W3C Standards Seminar Ubiquitous Information WS 00/01 Vlad Coroama ETH Zurich Marc Langheinrich What´s coming up?

ƒ All about the W3C – History, Members, Process, Domains ƒ XML Technology Primer – XML, XML Schemas, XML Linking, XML Style ƒ The Semantic Web – Metadata: RDF & Applications (CC/PP),

XML Protocols & SOAP, The Web of Trust

ƒ Summing Up W3C StandardsW3C W3C History

ƒ Founded 10/1994 by Tim Berners-Lee at MIT/LNCS – 4/95 INRIA hosts W3C Europe – 4/96 Keio University hosts W3C Asia ƒ Led by Jean-Francois Abramatic (Chairman) Tim Berners-Lee and Tim Berners-Lee (Director) ƒ Goals: –Universal Access –Semantic Web Jean-Francois Abramatic –Web of Trust ƒ More than

– 20 specs in 5 years

– 50 staff members across hosts institutions W3C Logo I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Members

ƒ 497 members as of 01/2001 – Companies: AOL, Appel, AT&T, Cisco, Citibank ... – Universities: MIT, Vrije Universiteit ... – Governmental Agencies: US EPA, Datenschutz- Zentrum Schleswig Holstein ... ƒ Yearly Membership Fee

– US$ 50,000.- corporate members

– US$ 5,000.- if annual revenues < US$ 50‘000‘000 – US$ 5,000.- non-profit, governmental I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Process

W3C Team organizes

submit specifications for recommendation approve acctivities W3C Working Groups

proposes activities convene

Member Director Advisory Committee (AC) AC representatives Organisations

ƒ Advisory Committee – One representative from each member

• send submission requests from their organization

• nominate colleagues for W3C working groups – Reviews proposals for activities, recommendations I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Activities

acknowledges

W3C Team

W3C Note

Influence proposal of activities Member Submissions AC representatives Organisations Director

ƒ Submissions – Allows members to propose technology/ideas to W3C for consideration – Must include IPR statement

– Reviewed by W3C Team

W3C Note • If accepted, published as I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations 1 2 3

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only • updated often

6 5 4

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR) I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations 1 2 3

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only •interim draft • updated often •for public comment • required: one every 3 month

6 5 4

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR) I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations

Back to WD?

Last 1 2 3 Call

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only •interim draft •WG: „We‘re done“ • updated often •for public comment • for public & W3C comment • required: one every 3 month • lasts 3-4 weeks

6 5 4

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR) I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations

Back to WD?

Last 1 2 3 Call

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only •interim draft •WG: „We‘re done“ • updated often •for public comment • for public & W3C comment • required: one every 3 month • lasts 3-4 weeks

approves dependencies ok?

Director Back to WD? 6 5 4CR

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR)

• WG requests implementations • 0-12 months (may be skipped) I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations

Back to WD?

Last 1 2 3 Call

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only •interim draft •WG: „We‘re done“ • updated often •for public comment • for public & W3C comment • required: one every 3 month • lasts 3-4 weeks

approves dependencies ok?

Director Back to WD? approves CR 6 PR5 4

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR)

•for review by AC • WG requests implementations • at least 4 weeks • 0-12 months (may be skipped) • public promotion by AC reps I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Recommendations

Back to WD?

Last 1 2 3 Call

Working Draft (WD) Public Working Draft Last Call Draft •members only •interim draft •WG: „We‘re done“ • updated often •for public comment • for public & W3C comment • required: one every 3 month • lasts 3-4 weeks

approves dependencies ok?

Advisory Committee (AC) Director approves Back to WD? approves CR W3C PR Rec6 5 4

Recommendation (Rec) Proposed Recommendation (PR) Candidate Recommendation (CR)

•W3C considers refined & •for review by AC • WG requests implementations

ready for widespread deployment • at least 4 weeks • 0-12 months (may be skipped) • only minor errata • public promotion by AC reps I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Domains

ƒ Architecture – HTTP, DOM, URI, XML, XML Protocols ƒ Technology & Society Domain – XML Encryption, XML Signature, Privacy (P3P), Metadata, Electronic Commerce ƒ User Interface – HTML, Graphics, I18N, Math, Mobile, Multimedia,

