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Peasant Perception of Sweet Varieties of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Republic of Congo

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Peasant Perception of Sweet Varieties of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in the Republic of Congo Peasant Perception of Sweet Varieties of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Republic of Congo 1, 2Celestine Kiminou Ngounga, 1, 2Anicet Frédéric Binaki, 1, 2Feueltgaldah Christian Bopoundza, 1, 3Bob Wilfrid Loumouamou and 1, 2Marie Geneviève Maloumbi 1Equipe Pluridisciplinaire De Recherche En Alimentation et Nutrition, Brazzaville, Congo 2Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo 3Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, sweet varieties, Abstract: Given the negative impacts of the bitter peasant perception, Republic of Congo, survey Manihot esculenta Crantz varieties on the health of consumers and although retting techniques improve the nutritional quality of these bitter varieties, it is necessary to encourage Manihot esculenta Crantz producers to grow also sweet varieties. This study which set the aim of knowing how the farmers producing Manihot esculenta Crantz perceive cultivation of sweet varieties in the Republic of Congo, revealed after investigation in the departments of high production of Manihot esculenta Crantz that: 95% of the respondents know the sweet varieties and 65% know the negative impacts of bitter varieties However, only 20% make the choice of cultivating sweet varieties compared to 77.5% which would prefer bitter varieties. This attitude is justified by several major constraints such as the sweet taste that exposes these varieties to wild animals (24.7%), susceptibility to pests (31.8%), the short cycle that would Corresponding Author: justify poor conservation in the soil (29.9%). A low Célestine Kiminou Ngounga appreciation of products made from sweet cassava Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique. Université, varieties is also worth noting (60%). Indeed, the lack of Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo products resulting from the transformation of sweet cassava into products corresponding to the eating habits Page No: 16-23 of the populations and the low appreciation of products Volume: 16, Issue 1, 2021 such as “chikwangue” and “foufou” resulting from the ISSN: 1816-9155 transformation of sweet varieties of cassava, limit the Agricultural Journal cultivation from these sweet varieties to a subsistence and Copy Right: Medwell Publications non-commercial crop. INTRODUCTION quality and quantity of starch ranging from 80-90% that they provide[1]. Cassava is consumed by half a Manihot esculenta Crantz is a plant cultivated billion people around the world. Tuberous roots are for its tuberous roots and edible leaves. Cassava part of the daily diet of >200-250 million people in roots are a good source of energy, thanks to the Africa[2]. 16 Agric. J., 16 (1): 16-23, 2021 Manihot esculenta Crantz exists in sweet varieties Target population: The target population is made up of and in bitter varieties. Tubers of bitter varieties contain a peasant producers from Manihot esculenta Crantz from high amount of cyanide[3]. the departments of pool, plateaux and Cuvette, during the In Congo the tuberous root of cassava is used in the period of major cassava production activities, namely the form transformed in “chikwangue” and “foufou” which period of the dry season (July-August). constitutes the staple food of the Congolese. It is also used The choice of the producer as the statistical unit made in the raw or uncooked and boiled form[4]. “Chikwangue” it possible to collect the desired information (information is a dense paste produced by wet processing of the retted on the cultivation of sweet varieties) by interviewing only cassava root. The “foufou” is a lighter paste prepared the owner of a field in full activity during the survey. from the flour of cassava root retted and dried[4]. There were no exclusion criteria for a producer to be The presence of cyanide in cassava is one of the eligible. problems posed for its direct consumption and is a limiting factor. It is imperative to eliminate this Type of survey: This is a cross-sectional sample hydrocyanic acid during the different stages of survey. preparation and processing of cassava, even to cultivate only varieties with a lower content of hydrocyanic acid, Data collection method: Data were collected through that is to say the sweet varieties. questionnaires using the interviewer-assisted method with A hypothesis has been put forward that these sweet on-site interview. varieties do not meet the usual practices and expectations of farmers during processing. Survey frame: In the absence of data on the number of To better discern this problem, a field survey was peasant producers of Manihot esculenta Crantz, the only carried out in certain farming communities in the information available and usable for the survey was that departments with the highest cassava production in the of the head of the agricultural sector in each district Republic of Congo. This study set out to find out how concerned. Indeed, two districts in each of these three peasant producers perceive sweet varieties of cassava in departments were chosen because of one locality per Congo. district. