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THE CONCORD REVIEW I am simply one who loves the past and is diligent in investigating it. K’ung-fu-tzu (551-479 BC) The Analects WWII Refugees Anushua Battacharya East Ridge High School, Woodbury, Minnesota Invasion of New Mexico Jonathan Frankle Richard Montgomery High School, Rockville, Maryland Great Leap Famine Eliza Fawcett St. Ann’s School, Brooklyn, New York Rise of India Tiancheng Zhang Pulaski Academy, Little Rock, Arkansas Effects of Glasnost Nicolas Powell Amador Valley High School, Pleasanton, California Turner Rebellion Preston Metz St. Albans School, Mount St. Alban, Washington, DC Scottish Immigration Collin Henson Munster High School, Munster, Indiana Second Punic War Luke R. Salazar Homescholar, Humboldt, Tennessee The Six Companies Kathleen Rao Waterford School, Sandy, Utah British in the Sudan Jae Hyun Lee Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Seoul, Republic of Korea War of Regulation Sarah A. Sadlier Charles Wright Academy, Tacoma, Washington A Quarterly Review of Essays by Students of History Volume 22, Number Three $15.00 Spring 2012 Editor and Publisher Will Fitzhugh E-MAIL: [email protected] WEBSITE: http://www.tcr.org/blog NEWSLETTER: Click here to register for email updates. The Spring 2012 issue of The Concord Review is Volume Twenty-Two, Number Three. Partial funding was provided by: Subscribers, the Consortium for Varsity Academics®, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York ©2011, by The Concord Review, Inc., 730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24, Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776, USA. All rights reserved. This issue was typeset on a Macintosh quad-core, using Adobe InDesign, and fonts from Adobe. EDITORIAL OFFICES: The Concord Review, 730 Boston Post Road, Suite 24, Sudbury, Massachusetts 01776 USA [1-800-331-5007] The Concord Review (ISSN #0895-0539), founded in 1987, is published quarterly by The Concord Review, Inc., a non-profit, tax-exempt, 501(c)(3) Massachusetts corporation. Subscription rates: $40 for one year online. Orders for 26 or more subscriptions (class sets) will receive a 40% discount. Subscribe at www.tcr.org The Editor will consider all manuscripts received, but can assume no respon- sibility regarding them. All submitted manuscripts become the property of The Concord Review for one year from the date of receipt. Essays may be on any historical topic, should generally be 4,000-6,000 words or more, with Turabian (Chicago) endnotes and bibliography, may be submitted in hard copy and in RTF format in Microsoft Word, with a submission form and a check for $40 (or through PayPal). Essays in the Review are the sole property of the Review and, as provided by Article One, Section Eight, of the Constitution of the United States, “to promote the progress of the useful arts,” may not be republished, photo- copied, or reproduced without the express written permission of The Concord Review, Inc. Authors will be notified the month before their essay is published. THE CONCORD REVIEW Volume Twenty-Two, Number Three Spring 2012 1 Anushua Bhattacharya Refugees During World War II 37 Jonathan Frankle Invasion of New Mexico 53 Eliza Fawcett Great Leap Famine in China 77 Tiancheng Zhang Rise of India 107 Nicolas Powell Effects of Glasnost 129 Preston Metz Nat Turner’s Rebellion 145 Collin Henson Scottish Immigration Before 1800 171 Luke R. Salazar Second Punic War 195 Kathleen Rao The Six Companies 211 Jae Hyun Lee The British in the Sudan 241 Sarah A. Sadlier War of Regulation 1766-1771 348 Notes on Contributors ® VARSITY ACADEMICS Since 1987, The Concord Review has published 978 history research papers, averaging 6,000 words, on a wide variety of historical topics by high school students in thirty- nine countries. We have sent these essays to our subscribers around the world. This journal, the only one in the world for the academic work of secondary students, is tax-exempt and non-profit, and relies on subscriptions to support itself. The cost of a yearly subscription is $40. Orders for 26 or more [class sets] will receive a 40% discount. Schools in California, Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Singapore, Thailand, Vermont, and Virginia now have class sets, and we hope you will consider ordering one. We are listed with the major subscription services, and you can also place your order for issues online through them. Subscribe at www.tcr.org [visit our website/blog at http://www.tcr.org/blog] We are a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt Massachusetts corporation. DONATE TCR is the only journal in the world to publish the academic research papers of secondary students. A donation now in any amount will help us continue to recognize exemplary academic work. Click here to contribute. Copyright 2012, THEThe Concord CONCORD Review, REVIEW Inc., all rights reserved 1 FDR: THE ‘TITLELESS’ BOOK: AN ANALYSIS OF THE U.S. REFUGEE AND IMMIGRATION POLICY DURING WORLD WAR II Anushua Bhattacharya Introduction In March of 