Style, TV/Web, VoiceBrowser

ƒ Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) I. All aboutI. All the W3C W3C Activities

XML Jigsaw DOM URI HTTP XML Protocol Architecture 2.1.1 DOM Planning HTTP 1.1 SOAP Linking XPointer XLink DOM 1 DOM 2 HTTP Ext Schema

XML XML Query Metadata E-commerce Privacy Technology Signature Encryption Core & RDF RDF Micropay P3P 1.0 Canonical Society Schema PICS APPEL xmldsig

Mobile Graphics I18N Amaya Style W3C Access

Char- PNG Layout 4.2.1 CC/PP CSS CSS1 CSS2 CSS3 Model

SVG Ruby Unicode XSL XPath XSLT User Interface Voice Multimedia TV/Web Math HTML Browser

SMIL 1.0 tv: MathML VoiceXML HTML 3.2 4.0 2.0 SYMM 1.01 Grammar XHTML 1.1 Module 2.0 2.0 Basic Program Technical Multimodal XForms Events Accessibility Office Activity Speech tidy Synth

WCAG ATAG Natural

Language UAAG I. All aboutI. All the W3C What´s coming up?

ƒ All about the W3C – History, Members, Process, Domains ƒ XML Technology Primer – XML, XML Schemas, XML Linking, XML Style ƒ The Semantic Web – Metadata: RDF & Applications (CC/PP),

XML Protocols & SOAP, The Web of Trust

ƒ Summing Up W3C StandardsW3C The X-Files

ƒ XML Core ƒ More XML –DTD, Namespaces – XML Protocol ƒ XML Linking – XML Signature – XLink, XBase, XPointer, –XML Query XPath –XML Encryption

ƒ XML Style –XHTML

–XSL, XSLT ƒ XML Schema II. XML Primer Technology

Other stuff

ƒ Semantic Web ƒ SyncML

–RDF ƒ SVG / SMIL –P3P ƒ VoiceBrowser – CC/PP –SOAP II. XML Primer Technology XML Activity

ƒ XML Query Working Group ƒ XML Schema Working Group – XML Schema: Primer, Structures, Datatypes ƒ XML Linking Working Group – XPointer, XLink, XML Base ƒ XML Core Working Group – Advances XML specification. XML Fragment, XInclude, XML

Information Set

ƒ Old: XML Namespaces, XML Style Sheets (XSL) ƒ Others: XML Protocols, XML Encryption, XML Signature II. XML Primer Technology W3C Activities

XML Jigsaw DOM URI HTTP XML Protocol Architecture 2.1.1 DOM Planning HTTP 1.1 SOAP Linking XPointer XLink DOM 1 DOM 2 HTTP Ext Schema

XML XML Query Metadata E-commerce Privacy Technology Signature Encryption Core & RDF RDF Micropay P3P 1.0 Canonical Society Schema PICS APPEL xmldsig

Mobile Graphics I18N Amaya Style W3C Access

Char- PNG Layout 4.2.1 CC/PP CSS CSS1 CSS2 CSS3 Model

SVG Ruby Unicode XSL XPath XSLT User Interface Voice Multimedia TV/Web Math HTML Browser

SMIL 1.0 tv: MathML VoiceXML HTML 3.2 4.0 2.0 SYMM 1.01 Grammar XHTML 1.1 Module 2.0 2.0 Basic Program Technical Multimodal XForms Events Accessibility Office Activity Speech tidy Synth

WCAG ATAG Natural

Language UAAG II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology XML

ƒ markup language for documents containing structured information ƒ XML is not HTML

– specifies neither semantics nor tag set

- meta-language for describing markup languages ƒ restricted form of SGML – thereby usable on the Web II. XML Primer Technology XML structure

ƒ Content ƒ Markup –elements •attributes – entity references –comments

– processing instructions

– marked sections – document type definitions (DTDs) II. XML Primer Technology XML (cont.)

ƒ XML Documents can be – Well-formed • comply simplest syntactic rules –Valid • obeys the constraints of a DTD (Document Type Definition)

ƒ DTD

– context-free grammar – defines tag set for a specific markup vocabulary II. XML Primer Technology XML Example

Say goodnight, Gracie. Goodnight, Gracie.

