des antiquités du Delta Centre

Mustafa Ahmad Mahmûd Directeur général des antiquités de Haute-Égypte

Mustafa al-Saghîr Directeur général des antiquités de Karnak et superviseur du projet du Dromos

Mustafa Amîn Conseiller du ministre de l’Archéologie pour les affaires techniques

Mustafa Faysal Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique de Kom Ûshîm

Mustafa Muhammad Nûr al- Directeur des antiquités de Sirâbît al-Khâdim Dîn

Mustafa Rizq Ibrâhîm Directeur général de la préhistoire au Sud Sinaï

Mustafa Rushdî Directeur général des antiquités du Delta Ouest (Marsa Matrûh, al- Buhayra et Mârînâ)

Mustafa Shawqî Ibrâhîm Directeur général des antiquités d’al-Sharqiyya

Mustafa Subhî Directeur général du suivi technique des antiquités du Caire et de Gîza

Mustafa Wazîrî Secrétaire général du Conseil Suprême des Antiquités (CSA)

Nabîla Ibrâhîm Ahmad Directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Âmiriyya

Nâdya Khidr Présidente de l’administration centrale des antiquités égyptiennes, grecques et romaines au Delta, au Sinaï et sur la côte Nord

Nâgî Hanafî Mahmûd Directeur général de la zone archéologique de la citadelle de Saladin

Nagwa Mitwallî Directrice générale de l’Administration de la publication scientifique

Nasr Gibrîl Ibrâhîm Président de l’Administration centrale des saisies archéologiques

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 244

Who’ s Who ?

Ni‘ma Sanad Directrice générale de la zone archéologique de Mârînâ

Nirvîn Muhammad Hâfiz Directrice générale des antiquités de l’Ouest du Caire

Nivîn al-‘Ârif Consultante médiatique du ministre de l’Archéologie

Nûbî Mahmûd Ahmad Directeur général de l’administration des fouilles

Qutb Fawzî Qutb Directeur de la zone archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh

Râgyâ Mus‘ad Mâdî Directrice de l’Inspectorat d’al-‘Agamî

Rashâ Kamâl Directrice générale du département du développement culturel

Râshid Muhammad Badrî Directeur de l’inspectorat archéologique de l’Ouest de Suhâg

Ridâ Ramadân Directeur général des antiquités de Damiette

Sa‘îd ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur général des restaurations des musées archéologiques

Sa‘îd Shibl Président de l’administration centrale des entrepôts muséologiques

Sabrî Muhyî al-Dîn Farag Directeur général des antiquités de Saqqâra

Sabrî Yûsuf ‘Abd al-Rahmân Directeur de la zone archéologique de Dâkhla et de Farâfra

Safâ’ ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Directrice générale des études et des recherches Ibrâhîm

Salâh al-Hâdî Directeur général de la restauration des antiquités islamiques de Bi’r al-‘Abd et d’al-Qantara Sharq

Salâh al-Mâsikh Inspecteur en chef des temples de Karnak à Louqsor

Salâma Zahrân Directeur général des antiquités islamiques et coptes d’al-Bahnasâ

Sayyid ‘Abd al-‘Alîm Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Qantara Sharq

Sayyid Ahmad ‘Abd al-Râwî Superviseur de l’Administration des carrières et des mines

Sayyid al-Shûra Directeur général des antiquités du Fayyûm

Sha‘bân ‘Abd al-Gawwâd Superviseur général du département des antiquités restituées

Sharîf Fawzî Coordinateur général de la rue al-Mu‘izz l-Dîn Allah al-Fâtimî

Sharîf Hâmid Directeur des antiquités du Vieux-Caire

Sharîf Muhammad ‘Abd al- Assistant du ministre de l’Archéologie pour le développement des Mun‘im sites archéologiques

Shâzlî Dunqul Inspecteur en chef de Qinâ

Sophia ‘Abd al-Hâdî Directrice générale des antiquités d’al-Darb al-Ahmar et de Sayyida ‘Â’isha

Suhayr al-Sayyid Qunsuwwa Directrice générale des antiquités du Vieux-Caire et de Fustât

Sumayya Binyâmîn Présidente du département des Financements

Suzi Labîb Directrice générale des antiquités d’Idfû

Târiq Ahmad Mukhtâr Hirsh Directeur général des antiquités de l’Est du Delta, et sous-directeur du secrétaire général du CSA

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 245

Who’ s Who ?

Usâma Abû al-Khayr Directeur général de la restauration au sein du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Usâma al-Sayyid Directeur de la citadelle Qâytbây en Alexandrie

Usâma Farîd ‘Uthmân Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell al-Farâ‘în à Kafr al- Shaykh

Usâma Hâmid Directeur de l’entrepôt muséologique des pyramides

Usâma Mustafa al-Nahhâs Superviseur du bureau technique du ministre

Usâma Wahba Directeur général de l’entrepôt muséologique de Tell al-Yahûdiyya

Viola Khalîl Ibrâhîm Directrice de l’Inspectorat du Centre d’Alexandrie

Wa‘d Abû al-‘Ilâ Président du secteur des projets

Wâ’il Fathî Inspecteur en chef du plateau de Gîza

Wâ’il Zakariyyâ al-Balîhî Directeur général de la restauration des antiquités islamiques et coptes dans l’ouest et le centre du Delta

Wagdî ‘Abbâs Abû Ahmad Directeur général du bureau technique du département des antiquités islamiques, et vice-président du secteur des antiquités islamiques et coptes

Wahîba Sâlih Directrice des antiquités de Dahshûr

Walâ’ al-Dîn Badawî Directeur général du palais Manyal

Wisâm Kamâl Directeur de la zone archéologique de Sammanûd

Yahya ‘Abd al-Bârî Directeur général de la zone archéologique d’al-Tûd

Yâsir ‘Abd al-Karîm Directeur général des antiquités du Centre du Caire

Yâsir ‘Îsa Zaghlûl Directeur de la zone archéologique d’al-Munûfiyya

Yâsir Fathî Wahba Directeur général de l’administration du cadastre et de la topographie dans le secteur des antiquités islamiques

Yusriyya Ibrâhîm Directrice générale de la zone archéologique de Mustafa Kâmil en Alexandrie

Yûsuf al-‘Aqd Directeur général de la restauration de l’administration des manuscrits et des papyrus

Yûsuf Khalîfa Président de l’administration centrale des antiquités de Basse- Égypte, du Sinaï et de la côte Nord

- -

Musées

‘Abd al-Râziq al-Naggâr Secrétaire général de la commission nationale égyptienne pour les musées

‘Âtif Muftâh Superviseur général du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 246

Who’ s Who ?

‘Îsa Zaydân Directeur du département de restauration au Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Ahmad ‘Alî Directeur général des équipements du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Ahmad ‘Izz Directeur général du musée archéologique de Suhâg

Ahmad al-Laythî Directeur général du musée de Mallawî

Ahmad Humayda Directeur général du musée Atonien

al-Husayn ‘Abd al-Basîr Directeur du musée archéologique de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina

al-Tayyib ‘Abbâs Directeur des affaires archéologiques du projet du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Ashraf Abû al-Yazîd Directeur général du musée des Textiles égyptiens

Gamâl al-Bilim Directeur général de la bibliothèque du Musée Égyptien

Gîhân ‘Âtif Directrice générale du musée Copte

Hishâm Farghalî Directeur général du musée du Nil à Aswân

Huda Kamâl Directrice générale du musée de l’obélisque de Matariyya

Husnî ‘Abd al-Rahîm Directeur général du musée de la Nubie

Ilhâm Salâh al-Dîn Présidente du secteur des musées

Îmân Shawqî Superviseur du musée de la Barque de Chéops

Khâlid ‘Azab Président du conseil d’administration de la commission nationale égyptienne pour les musées

Magdî Mansûr Directeur général de la restauration du musée Copte

Mahâ Muhammad Présidente de l’administration centrale des musées historiques

Mahrûs Sa‘îd Superviseur général du musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne (NMEC)

Mamdûh Hasan ‘Uthmân Superviseur général du musée d’Art islamique

Mamdûh Ramadân Conservateur en chef du musée de Kom Ûshîm

Mirvat ‘Izzat Directrice générale du Musée Gayer-Anderson (Bayt al-Kiritliyya)

Mu’min ‘Uthmân Directeur général de la restauration au Musée Égyptien

Muhammad ‘Abd al-Rasûl Président de l’Administration centrale des antiquités islamiques de Haute-Égypte

Muhammad Badr Directeur des magasins et des registres du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Muhammad Sayyid al- Directeur du musée de ROMMEL Sharqâwî

Muna Sha‘bân Directrice générale du musée archéologique d’Ismâ‘îliyya

Nabîla Hasanayn Directrice générale du palais al-Gawhara

Nivîn Nazâr Adjoint au ministre pour les affaires muséographiques

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 247

Who’ s Who ?

Rândâ Muhammad ‘Abd al- Directrice générale des musées régionaux Ra’ûf

Sa‘îd ‘Abd al-Hamîd Directeur général de la restauration des musées archéologiques

Sa‘îd Rakhâ Directeur général du musée archéologique de Rosette

Sabâh ‘Abd al-Râziq Directrice générale du Musée Égyptien de Tahrîr

Sabâh Muslim Directrice générale des musées de Basse-Égypte

Sâmih al-Masrî Directeur général de la planification et de la restauration des musées

Sanâ’ Ahmad ‘Alî Directrice générale des musées de Haute-Égypte

Târiq al-Qal‘î Directeur général du musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée

Usâma Abû al-Khayr Directeur exécutif du centre de restauration du Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM)

Walâ’ al-Dîn Badawî Directeur général du musée du palais Manyal

- -

Universités

‘Abbâs Mansûr Président de l’Université du Sud de la Vallée

‘Abd al-Wahâb ‘Izzat Président de l’université de ‘Ayn Shams

‘Âtif Mansûr Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Fayyûm

Ahmad al-Ansârî Chef du département d’archéologie égyptienne à l’université de Suhâg

Amîn Lutfî Président de l’université de Banî Swayf

Fâyza Haykal Professeur d’égyptologie à l’American University in Cairo (AUC)

Gamâl al-Dîn ‘Alî Abû al- Président de l’université de Minyâ Magd

Gum‘a ‘Abd al-Maqsûd Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire

Hânî Hilâl Professeur de polytechnique à la faculté Polytechnique, univeristé du Caire ; ScanPyramids Projet coordinator

Khâlid Gharîb Président du département des antiquités grecques et romaines à l’université Misr

Khâlid Hamza Président de l’université du Fayyûm

Khâlid Hasan ‘Abd a-Bârî Président de l’université de Zaqâzîq

Mâgid Nigm Président de l’université de Hilwân

Mamdûh al-Damâtî Ancien ministre de l’Archéologie, professeur d’archéologie à l’université de Lettres, université de ‘Ayn Shams

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 248

Who’ s Who ?

