DISEASE IDENTIFICATION

Aspergillus Crown Rot CBR Spotted Wilt Aspergillus crown rot causes pre- and postemer- Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) infected Given its wide range of symptoms, spotted wilt dis- gence damping off and sometimes kills up to five are initially chlorotic with foliage becoming brown ease is sometimes confused with white mold and weeks after planting. Seedlings rapidly collapse to black as the disease develops. The symptom CBR. Spotted wilt is a viral disease spread by thrips. and die. Dark brown discoloration is common on unique to CBR is the presence of brick red repro- Foliar symptoms can be one or more of the following: decayed roots and hypocotyls. Later, these areas ductive structures growing from the crown of infect- concentric light green to yellow ringspots (predomi- often are covered with masses of black spores that ed plants, while the crown, itself, is usually black. nant on young foliage), chlorosis (yellowing), necrotic look similar to bread mold. Aspergillus crown rot Root systems of severely infected plants are deteri- terminals and/or necrotic leaf spots, nondescript tan generally is of minor importance when high-quality, orated, void of secondary roots and are also black. spots or blotches, oakleafing or streaking and mot- fungicide-treated seed are planted in well-rotated Infection occurs at planting during cool, wet weath- tling. Foliage of infected plants may be reduced in fields. Rotation and seed treatments are an effec- er. However, symptom expression does not occur size. Plants infected early in the season are usually tive control for this disease. until mid-July. stunted, have reduced pod production and may die.

Peanut Root-Knot Nematode Late Leaf Spot Early Leaf Spot Peanut root-knot nematode infected plants are Late leaf spot symptoms are similar to those of ear- Early leaf spot lesions are initially very small and usually stunted and chlorotic. Typically, injury is ly leaf spot, but lesions are usually dark brown to light brown in color. Under favorable conditions, le- not uniform in the field. Infected areas in a field are black. Conditions for disease development are the sions enlarge up to one-half inch in diameter and typically circular. Roots, pegs and pods of infected same as for early leaf spot. During favorable condi- are usually surrounded by a yellow halo (halo not plants are galled. Galls on pods are wart-like in ap- tions, spores of this fungus can be seen on the un- always present). Lesions may be evident within 10 pearance and dark in color. derside of the leaf. Under extreme pressure, lesions to 14 days after infection. During or after periods of can develop on stems. warm temperatures in the 70s or above and during periods of high humidity, spores of the fungus can be observed on mature leaf spot lesions.

3Stem Rot or White Mold Stem rot or white mold is favored by hot, wet weath- er. Initially, foliage of the infected plants is chlorotic; this may include the whole or be limited to a branch. As the disease develops, the foliage turns brown to black. The crown area is usually light to dark brown depending on the stage of disease development. Symptoms unique to stem rot are white strands of fungus and white to brown scle- rotia. These are usually found in the crown area of infected plants. Fields where stem rot is suspected should be scouted late in the season, 24 to 48 hours after a rain or irrigation event, beginning in late July Rhizoctonia Limb Rot and until digging. Symptoms of Rhizoctonia limb rot are usually not noticed until after digging of the plants. Infected branches that were in contact with the soil are black and rotten. Infection often starts near the tip of a branch, killing the tip and then progressing down the branch.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 11 PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE

Mustang Max Asana Baythroid Brigade B.t.1 Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon

Beet armyworm P(LS) P(LS) P/F P/F P NL G NL P P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G

Burrower bug NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Corn earworm G/E G/E G/E G/E P G NL NL G/E E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G

Fall armyworm P(LS) P/F(LS) P/F P/F NL F E NL P/F G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G

Granulate cutworm P/F P/F P/F P/F P NL NL NL P/F G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G

Leafhoppers E E G G NL G NL NL E E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Lesser cornstalk borer P P(LS) NL NL NL NL F/G NL P(LS) NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G

Loopers P(LS) NL P/F P/F P NL G NL NL P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G

Rednecked peanutworm G G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL

Southern corn rootworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Spider mites NL NL NL P/F NL P-F NL G P(LS) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper NL G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Thrips F/G NL G G NL G (with Orthene) LS NL G F NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL

Velvetbean caterpillar G/E E G/E G/E F NL G NL E E NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G

Whitefringed beetle (larvae) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Wireworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Tobacco budworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G

