Cebu Pacific Flight

10/1/2012

JOHN EUGENE ESCOBAR, EMT-P, WEMT

CENTER FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL SERVICES, INC. Saving Lives Through Quality Education and Quality Patient Care [email protected] CENTER FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL SERVICES, INC. Saving Lives Through Quality Education and Quality Patient Care [email protected]

List of aviation accidents Cebu Pacific Flight 387 involving the Philippine military Since 1947-2010 165 deaths (Philippine Air Force and Philippine Navy) http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/research/01/28/10/list-aviation-accidents-involving-philippine-military

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Philippine Airlines Flight 206 Piper crashed in Baguio

Two Killed, four others injured

Hijackings

December 30, 1952, after takeoff from Laoag an armed man forced his way into the cockpit. He pulled .45-caliber pistol and demanded that the plane be brought to Amoy, in mainland China. The captain took over control from the co-pilot and put the plane into a steep dive. The Aircraft incidents may be: hijacker did not lose his balance and instead shot and killed the captain. The co-pilot took over control and meanwhile the stew ard had come up to the cockpit to find out what was going on. As he knocked, the hijacker shot him twice through the cockpit door, ki lling him. The co-pilot changed course to China and continued at 6,000 feet (1,800 m) over the China Sea until two Chinese Nationalists T-6 Harvard planes showed up. Both planes chased the DC-3 and sprayed machine gun fire. The pilot managed to escape until he met with other Nationalist planes, who forced the flight to land at Quemoy. At Quemoy the hijacker was arrested. November 6, 1968, four hijackers demanded money. 30 March 1971, six hijackers attempted to hijack a Philippines Airlines BAC One-Eleven in Guangzhou, China. 11 October 1973, three hijackers surrendered after attempting to hijack a Philippines Airlines BAC One-Eleven in Hong Kong, China. On airport February 25, 1975, Two hijackers attempted to hijack a Philippines Airlines BAC One-Eleven bound from Davao to Manila. Hijackers surrendered. October 7, 1975, One hijacker on a Philippines Airlines BAC One-Eleven bound from Davao to Manila demanded to be taken to Libya. Hijacker surrendered. April 7, 1976, a BAC 1-11 was hijacked by rebels for seven days, demanding money and the release of imprisoned rebels. The aircraft ended up in Off airport Benghazi, Libya. May 23, 1976, Philippine Airlines Flight 116, a BAC One-Eleven en route from Davao to Manila, was hijacked by rebels, demanding $375,000 and a plane to fly them to Libya. The hijackers subsequently detonated a hand grenade in the cabin, which burned the aircraft and k illing 10 passengers and 3 hijackers. The remaining three hijackers were caught and sentenced to death. Sea July 12, 1980, A hijacker of a Philippines Airlines flight from Manila to Cebu demanded money and wanted to be flown to Libya. The aircraft was stormed and the hijacker arrested. May 21, 1982 A man with a hand grenade, demanding better conditions for sugar workers and coconut farmers, held 109 people hostag e aboard a Philippine Airlines jet bound from Bacolod to Cebu. The plane was on the ground at Cebu. The unidentified hijacker also Urban demanded pay raises for teachers and back pay for veterans. December 11, 1994, Philippine Airlines Flight 434 from Manila to Tokyo was hijacked by a terrorist named Yousiff. He planted a bomb when he left the plane May 25, 2000, Philippine Airlines Flight 812, en route from Davao to Manila, was hijacked by a man with marital problems. The hij acker was pulled Mountain out of the aircraft before arrival by a flight attendant and used a homemade parachute in escaping, with none of the other passengers and crew being injured or killed.

SAR Preparation and Operations Framework

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Stages of SAR operations

UNDERSTANDING SAR Awareness stage Emergency notification is received from an answering point and information is provided;

Action may not be necessary yet.

NATURE OF SOURCE OF PRIMARY AGENCY SECONDARY/ Initial Action Stage INCIDENT EMERGENCY TO BE NOTIFIED AGENCY TO BE NOTIFICATION NOTIFIED Enough minimum information is available MEDICAL HIJACKING Gain more information and determine the ENGINE FAILURE degree of emergency AIR CRASH LOST Uncertainty Phase CONTACT Alert Phase Distress Phase

NATURE OF PRIMARY ACTIONS SECONDARY ACTIONS INCIDENT AGENCY(IES) AGENCY(IES)

MEDICAL Planning Stage HIJACKING Must be proper and accurate ENGINE FAILURE Operations Stage AIR CRASH Encompasses all activities that operationalize the plan (tactics-type of response, solution to handle problem / LOST operations-field phase tactical solutions are carried out CONTACT

Conclusion Stage Post Incident Analysis – Evaluation of participants, methods and strateg

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Global SAR System

International Civil Aviation Organization International Maritime Organization

Cospas-Sarsat

Anatomy of SAR Missions

Response always begins at the local level

CITY/ BARANGAY PROVINCE REGIONAL NATIONAL MUNICIPAL

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SAR Organization and Management NATURE OF PRIMARY-LEAD SECONDARY SUPPORT AGENCY Who is in charge of an aviation INCIDENT RESPONSE RESPONSE incident? AGENCY AGENCY MEDICAL HIJACKING – Overall center of coordination ENGINE FAILURE AIR CRASH LOST CONTACT FIRE