Mansûr al-Nûbî Doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie de Louqsor

Muhammad ‘Uthmân al- Président de l’université du Caire Khasht

Muhammad Hasan al- Président de l’université d’al-Mansûra Qinâwî

Muhammad Kamâl Khallâf Président du département de la restauration à la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Fayyûm

Mukhtâr al-Kasabânî Professeur d’archéologie islamique, université du Caire et conseiller scientifique du ministre de l’Archéologie

Muna Fu’âd Chef du département de restauration de la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire

Muna Haggâg Chef du département des études grecques et romaines à la faculté de Lettres, université d’Alexandrie

Nâsir Mikkâwî Chef du département d’Archéologie à la faculté d’Archéologie, université du Caire

Ra’fat al-Nabarâwî Professeur d’archéologie islamique à l’université du Caire

Salâh al-Khûlî Professeur d’archéologie à la faculté d’Archéologie de l’université du Caire

Sâmî Sabrî Shâkir Doyen de l’Institut des études coptes

- -

Pouvoir exécutif

‘Abd al-Hamîd al-Haggân Gouverneur de Qinâ

‘Âdil al-Ghadbân Gouverneur de Port Sa‘îd

‘Isâm Sa‘d Gouverneur du Fayyûm

Ahmad ‘Abd al-Zâhir Directeur de la Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités

Ahmad ‘Abdallah Gouverneur d’Hurghada

Ahmad al-Ansârî Gouverneur de Suhâg

Ahmad Ibrâhîm Gouverneur d’Aswân

Ahmad Râshid Gouverneur de Gîza

Hishâm al-Sa‘îd Gouverneur d’al-Gharbiyya

Hishâm Âmina Gouverneur d’al-Buhayra

Înâs ‘Abd al-Dâyyim Ministre de la Culture

Ismâ‘îl ‘Abd al-Hamîd Taha Gouverneur de Kafr al-Shaykh

Khâlid ‘Abd al-‘Aal Gouverneur du Caire

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 249

Who’ s Who ?

Khâlid Fûda Gouverneur du Sud Sinaï

Khâlid Sa‘îd Gouverneur d’al-Sharqiyya

Magdî al-Gharâblî Gouverneur de Matrûh

Muhammad ‘Ashmâwî Gouverneur de la Nouvelle Vallée

Muhammad Badr Gouverneur de Louqsor

Muhammad Mukhtâr Gum‘a Ministre des Waqfs

Muhammad Sultân Gouverneur d’Alexandrie

Mustafa Madbûlî Premier ministre

Qâsim Husayn Gouverneur d’al-Minyâ

Rânyâ al-Mashât Ministre du Tourisme

Ridâ Farahât Gouverneur d’al-Qalyûbiyya

Sa‘îd ‘Abbâs Gouverneur d’al-Munûfiyya

Sharîf Habîb Gouverneur de Banî Swayf

Târiq Nasr Gouverneur de Minyâ

Yâsîn Tâhir Gouverneur d’Ismâ‘îliyya

Yâsir al-Dusûqî Gouverneur d’Asyût

- -

Divers

‘Alî Radwân Président de l’Union générale des archéologues arabes

Ahmad ‘Awwâd Président du Fonds de développement culturel (CDF)

Ciara BERDISKI Responsable culturel du bureau de l’Unesco au Caire

Fathî Sâlih Conseiller pour les affaires du patrimoine auprès du conseil des ministres

Hishâm ‘Azmî Président du Conseil d’administration du Dâr al-kutub wa-l-wathâ’iq al-qawmiyya

Husâm Ismâ‘îl Professeur d’archéologie islamique à l’université de ‘Ayn Shams et président de l’Association du patrimoine et des arts traditionnels

Lu’ayy Sa‘îd Directeur du Centre des études coptes

Monica Hannâ Présidente de l’Unité archéologique à l’Académie arabe des sciences, technologies et transport maritime

Muhammad Abû Si‘da Président du National Organisation for Urban Harmony (NOUH)

Muhammad al-Kahlâwî Secrétaire général de l’Union générale des archéologues arabes

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 250

Who’ s Who ?

Muhammad Fârûq Directeur du National Center for Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT)

Muna ‘Abd al-Ghanî Présidente de l’Association des antiquités grecques en Alexandrie Haggâg

Mustafa al-Fiqî Directeur de la Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Bibalex)

Nagwa al-Shâzlî Présidente du conseil d’administration du Sound and Light Company

Ra’fat al-Nabarâwî Ancien doyen de la faculté d’Archéologie

Sâlih Lam‘î Professeur d’architecture et directeur du Centre de ressuscitation du patrimoine architectural islamique

- - - -

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 251

VIII - INDEX

A Astronomie ...... 24 Atlantide ...... 11, 53, 54 Académies Autel ...... 192 Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres ...... 56 B ADN ...... 94, 122, 131, 180, 195, 202, 203, 204 Bâb-s Aéroports Bâb al-Futûh ...... 140, 170 Aéroport international du Caire 90, 175, 176 Bâb al-Wadâ‘ ...... 142, 143 Agences de presse ...... 59 Bâb al-Wazîr ...... 36, 143 Agence France Presse (AFP) . 16, 57, 58, 166 Bâb Zuwayla ...... 140 Associated Press (AP) ...... 69 Bactérie ...... 114 Middle East News Agency (MENA) ... 32, 43, Bains ...... 20, 31, 61, 84, 86, 144, 156, 185 47, 62, 64, 119, 144, 159, 166, 170, 179, Bandelette ...... 235 182, 221, 227 Barques ..... 21, 71, 72, 97, 123, 124, 126, 127, Reuters ...... 59, 152, 181, 228, 229 133, 147, 167, 219, 227, 242 al-Azhar ...... 24, 83, 140, 186, 241 Barque de Chéops ...... 124, 219, 242, 247 Amphore ...... 47, 136, 213 Barrages Amulette ...... 60, 130, 136, 190, 200, 236 Haut barrage d’Aswân ...... 57, 68, 157 Anastylose ...... 16 Basilique ...... 20 Anatomie humaine Bateau ...... 55, 72, 123, 127 Barbe ...... 75, 228 Bible ...... 20 Crâne ...... 18, 38, 70 Bibliothèques ...... 74, 82, 84, 107, 119, 247 Squelette ...... 18, 29, 38, 189, 198 Bibliotheca Alexandrina (Bibalex) 48, 57, 98, Ancre ...... 117 220, 247, 251 Ankh ...... 39, 55, 212 Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) . 107 Arabesque ...... 184 Dâr al-Kutub wa-l-wathâ’iq al-qawmiyya . 21, Arbres 22, 23, 24, 25, 186, 187 Acacia ...... 127 Bijoux . 14, 37, 48, 61, 122, 141, 143, 144, 147, Palmier ...... 20 155, 190, 221, 223 Armée ...... 119, 120, 195, 221 Bague ...... 61, 190 Armes Boucle d’oreille ...... 61, 144 Char ...... 174, 234 Bracelet ...... 61, 130, 144 Flèche ...... 200 Colliers ...... 50, 60, 61, 144, 190, 191 Fusil ...... 86, 130, 147, 175, 176 Botanique ...... 144, 190 Lance ...... 21, 82, 117, 177 Braille ...... 220, 221, 232 Poignard ...... 212 Bustes ..... 73, 77, 122, 141, 169, 172, 207, 222 Artères historiques Buste de Néfertiti ...... 77, 79 Rue al-Khalîfa ...... 49, 141, 240 C Rue al-Mu‘izz l-Dîn Allâh al-Fâtimî 39, 85, 86, 139, 140, 141, 158, 160, 161, 170, 171, Cairo Opera House ...... 58 245 Calligraphies ...... 162 Artisanat ...... 10, 99, 141, 233 Campagne d’Égypte ...... 69 Artisans ...... 130, 142, 143, 223

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 252

Index

Canneaux Colonnes 16, 20, 50, 66, 67, 91, 134, 137, 138, Canal al-Mahmûdiyya ...... 101, 193 165, 168, 184, 189, 211, 212 Canal al-Mansûriyya ...... 228 Colonne de Mérenptah ...... 212 Canal de Suez 14, 15, 64, 100, 120, 199, 243 Colosses .... 16, 74, 75, 76, 130, 151, 156, 164, Carrières ...... 52, 55, 84, 91, 99, 100, 133, 136 172, 173, 211, 212 Cartographie 23, 24, 30, 38, 75, 129, 151, 156, Colosse de Ramsès II ...... 76 166, 171, 209, 225 Comités ..... 25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 88, 90, 92, 183, Cartonnage ...... 65, 167, 168, 175, 198, 236 204, 224, 235 Cartouche ...... 16, 17, 26, 54, 134, 210 Comité permanent des Antiquités du CSA Catacombes ...... 101, 102, 192, 193 ...... 14, 86, 227, 243 Catacombes de Kom al-Shuqâfa ... 101, 102, Compagnies du BTP 125, 156, 192, 193, 242 National Co. for General Construction & Catalogue ...... 224 Supplies ...... 149, 156 CD-ROM ...... 24 Orascom Construction Industries ...... 211 Centres de recherches The Arab Contractors Osman Ahmed American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE) Osman & Co...... 14 ...... 157 Complexe de Qalâwwûn ...... 140 Center of Documentation and Studies of Congrès ...... 135 Ancient Egypt ...... 241 Conseil Suprême des Antiquités 10, 16, 17, 27, Chicago House ...... 173 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 64, 65, National Center for Documentation of 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 80, 88, 91, 95, 101, Cultural and Natural Heritage (CULTNAT) 108, 111, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 127, 133, ...... 225, 251 136, 138, 148, 150, 151, 164, 166, 168, 171, Céramique ...... 60, 70, 206 173, 175, 179, 181, 185, 193, 200, 205, 224, Cercueil ...... 169, 193 231, 236, 244, 245 Céréales ...... 61 Conservation 11, 22, 63, 65, 83, 92, 93, 95, 96, Chaînes de télévision 11, 41, 54, 96, 123, 138, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 125, 150, 152, 196, 197 147, 169, 193, 203, 206, 211, 229, 235, 236 BBC ...... 12 Coopération ...... 17, 20, 32, 48, 112, 116, 126, CNN ...... 196 147, 153, 159, 162, 163, 170, 180, 187, 193, Discovery Channel ...... 150, 152 217, 229, 230 Fox News Channel ...... 99, 150 Coran ...... 23, 24, 157 Chambre funéraire29, 45, 63, 65, 68, 113, 114, Corégence ...... 201, 202 115, 124, 130, 160, 165, 175, 192, 203, 236 Cosmétique ...... 37, 143, 144, 190, 191 Chapelles . 14, 20, 21, 32, 61, 66, 67, 100, 105, Couleurs 157, 206, 236 blanc ...... 24, 50, 53, 54, 158, 164, 173, 175 Chapelle d’Alexandre le Grand ...... 21 bleu ...... 39, 60, 144, 152, 168, 212 Chasse ...... 67, 88, 167, 234 jaune ...... 208 Chaussée montante ...... 54 noir 16, 24, 41, 44, 84, 89, 92, 122, 129, 147, Cimetières ... 39, 40, 43, 52, 53, 66, 76, 86, 87, 226, 231 88, 102, 143, 152, 165, 166, 168, 171, 175, rose ...... 49, 114, 124 181, 182, 189, 190, 198 rouge ...... 19, 39 Cimetière al-Basâtîn ...... 86, 87 vert ...... 39, 60 Citadelles ...... 72, 201, 211, 218, 219 Coupole ...... 142 Citadelle de Qâytbây ...... 246 Couronnes ...... 50, 54, 91, 99, 173, 212 Citadelle de Saladin ...... 141 Double couronne ...... 173, 212 Citadelle du Caire ...... 211 Croix ...... 26, 39, 105, 144 Citernes ...... 30 D Collectionneur ...... 189 Colloque ...... 106 Danse ...... 155 Dépôt de fondation ...... 40 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 253

