Environmental Baseline Assessment in Lokichar and Lamu Marine Terminal
Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
1 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank all those who have contributed to this Environmental and health baseline study in Lokichar oil fields and Lamu marine crude terminal study.
In particular, we acknowledge the area chiefs, Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya Forest Research Institute, Lamu Referral hospital, Health centres, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Forest Service, who have actively participated as key informants and provided information during the study.
We would also like to thank Nancy Githaiga – Head of Conservation Programmes, WWF-Kenya for her review and input to the report.
2 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
List of Authors Sumaya Mohamed-Project officer, Oil for development, WWF Kenya Muturi Kamau-National Coordinator-Kenya Oil and Gas Working Group Jackson Kiplagat-Regional Sustainable Investment Manager, WWF Kenya Prof. Jacob Kithinji-Consultant Vitalis Too-Consultant Stanley Chasia- Consultant Enock Osoro- Consultant
Design Layout: Anthony Diang’a - Digital Marketing and Design, WWF-Kenya Front-page photo: ©Judy Kosgei / WWF-Kenya This report was supported by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation – (Norad) through WWF Norway. Views in the document do not necessarily reflect those of Norad or WWF-Norway
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), is one of the world´s largest independent environmental organisations with more than 5 million supporters, as many as 25 million followers in social media, offices in more than 100 countries, over 6,000 employees and more than 1.000 active conservation projects. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.
Publishing office A WWF-Kenya Production
WWF-Kenya Production Published in October 2020 by World Wide Fund for Nature - Kenya (WWF-Kenya). Reproduction of this report, partially or in whole, must refer to the report´s title and to WWF-Kenya. This work was carried out in cooperation with local communities and local organisations. Any potential errors and/or deficiencies in the report are the authors own responsibility. © 2020 WWF-Kenya All rights reserved
3 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment 2 Abbreviations and Acronym 5 Units of Measurement 5 List of Tables 6 Table of Figures 6 Executive Summary 7
1. Introduction 11 1.1 Background 11 1.2 Objectives and Scope Of The Work 11 1.3 Approach and Methodology 11 2. Regulatory Framework 13 2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 13 2.2 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Emca), Cap 387 13 2.3 Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 14 3. Site Description And Baseline Information 15 3.1 Study Area 15 3.2 Physical Environmental Conditions 15 3.3 Biological Environment 20 3.4 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment 24
4. Air Quality, Noise, Water and Soil Quality Measurements 28 4.1 Sample Sites 28 4.2 Air Quality Measurements 30 4.3 Noise Levels Measurement 36 4.4 Water Quality 37 4.5 Soil Quality Test 40
5. Effects of Environmental Pollution 42 5.1 Impacts of Increased Noise Levels to Human Health 42 5.2 Impacts of Increased Particulate Matter to Human Health 42 5.3 Health Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 42 5.4 Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) 43 5.5 Disease Caused by Water Pollution 43 5.6 Soil Pollution 43
Conclusions and Recommendations 45 6.1 Conclusions 45 6.2 Recommendations 47
References 49 Appendices 50
4 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYM UNITS OF MEASUREMENT µg Microgram G Grams Ph Negative log10 of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in mol/L Kg Kilograms TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons µg Microgram Ga Gallium ng Nanogram As Arsenic nm Nanometre Ag Silver ml Millilitre Cd Cadmium L Litre Cs Cesium µL Microlitre Ti Titanium µS Micro Siemens Pb Lead ppm Parts per million EA Environmental Audit M3 Meters cubed EIA Environmental Impact Assessment µg/m3 Micrograms per meter cubed EMP Environmental Management Plan?? DB Decibels EN Endangered Species GPS Global Positioning System IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KFS Kenya Forest Service KWS Kenya Wildlife Service Leq Equivalent Continuous Noise Level / Sound Level NEMA National Environmental Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization PM Particulate Matter PPM Parts per Million TCU True Color Unit TDS Total Dissolved Solids TH Total Hardness TON Threshold Odor Number
5 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
LIST OF TABLES
Table E0 2. Noise levels measurements 10 Table E0 1. Air quality results 11 Table E0 3. Results of water sample analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 12 Table 1 1. Stakeholder list in Lamu and Lokichar 15 Table 2 1. Description of the subsidiary legislation under the EMCA Cap 387 17 Table 3 1. Vegetation classification in Lokichar 26 Table 3 2. A summary of fauna in both Lamu and Lokichar basins 29 Table 3 3. Prevalent diseases in Lokichar and Lamu areas 32 Table 4 1. Sampling sites, GPS coordinates and the main economic activity 36 Table 4 2. Air quality exposure levels 37 Table 4 3. Noise levels measurements 45 Table 4 4. Results of water sample analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 45 Table 4 5. Result of water quality analysis from Lamu crude oil terminal site 46 Table 4 6. Result of soil analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 48 Table 4 7. Result of soil analysis from Lamu marine crude oil terminal site in Lamu County 49 TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 3 1. Project site location - Lamu 19 Figure 3 2. Location of Lokichar oil fields study site 20 Figure 3 3.soil characteristics in Lamu study area 22 Figure 3 4. Soil characteristics of Lokichar oil fields study area 23 Figure 3 5.5 - (a) Mangrove trees near the Lamu port terminal, (b) Palm trees and shrubs near Hindi 24 Figure 3 6. Land use/cover - Lamu crude oil terminal 24 Figure 3 7. Vegetation characteristic - Lokichar basin 25 Figure 3 8. Vegetation characteristics study area - Lokichar 26 Figure 3 9. Vegetation characteristics in the Lamu study area 28 Figure 3 10. Settlement patterns and population distribution - Lamu and surroundings 31 Figure 3 11. Settlement patterns and population distribution around Lokichar basin 32 Figure 3 12. Disease prevalent in Lamu County for a period of nine years 33 Figure 3 13. Diseases prevalent in Lokichar, Turkana County for a period of nine years 33 Figure 4 1. Distribution of sampled sites in the Lamu crude oil terminal study area 35 Figure 4 2. Sample sites at Lokichar oil fields study area 36
6 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WWF Kenya and KOGWG commissioned an environmental assessment for the Lokichar oil fields in Turkana and the Lamu marine terminal in Hindi, Lamu County. The objectives of the study were to conduct baselines for water quality, air quality and soil quality. Similarly, the study focused to document the current status of noise, population and settlement patterns, wildlife, vegetation cover and forest cover. It also aimed at establishing the baselines on health and documented the effects of air pollution as well as impacts of increased level of particulate matter to human health. The report provides a tracking tool for environmental quality audits for monitoring changes in the environment over time. A total of 18 sites were sampled in Lamu area within the project site composed on soil, air, water, vegetation, health centers and schools. Wildlife corridors were also sampled and mapped where many giraffe families were spotted grazing near Msanga area. Both soil and water samples were collected concurrently from nearby wells and water distribution points i.e. Hindi at the jetty in Mkowe and inside the Lamu port harbor. Air samples were collected in Mkowe, inside Lamu Port harbor and at the Chief’s office in Hindi/Magogoni Location. While in Lokichar oil fields, a total of six (6) sites were sampled for water, soil, air and health data from the nearby Lokichar dispensary. All samples were picked concurrently for soil and water samples. The parameters were measured using the WHO and NEMA guidelines and standards. The development of the Lokichar oil fields, the Lokichar-Lamu crude oil pipeline as well as the Lamu marine terminal is expected to bring social and economic development at the local and national level, but if not properly managed, can result into lasting impacts to the environment and the people. In order to assess the environment, WWF and partners conducted the assessment and identified the following issues;