2007, I visited the Holocaust Museum in Wash- ington DC. I was somewhat familiar with the sufferings inflicted on the European Jews under the Third Reich; however, it was not until I strolled through the horrifying and moving exhibits that I began to grasp the gravity of this unprecedented genocide. From listening to the stories about young children who lost their lives in concentration camps to watching footage of the backbreaking labor endured by camp inmates, I wondered: could the United States under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt have saved more Jews? My visit to the Holocaust Museum provoked me to study this question. Dedicated to those who might have been saved... Anushua Battacharya is a Senior at East Ridge High School in Woodbury, Minnesota, where she wrote this paper for Mr. Darren Reiter’s Advanced Placement World History class in the 2010/2011 academic year. 2 Anushua Bhattacharya Overview of the Paper Should FDR have done more to stop the Holocaust? In hindsight, knowing that 6 million Jews died, the answer is an em- phatic “yes.” But the more reasonable question is could FDR have done more to save lives during the Holocaust? The horrors of this genocide were so great that it seems plausible that something could have been done to save a few more Jewish lives. If only 1 or 2 percent were saved, that itself would have been a laudable ac- complishment since 60,000 to 120,000 people of the Jewish faith would have survived. This paper begins with a synopsis of the Holocaust, sum- marizing the rise of Adolf Hitler and anti-Semitism in Germany. A brief review of FDR’s climb to the presidency and the creation of the New Deal follows. The effect of Nazi pogroms on European Jews is then presented. Five major situations where the United States’ administration had opportunities to save lives are described. This is followed by an analysis discussing the President’s role in each of these events. The paper ends with a conclusion responding to the question: could FDR have saved more Jews? The Holocaust The Holocaust refers to the planned murder of Jews un- der the Nazi regime.1 Nearly 70 year since its end, the Holocaust remains one of the most atrocious examples of genocide. Eleven million civilians perished, including gypsies, homosexuals, Com- munists, the handicapped, and 6 million Jews.2 After Germany’s defeat in World War I, the country suffered from harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.3 The nation was ordered to pay reparations for war damage, causing an enormous tax burden on its citizens. Adolf Hitler, who served in World War I, joined the German Workers Party in 1919.4 A year later, it was renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Atbeiterpartei, NSDAP)—the Nazi party.5 On November 8, THE CONCORD REVIEW 3 1923, Nazi party members failed to seize power by force in Bavaria.6 Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison but served only a year.7 He used his time behind bars to dictate his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which was to become the writ of the Nazi party.8 In this book, the main enemy of the German people was identified as: “the Jew.” The Nazi party had difficulty gaining traction with the electorate. In the 1928 election, the party received 2.6 percent of the popular vote.9 The crash of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 hit the German economy especially hard, and the people longed for leadership that would end their misery. For some time, Germany was ruled by weak governments.10 During the election of November 1932, the Nazi party won 196 seats (33.1 percent of the vote) and became the largest party in the Reichstag.11 On January 30, 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg had no choice but to appoint Adolf Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany.12 On February 27, the Reichstag was set on fire and the Nazis blamed the Communists for the mischief.13 A day later, President von Hin- denburg suspended constitutional guarantees.14 A new election was set for March 5, 1933. In this election, the Nazis prevented the Communists from participating,15 and won 288 of the 647 seats. Hitler then pushed through a decree on March 23 that gave the NSDAP the sole legislating authority. A law declaring the Nazi Party the only legal party in Germany was enacted on July 14. On December 1, 1933, the Law to Safeguard the Unity of Party and State was decreed.16 This law made Adolf Hitler and his hench- men the sole authority in the Reich. Upon Hindenburg’s death on August 3, 1934, Hitler combined the presidency and chancel- lorship and assumed the title of Führer and Reich Chancellor.17 The Holocaust was one of the worst genocides in history, but where did anti-Semitism originate? Since the Middle Ages, anti-Semitic beliefs were common in European society because Christianity was the dominant religion.18 The original percep- tion of Christian anti-Semitism saw the Jews as being “possessed by the Devil.”19 Nazi ideology actually portrayed the Jew as the Devil himself.