Index

Déserts ...... 40, 142, 185 Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris ...... 161 Désert Occidental ...... 40, 52 Église al-Mu‘allaqa ...... 215 Nouvelle Vallée .... 39, 134, 241, 242, 248, Église Saint-Serge ...... 153 250 Enchères ...... 16, 17, 22, 24, 25, 154, 155, 223, Désert Oriental ...... 184, 185 224, 227, 229 Disque solaire ...... 122, 134 Entrepôts muséologiques ..... 35, 99, 108, 235, Divinités ..... 40, 56, 75, 97, 131, 152, 157, 160, 238, 244, 245, 246 174, 175, 181 Entreprises Amon 12, 21, 41, 43, 75, 146, 149, 151, 195, BESIX Group ...... 211 212, 224 Egyptian Sound and Light Show Company Amon-Rê ...... 97, 98, 122 (ESLSC) ...... 48 Aton ...... 66, 67, 68, 88, 118 Siemens Medical Solutions ...... 94 Bastet ...... 124, 125, 222 Environnement ...... 10, 110 Duamutef ...... 122 Époques Hâpy ...... 168, 175 byzantine ...... 36, 37, 61, 65 Hathor ...... 56, 60, 222 copte .... 20, 21, 39, 40, 48, 85, 86, 100, 103, Horus 54, 121, 122, 124, 125, 131, 136, 137, 104, 105, 119, 120, 135, 143, 144, 154, 165, 168, 185 156, 157, 158, 161, 174, 183, 185, 212, Isis ...... 40, 43, 51, 152, 222 213, 215 Isis-Thermouthis ...... 61 gréco-romaine ..... 10, 34, 46, 47, 60, 74, 75, Khnoum ...... 21, 54, 175 100, 104, 144, 171, 175, 189, 192, 193, Khonsou ...... 91 194, 215 Maât ...... 181, 222 grecque ...... 32, 40, 41, 126, 157, 213, 220 Min ...... 34, 36, 62, 75, 76, 81, 134, 140, 201 hellénistique ...... 102, 117 Néfertoum ...... 87 islamique ...... 20, 47, 48, 74, 76, 82, 83, 100, Osiris ...... 69, 190, 197 103, 104, 143, 159, 188, 194, 247, 249, Ptah ...... 97, 98 250, 251 Ptah-Sokar-Osiris ...... 89, 92 abbasside ...... 24 Rê ...... 52, 130 ayyoubide ...... 142 Rê-Horakhty ...... 97, 98, 212 fatimide ...... 39, 85, 139, 140 Satis ...... 175 mamelouke . 22, 23, 24, 84, 142, 143, 183, Sekhmet ...... 109, 160, 222 188 Seth ...... 137, 165 ottomane 19, 119, 142, 143, 183, 184, 221 Soknebtynis ...... 61 Moyen Âge ...... 86 Thot ...... 55, 189, 190 Néolithique ...... 184, 185 Vénus ...... 42, 75, 84 perse ...... 16, 190 Dômes ...... 23, 45, 142, 143, 184 pharaonique Donation ...... 52 Ancien Empire .. 9, 12, 34, 44, 45, 56, 138, Dromos ...... 144, 208, 216, 217, 244 165, 182, 189 IIIe dynastie ...... 70 E IVe dynastie ...... 34, 56, 165 Eau souterraine 11, 31, 53, 101, 102, 125, 149, Ve dynastie 55, 137, 138, 163, 164, 165, 156, 157, 193 166, 181, 182 Écritures VIe dynastie ...... 138, 166 Démotique ...... 65, 160, 190 Basse époque 45, 150, 152, 169, 174, 181 Hiératique ...... 60, 168 XXVIe dynastie ... 55, 152, 182, 199, 200 Hiéroglyphes ...... 26, 27, 60, 71, 75, 91, 131, Deuxième Période intermédiaire ...... 44 171, 175, 181, 189, 233 XIIIe dynastie ...... 154 Écurie ...... 188 dynasties Églises 19, 20, 21, 31, 104, 105, 107, 144, 153, XVIIe dynastie ...... 168 157, 158, 174, 186, 205, 206 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 254

Index

Moyen Empire 37, 54, 55, 67, 89, 92, 154, Néfertari .. 57, 94, 96, 97, 109, 114, 198, 231 155, 179, 236, 237 Néfertiti .... 67, 68, 77, 79, 89, 109, 180, 196, XIe dynastie ...... 67, 82, 167 201, 202, 203, 204, 221, 222 XIIe dynastie ...... 229 Pentaour ...... 195 Nouvel Empire ... 21, 37, 66, 91, 172, 173, Setibhor ...... 137, 138, 165 174, 200, 221 Tiy ...... 94, 196, 202, 203, 222 XIXe dynastie ...... 49, 133 Figurine ...... 122, 130, 131, 147, 167 XVIIIe dynastie ..... 21, 91, 100, 133, 168, Fleurs ...... 66, 191 173, 174, 222, 229 Lotus ...... 67 XXe dynastie ...... 26 Fœtus ...... 195, 203, 204 Première Période intermédiaire ...... 70 Fondations Ramesside ...... 133 Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) .... 36, 84, Troisième Période intermédiaire 171, 175 XXIe dynastie ...... 89, 178 Fondation Georges RICARD ...... 169 prédynastique ...... 9, 44 Fonds Nagada I ...... 44 Fonds de développement culturel (CDF) 250 préhistoire ...... 44, 114, 231, 244 Nubian Antiquities Salvage Fund ...... 242 ptolémaïque ... 21, 42, 47, 61, 65, 68, 71, 72, World Heritage Fund ...... 31 136, 148, 157, 160, 174, 192, 213, 214, Fontaine ...... 142, 143 235 Forteresses ...... 200, 201, 219 romaine 9, 18, 19, 21, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, Fossile ...... 44, 213 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 61, 65, 66, 68, 72, 75, Fouilles .... 9, 21, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 43, 52, 91, 102, 139, 148, 154, 160, 161, 190, 57, 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 81, 87, 88, 192, 198, 210, 220, 244, 248, 249 91, 92, 93, 96, 99, 126, 127, 135, 136, 137, saïte ...... 9, 199 142, 143, 148, 152, 156, 157, 160, 163, 164, Équinoxe ...... 98 168, 170, 178, 181, 189, 200, 201, 213, 219, Ermitage ...... 19, 20 220, 235, 239, 240, 245 Ermites ...... 18, 19, 39 Fresque ...... 20 Érosion ...... 205 G Esclave ...... 52, 181 Exposition archéologique 9, 10, 13, 14, 18, 23, Gabal al-Silsila .... 32, 38, 91, 99, 100, 132, 133 25, 37, 38, 39, 40, 51, 57, 60, 61, 67, 68, 70, Gouvernorats ..... 9, 10, 38, 39, 47, 49, 60, 103, 72, 73, 74, 79, 99, 100, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, 162, 188, 208, 216, 217, 235, 240 111, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, Gouvernorat d’al-Minyâ ...... 10, 35 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 140, 141, Gouvernorat d’al-Sharqiyya ...... 162, 217 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 158, 159, 160, Gouvernorat d’Asyût ...... 103 161,178, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 209, 210, Gouvernorat de Gîza ...... 49, 112 211, 212, 213, 215, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, Gouvernorat de la Nouvelle Vallée ...... 39 231, 232, 233 Gouvernorat de Louqsor ...... 208, 216 Gouvernorat du Caire ...... 209, 231 F Graffiti ...... 54, 113 Faïence . 60, 122, 136, 167, 168, 190, 200, 236 Grand Prêtre ...... 189 Famille royale Guerre ...... 42, 100, 106, 127, 155, 223 Ahmès-Néfertary ...... 221, 222 H Ankhesenamon ...... 195, 196, 203 Bint-Anat ...... 75 Harem ...... 194, 223 Hétephérès ...... 54 Hittites ...... 197, 198 Kkâemouaset ...... 118 Humidité ...... 34, 59, 63, 94, 95, 101, 108, 122, Méritamon ...... 74, 75, 151, 231 208, 234 Méritaton ...... 88, 202 Hyksôs ...... 44, 203 Moutnedjmet ...... 196, 203, 204 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 255

Index

I Kom al-Shuqâfa ...... 101, 102, 125, 156, 192, 193, 194, 242 Icône ...... 49, 140, 141, 241 Kom Ûshîm ...... 201, 244, 247 Îles Kuttâb-s ...... 184 Chypre ...... 134 Incendie ...... 86, 122, 127, 161, 180, 211 L Infiltration ...... 101, 193 Lacs ...... 207, 230 Inhumation ...... 70 ‘Ayn al-Sîra ...... 207, 230 Insectes ...... 219 Lac Nâsir ...... 57, 68, 97 Scarabée ...... 44, 60, 80, 136 Lampe ...... 29, 31, 60, 61, 175, 225 Instituts Le Caire historique ...... 30, 39, 49, 85, 86, 140, Czech Institute of Egyptology in Cairo ... 164 141, 143, 149, 158, 159, 182, 225, 242 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Kairo al-Hattâba ...... 141, 142, 143 (DAIK) ...... 31, 56 Le Caire khédivial ...... 48, 49 Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) 45, 59, 62, Liste du patrimoine ...... 14, 86, 89, 100, 103 92, 94, 95, 113, 115 Livre des Morts ...... 189 Institut français d’archéologie orientale (Ifao) Lois ...... 60, 61, 107, 163, 178, 201, 217 Loi 117/1983 ...... 37, 76, 88, 90 Stanford Research Institute ...... 12 Instruments de toilette M Épingles à cheveux ...... 61 Madrasa-s ...... 83, 86 Miroir 37, 140, 141, 143, 191, 192, 225, 232 Magie ...... 40 Peigne ...... 61, 143, 223 Maladies ...... 18, 23, 194, 204 Internet .. 24, 37, 103, 107, 118, 128, 146, 177, Cancer ...... 180, 194 180 Diabète ...... 194 Irrigation ...... 30, 31, 194, 209 Lèpre ...... 31 Islam ...... 47, 154, 215 Paludisme ...... 94, 122, 131 Ivoire ...... 60, 122, 123, 144, 186 Malédiction des pharaons ...... 11 Iwân ...... 184 Mammifères ..... 44, 66, 88, 148, 185, 189, 213, J 219 Âne ...... 213 Japan International Cooperation Agency Babouin ...... 189 (JICA) ...... 211, 219, 234 Bélier ...... 17 Jardins ... 89, 90, 119, 142, 154, 159, 188, 192, Chameau ...... 31 209, 226, 228 Chat ...... 148, 164, 223 Jardin al-Andalous ...... 89, 90 Chauve-souris ...... 225 Jarre ...... 31, 35, 44, 122, 143, 167 Cheval ...... 55, 73, 102, 120, 188, 213 Jésus ...... 20, 105 Chien ...... 148 Journée mondiale du patrimoine ...... 159, 160, Éléphant ...... 185, 225 161, 164, 166, 167, 168, 174, 187, 191 Gazelle ...... 67 Juif ...... 20, 44, 53, 85, 86, 87, 157, 183, 185 Girafe ...... 185 K Hippopotame ...... 174 Léopard ...... 122, 129 Ka ...... 147 Lion ...... 139, 147, 157, 223 Khânqâ Mouton ...... 52 Khânqâ al-Nizâmiyya ...... 143 Musaraigne ...... 148 Khôl ...... 140, 143, 144, 223 Panthère ...... 147 Kom-s Singe ...... 88, 168 Kom al-Hîtân ...... 56, 57 Taureau ...... 70 Kom al-Khilgân ...... 44 Vache ...... 52 Manuscrit ...... 22, 23, 24, 105, 187, 215, 246 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 256