1. Inefficient Pollution Prevention Mechanism. High Carbon Dioxide concentration have been noted in Ngamia 1, Ngamia 3 and Amosing fields in Lokichar which was high at 532 ppm. The effects of environmental pollution considered in this study revealed - 2. Increasing levels of Respiratory Tract Infections. Both in Lamu and Lokichar, respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection has been reported. While in Lokichar, it has been established that upper respiratory tract infection is the most prevalent disease in the area having highest case recorded compared to Lamu and is increasing yearly. Eye infection is majorly attributed to the air pollution. Other infections in the area include; Malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia, ear infection, urinary tract infection and skin diseases. 3. Inappropriate hazardous waste management: The hazardous waste is managed in an open area in close proximity to households. During the production stage, in the event the hazardous waste is not properly managed, contamination of both underground and surface water is likely to occur affecting the health of the people and livestock. 4. Increase in traffic at the Lamu port and south Lokichar basin leading tonoise pollution. The most significant impacts of high-level noise are: noise induced hearing loss, interference with communication; sleep disturbance, general work performance, annoyance relaxation, thought and concentration. As the development of the South Lokichar Oil basin continues the increased traffic is expected to increase noise levels that may cause negative health effects. In Lamu Port terminal which was almost complete, the operation phase will lead to increase in traffic in the port hence increase in the noise levels taking into consideration the noise level at the port and Mkowe ranged 67.1-75.0 DB (A) and 70.1-76.6 DB (A) which is on the margin of excess noise.
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5. Impact of particulate matter to human health: The health effects of inhalable particulate matter include: cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and lung cancer (WHO, 2011). In Lokichar, the measurement of the particulate matter was done during the rainy season hence the level of dust was low. Lokichar is a semi-arid area which experiences long dry seasons with a lot of wind that increases the particulate matter concentration in the air and this increases the health risks associated with high particulate matter for instance upper track infection as indicated in the social/medical data obtained from the hospital. Similarly, in Lamu, particulate matter measurements were conducted during the short rainy season and thus, low levels of dust particles were recorded. The particulate matter should be monitored frequently so as to ascertain the contribution of the ongoing projects to the high levels of PM. This is partly because the project areas are characterized by loose soil material and strong winds which together contributes to particulate matter concentration in the air. 6. Health effect of Sulphur Dioxide: SO2 can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs and causes irritation of the eyes. When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid; this is the main component of acid rain which is a cause of deforestation (WHO, 2019). The concentration of SO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 15.0 to 15.6 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly. 7. Health Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide: Epidemiological studies have shown that symptoms of bronchitis in asthmatic children increase in association with long-term exposure to NO2. Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America (WHO, 2019). The concentration of NO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.8 to 2.6µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 11.0 to 18.0 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly. WWF and KOGWG have elaborated recommendations below to help guide the petroleum development phase in the country in order to minimize the potential impact to people and nature in the two project sites.
1. NEMA to undertake quarterly environmental audits for monitoring changes in the environment within the project sites. 2. Oil company to adherence to national and international laws as well as international standards on pollution prevention, hazardous waste management, community health and safety while undertaking petroleum development. 3. Oil companies employ up-to-date technologies to capture excess carbon. This will ensure that Kenya is complying to national legislations and international treaties on combating climate change.
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9 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Since 2012, fifty (50) exploration wells have been drilled by Tullow and its partners in the south Lokichar region in Kenya with at least 560 million BBLs of recoverable crude oil identified. Tullow, Africa oil and Total are ready for the Foundation Stage Development (FSD) through project oil Kenya. In 2018 the government of Kenya commenced trucking of crude oil from Lokichar to Mombasa under the Early Oil Pilot Scheme. Tullow and its partners plan to develop the South Lokichar Oil Basin with an additional 330 wells in Turkana. Other infrastructure for the FSD include interconnected crude oil flowliness between the oil fields in Amosing, Twiga and Ngamia, water pipeline from River Turkwel to Lokichar and the 824km heated crude oil pipeline which traverses 6 counties from Turkana, Samburu, Isiolo, Meru, Garissa and Lamu cutting a cross 3 permanent rivers.
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the work
The tasks of the study were to:
1. Conduct a baseline water quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative water quality
2. Conduct a baseline air quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative air quality especially around the oil production or handling areas and environs
3. Conduct a baseline soil quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative soil quality especially around the oil production or handling areas and environs
4. Establish and document the current baseline status for noise, population and settlement patterns, wildlife, vegetation cover and forest cover in the 2 areas
5. Establish the baseline on environmental health
6. Document effects of air pollution, impacts of increased level of particulate matter to human health and any other disease prevalence in the 2 areas including child mortality and miscarriages
7. Develop tracking tools for environmental quality audits for monitoring changes in the environment over time.
1.3 Approach and Methodology
The approach of the assignment was characterized by careful and meaningful blending of time-tested international best practice as well as advice based on practical experiences and local realities.
1.3.1 Stakeholder engagement
The assessment employed use of participatory and collaborative approaches to ensure optimal participation of the key stakeholders at all stages of the assignment. This helped in enriching the outcomes of the study. The key institutions consulted include the Tullow oil, Kenya maritime Authority, Local chiefs, Kenya Forest Research Institute, KFS and KWS Office at Lamu Island, Sub-county hospitals and county referrals hospitals.
1.3.2 Air quality Measurement Method
1) Sampling of Sulphur Dioxide Gases
Air samples were collected using a portable battery driven suction pump whose flow rate was 3.61 litres per minute. The air was scrubbed through suitable trapping solutions for sulphur dioxide for 30 minutes per sample. Sulphur dioxide was determined quantitatively using the Pararosaniline method.
