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Survival Wilderness Medicine Course.Pdf U.S. MARINE CORPS MOUNTAIN WARFARE TRAINING CENTER BRIDGEPORT, CA. WILDERNESS MEDICINE COURSE 2002 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Mountain Warfare Training Center Bridgeport, California 93517-5001 WILDERNESS MEDICINE COURSE STUDENT HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS C HAP TITLE 1 MOUNTAIN SAFETY 2 NUTRITION 3 WILDERNESS PATIENT ASSESSMENT 4 HIGH ALTITUDE ILLNESS 5 HEAT RELATED INJURIES 6 COMBAT CASUALTY CARE 7 BURN MANAGEMENT 8 HYPOTHERMIA / REWARMING 9 SUBMERSION INCIDENTS 10 WILDERNESS ORTHOPEDIC INJURIES 11 TREATMENT OF REPTILE AND ANTHROPOD ENVENOMATION 12 COLD INJURIES 13 LAND NAVIGATION 14 SEARCH AND RESCUE 15 TRIAGE 16 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE / WATER PURIFICATION APPENDIX A SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES A1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL A2 SURVIVAL KIT A3 SURVIVAL SIGNALING A4 SURVIVAL SHELTERS AND FIRES A5 SURVIVAL NAVIGATION A6 WATER PROCUREMENT A7 FORAGING ON PLANTS AND INSECTS A8 TRAPS AND SNARES A9 MOUNTAIN WEATHER TOC TABLE OF CONTENTS (C ONT.) APPENDIX B SWIFT WATER RESCUE B1 RESCUE PHILOSOPHY FOR SWIFTWATER RESCUE TEAMS B2 PERSONAL AND TEAM EQUIPMENT B3 SWIFTWATER TERMINOLOGY AND DYNAMICS B4 COMMUNICATIONS B5 THROW BAGS AND FOOT ENTANGLEMENTS B6 DEFENSIVE SWIMMING AND FERRY ANGLE B7 FE ET- WE T RESCUES AND C- S PINE ROLLS B8 BOATS AND BOAT HANDLING B9 ROPE SYSTEMS AND BOAT ANCHORS B10 VEHICLE RESCUES B11 STREAM CROSSING APPENDICES C C1 ROPE MANAGEMENT C2 NOMENCLATURE AND CARE OF MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT C3 BALANCE CLIMBING C4 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ANCHORS C5 SIT HARNESS C6 ESTABLISHMENT OF RAPPEL POINTS AND RAPPELLING C7 TOP ROPING C8 MOUNTAIN CASUALTY EVACUATIONS C9 ONE ROPE BRIDGE C10 SUMMER MOUNTAIN WARFIGHTING LOAD REQUIREMENTS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Mountain Warfare Training Center Bridgeport, California 93517-5001 FMST.07.18 04/02/02 STUDENT HANDOUT MOUNTAIN SAFETY (SUMMER) TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Given a unit in a wilderness environment and necessary equipment and supplies, apply the principles of mountain safety to prevent death or injury per the reference. (FMST.07.18) ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Without the aid of references and given the acronym "BE SAFE MARINE", list in writing the 12 principles of mountain safety, in accordance with the references. (FMST.07.18a) OUTLINE 1. P LANNING AND PREPARATION: (FMST.07.18a) As in any military operation, planning and preparation constitute the keys to success. The following principles will help the leader conduct a safe and efficient operation in any type of mountainous environment. We find this principle in the acronym "BE SAFE MARINE". Remember the key, think about what each letter means and apply this in any type of environment. B - Be aware of the group's ability. E - Evaluate terrain and weather constantly. S - Stay as a group. A - Appreciate time requirements. F - Find shelter before storms if required. E - Eat plenty and drink lots of liquids. M - Maintain proper clothing and equipment. 1 1- 1 A - Ask locals about conditions. R - Remember to keep calm and think. I - Insist on emergency rations and kits. N - Never forget accident procedures. E - Energy is saved when warm and dry. a. Be Aware of the Group's Ability. It is essential that the leader evaluates the individual abilities of his men and uses this as the basis for his planning. In his evaluation, the leader must include the group's overall physical conditioning, and the consideration of change in climate and how long the unit has had to acclimatize. (1) Mental attitude of your group. Is morale high? How much tactical training has the group had in a particular type of terrain? (2) Technical aspect of your group. Have they been on skis, snowshoes, etc.? (3) Individual skills. At this point, you must choose who is most proficient at the individual skills that will be required for your mission, navigation techniques, security, call for fire, rope installations, track plans, bivouac site selection, skijoring, etc. b. Evaluate Terrain and Weather Constantly. (1) Terrain. During the planning stages of your mission, the leader must absorb as much information as possible on the surrounding terrain and key terrain features involved in your area of operation. Considerations to any obstacles must be clearly planned for. Will you need such things as fixed ropes, rope bridges, climbing gear, etc? (a) Stress careful movement in particularly dangerous areas, such as loose rock and steep terrain. (b) Always know your position. Knowing where you are on your planned route is important. (2) Weather. Mountain weather can be severe and variable. Drastic weather changes can occur in the space of a few hours with the onset of violent storms, reduced visibility, and extreme changes. In addition to obtaining current weather data, the leader must plan for the unexpected "worst case". During an operation