Index

Maquette ...... 106 Mihrâb ...... 183, 184, 236 Marathon ...... 78 Minaret ...... 83, 182, 183, 184, 205 Masques .. 35, 89, 92, 106, 121, 168, 169, 171, Minbar ...... 184, 186, 236 175, 178, 189, 190, 228 Ministères Mastabas ...... 35, 44, 70 Ministère de l’Archéologie 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, Matériaux de construction 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, Argile ...... 36 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, Béton ...... 15, 169, 205 45, 46, 47, 50, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, Bois ...... 14, 37, 46, 61, 63, 65, 72, 104, 113, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 86, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129, 142, 143, 144, 87, 90, 91, 92, 95, 100, 101, 103, 104, 147, 157, 162, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175, 108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, 125, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191, 192, 126, 127, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 212, 219, 223, 233, 234, 236 139, 140, 141, 144, 147, 148, 149, 151, Ébène ...... 122 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, Brique ...... 19, 70, 84, 200 163, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173, 174, 177, Brique crue .... 19, 29, 45, 46, 52, 70, 76, 77, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 192, 134, 168, 200, 236 193, 204, 205, 209, 216, 217, 219, 223, Ciment ...... 11, 21, 226 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 235, Gypse ...... 73, 190 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 248, Plâtre ...... 29, 168 249 Mausolées ...... 58, 142, 205 Ministère de l’Intérieur ...... 177 Mausolée de l’Aga Khan ...... 175 Ministère de la Culture ...... 119, 211 Médailles ...... 20, 21, 72, 74, 196 Ministère du Tourisme 20, 98, 106, 139, 140, Médecine ...... 24, 110 149, 154, 196, 199, 215 Mers Mission française des fouilles de Tanis (MFFT) Mer Méditerranée ...... 31, 41, 126, 206 ...... 163 Alexandrie .. 10, 21, 33, 37, 43, 73, 74, 76, Mobilier ...... 142 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 127, 192, 193, Moine ...... 32, 39, 40, 144 206, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 249, Moïse ...... 154, 185, 215 250, 251 Momies .. 10, 18, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 51, 60, 63, Marsa Matrûh ...... 9, 117, 244, 250 65, 68, 81, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 121, 122, 130, Mer Rouge ...... 10, 54, 59, 178, 243 131, 136, 148, 150, 152, 160, 161, 169, 171, Halâyyib ...... 161 174, 175, 178, 180, 189, 190, 194, 195, 196, Hurghada ...... 10, 59, 60, 150, 198, 249 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 223, Marsa ‘Alam ...... 197, 198 228, 230, 231, 235 Sharm al-Shaykh . 9, 10, 99, 116, 150, 197, Momie de Néfertiti ...... 180, 202 198 Momie de Toutankhamon ...... 94, 203, 204 Métaux ...... 15, 35, 46, 61, 100, 157, 210 The 'screaming mummy' ...... 207 Argent ...... 20, 23, 24, 26, 42, 104, 120, 122, Momification .... 29, 51, 93, 124, 147, 164, 165, 140, 141, 143, 180, 213 175, 202, 229 Bronze .. 61, 72, 73, 120, 136, 139, 143, 144, Monastères .... 18, 19, 20, 21, 31, 32, 105, 144, 168, 169, 191, 192, 200, 223 154, 157, 158, 185, 186, 215 Cuivre ...... 33, 43, 86, 196, 200 al-Dayr al-Abyad ...... 158, 159 Fer ...... 35, 47, 72, 117, 183 al-Dayr al-Ahmar ...... 157, 158, 159 Or . 18, 20, 24, 26, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, Dayr al-Barâmus ...... 153 43, 56, 86, 93, 94, 95, 96, 105, 106, 121, Dayr al-Suryân ...... 153 122, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 134, 136, Monastère al-Muharraq ...... 21 139, 143, 147, 152, 190, 226, 227, 228, Monastère d’Abou-Nefer ...... 18, 19, 20 233 Monastère de Saint Bishoy ...... 154 Microfilm ...... 24 Monastère de Saint Ménas ... 30, 31, 32, 159

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 257

Index

Monastère de Sainte-Catherine ..... 159, 185, Musée archéologique de Suhâg .... 9, 25, 26, 186 156, 158, 159, 247 Monnaie 20, 21, 23, 24, 36, 37, 40, 60, 61, 82, Musée archéologique de Tantâ .. 9, 219, 220 105, 126, 135, 136, 139, 175, 176, 200, 207, Musée Atonien ...... 10, 67, 247 213 Musée Copte . 104, 105, 120, 143, 144, 158, Montgolfière ...... 146 212, 213, 215, 247 Mosquées ...... 58, 182, 183, 184, 236 Musée d’Art islamique . 20, 22, 23, 104, 158, Mosquée Ahmad Ibn Tûlûn ...... 221 159, 247 Mosquée al-Hâkim ...... 140 Musée de Kom Ûshîm ...... 247 Mosquée al-Kâshif ...... 184 Musée de la Barque de Chéops ...... 247 Mosquée al-Mu’ayyid Shaykh ...... 186 Musée de la Nubie ...... 247 Mosquée al-Mujahideen ...... 184 Musée de la Pointe-à-Callière ...... 221 Mosquée al-Tanbaghâ al-Mârdânî ...... 36 Musée de Plein Air 17, 27, 28, 48, 49, 50, 74, Mosquée de l’imâm al-Shâfi‘î ...... 142 75, 102, 140, 193, 208 Mosquée Fâtima al-Shaqrâ’ ...... 182, 184 Musée des Carrosses royaux ...... 10 Mosquée Khuwând Aslabây ...... 236 Musée des Textiles égyptiens ... 39, 40, 158, Mosquée Mangak al-Yûsufî ...... 142, 143 160, 161, 162, 179, 247 Mosquée Muhammad ‘Alî ...... 58 Musée du Louvre . 27, 77, 79, 145, 146, 163, Mosquée Sîdî Shibl al-Aswad ...... 205 228, 229 Murailles ...... 19, 142, 200 Musée Égyptien 9, 14, 15, 18, 25, 27, 34, 38, Musées 39, 51, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 77, 79, 81, 89, Ägyptisches Museum und 90, 92, 99, 104, 105, 106, 111, 115, 119, Papyrussammlung Berlin-Charlottenburg 121, 123, 125, 126, 131, 136, 139, 145, ...... 27 151, 152, 158, 160, 161, 162, 177, 178, Bolton Museum ...... 124 179, 180, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, British Museum ...... 27, 135, 145, 228, 229 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 206, Brooklyn Museum of Art ...... 117, 118 207, 208, 210, 211, 219, 220, 221, 227, Grand Musée Égyptien (GEM) . 9, 14, 15, 25, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 242, 27, 34, 51, 62, 69, 77, 81, 105, 106, 111, 246, 247, 248 115, 121, 123, 126, 131, 145, 146, 151, Musée Erwin ROMMEL ...... 247 177, 178, 179, 180, 187, 197, 198, 199, Musée GAYER-ANDERSON 187, 190, 191, 220, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 219, 227, 221, 247 228, 234, 246, 247, 248 Musée gréco-romain ... 10, 74, 100, 104, 192 Grande Halle de la Villette14, 121, 122, 129, Musée Manyal ...... 140 130, 145 Musée national de la Civilisation égyptienne Michael C. Carlos Museum of Atlanta ... 169, (NMEC) . 10, 111, 118, 131, 162, 195, 203, 207 206, 207, 208, 210, 228, 230, 231, 232, Musée archéologique d’Hurghada 10, 59, 60 247 Musée archéologique d’Ismâ‘îliyya . 102, 247 Musée national de Rio de Janeiro ...... 180 Musée archéologique de Kafr al-Shaykh .... 9 Musée Whanganui ...... 204 Musée archéologique de la Bibliotheca Museo Egizio di Torino .... 27, 109, 194, 221, Alexandrina ...... 247 229 Musée archéologique de la Nouvelle Vallée Museo Tattile Statale Omera ...... 232 ...... 248 National Geographic Museum ...... 221, 223 Musée archéologique de Mallawî ..... 20, 247 National Museum of Scotland ...... 12, 13, 37 Musée archéologique de Marsa Matrûh ..... 9 Neues Museum ...... 202 Musée archéologique de Rosette ...... 248 Rijksmuseum van Oudheden ...... 221 Musée archéologique de Sharm al-Shaykh 9, The Field Museum of Chicago ...... 123 10, 99 The Metropolitan Museum of Art 39, 78, 79, 80, 89, 92, 145