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2) Sampling of Nitrogen Dioxide Gases
Air samples were collected using a portable battery driven suction pump whose flow rate was 3.61 litres per minute. The air was scrubbed through suitable trapping solutions for nitrogen dioxide for 30 minutes per sample. Nitrogen dioxide was determined using the Modified Griess-Saltzman method.
3) Sampling of Particulate Matter
Air samples were collected using a portable battery driven suction pump whose flow rate was 3.61 litres per minute. Total suspended particulate matter (dust) was trapped in pre-weighed and pre- conditioned membrane filters for a period of 30 minutes. The particulate matter was determined gravimetrically.
4) Sampling of Carbon Dioxide
The concentrations of carbon dioxide were determined using the CO/CO2 Portable Combustion Analyzer PCA*3.
5)Sampling of Formaline
The concentrations of formaline were determined using the formaline Portable meter.
6)Sampling of Humidity and Temperature
The concentrations of humidity and temperature were determined using the humidity Portable meter and temperature was measured using a portable thermometer.
1.3.3 Noise level measurements
Equipment used for noise survey
The noise level measurements were carried out using an Extech Sound Level Meter Model 407732. The noise meter was set at 1 metre from ground and sample measurements were taken at various sample locations. The meter was set to measure the A-weighted noise levels, which varies with the frequency and intensity like the sensitivity of the human ear.
Leq measurements
The Leq – the continuous equivalent sound pressure levels were taken: This is indicative of the ‘average’
noise level over a given period. The measurement of Leq is based on the equal energy principle (equation
1)
where:
Po is the reference sound pressure (20 upa), P (t) is the time varying sound pressure measured using the A-weighting network and T is the time interval in which it is measured.
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2. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
This chapter outlines the applicable Kenyan regulatory framework that protect environment.
2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
The constitution declares that the people of Kenya are respectful to the environment, which is their heritage and they are determined to sustain it for the benefit of future generations. The constitution under Article 42 states that every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment. Also, every person has a duty to cooperate with state organs and other persons, to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources, according to section 2 of Chapter 5. Article 70 deals with enforcement of environmental rights and everyone who feels their right to a clean and healthy environment has been denied has the obligation to go to court to seek redress. Section 63 states that any unregistered community land shall be held in trust by county governments on behalf of the communities for which it is held.
2.2 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), Cap 387
This is the principal law governing environmental protection. It contains various legal notices with regulations on environmental conservation and management, while Part II confers the right of every person to a clean environment and therefore makes it mandatory to work in a clean environment and protect people living close to the project. Detailed mechanism and stipulation regarding environmental impact assessment. Sub-section (1) of section 58. The Act also prohibits anyone from discharging or applying poisonous, toxic, noxious or obstructing matter, radioactive or any other pollutants into aquatic environment. Requires that operators of projects which discharges effluent or other pollutants to submit to NEMA accurate information about the quantity and quality of the effluent. Prohibits discharge or disposal of any wastes, whether generated within or outside Kenya, in such a manner as to cause pollution to the environment or ill-health to any person. Sections 90 through 100 outline more regulations on management of hazardous and toxic substances including oils, chemicals and pesticides.
Table 2 1. Description of the subsidiary legislation under the EMCA Cap 387
No. Regulation Description 1 EMCA (water quality) These regulations provide for the protection of lakes, rivers, Regulations, 2006 streams, springs, wells and other water sources. Also address the challenges of pollution of water resources as well as their conservation. Provides guidelines for water use, and conservation for the proposed project, as well as effluent standards for discharge. Prohibits abstraction of water from natural water body unless such water meets the standards set out in schedule nine of the regulation in this legislation.
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2 EMCA (Waste Focuses on management of solid wastes, industrial wastes, management) hazardous wastes, pesticides and toxic substances and radioactive Regulations, 2006 substances. Provides standards for handling, transportation, and disposal of different types of waste. Addresses concerns such as responsibility for waste generators and obligations for disposal. Prohibits disposal of any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational areas or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle. Requires that any persons whose activities generate waste will collect, segregate, and disposed by person who is licensed by NEMA. Requires that any person granted a license to transport waste to ensure that does not cause scattering, escaping and/or flowing out of the waste. No owner or operator of a trade or industrial undertaking will discharge or dispose of any waste in any state into the environment, unless the waste has been treated in a treatment facility and in a manner prescribed by the Authority in consultation with the relevant lead agency. 3 EMCA (Fossil Fuel Regulations gives direction on the emission limits expected Emission) Control) from internal combustion engines of various engines include; 2007 Hydrocarbons (HCs), Volatile organic Compounds (VOC), Sulphur dioxide (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Particulates (PM) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). 4 EMCA (Wetlands, This regulation sets standards for the conservation, protection Riverbanks, Lake and sustainable use of wetlands. It also facilitates the sustainable Shores and Sea utilization and conservation of resources on riverbanks, lake Shore Management) shores, and on the seashore by and for the benefit of the people and Regulation, 2009 community living in the area. 5 EMCA (Noise and These regulations prohibit any person from making or causing to be Excessive Vibration made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which Pollution Control) annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health Regulations, 2009 or safety of others and the environment. It also prohibits excessive vibration which annoys, disturb, injure or endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment or excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimetres per second beyond any source property boundary or 30 metres from any moving source. Part III provision relating to Noise. No. 12 on noise from motor vehicles, (1) No person shall operate a motor vehicle that exceeds 85 dB(A) when accelerating
2.3 Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013
The Act prohibits activities that are likely to have adverse effects on the environment, which include seepage of toxic waste into rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands. The Act also it prohibits any mining and quarrying activities in a National park without approval and consent of Kenya Wildlife Service. The Act in its sixth schedule list various animals and tree species that are nationally considered as critically endangered, vulnerable, nearly threatened and protected species. 2.4 Petroleum (exploration, development and production) Act 2019
Part VIII of the act focuses on Environmental Health and Safety and mandates the contractor to comply with applicable environmental health and safety and maritime laws and best petroleum industry practices. The section further mandates the contractor in the management waste of production, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal management of waste arising out of upstream petroleum operations, is carried out in accordance with all the applicable environmental, health, safety and maritime laws
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and best petroleum industry practices. Section 62 further prohibits the contractor from venting or flaring natural gas except with prior authorization from the Authority in consultation with the National Government agency responsible for environment and safety and any other National Government entity. Section 67 of the act gives provisions to the contractor to maintain requirements for emergency efficient measures for emergency preparedness with a view preparedness to dealing with incidents which may lead to loss of life or personal injury, pollution or damage to property.
