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Image Processing “Introduction” Computer Science –Level Three Dr Image Processing “Introduction” Computer Science –Level Three Dr. Mustafa Al-Sayed Image Processing “Histograms and Image Statistics” Computer Science –Level Three Dr. Mustafa Al-Sayed 1.3. Image File Formats With the numerous amounts of images to choose from, it is necessary to determine which file formats to select. Do you use raster or vector images? Raster images are made up of pixels (for storing and processing), while vector images are formed by mathematical curves and paths (for resizing). Both are complementary. Raster, or bitmap images (discrete images) consist of pixels. The more pixels in an image the higher the quality, and vice versa. When you zoom in on an image the pixels become more apparent while the details of the image become blurry/ fogginess/cloudiness. Edges become rough (not smoothed) when magnified. It is best to downsize a raster image to avoid heavy pixilation, where the large size of raster image files is a problem. Raster images are used in photography and digital applications. When you take a picture with a phone or a camera the image is recorded as pixel data, and when these images are uploaded online the end result is a raster image. To edit these images you need access to raster-based programs like Adobe Photoshop. Raster files are saved in various formats: - tiff (Tagged Image File Format) - psd (Adobe Photoshop Document) - pdf (Portable Document Format) - jpg (Joint Photographics Expert Group) - png (Portable Network Graphic) - gif (Graphics Interchange Format) - bmp (Bitmap Image File) Vector Images are made of paths and curves using mathematical formulas, where missing values can be predicted. Vectors are scalable/resizable and remain smooth and crisp/wavy even when sized up to massive dimensions retaining their quality. Vector images keeps file sizes to a minimum in comparison to its raster counterparts/matches. Avoid raster-based programs such as Adobe Photoshop when incorporating vector elements that need to be scaled. Vectors’ scalability make them ideal for design work consisting of logos and icons. Vectors are ideal for large or small format prints, because rasterized designs will lose quality when resized. Vector files can be saved or edited in these formats: - ai (Adobe Illustrator document) - eps (Encapsulated PostScript) - svg (Scalable Vector Graphic) - pdf (Portable Document Format) 1.3.1 Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) TIFF format supports a range of grayscale, indexed, and true color (RGB) images, and special image types. TIFF file can contain a number of images with different properties. The TIFF specification provides a range of different compression methods (LZW, ZIP, CCITT, and JPEG). The flexibility of TIFF has made it an almost universal exchange format that is widely used. The strength of this image format lies within its architecture (Fig. 4), which enables new image types and information blocks to be created by defining new “tags”. 1.3.2 Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) The most widely used formats for representing images on the Web. This popularity is largely due to its early support for indexed color at multiple bit depths with maximum 8-bits, LZW compression, interlaced image loading1, and ability to encode simple animations by storing a number of images in a single file for later sequential display. According to the indexed color technique for saving memory and storage, an image can be encoded where color information is not directly carried by the image pixel data, but is stored in a separate piece of data called a palette (an array of color elements). As shown in Fig. 5, every element in the array represents a color, indexed by its position within the array. The image pixels do not contain the full specification of its color, but only its index in the palette. Fig. 4: Structure of a typical TIFF file. A TIFF file consists of a header and a linked list of image objects, three in this example. Each image object consists of a list of “tags” with their corresponding entries followed by a pointer to the actual image data. GIF is essentially an indexed image file format designed for color and grayscale images with a maximum depth of 8 bits and consequently it does not support true color images. It offers efficient support for encoding palettes containing from 2 to 256 colors. As an example, the pixels of an image using 16 unique colors 1 Interlaced image loading means that images are displayed by loading either odd or even lines first, and then loading the other lines on the next cycle. require only 4 bits to store the 16 possible color values 0…15. This means that instead of storing each pixel using 1 byte, as done in other bitmap formats, GIF can encode two 4-bit pixels into each 8-bit byte. This results in a 50% storage reduction over the standard 8-bit indexed color bitmap format. Fig. 5: 2-bit indexed color image. 