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 258

Index

Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) ...... 83 Canada ...... 14, 217, 218, 223 Muséologie 9, 10, 99, 108, 109, 110, 111, 116, Montréal ...... 221 207, 229, 232, 238, 244, 246 Ontario ...... 217, 218 Musique ..... 42, 61, 66, 97, 122, 129, 131, 145, Chine ...... 21, 65, 77, 155, 171, 198 212, 215, 225 Hong Kong ...... 155 Instruments de musique Shanghai ...... 155 Trompette ...... 122 Commonwealth of Nations ...... 226 Confédération Suisse ...... 87, 124, 125, 170 N Berne ...... 124, 125 Naos ...... 91 Genève ...... 84, 155 Nappe phréatique ...... 193 Corée du Sud ...... 14, 123, 134 National Geographic Society ...... 94, 108, 221, Écosse ...... 12, 13, 37 222, 223 Édimbourg ...... 12, 37 National Organisation for Urban Harmony Égypte (NOUH) ...... 29, 250 Alexandrie .. 10, 21, 24, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, Navire ...... 72, 127 42, 43, 73, 74, 76, 100, 101, 102, 103, Nécropoles .. 30, 40, 51, 66, 70, 71, 80, 89, 92, 104, 106, 117, 125, 126, 127, 139, 150, 102, 113, 129, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 156, 192, 193, 205, 206, 234, 239, 240, 167, 182, 192 241, 242, 243, 246, 249, 250, 251 Nécropole al-Bâgawât ...... 39, 40, 235 Abû Mînâ ...... 30, 31, 32, 159 Nécropole de Saqqâra ...... 71, 163, 198 Abûqîr ...... 74, 234, 243 Nécropole de Tûna al-Gabal ...... 65 al-‘Âmiriyya ...... 32, 33, 244 Nécropole thébaine ...... 166, 168, 195, 202 al-Manshiyya ...... 73 Niche ...... 29, 65, 184 al-Wardiyân ...... 192 Nil .... 18, 21, 24, 26, 34, 37, 44, 47, 54, 55, 65, Burg al-‘Arab ...... 240 67, 68, 72, 74, 75, 96, 97, 99, 100, 117, 129, Kom al-Shuqâfa ...... 101, 102, 125, 156, 132, 133, 145, 146, 147, 175, 198, 208, 219, 192, 193, 242 227, 247 Taposiris Magna ...... 40, 41, 43 Noms de lieux Delta ..... 9, 44, 47, 58, 137, 166, 188, 192, Afghanistan ...... 108 219, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246 Allemagne .... 10, 18, 31, 56, 67, 77, 94, 134, al-Buhayra ..... 21, 46, 47, 154, 218, 219, 138, 147, 170, 186, 187, 197, 198, 199, 240, 241, 242, 244, 249 224, 229, 232 Abû al-Matâmîr ...... 46 Bavière ...... 147 Damanhûr ...... 154 Berlin .. 10, 27, 77, 79, 105, 106, 147, 186, Rosette 40, 77, 79, 183, 238, 243, 248 187, 202, 229 Tell al-Abqa‘în ...... 218 Hildesheim ...... 67, 79 Wâdî al-Natrûn ...... 21, 153 Marburg ...... 186, 187 al-Daqahliyya ...... 29, 44, 239, 240, 241 Munich ...... 56, 224 Kom al-Khilgân ...... 44 Arabie saoudite ...... 26, 27, 176 Tell al-Samâra ...... 44 La Mecque ...... 143 al-Gharbiyya .. 9, 21, 154, 220, 239, 241, Argentine ...... 81 242, 243, 249 Cordoba ...... 81 Samannûd ...... 21 Australie ...... 14, 87, 123, 145 Tantâ ...... 9, 24, 219, 220 Canberra ...... 87 al-Ismâ‘îliyya ... 15, 49, 73, 102, 247, 250 Sydney ...... 123, 145 al-Mansûra ...... 24, 249 Autriche ...... 116, 170, 188 al-Munûfiyya ... 136, 188, 205, 239, 246, Belgique ...... 13, 90, 134, 138, 225 250 Bruxelles ...... 221 Qwisnâ ...... 136 Brésil ...... 134, 180 al-Qalyûbiyya ...... 240, 244, 250 Rio de Janeiro ...... 180 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 259

Index

al-Sharqiyya ...... 21, 154, 162, 217, 230, 96, 111, 113, 115, 129, 144, 145, 244, 250 146, 150, 155, 164, 166, 167, 168, Tanis 58, 162, 163, 210, 217, 228, 230 172, 173, 174, 178, 195, 197, 198, Tell Basta ...... 9, 21 203, 205, 208, 216, 217, 224, 231, al-Zaqâzîq ...... 210, 248 239, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250 Damiette ...... 24, 239, 245 al-‘Asâsîf ...... 89, 92, 164 Kafr al-Shaykh . 9, 21, 92, 110, 136, 154, al-Dayr al-Baharî .... 93, 178, 195, 207, 220, 245, 246, 249 229 Tell al-Farâ‘în ...... 9, 246 al-Qurna ...... 84, 239 Gîza 12, 13, 30, 35, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, al-Tûd ...... 246 55, 56, 58, 62, 71, 78, 80, 81, 88, 103, Dayr al-Madîna ...... 222, 223 104, 112, 117, 121, 123, 125, 145, 157, Dhirâ‘ Abû al-Nagâ ..... 164, 166, 167, 159, 169, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 198, 168, 174, 197 199, 208, 209, 210, 226, 228, 238, 239, Isnâ ...... 21, 77, 111, 112, 239 240, 242, 243, 244, 246, 249 al-Gabalayn ...... 100 Abûsîr ...... 153, 165 Karnak . 17, 21, 48, 64, 68, 69, 91, 99, al-Lisht ...... 244 104, 113, 117, 125, 133, 173, 174, Dahshûr30, 56, 104, 117, 159, 165, 244, 205, 208, 216, 217, 224, 226, 238, 246 239, 244, 245 Memphis ...... 30, 49, 55, 159 Nag‘ Abû ‘Usba ...... 216, 217 Mît Rahîna ...... 49, 50, 112, 238, 241 Kom al-Hîtân ...... 56, 57 Nazlat al-Sammân ...... 50, 51, 54, 62 Madînat Hâbû ...... 133 Saqqâra ..... 15, 20, 35, 71, 74, 104, 108, Thèbes ...... 30, 57, 159, 195 117, 135, 137, 138, 153, 163, 164, Nubie .. 91, 98, 116, 133, 161, 177, 238, 165, 166, 196, 197, 198, 204, 245 242, 247 Sérapéum ...... 74 Qinâ .... 27, 60, 239, 240, 241, 243, 245, Haute-Égypte ... 18, 24, 28, 45, 64, 68, 74, 249 75, 97, 134, 148, 156, 158, 168, 183 Dandara ...... 27, 28, 79, 133 Aswân 13, 18, 34, 38, 44, 45, 55, 57, 68, Le Caire .. 9, 10, 12, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 91, 92, 97, 98, 116, 117, 125, 132, 30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 57, 58, 62, 133, 150, 156, 157, 171, 172, 174, 63, 73, 74, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 175, 177, 184, 185, 193, 197, 198, 90, 104, 105, 111, 112, 120, 131, 132, 238, 239, 247, 249 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 149, Abû Simbil . 30, 57, 58, 68, 69, 97, 98, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 160, 104, 116, 117, 134, 159, 198, 239, 161, 163, 175, 176, 180, 182, 187, 188, 242 189, 190, 194, 195, 202, 203, 204, 205, Gabal al-Silsila ..... 32, 38, 91, 99, 100, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 224, 225, 132, 133 228, 229, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 241, Idfû ...... 116, 125, 245 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250 Kalâbsha ...... 98, 177 al-Basâtîn ...... 86, 87 Kum Umbû .. 101, 116, 125, 132, 133, al-Darb al-Ahmar ...... 36, 238, 245 156, 193, 231 al-Fustât .... 10, 111, 118, 131, 195, 196, Philæ ...... 30, 104, 116, 159 203, 206, 207, 208, 230, 238, 241, Qubbat al-Hawâ ...... 44, 45 245 Subayra ...... 184 al-Gamâliyya ...... 140, 243 Asyût 16, 18, 20, 21, 103, 137, 153, 182, al-Khalîfa ...... 49, 141, 240 183, 184, 239, 242, 243, 244, 250 Bâb al-Khalq ...... 21, 23, 24, 158, 182 Minqabâd ...... 18, 19, 20 Darb al-Labbâna ...... 82, 84 Louqsor ... 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 28, 45, 46, Héliopolis ...... 48, 49, 55, 211, 225, 226 48, 64, 69, 75, 77, 84, 87, 89, 92, 95, Hilwân ...... 48, 80, 81, 142, 248

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 260

Index

Ma‘âdî ...... 21, 153, 154 Sud-Sinaï ...... 185, 241, 243, 244, 250 Matariyya ...... 9, 21, 212, 225, 239, 241, Halâyyib ...... 161 242, 247 Sirâbît al-Khâdim ...... 244 Sayyida Zaynab ...... 190, 221, 240 Suez 14, 15, 26, 54, 64, 83, 100, 120, 199, Shubrâ ...... 240 242, 243 Vieux-Caire ...... 104, 158, 207, 244, 245 ‘Ayn al-Sukhna ...... 209 Zamâlik ...... 119, 120 Wâdî al-Garf ...... 52, 54, 55 Moyenne-Égypte ...... 18, 189, 240 Émirats arabes unis ...... 155 Banî Swayf ...... 70, 239, 248, 250 Chardja ...... 22 Fayyûm ..... 30, 51, 55, 60, 62, 160, 186, Espagne ...... 31, 65, 117, 197, 224 201, 210, 227, 228, 235, 236, 238, États-Unis . 12, 14, 18, 41, 53, 56, 77, 78, 80, 241, 245, 248, 249 94, 101, 113, 120, 125, 127, 128, 129, al-Lâhûn ...... 235, 236 145, 155, 156, 170, 173, 193, 196, 199, Kom al-Kharâba al-Kabîr, Girzâ .... 201 207, 222 Kom Ûshîm ...... 201, 244, 247 Atlanta ...... 169, 207 Tebtynis ...... 60, 61, 160, 201 California ...... 14, 145, 169 Wâdî al-Hîtân ...... 30, 159 Chicago ...... 53, 123, 173 Minyâ 10, 20, 21, 35, 38, 64, 65, 67, 68, Los Angeles ...... 54, 62, 95, 120, 122, 123, 82, 135, 150, 151, 152, 153, 160, 129, 145 208, 214, 241, 242, 248, 250 Manhattan ...... 78, 79 al-Amarna ..... 55, 66, 67, 88, 202, 239 Michigan ...... 235 al-Ashmûnayn (Hermopolis Magna) New York ...... 78, 80, 133, 145, 154, 155 ...... 21, 189 Philadelphia ...... 123 al-Bahnasâ ...... 245 Virginia ...... 54 Banî Hasan ...... 67 Washington ...... 108, 123, 193, 221 Banî Mazâr ...... 208 Éthiopie ...... 68, 107 Hatnûb ...... 55 France 14, 31, 53, 57, 58, 60, 74, 76, 89, 92, Mallawî ...... 20, 238, 247 103, 107, 114, 122, 127, 128, 131, 134, Tûna al-Gabal ...... 35, 65, 66, 68, 160, 138, 161, 162, 163, 170, 199, 229 178, 187, 189, 190, 213, 214, 240 Grenoble ...... 106 Suhâg ...... 9, 25, 26, 38, 74, 75, 76, 133, Paris .... 14, 23, 27, 56, 107, 120, 121, 122, 134, 148, 149, 151, 156, 157, 158, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 145, 198, 240, 245, 247, 248, 249 147, 155, 161, 217, 235 Abîdus . 133, 149, 156, 157, 158, 197, Grèce ...... 47, 65, 77, 117, 171 240 Hongrie ...... 134 Akhmîm . 18, 38, 74, 75, 76, 149, 151, Inde ...... 155, 171, 175, 198, 225 156, 158, 169 Iran ...... 162 al-Diyâbât ...... 148, 156 Israël ...... 25, 53, 87 Athribis ...... 157 Jérusalem ...... 23 Nouvelle-Vallée ...... 137, 235 Italie ..... 18, 40, 68, 117, 120, 134, 138, 170, al-Dâkhla ...... 242 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 210, 221, 229, al-Khârga ...... 137, 235 232 Port Sa‘îd ...... 64, 100, 161 Ancona ...... 232 Sinaï ...... 9, 20, 21, 24, 26, 30, 71, 72, 154, Florence ...... 83 161, 185, 201, 215, 238, 241, 243, 244, Milan ...... 155 246, 250 Rome ...... 40, 41, 42, 43, 87, 223 Nord-Sinaï ...... 20, 72, 200, 201, 241 Turin ...... 27, 52, 68, 109, 194, 221, 229 Tell Abû Sayfî ...... 71, 72 Japon ...... 12, 14, 62, 77, 180, 211, 219, 234 Tell al-Kidwa ...... 199, 200, 201 Kanazawa ...... 234 Osaka ...... 123