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3. SITE DESCRIPTION AND BASELINE INFORMATION 3.1 Study Area
3.1.1 Lamu marine crude oil terminal site and Lokichar Oil Fields
The study area is located in Hindi Ward of Lamu West constituency, Lamu County (Fig 3-1). It’s geographically bound by Latitude 2°11’59.39”S and Longitude 40°53’23.35”E. While Lokichar is the headquarters of Turkana South sub-county, Turkana South constituency, Turkana County. It’s bounded by Latitudes 2°22’42.62”N and Longitudes 35°38’55.36”E
Figure 3 2. Location of Lokichar oil fields Study Site Figure 3 1. Project Site Location - Lamu
3.2 Physical Environmental Conditions
3.1.1 Lamu marine crude oil terminal site and Lokichar Oil Fields
This subsection provides environmental conditions like climate, topography, surface water and hydrology, land and forest cover, soil and geology. The significance of the environmental conditions in this study helps in formulation of mitigation measures of the impacts on environmental pollution. The particulate matter is influence by climate, type of soil and land cover. Factors to consider while analyzing the extend of water pollution and soil pollution in an area include: surface water, climatic conditions, topography and land cover. The following subsections discusses the environmental conditions.
3.2.1 Climate and Topography
Climate
Lamu experiences tropical climate with an annual temperature of 26.9 °C and 936 mm annual precipitation. The driest month is February, with 3 mm of rain. Most precipitation falls in May, with an average of 307 mm. March is the warmest month of the year with temperature averaging 28.2 °C. In July, Lamu experiences the lowest average temperature of 25.6°C. The maximum water temperatures in Lamu is about 29.3°C and 25.3°C being the lowest temperatures throughout the year.
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Lokichar area experiences desert-like climatic conditions with almost no rainfall throughout the year and annual average temperature of 25.9°C with a variation of 2.1°C throughout the year. March is the warmest month recording averages of 26.90C while has the lowest average annual temperature of about 24.80C. The annual average precipitation in Lokichar is 305mm. However, the precipitation varies by 67 mm between the driest month and the wettest month. The driest month is January with 7mm precipitation while highest t precipitation occurs in the month of April with an average of 74mm.
Topography
The general terrain within the larger Lamu constituency is relatively flat with an elevation of approximately 6m above sea level. The altitude around Lamu port, Mokowe and Lamu Island is relatively similar rising to approximately 4m above sea level. The highest point is located northwards near Hindi and its surroundings at between 10 – 20m above sea level. Such a flat terrain is suitable for infrastructural development i.e. road and pipeline construction. However, the areas are prone to incidences of onshore and offshore flooding.
The Lokichar basin lies in a relatively flat terrain – (700 - 800m) above sea level characterized by small hills like Loichangamatak on the north and Kamorok on the south. The highest point lies on the western parts where Chemerongit Hills are located rising upto approximately 2300m above sea level where a network of streams originates draining into the Turkwel river.
3.2.2 Surface water and Hydrology
Ground water is the major source of water for the community in South Lokichar basin characterized by boreholes, shallow wells and traditional river wells. Surface water on the other hand is very scarce except during periods of rainfall where dry river beds called Lagas are filled with water. The sand on the lagas is bucked-up several meters to preserve seasonal water flows for a longer duration. The only permanent river located near Lokichar is River Turkwel on the western part located approximately 26Km from Lokichar town. The community living near the lagas usually extract the water by digging shallow wells on these sand-dams. Wild animals also rely on the lagas during prolonged dry periods. Lokichar and its surroundings are prone to flash floods during heavy storms due to the relatively flat terrain surrounded by hills.
In Lamu area, there are several streams emanating from the Boni forest forming a network of rivers that define the surface hydrology. Dodori is the main permanent river draining into the Indian Ocean through the Dodori creek. Others include Arosel and Duldul which converge near Majengo market centre before pouring its waters into the Mto Wange creek. Most of these rivers are seasonal with fresh water supporting flora and fauna in the area. They are also used by the surrounding communities for domestic use. The area also has a few ground water sources including shallow wells and boreholes. However, due the proximity of the aquifer to the Indian Ocean, fresh water is normally saline.
3.2.3 Geology
The Lokichar basin and its surrounding is composed of very varied rock types comprising of basement crystalline rocks and sediments and lavas of Tertiary and recent age. The rocks exposed in the area include; folded Basement System consisting of metamorphosed sediments and volcanic rocks intruded by basic and ultrabasic bodies and dykes of Precambrian age. Others include Tertiary sediments, olivine basalts, phonolites, recent lake beds and alluvium soil. The sedimentary rocks form the basis of hydrocarbon formation and are usually geological associated with oil reserves.
The Lamu basin forms the largest sedimentary basin in Kenya encompassing 170,000 km2 both onshore and offshore with sediment thickness ranging from 3,250 m in the northern boundary to 10,000 m in the coastal area. The basin consists of sediments of Permo-Carboniferous through tertiary continental rift basin sandstones, fluvial-deltaic sandstones, marine shales and carbonates. The offshore depo- centre has a sedimentary column which is 12,000 m to 13,000m thick.
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3.2.4 Soil
The Lamu area is dominated by fluvisols (Fig. 3-3) which are young soils in alluvial deposit predominant in low lying alluvial plains and tidal marshes. They are characterized by sulphidic material (acid sulfate soils) with low pH values which influences agricultural productivity in the area. Luvisols are also common in flat and gently sloping terrain. Those with a good internal drainage are suitable for agricultural productivity due their moderate stage of weathering. The thionic Fluvisols soil variety, are largely found in areas with excess water i.e. mangrove swamps. These loam to clay soils are poorly drained, very deep and excessively saline. The gleyic to albic Luvisols (fig 3.3) on the other hand are moderately well drained, deep with a characteristic yellowish brown to greyish brown color largely composed of sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
Figure 3 3. Soil Characteristics in Lamu Study Area
The dominant soil t y pe around the L ok ichar oil fields site is of calcar ic Regosol and haplic Xerosols (Fig. 3-4). The former is characterized by shallow brown, well drained, friable and strongly calcareous and saline soils of sandy clay loam type. It originates from an unconsolidated, finely grained weathering material and is common in arid areas and mountainous regions. Haplic Xerosols on the other hand are moderately drained, deep with a dark yellowish-brown color. They are slight to moderately calcareous forming loose loamy sand to friable sandy clay loam. Contamination from oil spill may reduce and restrict permeability largely because oil is denser than water. Other effects include the impact on soils physical properties i.e. decreased pore spaces, saturated hydraulic conductivity and increase bulk density.