Lesser Cornstalk Borer Fall Armyworm Lesser cornstalk borer is an import- Fall armyworms are one of several ant pest in the Southeastern and foliage feeders that may attack Southwestern growing areas. It is . In some years, they can be usually a problem during hot, dry the predominant foliage feeder. Cat- weather and is more often a problem erpillars, gray, light brown or mottled on coarse, sandy soils than on green in color, reach approximately heavier soils. Lesser cornstalk borer 1½ inches in length when fully grown larvae will feed on underground pegs and have a prominant inverted “Y” and pods in addition to any part of on their head. When abundant, fall the plant above ground that contacts armyworms can strip plants of foliage the soil surface. and “march” to other host plants. Fe- male moths lay egg masses of about Southern Corn 150 each and cover them with scales Rootworm Damage from their body. Southern corn rootworms are most often found on heavy soils that are poorly drained. During extremely wet weather, they may become a problem even on sandy soils. This pest is a subterranean feeder. It may feed on the roots of peanut plants to some extent, but its most important damage is due to peg and pod feeding. Usually the holes cut into pegs and pods will appear as if they were created by a tiny drill bit. In contrast to lesser cornstalk borer feeding, there is no webbing associated with this pest. Leafhoppers Leafhoppers are small wedge-shaped, Corn Earworm/Tobacco Budworm 1 green, brown or black insects about / 8 to ¼ In peanuts, these two closely related insects are usually referred to as corn inch in length. Leafhoppers insert their beak earworms, but tobacco budworms are often a significant percentage of the into the midrib on the lower side of peanut total population. Larvae of both feed on peanut foliage and are very leaves and suck plant juices. Leaves turn similar in appearance. The corn earworm moth (above) and the tobacco yellow from the point where the feeding budworm moth are often seen in peanut fields and may indicate that larvae will has occured to the tip of the leaf and may soon follow. die in severe cases. This damage is often referred to as “hopper burn.”

14 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; PEANUT INSECTICIDE GUIDE LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data

Mustang Max Asana Baythroid Brigade B.t.1 Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon

Beet armyworm P(LS) P(LS) P/F P/F P NL G NL P P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G

Burrower bug NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Corn earworm G/E G/E G/E G/E P G NL NL G/E E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G

Fall armyworm P(LS) P/F(LS) P/F P/F NL F E NL P/F G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G

Granulate cutworm P/F P/F P/F P/F P NL NL NL P/F G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G

Leafhoppers E E G G NL G NL NL E E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Lesser cornstalk borer P P(LS) NL NL NL NL F/G NL P(LS) NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G

Loopers P(LS) NL P/F P/F P NL G NL NL P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G

Rednecked peanutworm G G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL

Southern corn rootworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Spider mites NL NL NL P/F NL P-F NL G P(LS) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Threecornered alfalfa hopper NL G G G NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL

Thrips F/G NL G G NL G (with Orthene) LS NL G F NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL

Velvetbean caterpillar G/E E G/E G/E F NL G NL E E NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G

Whitefringed beetle (larvae) NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Wireworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL

Tobacco budworm NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G

Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Extension Entomologist

Burrower Bug Three-Cornered Burrower bugs can be hard to iden- Alfalfa Hopper tify in the field and an infestation Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers is often not detected until harvest. are light green and wedge- Burrower bugs have a black-to- shaped. They stand about ¼ brown body, small red eyes on a inch high and are about ¼ inch small-sized head. The upper wings long. Both adults and nymphs of burrower bugs are shiny and have piercing mouthparts semi-hardened with the membra- and feed by penetrating the nous tip overlapping. Its legs are stem and sucking plant juices. pearman ad 11/14/08 3:19 PM Pagespiny, 1 and needle-like, piercing, They tend to feed in a circular sucking mouth parts are visible fashion around a stem, making with a hand lens. Burrower bug is feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root closely related to stink bugs. growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs.