SAR incident management and organization Must be consistent-systematic Each agency must have specific tasks (operationally) and responsibilities Use ICS principles TTP must be flexible Must be pre-identified

SAFETY & SECURITY FIRE - SAR LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECT OF SAR

PNP AVIATION CAAP SAR TEAM

LOCAL PNP BFP SAR

TOG5 OTHER SAR GROUPS

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Legal Basis

Laws, regulations and legal mandate Abandonment Consent Scope of practice - SAR (expressed consent-informed) Standard of care (implied consent) Assault-unlawfully placing a person in Duty to act dear or immediate bodily harm Engendered Reliance Battery-unlawfully touching a person Negligence (duty, breach of duty, Good Samaritan Law damages, cause) Trespassing

Other Legal Considerations

Documentation Incident Site Procedure • Complete, accurate record • always treat a site as an evidence of Confidentiality a crime • Secure the area • Document the scene

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PREPARATION Physically, mentally and emotionally fit • Physical conditioning • Skills preparation • Continuous practice

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Scene Safety Body Substance Isolation Precautions

A responding SAR workers are responsible for Is the first step in personal protection. scene safety. Prevents spread of communicable diseases from patients to you. Personal safety Safety of the crew Contact with blood and other body fluid of any Safety of the patient patient is considered a risk. Safety of the bystanders PPE

B_BSI_1_Intro.MOV CENTER FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL SERVICES, INC. Saving Lives Through Quality Education and Quality Patient Care [email protected] CENTER FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL SERVICES, INC. Saving Lives Through Quality Education and Quality Patient Care [email protected]

Violence

Violent scenes should be controlled by law Include police in violent patients even with those to have known behavioral pathologies and enforcement officers. mental illness.

Always consider your own safety first. At a crime scene, disturb as little as possible as the scene presents different evidences critical to the solving of the case. Allow law enforcement officials determine that the scene is safe then provide care to If you must move something, take note of it, the patients. document it and inform the investigating officers.

EQUIPMENT

PPE • Clothing (shoes, gloves, glasses) SAR SAFETY SAR Equipment • Group equipment • Personal equipment – SAR equipment – Shelter – Fire – Water/food

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Mountain SAR Environment Wilderness

Elements – wind, water, heat Wilderness is generally defined as a HAZMAT natural environment on Earth that has Wilderness not been modified by human activity. Others

SAR Operations Tasks of First Responder

The process of locating lost, missing and – Establish ICS removing them from danger. – Evaluate search urgency – Obtain lost person report – Determine type of response – Determine available resources – Determine probable search area

Site Control Corel Elements

Non-Emergency Personnel Self Dispatched Agencies or Individuals Locate the victim Search Dogs Access the victim Isolation of Family Stabilize the victim Transport the victim

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SAR Resources Specific Skills

– Search dogs Rope/high angle/vertical systems – Trackers – Aircraft Basic mountaineering – Ground / Air search Map reading and land navigation specialist – Rope Rescue Specialist Survival techniques – Water Rescue Specialist – Trench Rescue Specialist Tracking Techniques – Collapse Rescue Specialist

Calculating Search Urgency

Factors • Subject profile • Weather profile • Equipment profile • Subject experience profile • Terrain and hazards profile • History of incidents in this area

Types of Responses

Depends on search urgency – Measured response • Emergency response • Appropriate information on hand is – Based on information insufficient to dictate exact outline of S – Convinced death, serious injury if no help – Blitz or hasty team & R action plan – Minimum number of experienced rescuers sent to locate victims – Evaluative response – Followed by support team • Occurs when reported problem is – Additional equipment unconfirmed – Narrow margin of safety • Seems likely to resolve itself – Perceptible amount of risk

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Establishing Probable Search Areas

Theoretical Method – Statistical Method – Using tables that express area as a function of distance traveled by the • Based on data from case studies lost subject – Subjective Method • Reliable point last seen (PLS) • Historical data • Radius is maximum distance victim • Intuition could have journeyed • Location of natural barriers & clues – In given terrain – In time elapsed since last seen • Consideration of physical & mental limitations

Search Tactics

– Type I (Detection phase) – Type III • Hasty teams – Type II • Close grid • Open grid –30 searchers • Fast & efficient • Search of locales of high probability –Walk a line 15-20 ft. apart • Using methods to produce highest results / hour –Maybe less for evidence recovery – Dogs – Planes – Open grid sweeps » 3-7 searchers spaced 300-600 ft. apart

Considerations & Challenges in Aviation Mountain SAR Team Mountain/Wilderness SAR in Incidents Composition The need to preserve evidence (aircraft Operations (within ICS) investigation and passenger – Search group – advance party, lead pack identification); documentation – Support group-logistics, equipment – Medical group Wider search area, long distances – Other support teams

Challenge in logistics during operations Non Operations/Deployment –Supplies and Logistics The need of bigger team composition –Training and Education (personnel-recruitment)

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Individual

EQUIPMENT

Group Equipment