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Figure 3 4. Soil characteristics of Lokichar oil fields study area
3.2.5 Land and Forest cover
The dominant land use type around the Lamu crude oil terminal is mainly composed of small-scale rainfed subsistence agriculture around the towns of Hindi and Mokowe (Fig. 3-6). The small market centre in Hindi supports the local economy by linking the Lamu Island with other areas lying further inside towards Tana River and Kilifi. The Mokowe jetty acts a strategic transport hub for Lamu County linking both the Island of Lamu and Manda island. Further inland, the area is composed of a mixture of grassland, shrubs and the extensive green patches of Boni forest stretching eastwards past the Dodori National Reserve towards the Kenya-Somalia border.
(a) Mangrove trees near the Lamu port terminal (b) Palm trees and shrubs near Hindi
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Figure 3 6. Land use/cover - Lamu crude oil terminal
The recent oil discoveries in Turkana County have transformed the sleepy town of Lokichar into a mining hub with several exploration activities and development of road and pipeline infrastructure for transporting crude oil from the wells to the Lamu Port. Lokichar town serves as a key commercial centre linking the main town of Lodwar to other small towns like Loperot that lie south of Turkana County. Small-scale farmers practice agriculture along the banks of the Turkwel river cultivating both food crops and cash crops that supply nearby towns and centres. Around the Lokichar basin, the dominant vegetation types include pockets of open low shrubs (40-65% crown cover), closed to open woody thickets (Fig.3-7) around Lokichar town and closed trees along the banks of permanent rivers (Turkwel River).
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Figure 3 7. Vegetation characteristic - Lokichar basin
3.3 Biological Environment
3.3.1 Flora
The dominant vegetation cover around Lokichar oil fields area is largely composed of sparse vegetation of semi-deciduous woodland and deciduous bushland consisting of acacia species aristida-indigogera, acacia senegal, acacia mellifeera commiphora and dwarf shrub. There is also annual grassland spread across the entire study area (Fig. 3-8).
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Figure 3 8. Vegetation Characteristics Study Area - Lokichar
Table 3 1. Vegetation classification in Lokichar
Sparse vegetation
Observed near Lokichar health center and is dominated by Accacia tortilis as shown
Depiction of aridity in Lokichar Dwarf shrublands- Most parts of Lokichar, this vegetation grows not more than a metre in height. Thriving species here are the very short and thorny Accacia tortilis shrubs, Indigofera spinosa, Cadaba farinose, Accacia condylociada and Balanites aegyptica. Shrub Grassland- The woody plants are not more than 10% and the vegetation cover is an intermittent between grassland and bushes. The dominating species here are Accacia tortilis, Salvadora persica, Cadaba farinose, Eragrosis cilianensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, E. racemosa and Chlosis virgata
21 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Shrubs
Occurred mostly along the many seasonal river plains of Lokichar. The vegetation is dominated by by Salvadora persica species but less or absent in settled area. However, Accacia tortilis, Prosopis juliflora (Mathenge) and Boscia corriacea were also present. Calotropis procera was observed in Nakukulas village. Mathenge (Prosopis juliflora growing in sandy soils
Mathenge (Prosopis juliflora growing in sandy soils
Riverine vegetation
The vegetation occurs mostly along seasonal rivers and flood as observed along river Turkwel floodplains near Lokapel. The vegetation here is dominated by Prosopis juliflora commonly known as Mathenge, Accacia tortilis, Maerua crassifolia, Ziziphus muucronata, Balanites aegyptiaca. Clotropis procera were observed to be thriving well and frequent in seasonal floodplains with raised water table. Mathenge species were introduced in 80s and does well in the region especially along River Turkwel forming forest like canopies. However, Mathenge is an invasive species. It is hard to control and does not favour undergrowth for Acacia tortilis vetation along river Turkwel vegetation.
The Lamu project area is largely characterized by sparse vegetation composed of shrubs and aquatic vegetation near the sea shore. Mangrove trees are dominant on the edges that form the interphase between the continental shelf and the sea. Small islands like Pate, Manda and Lamu are also surrounded by mangroves forming a continuous canopy cover. Scattered trees are found more on the mainland towards Boni Forest where a diverse tree species including: palm trees, acacia species, Afzelia quenzensis (Bambakofi), polyanthia longifolia (Ashok), eucalyptus camadulensis (Blue gum) and azadirachta indica (Mwarubaini) found widespread in all areas of Lamu.
The site is dominated by the evergreen mangrove tree species along the coast and wetlands in the mainland. The mangrove trees have got eight (8) species and includes Aricennia marina, Bruguivera gymnorhia, Ceriops tagal, Loop-root mangrove, Sonneratia aiba, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora mucronal and Lumintzera racemose. Plant diversity on the mainland is rich and is evident by continuous tree and shrub species land cover. The plants observed to be thriving in Hindi, Mokowe and Jetty areas include Afzelia quenzensis (Local Name Bamba kofi) near threatened species as a result of illegal logging. The tree is known to produce long lasting timber products. Among the tree species in the area include Terminalia kilimandscharica (Local name -Mkunguni), Poliyanthia longifilia (Local name -Ashok), Melia volkensii (Local name -Mukau tree), Anacardium occidentale (Local name -Mkanju tree), Azaditachta Indica (Local name -Mwarubaini), Casuarina equeshefollia (Local name -Mvule), Euphorbia tanaensis – threatened species and Manilkara sulcuta.
22 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Table 3 1. Vegetation classification in Lokichar
Fauna Lamu marine crude oil Terminal study area Lokichar oil fields study area Arachnids Millipedes, centipedes, spiders, ticks and Scorpions, centipedes and millipede were also daddy longlegs present in undisturbed present in the area. These insects are very vegetation, tree bags and in ticks observed in poisonous and are known stinging or biting the cattle. locals, leaving them with severe pains. Arthropods Crickets, bugs grasshoppers, beetles, bees, The region is diverse in in insect species diversity cockroaches, moths, and butterflies, observed evident by termite molds marking the landscape. in the wild and at night with the attraction of Moths, butterflies, dragon flies, sand flies, lights. cockroaches and grasshoppers were also observed at night attracted to lights. Reptilia and During rainy seasons, the community has Reptiles and amphibians are also present in the Amphibia been reporting cases of poisonous snake bites area mostly on the rocky areas and in the rivers. including; cobras, puff adders, green mambas Crocodiles were reported by the locals to be and phytons in which they enter their homes attacking livestock in Turkwel river. Frog presence causing panic among residents. were noted from their noise at riverbanks. Gecko among other lizard species were common in the rocky and most homesteads and structures.