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TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 15 E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor, PPI=Preplant Incorporated, PRE=Preemergence, AC=At-Cracking (usually 6-14 days after planting). Weed Management 1 Ratings for this product are similar for use both PPI and PRE. 2 Ratings for tropical spiderwort are similar. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Weed Science. Generic formulations are available for many products.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS PPI PRE AC Dual Prowl, Dual Dual Treflan Magnum or Pursuit1 Strongarm1 Valor Sonalan Magnum Magnum like product

bermudagrass P P P P P P P P johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P PERENNIALS nutsedge, purple P P P G F P-F P P nutsedge, yellow P P F-G F-G F F P F broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P G-E P G crabgrass E E E F P E P G crowfootgrass E E E P P E P G fall panicum G G G P-F P G P G GRASSES foxtail E G-E E G P E P E (ANNUAL) goosegrass E G-E E F P E P G johnsongrass (seedling) G G F G P P-F P P-F sandbur G-E G-E F-G P P F-G P F Texas panicum G-E G-E P-F P-F P P-F P P bristly starbur P P P F E F-G F-G F burgherkin P P P E F G F-G P citronmelon P P P P-F F F P cocklebur P P P G-E G P-F F P coffee senna P P P F-G P F P-F P copperleaf P P P P E P G-E P cowpea P P P P F P P-F P crotalaria P P P P-F F P-F P , tropic or woolly P P P P P-F G G P day flower2 P P G-F P G G-E F-G F-G eclipta P P P-F P G-E P-F G-E P-F Florida beggarweed P P P-F P G P-F E P-F Florida pusley E E G-E G G-E G-E G-E G hairy indigo P P P P G F G F jimsonweed P P P G G-E F-G G P BROADLEAVES lambsquarters E E F F F-G F E G morningglory spp. P P P G F-G P-F G P morningglory, cypressvine P P P G F-G F G P morningglory, pitted P P P G-E F-G P-F G P morningglory, smallflower P P P E G-E F E P pigweeds G-E G-E G E G-E G E G prickly sida P P F G-E F-G G-E G-E F ragweed P P P P E G G P redweed P P P G G G G F-G sicklepod P P P P P F-G P F-G smartweed P-G P-G P G G F P P spider flower P P G P F-G spurred anoda P P P G F-G F G P velvetleaf P P P F-G G-E F-G F P wild poinsettia P P P E G P G P wild radish P P P E F P

18 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM Florida Pusley Lambsquarter Small Flower Morningglory (Richardia scabra) (Chenopodium album) (Jaquemontia tamnifolia) Florida pusley is a low-growing, annual weed Common lambsquarter is a small seeded annual Small flower morningglory is probably the most species that appears almost prostrate. It can be broad-leaf species particularly troublesome in common morningglory species in the Southeast. effectively controlled only with pre-plant incorpo- the Virginia-Carolina region. It is an upright plant, The cotyledon stage resembles a wild radish seed- rated herbicides. Florida pusley has bright green which can exceed seven feet at maturity. Its ling with heart-shaped cotyledons. As it grows, leaves with a distinctive recessed mid-vein. The arrowhead-shaped leaves grow alternately and small flower morningglory will stand nearly erect stems are very hairy and may have a purplish often have a whitish dusty appearance on their until 12 to 18 inches tall, then it will begin to run. It appearance. The flowers are white with six undersides even in the seedling stage. has heart or spear-shaped leaves and produces in a star-shaped whorl. small blue flowers in a cluster.

Tropical Spiderwort Tall Morningglory (Commelina benghalensis) (Ipomoea purpurea) Tropical spiderwort is an annual species similar to common dayflower. It is distinguished from dayflower by Similar to other morningglory species, tall morn- the presence of subterranean (underground) flowers. Leaves are spoon-shaped with parallel venation and ingglory has a vining, prostrate appearance that blue above-ground flowers. Stems are succulent, and the plant re-roots quickly after cultivation. It spreads envelopes the peanut canopy. It has heart-shaped by seeds. Spiderwort germinates throughout the season, hampering control efforts. leaves with overlapping lobes at the base and slightly hairy stems.

Spurred Anoda Tropic Croton Red Morningglory (Anoda cristata) (Croton glandulosus) (Ipomoea coccinea) Spurred anoda is a troublesome broadleaf member Tropic croton is an upright, branching annual Red morningglory is a relatively common annual of the Mallow or Cotton family. Its alternate toothed broadleaf with serrated leaves. Tropic croton has morningglory species, but often doesn’t appear leaves are two to four inches long and sometimes a rough hairy stem, but it is not as hairy as the until later in the season. The key identifying fea- have purplish veins. It produces small, pale blue related species, wooly croton. Its gray-brown seed tures are the distinct points on the leaf margin and flowers and a unique fruit that looks like a fancy are desired food for doves. relatively small red flowers. ribbed pie surrounded by a star.