1.3.3 Portable Network Graphics (PNG) PNG was developed as a replacement for the GIF file format due to the license of using the LZW compression method. It was designed as a universal image format especially for use on the Internet. PNG supports three different types of images: - true color images (with up to 3 × 16 bits/pixel), - grayscale images (with up to 16 bits/pixel), - indexed color images (with up to 256 colors). 1.3.4 Joint Photographics Expert Group (JPEG) The JPEG standard defines a compression method for continuous grayscale and color images. JPEG achieves compression in the order of 1 bit per pixel (i.e., a compression factor of around 1:25) when compressing 24-bit color images (3*8-bits RGB) to an acceptable quality for viewing. The JPEG standard supports images with up to 256 colors, and what has become increasingly important is its support for CMYK images. In the case of RGB images, the core of the JPEG compression algorithm consists of three main steps (see Fig. 6): 1- Color conversion :Color transformation from RGB into the Y CbCr color space, which is an internationally standardized variant of YUV that is used for both digital television and image compression. YUV is the basis for the color encoding used in analog television. 2- Cosine transform and quantization in frequency space: The image is divided up into a regular grid of 8 blocks, and for each independent block, the frequency spectrum is computed using the discrete cosine transformation 3- Lossless compression: Finally, the quantized data stream is again compressed using a lossless method, such as arithmetic or Huffman encoding, in order to remove redundancy in the data stream. Drawbacks of the JPEG compression algorithm include its limitation to 8-bit images, also it uses 8×8 pixel blocks (submatrix to be compressed into one item) at high compression rates. Fig. 7: JPEG compression of an RGB image. Using a color space transformation, the color components Cb, Cr are separated from the Y luminance component and subjected to a higher rate of compression. Each of the three components are then run independently through the JPEG compression pipeline and are merged into a single JPEG data stream. Decompression follows the same stages in reverse order. YUV is the basis for the color encoding used in analog television. The luminance component Y is computed from the RGB components as: Y = 0.299·R+ 0.587·G+ 0.114·B The UV components are computed from a weighted difference between the luminance and the blue or red components as: U = 0.492 · (B − Y ) und V = 0.877 · (R − Y ) The entire transformation from RGB to YUV is: The transformation from YUV back to RGB is found by inverting the previous matrix: YIQ; the original NTSC (National Television System Committee) used a variant of YUV called YIQ (I for “in-phase”, Q for “quadrature”) that can be computed as: , where β = 0.576 (33◦). YCbCr color space is an internationally standardized variant of YUV that is used for both digital television and image compression (e.g., in JPEG). The chroma components Cb,Cr are (similar to U, V ) difference values between the luminance and the blue and red components, respectively. , where wR = 0.299 and wB = 0.114, wG = 0.587 as recommended. Analogously, the reverse mapping from YCbCr to RGB is: In matrix-vector notation this gives the linear transformation: 1.3.5 JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) Despite common usage, JPEG is not a file format; it is “only” a method of compressing image data. What is normally referred to as a JPEG file is almost always an instance of a “JPEG File Interchange Format” (JFIF) file. 1.3.6 Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF) The EXIF is a variant of the JPEG (JFIF) format designed for storing image data originating on digital cameras. So, it supports storing metadata such as the type of camera, date and time, photographic parameters such as aperture and exposure time, as well as geographical (GPS) data. Aperture is referred to the lens diaphragm opening inside a photographic lens. The exposure time is the time span forﻏﺸ����ﺎء which a sensor of camera is actually exposed/uncovered to the light so as to record a picture. EXIF uses TIFF to store the metadata information and JPEG to encode a thumbnail preview image (reduced-size versions of pictures). The file structure is designed so that it can be processed by existing JPEG/JFIF readers without a problem. 1.3.7 JPEG-2000 JPEG-2000 was designed to overcome weaknesses of the traditional JPEG codec. Among the improvements made in JPEG-2000 are the use of larger, 64 × 64 pixel blocks (submatrix to be compressed compared to 8× 8 in case of JPEG) and replacement of the discrete cosine transform by the wavelet transform.
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