II. XML Primer Technology XML Namespaces

ƒ Name collisions for XML markup – single XML document contains elements and attributes defined in different vocabularies ⇒ every tag needs to be unique ƒ XML Namespace = collection of names, uniquelly identified by a URI reference – used in XML documents as element types and attribute names

II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology XSL

ƒ language for expressing stylesheets,

consisting of

1. language for transforming XML documents (XSLT), and 2. an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics II. XML Primer Technology XSLT

ƒ language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents ƒ Part of XSL (which is XSLT + XML vocabulary for formatting) ƒ A transformation expressed in XSLT describes rules for transforming a source tree into a result tree ƒ The transformation is achieved by

– associating patterns with templates.

– Matching patterns against elements in the source tree. – Instantiating a template to create part of the result tree. – Separating the result tree from the source tree II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology XLink

ƒ XML application ƒ Defines additional attributes, rules, for linking two or more XML resources

ƒ HTML Link: bar

ƒ XLink: bar

ƒ Use XPointer or XPath for fine-grained linking! II. XML Primer Technology XPath

ƒ Common syntax and semantics for XSLT and XPointer ƒ Addresses parts of XML document

ƒ Provides basic facilities to manipulate

strings, numbers and booleans ƒ Can also be used for matching parts of XML document (used XSLT) II. XML Primer Technology XPointer

ƒ language to be used as the basis for a fragment identifier ƒ Based on XPath ƒ Adds arbitrary referencing inside XML documents (e.g. for continous selection with a mouse, which crosses element boundaries) ƒ DOES NOT USE XML itself, but rather URI structure

(since it will be embedded in e.g. href attributes) ƒ

xlink:type="simple„ xlink:href="#xpointer(here()/ancestor::slide[1]/preceding::slide[1])"> Previous II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology XML Schema

ƒ XML language for describing and constraining the content of XML documents ƒ Def. „Schema“: enumeration, structure and

definition of terms used to make (metadata)

assertions. ƒ XML Spec defines valid, well-formed XML Syntax. XML Schema adds (few) semantics. II. XML Primer Technology DTD drawbacks

ƒ DTD – does not support data types beyond character data Hello world!

– no support for Namespaces

– is (only) CF-grammar – (DTD != XML) => XML technologies (DOM, SAX) cannot parse and expose DTD II. XML Primer Technology XML Schema improvements

ƒ New built-in data types, based on SQL and Java data types – also User-defined data types ƒ Explicit support for namespaces ƒ Schema constructs can be imported from

existing schemas

ƒ Elements can inherit content and attributes of other elements through refinement II. XML Primer Technology XML Tech Tree PICS 2.0 P3P 2.0 P3P CC/PP XForms XMLQuery P3P 1.0 RDF Schema

RDF XHTML SOAP XML Signature XML Schema Canonical XML HTML PICS XSL/T XPointer XPath XLink DTD

SGML XML Web heute Web morgen II. XML Primer Technology What´s coming up?

ƒ All about the W3C – History, Members, Process, Domains ƒ XML Technology Primer – XML, XML Schemas, XML Linking, XML Style ƒ The Semantic Web – Metadata: RDF & Applications (CC/PP),

XML Protocols & SOAP, The Web of Trust

ƒ Summing Up II. XML Primer Technology The Semantic Web

ƒ Tim Berners-Lee‘s Vision – „... the Semantic Web approach develops languages for expressing information in a machine processable form.“ Tim Berners-Lee ƒ Tools

– Universal Addressing Scheme (URIs)

– Universal Data Format (XML) – Ontologies (RDF, RDF Schemas) – Object Protocols, Communication (SOAP) III. The Semantic Web The Semantic III. Why RDF?

ƒ „Resource Description Framework“ – Describing Resources („Things“) – Metadata – Data about Data ƒ Metadata helps us finding things –Yellow Pages – Library Card Catalog

ƒ RDF is Metadata for the Web

– Structure instead of Brute-force Text Indexing or Manual Directories III. The Semantic Web The Semantic III. Why not use XML?

ƒ There‘s more than one way to do it (in XML): – – red – ƒ The RDF way of things – Resource: car – Property: color

– Statement: red

ƒ RDF: has