he must diagnose weather signs continually to be able to foresee possible weather changes. (a) Constantly evaluate the conditions. Under certain conditions it may be advisable to reevaluate your capabilities. Pushing ahead with a closed mind could spell disaster for the mission and the unit. 1- 2 c. Stay as a Group. Individuals acting on their own are at a great disadvantage in this environment. (1) Give the unit adequate rest halts based upon the terrain and elevation, physical abilities of the unit, combat load and mission requirements. (2) Remember to use the buddy system in your group. (3) Maintain a steady pace so that it will allow accomplishment of the mission when all members of the unit reach the objective area. d. Appreciate Time Requirements. Efficient use of available time is vital. The leader must make an accurate estimate of the time required for his operation based on terrain, weather, unit size, abilities, and on the enemy situation. This estimate must take into account the possibility of unexpected emergencies and allow sufficient leeway to make unplanned bivouacs in severe conditions. (1) Time-Distance Formula (TDF). This formula is designed to be a guideline and should not be considered as the exact amount of time required for your movement. Furthermore, this formula is for use in ideal conditions: 3 km/mph + 1 hour for every 300 meters ascent; and/or + 1 hour for every 800 meters descent. NOTE: The TDF is made for troops on foot in the summertime or troops on skis in the wintertime. If on foot in deep snow, multiply the total time by 2.0. 1- 3 (2) Route Planning. Route cards are not to be used in place of an overlay, but as a tool to be used in route planning. Overlays/Route cards should contain the following information at the minimum: Unit Designation: Unit Commander. Number of personnel. Inclusive dates and times of movement. Grid coordinates of each checkpoint and bivouac. Map references. Azimuth and distances for each leg. Elevation gain/loss per leg. Description of the ground. ETA and ETD. ROUTE CARD UNIT UNIT NUMBER OF DATE AND MAP I.D. COMMANDER PERSONNEL TIME REFERENCE LEG AZM DIST GRID ETA ETD ELEVATION DESCRIPTION (3) As in any military operation, route planning and execution are of vital importance. Prior to departure, the unit commander must submit a route card or patrol overlay to his higher headquarters and keeps a duplicate copy for himself. This preplanned route should be followed as closely as possible, taking into account changes based on the tactical situation. In non-tactical situations, the preplanned route should be followed to reduce search and rescue time in an emergency situation. e. Find Shelter before Storms if required. Under certain conditions, inclement weather can provide tactical advantages to the thinking unit commander, but by the same token it can reduce the efficiency of a unit to nil if an incorrect evaluation of the situation is made. 1- 4 (1) Bivouac. If the group decision is to bivouac, then it's vital that we know the principles for an unplanned bivouac. (a) Unplanned bivouac. The principles and techniques discussed here apply both to unplanned and tolerated bivouacs. In any survival situation, especially in a mountainous environment, the most immediate danger is from exposure to the elements. Being lost will not directly kill an individual. Starvation takes time, but hypothermia can manifest itself in a matter of hours resulting in death. Adhering to the following principles will give an individual the best chance to spend a relatively safe bivouac with the prospect of continued effort toward mission accomplishment. 1. Make shelter. The requirements for expedient shelters and the building procedures will be covered in another section. The basic requirement for protection from the elements is essential. 2. Keep warm. The retention of body heat is of vital importance; any action in which body heat is lost should be avoided. The following points should be considered: a. Adequate shelter. b. Insulation from the ground using branches, a rucksack, etc. c. Wear extra clothing. d. Use extra equipment for insulation. e. Produce external heat while trying to conserve fuel for future use. 3. Keep dry. Being wet causes the loss of body heat 24 times faster than when dry. Adequate protection from the elements is of prime importance to prevent the onset of hypothermia. f. Eat Properly and Drink Plenty of Fluids (1) Food. The human body can be compared to a furnace, which runs on food to produce energy (warmth). By planning the consumption of food to suit the specific situation, adequate nutrition and extra warmth can be supplied. (2) Water. The intake of adequate amounts of water will maintain the body in proper working order. Danger from dehydration is as high in mountain regions as in hot dry areas. Loss of liquids is easily seen and felt in hot climates; whereas in the 1- 5 mountains, the loss of body fluids is much less noticeable. High water intake, at least 6 quarts per day when in bivouac, 8 quarts per day when active, will help to prevent dehydration.
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