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling: In order to formulate inferences about the population, taking into account the observations to be Equipment: A survey sheet was used for data collection drawn from the sample, the type of probability sampling in the field. All of the questions asked revolved around was used in this work and particularly the stratified knowledge of sweet varieties and the negative impacts of bitter varieties; the strengths and weaknesses of sweet sampling type. During stratified sampling, the population varieties; the availability of cuttings of the sweet varieties, is divided into mutually exclusive homogeneous groups the main constraints of growing sweet varieties; the called strata (departments) and independent samples appreciation of products made from sweet varieties on the (localities) are then selected in each stratum. market. Sample size: Close of this process, the sample size was Survey area: The area of investigation concerned three 40 producers. This sample made it possible to obtain a departments of the Republic of Congo namely pool, reasonable precision of the production of Manihot plateaux and cuvette. The data were collected from the esculenta Crantz given the size of the producer population population of peasant localities, namely: which cannot exceed twenty in each of the localities. C Department of pool: Locality of yié in Ignié district Conduct of the investigation: The investigation was and Ntoula locality in Goma Tsétsé district reported to the administrative services (sub-prefectures, C Plateaux department: Locality of Alouna in the police, village chiefs) and received authorization. To raise district of Ngo and the locality of Ollombo center in awareness among the populations surveyed, meetings the district of Ollombo with the authorities of the localities to be surveyed took C Cuvette department: Locality of Ately in the district place before the survey was carried out. These meetings of Boundji and the locality of Allembe in the district of Owando made it possible to explain the objectives and the interest of the study as well as the method and criteria for These surveyed agricultural areas were chosen choosing the locality. This process helped to facilitate because of their high productivity in cassava tuberous the different levels of collaboration desired with roots[5]. producers. 17 Agric. J., 16 (1): 16-23, 2021 The interviews were carried out in vehicular to a quantitative variable, the Analysis of Variance test languages (Lingala or Kituba) and sometimes in the (ANOVA) was performed supplemented by a comparison vernacular languages using an interpreter when of means in the event of significant differences. The necessary. results are presented by histograms resulting from the statistical processing. Information collected: The identity of the people surveyed and the production methods of Manihot RESULTS esculenta Crantz were assessed by means of a sample questionnaire survey. These were direct and indirect The results of the survey on the peasant perception of observations, then interviews conducted in the different sweet cassava varieties resulting from the statistical localities. processing of data collected from respondents from the The questions focused on knowledge of sweet different departments are presented by the following varieties, preference between sweet and bitter varieties, histograms: negative impacts of bitter varieties, cultivation of sweet varieties, products based on sweet varieties, etc. Knowledge of sweet varieties of cassava: Figure 1a and b, respectively present the results concerning Data processing and analysis: Sphinx Plus software Knowledge of the existence of sweet varieties and the identification criteria for sweet varieties. version 5.1.0.7 was used for questionnaire elaboration, Significantly, the majority of respondents (95.0%) say data processing and analysis. they are aware of the existence of sweet varieties of As a prelude to their statistical analysis, the data cassava (Fig. 1a), they would identify them (Fig. 1b) by collected on the survey sheets were entered into the the color of the often yellow stalk (28%) and the slightly sphinx software. Subsequently, flat and cross tables were sweeter taste of the tuberous roots (36%). generated. Regarding the knowledge of the negative impacts of From the flat tables generated, the analyzes were bitter varieties on health, respondents knowing the deepened
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