Snakes including the venomous black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) rattle snake (Crotalus cerastes) and python (Phyton morulus) were reported to be present by the locals. Birds • Fischer’s turaco bird is threatened • Hamerkop bird (Scopus umpretta through habitat destruction. The bird tours Lamu seasonally for feeding • Common Blackbird • Black crow. (Corvus capensis) • Southern branded • Augur buzzard (Buteu augur) • Kombran bird • Cormorant bird • Water eagle • Brown burrot • Vultures • Common dongo • Sand grouse • Abyssinian schmitarbill Mammals • Harveys duiker it’s a forest dependent • Cape hare (Lepus capensis) species – near threatened • Dikdik (Madogua quantheri) • Lesser Elephant shrew -near threatened • Bats (Chiroptera) • The Somali calago -near threatened species • Ground squirrels (Sciuridae) • Hirola (Hunters hartebeest) critically endangered species • Aders Duiker (critically endangered) is present in abundance in Amu ranch and its neighbourhood. However, they need undisturbed old bush tickets and forests. Illegal logging and infrastructural development threaten this species. • Critically endangered dugong (sea cow) is believed to have disappeared from the area due to loss of sea grass and ecological change. The KWS laid down a sensor to monitor its presence for 6 months but all in vain. The fishermen have not encountered the animal for quite a long time to date. • Elephants, Lion, Turtles, Wild dog, Hyena and Giraffes
23 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
3.4 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment
3.4.1 Population characteristics and settlement Patterns
According to the 2019 census report by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KPHC, 2019), Lamu County recorded a total population of 141,909 persons representing 0.3% of the total national population. Lamu East recorded the lowest population within the larger Lamu County with 11,675 males against 10,583 females making a total of 22,258 persons. Lamu West had the highest with 64,428 males compared to 57,230 females. In both sub-counties, the number of females was notably lower than the male population which went against the national figures. Lamu West where Lamu port is located, had the highest household size at 4.4 compared to Lamu West with 3.6. Much of the population is settled around or near market centers (Fig. 3.10) and tourist attraction sites mainly on the Lamu Island. At inland, the population is largely scattered with a density of 10 and 31 for Lamu East and West respectively.
Figure 3 10. Settlement patterns and Population distribution - Lamu and surroundings
The Lokichar basin lies in Turkana South sub-county which has a total population of 153,736 persons according to the 2019 census report. Out of this total, 78,402 (51%) were male and 75,329(48.9%) female while the intersex population accounted for less than one percent of the total population (Fig.3.11). This is against a total land area of 7,051.5 km2 translating to 22 persons per Km2. Much of this population is concentrated around towns of Lokichar and Loperot where most of the economic activities take place and infrastructure including health centers, government offices and schools are located.
24 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
The Turkana community has traditionally been a pastoralist community living in traditional huts (manyattas) as they moved from one area to another looking for pasture and water.
Figure 3 11. Settlement patterns and population distribution around Lokichar basin
3.4.2 Health and diseases
The table below shows the prevalent diseases recorded in the project areas.
Table 3 3. Prevalent diseases in Lokichar and Lamu areas
Lokichar area Lamu area Respiratory infections Other infections Respiratory infections Other infections Respiratory tract Malaria, diarrhea, Respiratory tract Pneumonia, ear infection, upper pneumonia, ear infection, upper infection, malaria, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract respiratory tract urinary tract infection infection. infection and skin infection. and skin diseases diseases
Figures 3-12 & 3-13 shows that respiratory track is the most prevalent disease in both project sites. Also, malaria is recorded among the most prevalent disease in Lamu and Lokichar with high cases reported. High temperatures in both regions favour mosquito breeding. Majority of people in Lokichar tend to sleep outside their houses due to high night temperatures thus exposing them to mosquito bites. Majority of the locals cannot afford/do not have mosquito nets and repellents to prevent mosquito bites. Miscarriages were also recorded as most prevalent conditions in the areas.
25 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Figure 3 12. Disease prevalent in Lamu County for a period of Nine years (Source: King Fahd Lamu County Referral Hospital)
Upper respiratory tract infection is the most prevalent disease in the area having highest case recorded and is increasing yearly. Eye infection is majorly attributed to the air pollution. From our consultations with the locals in Lokichar areas, they allege that the oil drilling project has contributed to the prevalence of the disease. Lokichar is generally arid and most ground is bear with loose soils and sand, the winds are strong and blow dust particles and contaminate the air. Infection in populated areas has also aggravated this condition among the community.
Figure 3 13. Diseases Prevalent in Lokichar, Turkana County for a period of Nine years
(Source Turkana South Sub-County Hospital. December 2019)
26 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
3.4.3 Economic activities
Lamu County is traditionally a tourist destination for visitors coming to experience the rich cultural heritage and visit notable landmarks like the Lamu Forte and donkey sanctuary among others. However, these are largely seasonal economic activities that mainly benefit hoteliers and established tourists’ agencies. Locals eke out a living by engaging in small trade, operating small boats and engaging in small scale fishing activities.
Turkana households have begun to grow crops in irrigation schemes along Kerio and Turkwel rivers (see plate 3.6) for subsistence and commercial. Some of the crops grown in the area include cassava, millet and sorghum - which do not require much water and are drought resistant. They also engage in weaving, basket making and bead work which they sell to both local and foreign tourist visiting the area.
Plate 3.6: Maize Farm in the Fertile Turkwel River Valley (Lokapel)
27 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4. RESULTS FOR AIR QUALITY, NOISE, WATER AND SOIL QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
4.1 Sample Sites
A total of 18 sites were sampled in Lamu area within the project site composed on soil, air, water, vegetation, health centers and schools (fig. 4.1). Wildlife corridors (S14 and S15) were also sampled and mapped where many giraffe families were spotted grazing near Msanga area. Both soil and water samples were collected concurrently from nearby wells and water distribution points i.e. Hindi (S2) at the jetty in Mkowe (S7) and inside the Lamu port harbor (S10). Air samples were collected in at Mkowe (S7), inside Lamu Port harbor (S10) and at the Chief’s office in Hindi/Magogoni Location (S16)..
Figure 4 1. Distribution of sampled sites in the Lamu crude oil terminal study area
In Lokichar oil fields, a total of six (6) sites were sampled for water, soil and health data from the nearby Lokichar dispensary (Fig. 4-2). All samples (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7) were picked concurrently for soil and water samples. Due to time constraints and logistical challenges in accessing security secured oil fields it was not possible to collect sample from inside the oil fields without prior arrangements.