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 261

Index

Tokyo ...... 123 al-‘Ashmâwî (Ashraf) ...... 46 Jordanie ...... 171 al-‘Ashmâwî (Ayman) 29, 33, 44, 70, 77, 134, Mali ...... 161 171, 175, 218, 240 Malte ...... 65, 134 al-‘Awadî (Târiq) ...... 123 Maroc ...... 161 al-‘Inânî (Khâlid) 9, 10, 15, 21, 25, 27, 28, 32, Mexique 35, 36, 45, 47, 51, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66, Mexico ...... 134, 171 68, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 95, 97, 101, Nouvelle-Zélande ...... 204, 205 102, 112, 113, 116, 121, 123, 125, 126, Wellington ...... 54, 204 127, 129, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 149, Palestine ...... 20, 117, 161, 171 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, Pays-Bas ...... 70, 71, 134, 229 161, 162, 163, 164,166, 170, 174, 178, Amsterdam ...... 70, 71, 155 180, 182, 187, 193, 204, 217, 218, 227, Pologne ...... 170 228, 229, 232, 233, 235, 236, 242 Principauté de Monaco ...... 169 al-Damâtî (Mamdûh) ...... 248 République dominicaine ...... 40 al-Kahlâwî (Muhammad) ...... 250 République Tchèque ...... 65, 112, 134, 152 al-Kasabânî (Mukhtâr) ...... 244, 249 Prague ...... 153, 164 al-Laythî (Hishâm) ...... 241 Royaume-Uni ..... 17, 31, 124, 197, 198, 199, al-Nabrâwî (Ra’fat) ...... 249, 251 202, 224, 229 al-Nimr (Ahmad) ...... 239 Londres .... 16, 17, 22, 24, 27, 77, 82, 123, al-Saghîr (Mustafa) ...... 17, 21, 64, 69, 244 131, 145, 155, 172, 223, 224, 226, 227, al-Sâwî (Ahmad) ...... 54 229 al-Shâzlî (Yâsmîn) ...... 30 Russie ...... 134, 155 al-Siddîq (Wafâ’) ...... 25 Soudan ...... 68, 120, 161, 171 al-Simistâwî (Gamâl) ...... 213, 240 Suède ...... 32, 134 al-Sîsî (‘Abd al-Fattâh) 15, 33, 57, 58, 97, 98, Sultanat d’Oman ...... 126 116, 158, 167, 170 Syrie ...... 108, 191, 222 al-Tîbî (‘Amr) ...... 238 Tunisie ...... 161 Amîn (Mustafa) ...... 36, 244 Turquie ...... 18, 31, 60, 84, 199 Babraj (Krzysztof) ...... 206 Union Européenne ...... 134, 138, 229 Badîr (Muhammad) ...... 243 Noms de personnes Bárta (Miroslav) ...... 152 ‘Abbâs (al-Tayyib) ...... 178, 179, 247 Belzoni (Giovanni) ...... 203 ‘Abd al-‘Azîz (Muhammad) 85, 141, 149, 182, Bokova (Irina) ...... 231 225, 242 Bommas (Martin) ...... 45 ‘Abd al-Basîr (al-Husayn) ...... 247 Bonaparte (Napoléon) ...... 119 ‘Abd al-Galîl (Muhammad) ...... 177 Borchardt (Ludwig) ...... 202 ‘Abd al-Gawwâd (Sha‘bân)12, 17, 37, 70, 87, Breccia (Evaristo) ...... 192 124, 147, 223, 245 Camp (Fredrica) ...... 168 ‘Abd al-Maqsûd (Muhammad) ...... 243 Carter (Howard) 14, 45, 63, 93, 95, 113, 129, ‘Abd al-Nâsir (Gamâl) ...... 83, 120, 240 145 ‘Abd al-Râziq (Sabâh) ... 18, 38, 61, 139, 162, Champollion (Jean-François) ...... 131 191, 206, 229, 231, 233, 248 Chang (Ruey-Lin) ...... 201 ‘Awad (Muhammad) ...... 242 Coulon (Laurent) ...... 217 ‘Azab (Khâlid) ...... 207, 247 Creswell (Keppel Archibald Cameron) 82, 83 ‘Ukâsha (Ashraf) ...... 240 De Lesseps (Ferdinand) ...... 15, 64, 100 ‘Ukâsha (Tharwat) ...... 23 Empain (Édouard Louis Joseph) .... 216, 225, ‘Uthmân (Mamdûh) ...... 159 226, 242 Abû al-‘Azm (Hânî) ...... 241 Fathî (Hasan) ...... 82, 83, 84 Abû al-‘Ilâ (Wa‘d)99, 101, 156, 193, 219, 246 Fletcher (Joann) ...... 124, 202 Abû al-Khayr (Usâma) ...... 246, 248 Gallazzi (Claudio) ...... 61, 201

BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 262

Index

Goddio (Franck) ...... 126 Tallet (Pierre) ...... 55 Hanna (Monica) ...... 86 Tawfîq (Târiq) ...... 62, 69, 81, 178 Hawwâs (Zâhî) 11, 12, 13, 40, 42, 43, 45, 51, von Pilgrim (Cornelius) ...... 31 56, 63, 64, 76, 77, 88, 89, 92, 97, 113, Ward (John) ...... 91 114, 115, 147, 150, 152, 161, 167, 169, Wazîrî (Mustafa) .... 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 28, 32, 170, 174, 180, 181, 182, 194, 195, 196, 33, 34, 35, 44, 45, 46, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 198, 201, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211, 224 72, 75, 78, 80, 91, 95, 101, 102, 111, 113, Haykal (Fâyza) ...... 248 117, 118, 119, 133, 136, 138, 139, 148, Hérodote ...... 126, 127 150, 151, 152, 164, 166, 167, 168, 171, Ibrâhîm (Muhammad) ...... 167, 243 174, 175, 181, 185, 193, 200, 224, 236, Jacquemart (Henri-Alfred) ...... 73 244 Johnson (Ray) ...... 172 Weinstein (Carmen) ...... 87 Kawai (Nozomu) ...... 234 Zaydân (‘Isa) ...... 123, 212, 219, 234, 247 Khidr (Nâdya) ...... 33, 192, 201, 219, 244 Nourrice ...... 197, 207 Lam‘î (Sâlih) ...... 251 Nouvelle capitale administrative égyptienne Lauer (Jean-Philippe) ...... 11 ...... 47, 49, 50, 58 Lehner (Mark) ...... 55, 56 Numérisation ...... 107, 108, 186, 187 Lord CARNARVON ...... 93, 146, 147 O Loret (Victor) ...... 202 Mabrûk (Mahmûd) ...... 9, 232 Oasis Mariette (Auguste) ...... 74 al-Bahariyya Martin (Geoffrey) ...... 203 al-Bâwîtî ...... 208 Martinez (Kathleen) ...... 40 al-Dâkhla ...... 28, 29, 36, 241, 245 Maspero (Gaston) ...... 50, 104 Bîr al-Shaghâla ...... 28, 29 Mitwallî (Muhammad) ...... 243 Mût ...... 28, 37 Monreal (Luis) ...... 94 al-Farâfra ...... 245 Mubârak (Husnî) ...... 150 al-Khârga ...... 39, 239, 242, 243 Muhyî al-Dîn (Ashraf) ...... 177, 179, 181, 240 Sîwa ...... 35, 198 Mustafa (Gamâl) ... 14, 20, 89, 157, 183, 185, Obélisques 9, 58, 91, 100, 132, 172, 173, 210, 186, 235, 240 227, 247 Nilsson (Maria) ...... 91 Offrande ...... 70, 189 Peng (Shih-Fu) ...... 210 Oiseaux ...... 33, 51, 67, 93, 94, 148, 168, 174 Petrie (William Matthew Flinders) ...... 156 Aigle ...... 148 Piacentini (Patrizia) ...... 171, 175 Autruche ...... 26, 122 Pirelli (Rosanna) ...... 19, 20 Faucon ...... 91, 148, 185 Plutarque ...... 41, 42, 43 Ibis ...... 189 Qutb (‘Abd al-Hamîd) ...... 92, 245 Onguent ...... 61 Radwân (‘Alî) ...... 56, 250 Organisations internationales Rayhân (‘Abd al-Rahîm) ...... 238 Organisation islamique pour l’Éducation, les Reeves (Nicholas) ...... 202 Sciences et la Culture (ISESCO) ...... 157 Rommel (Erwin) ...... 247 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Rushdî (Mustafa) ...... 244 Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) ... 24, 29, Sa‘îd (Mahrûs) ...... 242, 247 30, 31, 68, 69, 86, 116, 159, 223, 228, Salâh al-Dîn (Ilhâm) 9, 18, 26, 38, 59, 60, 67, 229, 231, 235, 250 100, 123, 158, 160, 212, 215, 247 United States Agency for International Sâlih (Fathî) ...... 250 Development (USAID) . 101, 125, 156, 193 Sourouzian (Hourig) ...... 57 Osiréion ...... 156, 157, 197 Stadelmann (Rainer) ...... 56, 57 Ossements ... 18, 33, 38, 52, 72, 204, 213, 214, Strabon ...... 157 219, 236 Sunbul (Gharîb) ...... 103, 192, 226, 240 Ostraca ...... 65 Ostracon ...... 168 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 263