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 19 Weed Management Compiled by Dr. Jason Ferrell and Dr. Ramon Leon, University of Florida Weed Science.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS POSTEMERGENCE Paraquat+ Paraquat+ Paraquat+ Ultra Paraquat Basagran+ 2,4-DB Pursuit Basagran Storm Classic Cadre Select Cobra Basagran Storm Blazer Dual Magnum

bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P G P johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P P P GG-EP PERENNIALS nutsedge, purple P-F F F F P F-G P P P P G-E P P nutsedge, yellow P-F F-G G F-G P F F-G P F P-F G-E P P broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P P P P P P G E P crabgrass F-G F-G G F-G P P-F P P P P G E P-F crowfootgrass G G G G P P-F P P P P GG-EP fall panicum G G G G P P P F P P G G P GRASSES foxtail E E E E P F P P-F P P G-E P (ANNUAL) goosegrass F-G F-G G F-G P P P P P P P G P johnsongrass (seedling) G G G G P F P P-F P P G-E G-E P sandbur F F F-G F P F P P P P G-E G P-F Texas panicum G-E G E G P P-F P P P P G E P bristly starbur F G G G F P-F G F F-G F-G F-G P G burgherkin F F F G F F P G F P E P G citronmelon F G G G G P P F F P G-E P G cocklebur F-G E G G-E E E E G EG-E E PG-E coffee senna F G G G-E F-G F F-G P F P E P P-F copperleaf P P P G P P P G-E G P P PG-E cowpea F F F-G F P-F P P P-F F F P-F P P-F crotalaria P P P-F E F P P E G-E P P E croton, tropic or woolly P-F P-F P-F G P P P E G-E P P P E day flower/tropical spiderwort F F-G G-E G F-G P F F-G F P F F P eclipta P-F P-F P-F F-G P P G F-G E P P-F P F-G Florida beggarweed G-E G-E E G-E P P P P P F-G F-G P P-F Florida pusley P P P P P P P P P P P P P hairy indigo G G G G F P P G F F-G F P E jimsonweed E E E E P F-G E E G P G P E BROADLEAVES lambsquarters P-F F-G F-G F-G P-F P F F-G G P P-F P F morningglory spp. P-F F-G F-G F-G F-G G F-G G G P G-E P G-E morningglory, cypressvine F-G G-E G-E F-G F G G G G P G P G morningglory, pitted F F-G F-G G P-F F-G F G G P G PG-E morningglory, smallflower P G-E G-E G-E F-G G E G-E G-E P G P G pigweeds G F G-E G F-G E P G G P-F E P G prickly sida F G G F P P-F G P G P G P G ragweed F F-G F-G G P-F P F E G P-F P-F P E redweed G G G G P G P G P G P F sicklepod G-E G G-E G F-G P P P P P-F G P P-F smartweed G G-E G-E G-E P-F G G-E G-E G-E P G PG-E spider flower F F F F F F G F-G F-G G P G spurred anoda P F-G F-G F-G P F-G F-G P F P F-G P velvetleaf P-F F-G F-G F-G P F-G G P F P F-G P F wild poinsettia F G-E G-E G-E P P-F P E G P G-E P G-E wild radish F F F G P E P-F E G P E P E

20 / THE PEANUT GROWER • JANUARY 2018 PEANUTGROWER.COM E=Excellent, G=Good, F=Fair, P=Poor. If no letter is given, response is unknown. Generic formulations are available for many products.