28 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Figure 4 2. Sample sites at Lokichar oil fields study area
County Site Name Coordinates Water body Lamu Hindi Chief’s Office 701368E; 9759670N Borehole Lamu Army Barracks 711430E; 9761500N Borehole Lamu Water Tower 703805E; 9768176N Borehole Lamu Mkowe 705523E; 9752723N Ocean Lamu Lamu Port 713960E; 9756827N Ocean Lamu Mpeketoni 689024E; 9736392N Borehole Turkana Lokichar Dispesary 794290E; 264170N Altitude:775 Meters Borehole Turkana Black Gold Hotel-Lokichar 262166N; 793316E Altitude:762 Meters Borehole Turkana Turkwel River 262166N; 793316E Altitude:762 Meters River Turkana Lokichar Chief’s Office 262010N; 794155E Altitude:758 Meters Borehole Turkana Nakukulas 243852N; 813152E Altitude:670 Meters Borehole Turkana Ngamia 1 Village 244253N; 807747E Altitude:705 Meters Borehole
Table 4 1. Sampling Sites, GPS Coordinates
29 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4.2 Air quality measurements
4.2.1 Overview
The oil exploration activities by Tullow oil in Lokichar basin and the proposed construction of Lamu marine crude oil terminal in Lamu County, have the potential to transform the economic fortunes of the people living in the area. Some of the foreseen economic benefits include capital inflows, direct and indirect employment opportunities to the local people, establishment of other service and allied industries and development of social infrastructure like school, health centers etc. However, these rapid developments and the subsequent increase in human population from economic emigrants coming to Lamu and Turkana Counties would exert enormous pressure on existing limited public utilities and services.
The development of massive infrastructural projects like the Lamu Port terminal and the oil exploration activities in Lokichar basin, might have drastic and irreversible impacts on the immediate surroundings including increased pollution levels that affect human health and the transformation of the physical environment. The need to minimize airborne contamination while developing the new infrastructure can therefore not be overemphasized. Air pollution control can only be effective if good air quality baseline data is acquired to effectively monitor changes in particulate matter concentration in the air.
Air quality assessment was carried out in the two sites and its environs on 20th -21st November 2019 in Lamu County and 28th -29th November in Turkana County.
4.2.2 Results
Sampling Site, Date Parameter Concentrations WHO Guidelines NEMA Ambient Air and GPS Coordinates Quality Tolerance Limits (60 minutes) for Residential, Rural and other Areas
3 Sampling Site: Lokichar Sulphur dioxide .77µg/m3 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3 Dispensary in Turkana County 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours
3 Date: 28-11-2019 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
GPS Coordinates 1 hour
35.645979°, 2.387434° 125 µg/m3
Altitude:775 Meters 24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year
3 Total Suspended 21.33 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter 24 hours (dust). 30 minutes -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average 3 Carbon Dioxide 304 µg/m _ - 30 minutes
Formaline (ppm) 0.02 Humidity % 29 Temp. (0C) 30.8
30 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site, Date Parameter Concentrations WHO Guidelines NEMA Ambient Air and GPS Coordinates Quality Tolerance Limits (60 minutes) for Residential, Rural and other Areas
3 Sampling Site: Lokichar Sulphur dioxide 1.2 µg/m3 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3 Black Gold Hotel in Turkana County) 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours
3 Date: 28-11-2019 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
GPS Coordinates 1 hour
35.637790°, 2.369120° 125 µg/m3
Altitude:762 Meters 24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year
3 3 Nitrogen dioxide 2.2 µg/m 120 µg/m 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
3 40 µg/m 60 µg/m3- Annual Average 1 year
3 Total Suspended 25.64 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter 30 minutes 24 hours (dust). -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 yea -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 304 µg/m3
30 minutes
Formaline 0.01 Humidity % 42 Temp. (0C) 29.1 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen dioxide Turkwel River in Turkana County) Total Suspended 1.8 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter Date: 29-11-2019 (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
GPS Coordinates 60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
35.408326°, 2.380779° 1 year -Annual Average
Altitude:762 Meters Carbon Dioxide 287 µg/m3
30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.02 Humidity % 26 Temp. (0C) 28.6
31 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site, Date Parameter Concentrations WHO Guidelines NEMA Ambient Air and GPS Coordinates Quality Tolerance Limits (60 minutes) for Residential, Rural and other Areas
3 3 Sampling Site: Nitrogen dioxide 2.2 µg/m3 120 µg/m 80 µg/m
Lokichar Chief’s Camp in 30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours Turkana County 40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average Date: 29-11-2019 1 year GPS Coordinates 3 3 Total Suspended 22.9 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m 35.644675°, 2.368125° Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours Altitude:758 Meters
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average
Carbon Dioxide 239 µg/m3 - -
30 minutes Formaline (ppm) ND Humidity % 29 Temp. (0C) 33.1
3 3 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide 1.7 µg/m 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3
Nakukulas In Turkana 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours County) 3 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 29-11-2019 1 hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 35.814052°, 2.201935° 24 hours Altitude:670 Meters 60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 2.6 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 19.78 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours
60-90 µg/m3
1 year
3 Carbon Dioxide 545 µg/m - - 30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.02 Humidity % 25 Temp. (0C) 35.1
32 Sampling Site, Date Parameter Concentrations WHO Guidelines NEMA Ambient Air Environmentaland GPS Coordinates Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude OilQuality Terminal Tolerance Limits (60 minutes) for Residential, Rural and other Areas Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide 1.2 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Ngamia One Village in 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours Turkana County) 350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 29-11-2019 1 Hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 35.813942°, 2.196941° 24 hours Altitude:705 Meters 60 µg/m3
1 year
3 3 Nitrogen dioxide 2.4 µg/m 120 µg/m 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
3 40 µg/m 60 µg/m3- Annual Average 1 year
3 3 Total Suspended 15.14 µg/m 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average 3 Carbon Dioxide 532 µg/m - - 30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.03 Humidity % 25 Temp. (0C) 34.2
3 3 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide .5 µg/m 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3
Hindi Chief’s Camp in 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours Lamu county 3 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 20-11-2019 1 hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 40.810372°, 2.173334° 24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year
3 Nitrogen dioxide 18 µg/m3 120 µg/m 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
3 40 µg/m 60 µg/m3- Annual Average 1 year
3 3 Total Suspended 15.32 µg/m 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3 1 year