Index

Ouchebti 35, 60, 122, 147, 166, 167, 168, 222, Pipe ...... 30, 101 236 Places publiques Place al-Rimâya ...... 69, 123, 209, 210 P Plateau de Gîza ..... 48, 50, 53, 55, 58, 78, 103, Pain ...... 212 104, 117, 121, 145, 157, 179, 180, 181, 182, Palais 19, 23, 41, 48, 49, 55, 57, 66, 72, 73, 95, 207, 208, 209, 246 103, 119, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 145, Pluie ...... 101, 162, 193 164, 187, 188, 190, 195, 216, 225, 226, 240, Poissons ...... 33, 52, 72, 147, 219 242, 246, 247, 248 Polémique ...... 14, 26, 85 Palais ‘Â’isha Fahmî ...... 72, 73 Polices ... 50, 62, 70, 80, 82, 92, 110, 186, 208, Palais ‘Âbidîn ...... 23, 134, 135, 138, 139 235 Palais Alexan ...... 103 Organisation internationale de police Palais du baron Empain ...... 216, 242 criminelle (INTERPOL) ...... 224 Palais Khadîga Hânim ...... 48 Police du Tourisme et des Antiquités 34, 35, Palais Manyal ...... 140, 187, 188, 246, 248 60, 62, 82, 123, 148, 186, 212, 249 Palais Muhammad ‘Alî ...... 240 Porcelaine ...... 190, 191 Palais Muntazah ...... 139 Ports ...... 26, 55, 76, 117, 126, 132, 133, 239 Palette de Narmer ...... 232 Poterie ..... 31, 33, 34, 35, 44, 45, 61, 117, 147, Papyrus ...... 22, 23, 24, 55, 61, 65, 67, 70, 127, 160, 168, 172, 213, 219, 222 161, 168, 175, 189, 190, 194, 195, 246 Presse Parfum ...... 61, 85, 140, 141, 222, 223 Ahram Online . 12, 13, 17, 28, 29, 35, 44, 45, Parlement ...... 73 46, 47, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78, 80, 87, 89, Particuliers 90, 91, 100, 102, 104, 117, 120, 133, 134, Hémiounou ...... 79 135, 136, 138, 148, 152, 166, 167, 170, Jules César ...... 40, 41, 42 172, 173, 182, 185, 229, 231, 232, 233, Khuwy ...... 137, 163, 164, 165, 166 234, 237 Marc Antoine ...... 40, 41, 42 Akhbâr al-Yawm ...... 153 Merer ...... 55 al-Ahrâm .. 17, 25, 28, 34, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, Nekaw-Ptah ...... 71 62, 64, 68, 71, 72, 80, 87, 90, 102, 112, Shedsu-Djehuty ...... 166 117, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, Touya ...... 9 135, 137, 144, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, Youya ...... 9 160, 162, 170, 171, 182, 184, 185, 186, Peinture . 19, 42, 63, 74, 87, 88, 110, 119, 120, 191, 201, 205, 206, 208, 212, 214, 216, 163, 188, 220 217, 220, 221, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, Pèlerinage ...... 11, 20, 31, 32, 143 231, 234, 237 Perle ...... 141 al-Ahrâm al-‘Arabî ...... 214 Phares ...... 73 Al-Ahram Hebdo .. 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21, 25, Pierre de Rosette ...... 40, 77 28, 29, 37, 38, 40, 47, 50, 57, 62, 64, 68, Pierres .... 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 27, 28, 33, 74, 85, 92, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 117, 35, 37, 40, 43, 44, 52, 53, 55, 65, 67, 74, 75, 128, 132, 137, 141, 143, 144, 149, 151, 79, 92, 100, 106, 112, 117, 129, 130, 132, 166, 167, 174, 180, 182, 184, 188, 190, 133, 144, 161, 168, 171, 175, 177, 182, 184, 191, 192, 194, 201, 208, 223 185, 192, 227, 232, 236 Al-Ahram Weekly . 12, 22, 25, 30, 32, 43, 50, Agate ...... 141 51, 56, 57, 58, 65, 68, 75, 76, 80, 85, 86, Calcaire .... 13, 29, 31, 46, 53, 55, 67, 70, 71, 97, 98, 115, 123, 130, 132, 145, 147, 158, 75, 100, 105, 134, 136, 137, 148, 152, 164, 166, 174, 181, 182, 184, 195, 196, 157, 158, 164, 165, 168, 181, 193, 202, 198, 204, 209, 211, 212, 223, 224, 225, 206, 212, 236 226 Granodiorite ...... 173 al-Bawwâba News ...... 188, 190, 217 Grès ...... 68, 91, 100, 133, 134 al-Dustûr . 119, 151, 159, 166, 167, 172, 176 Pigment ...... 169 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 264

Index

al-Fagr ...... 162, 191 Sada al-Balad . 14, 15, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, al-Masrî al-Yawm .. 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 62, 29, 32, 33, 38, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 60, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77, 80, 86, 86, 87, 90, 92, 101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 91, 100, 102, 104, 109, 112, 117, 119, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 125, 126, 132, 125, 126, 127, 132, 133, 136, 137, 147, 135, 137, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 148, 151, 159, 160, 162, 163, 169, 170, 160, 161, 163,170, 174, 177, 179, 180, 171, 174, 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 198, 182, 184, 185, 186, 189, 194, 196, 208, 201, 205, 208, 213, 214, 217, 219, 224, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219, 220, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 237 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237 al-Shurûq 16, 48, 62, 71, 112, 119, 124, 125, Vetogate . 119, 124, 151, 159, 191, 217, 230 133, 145, 185, 186, 208, 219, 221, 227, Watanî 13, 29, 34, 36, 37, 44, 45, 47, 62, 72, 228, 229, 232 78, 81, 87, 90, 92, 109, 124, 125, 126, al-Tahrîr ...... 172 133, 137, 147, 155, 161, 171, 172, 186, al-Wafd ...... 15, 116, 144, 190, 191, 217 189, 201, 215, 216, 227, 229, 233, 237 al-Watan 16, 49, 80, 124, 125, 132, 152, 166, Pressoirs ...... 20, 47 177, 190, 211, 212, 216, 217 Pressoir à vin ...... 47 al-Yawm al-Sâbi‘ ... 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, Prêtres ... 35, 54, 55, 66, 78, 79, 146, 147, 152, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 164, 181, 182, 189, 195 40, 44, 45, 47, 51, 60, 62, 64, 68, 70, 71, Behnui-Ka ...... 181 72, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, Nedjemankh ...... 78, 79, 80 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 109, 112, 116, Nwi ...... 181 117, 123, 124, 125, 126, 132, 133, 135, Pétosiris ...... 189 137, 140, 144, 148, 151, 153, 155, 159, Prêtresses 160, 161, 162, 163, 169, 170, 171, 174, Hetpet ...... 35 177, 179, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, Procession ...... 43, 168 190, 196, 199, 201, 206, 208, 213, 214, Projets 216, 217, 219, 220, 224, 226, 227, 230, Egyptian Mummies Project ...... 195, 203 231, 233, 234, 235, 237 Gîza Plateau Development Project . 179, 209 Egypt Independent .... 13, 15, 17, 25, 27, 29, Historic Cairo Rehabilitation Project (HCRP) 36, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 62, 68, 69, 72, ...... 85, 149, 225, 242 77, 80, 87, 89, 92, 98, 102, 106, 109, 117, Qubbat al-Hawâ Research Project (QHRP) 118, 124, 126, 127, 133, 134, 137, 139, ...... 44, 45 151, 152, 155, 160, 161, 166, 168, 170, Puits ...... 68, 137, 193 174, 176, 177, 178, 182, 186, 201, 206, Pylône ...... 16, 43, 75, 164, 172, 173 208 Pyramides .... 13, 15, 29, 37, 52, 54, 70, 71, 77, Egypt Today .. 13, 17, 18, 25, 27, 28, 33, 34, 78, 81, 88, 103, 104, 124, 137, 138, 159, 35, 36, 38, 45, 62, 69, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 161, 164, 165, 170, 177, 182, 207, 227, 228, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 236, 237, 246 116, 117, 123, 125, 134, 137, 139, 140, Pyramide al-Lâhûn ...... 235, 236 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 159, 160, Pyramide de Chéops . 10, 11, 12, 13, 37, 50, 162, 166, 167, 169, 171, 174, 175, 179, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 62, 77, 96, 177, 199 182, 187, 192, 201, 205, 208, 211, 213, Pyramide de Chéphren ...... 13, 77 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 226, Pyramide de Djoser ...... 165, 197 227, 228, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237 Pyramide de Meïdoum ...... 70 Egyptian Streets ... 14, 17, 27, 28, 29, 44, 45, Pyramide de Mykérinos ...... 13 47, 59, 68, 80, 87, 138, 150, 154, 166, Pyramidion ...... 91 167, 199, 208, 215, 220, 221, 224, 237 Q Masrâwî ...... 15, 179, 216, 217, 219, 230 Ruz al-Yûsuf ...... 125, 135 Qibla ...... 184

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Index

R Sauvetage ...... 32 Sceptre ...... 137, 165 Radars ...... 11, 12 Scribes ...... 197 Radiations Sérail ...... 140, 188 Rayons laser ...... 12 Silo ...... 218, 219 Rayons X ...... 90, 176, 186, 202, 234 Socle ...... 50 Réaménagement ... 9, 10, 28, 48, 64, 101, 109, Son et lumière ...... 48, 51, 111, 198, 251 117, 142, 163, 177, 179, 186, 207, 216, 217, Souveraines 229, 230 Cléopâtre ...... 40, 41, 42, 43, 109, 222, 223 Réfectoires ...... 19, 20 Cléopâtre VII ...... 222 Relique ...... 31, 228 Hatchepsout .... 13, 118, 168, 180, 194, 202, Réplique archéologique ..... 59, 63, 93, 95, 233 207, 221, 222, 231 Reptiles Souverains Cobra ...... 91, 99, 222 Ahmosis ...... 231 Crocodile ...... 185 Akhenaton .. 10, 66, 67, 68, 88, 94, 118, 170, Serpent ...... 26, 75, 93, 141, 150, 225 194, 201, 203 Réservoir ...... 143 Alexandre le Grand ...... 21, 41, 175, 234 Restauration ... 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, Amenemhat II ...... 231, 232, 234 28, 33, 34, 36, 39, 45, 46, 48, 49, 59, 62, 63, Amenemhat III ...... 157 64, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 81, 89, 90, 92, 94, Amenhotep Ier 13, 16, 17, 21, 56, 57, 68, 91, 95, 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 94, 99, 100, 173, 202, 229, 231 114, 116, 123, 126, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143, Amenhotep II . 13, 16, 21, 56, 57, 68, 91, 94, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 99, 100, 173, 202, 229 165, 166, 167, 172, 174, 178, 180, 182, 183, Amenhotep III 13, 16, 21, 56, 57, 68, 91, 94, 184, 192, 198, 205, 209, 212, 216, 219, 225, 99, 100, 173, 202 226, 227, 228, 230, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, Ay ...... 13 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249 Cambyse ...... 16 Restitution ...... 77, 125, 204, 224, 235 Caracalla ...... 102 Résurrection ...... 144, 190, 222 Chéchonq III ...... 162 Roches Chéops ... 11, 12, 13, 37, 52, 54, 55, 70, 123, Albâtre ...... 55, 130, 160 163, 177, 198, 219, 227, 242, 247 Basalte ...... 55, 154, 155 Chéphren ...... 13, 69, 77, 181 Granit ... 13, 16, 43, 49, 55, 58, 76, 124, 137, Djedkarê ...... 137, 138, 163, 165, 166 138, 157, 165, 173, 190, 212, 223, 231, Djoser ...... 197 232 Empereurs Marbre . 68, 73, 87, 119, 122, 139, 141, 184, Auguste ...... 41, 42, 43 210, 223 Constantin II ...... 36, 37 Quartzite ...... 113, 223, 224, 229 Justinien ...... 32 S Hadrien ...... 139 Sainte Famille 20, 21, 153, 154, 198, 212, 213, Horemheb ...... 170, 173 215 Mérenptah ...... 211, 212 Salles d’enchères Mérenrê ...... 166 Christie’s Inc .... 154, 155, 223, 224, 227, 229 Mykérinos ...... 13, 232 Sandale ...... 222 Narmer ...... 232 Sang ...... 39, 229 Ounas ...... 138, 165 Sarcophage . 35, 37, 63, 65, 68, 78, 79, 80, 94, Ouserkaf ...... 166, 181 er 113, 121, 122, 129, 130, 136, 148, 150, 152, Pépi I ...... 166 er 158, 160, 162, 165, 167, 169, 171, 175, 178, Psammétique I ...... 200, 201 er 181, 189, 192, 201, 221, 222, 223, 230, 231, Ptolémée Évergète I ...... 40, 168, 234 236 Ptolémée Évergète II ...... 168