WEED RESPONSE TO HERBICIDES USED IN PEANUTS POSTEMERGENCE Paraquat+ Paraquat+ Paraquat+ Ultra Paraquat Basagran+ 2,4-DB Pursuit Basagran Storm Classic Cadre Select Cobra Basagran Storm Blazer Dual Magnum Hophornbeam Copperleaf Palmer Amaranth bermudagrass P P P P P P P P P P P G P (Acalypha ostryifolia) (Amaranthus palmeri) johnson grass (rhizome) P P P P P P P P P P GG-EP PERENNIALS Hophornbeam copperleaf is a freely branch- Palmer amaranth, an annual pigweed, has be- nutsedge, purple P-F F F F P F-G P P P P G-E P P ing annual broadleaf weed with finely serrated come an increasing problem because of herbicide nutsedge, yellow P-F F-G G F-G P F F-G P F P-F G-E P P leaf edges. Copperleaf has bright green leaves resistance in some areas. It can reach heights well throughout most of the growing season, but these over six feet and can be very difficult to control broadleaf signalgrass G G G G P P P P P P G E P turn a characteristic copper color as the plant once established. Unlike other pigweed species, crabgrass F-G F-G G F-G P P-F P P P P G E P-F reaches maturity in the fall. There is a related Palmer amaranth has a long, slender seed head crowfootgrass G G G G P P-F P P P P GG-EP species referred to as Virginia copperleaf. and a more robust appearance. fall panicum G G G G P P P F P P G G P GRASSES foxtail E E E E P F P P-F P P G-E P (ANNUAL) goosegrass F-G F-G G F-G P P P P P P P G P johnsongrass (seedling) G G G G P F P P-F P P G-E G-E P sandbur F F F-G F P F P P P P G-E G P-F Texas panicum G-E G E G P P-F P P P P G E P bristly starbur F G G G F P-F G F F-G F-G F-G P G burgherkin F F F G F F P G F P E P G citronmelon F G G G G P P F F P G-E P G cocklebur F-G E G G-E E E E G EG-E E PG-E coffee senna F G G G-E F-G F F-G P F P E P P-F Bristly Starbur Wild Radish copperleaf P P P G P P P G-E G P P PG-E (Acanthospermum hispidum) (Raphanus raphanistrum) cowpea F F F-G F P-F P P P-F F F P-F P P-F Bristly starbur is an annual broadleaf weed Wild radish is thought to be a problem in winter common in much of the Southeast. In addition crops, such as small grains and canola. However, crotalaria P P P-F E F P P E G-E P P E to the accepted common name, it is also called wild radish has become an increasing problem in croton, tropic or woolly P-F P-F P-F G P P P E G-E P P P E “goatspur” or “Texas sandspur.” It has rough tex- peanuts in recent years. This plant forms a rosette day flower/tropical spiderwort F F-G G-E G F-G P F F-G F P F F P tured “fuzzy” leaves and an upright but profusely of leaves that looks similar to mustard greens. The branching growth habit. Its seed form with two leaves have deeply indented lobes and are covered eclipta P-F P-F P-F F-G P P G F-G E P P-F P F-G sharp pointed prongs that make the mature plant with numerous stiff hairs. As the plant matures, Florida beggarweed G-E G-E E G-E P P P P P F-G F-G P P-F extremely “bristly.” pale yellow flowers are produced on a seed-stalk Florida pusley P P P P P P P P P P P P P that arises from the rosette. hairy indigo G G G G F P P G F F-G F P E jimsonweed E E E E P F-G E E G P G P E BROADLEAVES lambsquarters P-F F-G F-G F-G P-F P F F-G G P P-F P F morningglory spp. P-F F-G F-G F-G F-G G F-G G G P G-E P G-E morningglory, cypressvine F-G G-E G-E F-G F G G G G P G P G morningglory, pitted F F-G F-G G P-F F-G F G G P G PG-E morningglory, smallflower P G-E G-E G-E F-G G E G-E G-E P G P G pigweeds G F G-E G F-G E P G G P-F E P G prickly sida F G G F P P-F G P G P G P G ragweed F F-G F-G G P-F P F E G P-F P-F P E redweed G G G G P G P G P G P F Texas Panicum Wild Poinsettia sicklepod G-E G G-E G F-G P P P P P-F G P P-F (Panicum texanum) (Euphorbia heterophylla) smartweed G G-E G-E G-E P-F G G-E G-E G-E P G PG-E Texas panicum is an aggressive, relatively Wild poinsetta is an exotic weed pest spreading spider flower F F F F F F G F-G F-G G P G large-seeded annual grass, which is common in in many parts of the Southeast. As a member of much of the peanut acreage in the . the Spurge Family, it has hollow stems and milky, spurred anoda P F-G F-G F-G P F-G F-G P F P F-G P It has wide, almost-frizzy leaf blades and forms latex-like sap. In the cotyledon stage, it resembles velvetleaf P-F F-G F-G F-G P F-G G P F P F-G P F numerous tillers. Its vigorous fibrous root system a weak, pale green cocklebur seedling. Mature wild poinsettia F G-E G-E G-E P P-F P E G P G-E P G-E makes clean harvest of peanuts nearly impossible. plants can have numerous leaf shapes even on a single specimen. wild radish F F F G P E P-F E G P E P E

TWITTER: @PEANUTGROWER JANUARY 2018 • THE PEANUT GROWER / 21