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Index

Ptolémée IV Philopator ...... 40 Trajan ...... 139 Ptolémée V Épiphane Eucharistos 21, 40, 43, Sphinx .. 11, 12, 13, 51, 53, 91, 95, 96, 99, 100, 157 169, 182, 223, 231, 232 Ptolémée VI ...... 21, 157 Criosphinx ...... 91, 99 Ptolémée VIII Évergète II ...... 21, 157 Statue .... 11, 14, 16, 25, 26, 28, 35, 49, 50, 52, Ptolémée XI ...... 157 54, 55, 60, 62, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, Ptolémée XII ...... 157 77, 79, 81, 82, 91, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 108, Ramsès Ier . 16, 26, 28, 49, 50, 57, 58, 68, 74, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 135, 75, 76, 97, 98, 133, 134, 149, 151, 156, 146, 147, 149, 151, 154, 155, 160, 161, 166, 162, 164, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 194, 167, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 181, 189, 190, 195, 197, 198, 207, 210, 211, 218, 219, 193, 207, 221, 223, 225, 226, 227, 231, 234, 222, 226, 227, 231 236 Ramsès II .. 16, 26, 28, 49, 50, 57, 58, 68, 74, Statuette .... 121, 122, 129, 136, 169, 172, 174, 75, 76, 97, 98, 133, 134, 149, 151, 156, 175, 189, 190, 191, 197, 222, 236 162, 164, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 194, Stèles ...... 61, 64, 75, 76, 87, 89, 91, 92, 222 195, 197, 198, 207, 210, 211, 218, 219, Suie ...... 112 222, 226, 227, 231 Survey ...... 69, 117, 137, 164 Séqénenrê ...... 203 Symposium ...... 80, 81, 93, 115 Sésostris Ier ...... 237 T Sésostris II ...... 235 Séthi Ier 13, 56, 133, 156, 157, 195, 197, 231 Table d’offrande ...... 164 Smenkhkarê ...... 202 Tell-s Snéfrou ...... 70 Tell Abû Sayfî ...... 71, 72 Souverains musulmans Tell al-‘Amârna .. 55, 66, 67, 68, 88, 202, 239 ‘Alî (Muhammad) 58, 73, 74, 95, 119, 120, Tell al-Abqa‘în ...... 218 127, 135, 140, 141, 187, 188, 240, 243 Tell al-Farâ‘în ...... 9, 246 al-Ayyûbî (al-Nâsir Salâh al-Dîn) .. 132, 244 Tell al-Farmâ ...... 21 Ibn Tûlûn (Ahmad) ...... 190 Tell al-Kidwa ...... 199, 200, 201 Ibrâhîm Pacha ...... 73, 74 Tell al-Yahûdiyya ...... 246 Katkhuda (‘Abd al-Rahmân) ...... 142, 143 Tell Basta ...... 9, 21, 238 khédive Ismâ‘îl ...... 23, 73, 141, 187 Temples . 14, 16, 17, 21, 26, 27, 28, 34, 35, 40, khédive Tawfîq ...... 119 41, 43, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 66, 68, 69, 75, Qalâwwûn (al-Nâsir) ...... 140 76, 77, 79, 91, 96, 97, 98, 104, 111, 112, Qâytbây (al-Ashraf Abû al-Nasr) . 183, 238, 113, 116, 117, 125, 126, 132, 133, 134, 137, 246 138, 144, 149, 155, 156, 157, 165, 167, 172, Roi Fârûq Ier ...... 58, 73, 103, 120, 141 173, 174, 177, 189, 190, 193, 197,198, 205, Roi Fu’âd Ier ...... 119 211, 225, 229, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242, 243, Shagarat al-Durr ...... 142 245 Shaykhûn al-‘Imarî al-Nâsirî ...... 143 Temple d’Abû Simbil ...... 57, 58, 69, 97, 98 Sultan Husayn Kâmil ...... 74, 226 Temple d’Abydos ...... 149 Thoutmosis Ier ...... 231 Temple d’Amenhotep III ...... 57 Thoutmosis II ...... 13, 124, 222 Temple d’Hibis ...... 242 Thoutmosis III ...... 124, 231 Temple d’Idfû ...... 125 Toutankhamon . 9, 13, 14, 45, 46, 59, 62, 63, Temple d’Isnâ ...... 21, 77, 111, 112 64, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, Temple d’Opet ...... 174 106, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 123, Temple de Dandara ...... 27, 28 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 145, Temple de Kalâbsha ...... 177 146, 147, 170, 177, 178, 180, 194, 195, Temple de Karnak ...... 17, 21, 104, 125, 173, 196, 197, 202, 203, 204, 210, 223, 224, 205, 208, 224, 238, 245 226, 227, 228, 229,231, 234 Temple de Kom Umbû .. 101, 116, 125, 156, 193, 231 BIA LIX — Janvier/Juin 2019 267

Index

Temple de Louqsor 16, 17, 21, 28, 113, 144, 186, 196, 197, 198, 199, 208, 209, 212, 214, 164, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 208, 239, 215, 216, 229, 231, 232 243 Transfert .... 9, 10, 34, 37, 47, 50, 57, 123, 162, Temple de Montou ...... 21, 64, 69, 241 206, 207, 208, 227, 231 Temple de Philæ ...... 117 Tremblement de terre .. 84, 139, 172, 183, 206 Temple de Ramsès II ...... 97, 98 Trône ... 73, 74, 75, 95, 98, 106, 134, 138, 141, Temple de Séthi Ier ...... 56, 156, 157, 197 165, 187, 195, 201, 222 Temple de Taposiris Magna ...... 40, 41, 43 U Terracotta ...... 61 Textes des Pyramides ...... 138, 165 Unesco World Heritage List (WHL) .. 29, 30, 86, Textile .... 39, 40, 119, 142, 143, 158, 161, 229, 158, 159, 229 235 Universités Coton ...... 162 American University in Cairo (AUC) . 82, 159, Laine ...... 39, 162 248 Lin 39, 60, 65, 122, 152, 160, 168, 175, 198, Harvard University ...... 83 213, 235 Johns Hopkins University (JHU) ...... 56, 57 Soie ...... 162 Liverpool University ...... 178 Tikiyya ...... 143 Philipps-Universität Marburg ...... 187 Tombes .. 13, 15, 28, 29, 35, 40, 44, 45, 52, 53, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 54, 55, 59, 65, 66, 67, 68, 88, 93, 94, 96, (UFMG) ...... 81 101, 102, 113, 114, 122, 130, 138, 147, 150, Università degli studi di Milano ...... 60, 61 152, 166, 167, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, 195, Università degli Studi di Roma ...... 19 197, 228, 230, 236 Université Charles de Prague ...... 164 KV35 ...... 94, 203 Université d’al-Azhar ...... 24 KV55 ...... 94 Université d’Alexandrie ...... 117, 234 Tombe d’Amenemhat (TT123) ...... 81 Université d’al-Minyâ ...... 65, 160 Tombe d’Amenhotep Ier ...... 13, 202 Université d’Hilwân ...... 80, 81 Tombe d’Amenhotep II ...... 13, 202 Université de Lund ...... 91 Tombe de Cléopâtre ...... 40, 41, 43 Université du Caire ...... 24, 83, 84 Tombe de Khuwy ...... 163, 166 Université du Fayyûm ...... 186 Tombe de Mehou ...... 164 University of Oxford ...... 95, 220 Tombe de Néfertari ...... 94, 96 University of York ...... 202 Tombe de Panehsi ...... 66 Waseda University ...... 12 Tombe de Petosiris ...... 66 Uraeus ...... 91, 99 Tombe de Tjt ...... 175 V Tombe de Toutankhamon (KV62) 13, 45, 46, 63, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96, 113, 115, 121, Vallées 128, 129, 146, 177, 178, 197, 203 Vallée de Subayra ...... 184 Tombe de Toutou ...... 148 Vallée des Reines ...... 96, 113, 114, 221, 222 Tombe G989 ...... 192 Vallée des Rois . 45, 63, 81, 88, 93, 113, 115, Tombe G990 ...... 192 129, 145, 146, 195, 202, 203 Tombe KV21 ...... 195, 203 Vases ...... 19, 174, 175, 190, 229 Tomographie ...... 94, 180, 194, 195, 201, 203 Vase canope ...... 122, 167, 229 Tourisme 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, 27, 29, 34, Verre ...... 63, 105, 143, 189, 190, 196, 232 35, 48, 50, 51, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 74, Vierge Marie ...... 19, 20, 105, 239 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 88, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, Vin ...... 46, 47, 155, 212 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 114, 123, 125, Viscère ...... 130 126, 127, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149, Vizirs ...... 74, 79, 229 150, 151, 153, 154, 167, 174,177, 179, 185, Mehou ...... 164 Vol 79, 108, 109, 127, 128, 165, 176, 195, 229

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Index

W World Heritage Committee (WHC) ...... 31 Wakâla-s ...... 86 Z Wakâlat al-‘Anbariyyîn ...... 85, 86 Zone piétonne ...... 140

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