3 Carbon Dioxide 567 µg/m - - 30 minutes Formaline 0.02 Humidity % 87 Temp. (0C) 33.4
33 Sampling Site,Environmental Parameter Assessment Report forConcentrations the Lokichar Oil Fields WHOin Turkana County and LamuNEMA Marine Ambient Crude Oil Terminal Air Date and GPS Guidelines Quality Tolerance Coordinates (60 minutes) Limits for Residential, Rural and other Areas
3 3 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide .9 µg/m 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3
Army Barrack in Lamu 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours County 3 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 20-11-201 1 hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 40.888067°,-2.161280° 24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 11 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 13.16 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 530 µg/m3 - - 30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.06 Humidity % 63 Temp. (0C) 38.0 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide 10.5 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Water Tower in Lamu 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours County 350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 20-11-2019 1 hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 -2.09760570; 40.83466510 24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 13 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year
3 3 Total Suspended 12.89 µg/m 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average 3 Carbon Dioxide 313 µg/m - - 30 minutes Formaline (ppm) Humidity % Temp. (0C)
34 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site, Parameter Concentrations WHO NEMA Ambient Air Date and GPS Guidelines Quality Tolerance Coordinates (60 minutes) Limits for Residential, Rural and other Areas Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide 15.0 µg/m3 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3
Mkowe in Lamu County 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours
Date: 20-11-2019 350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
GPS Coordinates 1 hour
-2.09760570; 125 µg/m3 40.83466510 24 hours
3 3 Nitrogen dioxide 15.5 µg/m 120 µg/m 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
3 40 µg/m 60 µg/m3- Annual Average 1 year
3 Total Suspended 14.67 µg/m3 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average 3 Carbon Dioxide 274 µg/m -- - 30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.35 Humidity % 59 Temp. (0C) 38
3 3 Sampling Site: Sulphur dioxide 14.0 µg/m 500 µg/m 80 µg/m3
Mpeketoni, British Guest 30 minutes 10 minutes -24 hours House in Lamu County 3 350 µg/m 60 µg/m3-Annual Average Date: 20-11-2019 1 hour GPS Coordinates 125 µg/m3 40.699861°, -2.383509° 24 hours
3 3 Nitrogen dioxide 14.9 µg/m 120 µg/m 80 µg/m3
30 minutes 8 hours -24 hours
3 40 µg/m 60 µg/m3- Annual Average 1 year
3 3 Total Suspended 13.8 µg/m 150-230 µg/m 180 µg/m3 Particulate Matter (dust). 30 minutes 24 hours -24 hours
3 60-90 µg/m 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 365 µg/m3
30 minutes Formaline (ppm) 0.02 Humidity % 65 Temp. (0C) 29 Temp. (0C) 29
35 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4.3 Noise levels measurement
4.3.1 Overview
Intense noise may lead to sleep disturbance, mental exhaustion, irritation, gradual hearing disabilities and deafness. Noise consists of successive pressure waves in the atmosphere that stimulates the auditory system and can be defined as unwanted or undesirable sound. The sources of noise may be industrial set up and operations, road traffic or construction works that interferes with normal activities such as conversation, sleep or recreation.
Related to noise is vibration, which results from the transmission of low frequency energy through the medium of ground or buildings.
4.3.2 Noise Exposure Standards
The Kenya Government has set a noise standard limit at 90 dB (A) for 8 hours as the Occupational Exposure Level (OEL), which most workers can continually be exposed to noise without developing occupational hearing loss in industries. This is the recommended noise limit to reduce hearing loss (occupational deafness). The regulations also require that: -
1. Where noise gets transmitted outside the workplace shall not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day and 45 dB (A) during the night;
2. Noise measurements shall be carried out at least once in every period of twelve months in order to determine the prevailing noise conditions at workplace;
3. Where noise exceeds continuous equivalent of 85 dB (A) an effective noise control and hearing conservation programme shall be developed and implemented.
Other international Recommended Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
(International Labour Organization (ILO) and American Conference of Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) 1989-guideline document).
In offices however, the nature of work requires higher mental concentration and therefore, the noise level should be below 60 dB (A).
• For speech, comfort and work interference, noise levels less than 60 dB (A) is adopted.
• For workshop and plant area where occasional communication is required, the recommended limit is 75 dB (A).
• For workshop office, control room, laboratories and workshop where easy communication is required, the recommended limit is 60 dB (A).
4.3.3 The exposure limit (benchmark)
After measurement, the noise levels measured were compared with the standards [Threshold Limit Values (TLV),] adopted by Kenya Government, International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO) and American Conference of Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) 1989-guideline document.
4.3.4 Noise acceptability
The difference between the ambient noise level and the noise levels measured from the noise-emitting source determines the acceptability of the noise and the difference provides an indicator for the likelihood of complaints. Where the difference is +10 dB or more, the complaints are likely but when the difference is less than 10 dB, the complaints are not likely.
36 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4.3.5 Noise Measurement Results
The Table 4-3 gives the noise level measured at different sites on the two study sites.
Table 4 3. Noise Levels Measurements
Study area Sample site Noise Levels, Leq OEL/TLV DB (A) Lamu Marine Crude Chief’s Camp (Hindi) 51.5-58.2 75 Oil Terminal Army barracks 55.1-59.3 Water Tower 57.2 -61.6 Mkowe 70.1-76.6 Lamu Port 67.1-75.0 Mpeketoni (British guest House) 48.2-55.5 Lokichar Oil Fields Lokichar Dispensary 59.6-68.2 Lokichar Black Gold Hotel 62.5-70.1 River Turkwel 59.3-62.0 Lokichar Chief’s Camp 59.0-63.1 Nakukulas 63.6-70.3 Site six 64.1-71.4
4.3.6 Discussion of the noise measurement results
The noise levels at the sites were within the recommended limits in all the sampled locations. 4.4 Water Quality
4.4.1 Overview
The water samples collected from water sources were taken to University of Nairobi Chemistry Lab, a NEMA accredited Laboratory for analysis. The Following parameters were measured: pH, Temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), Electron Conductivity, Fluorides, Turbidity, Colour, Chloride, Oil & Grease, Total Coliform, E-coli, Ethyl Benzene, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), Nitrates, Sulphates, Carbonates, total Hardness,
Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Potassium, Calcium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ti and Pb.
4.4.2 Water Measurements Results
The Table 4-4 gives the results of water quality measured in different sites on the two counties.
37 The Table 4-4
Site/Parameter Lokichar Lokichar Turkwel Lokichar Nakukulas Ngamia 1 NEMA/ Chief’s Army Water Mkowe Lamu Port Mpeketoni NEMA/ Dispensary Black Gold River Chief’s Village WHO Office Barracks Tower WHO Hotel Camp Limits (Hindi) LIMITS PH 6.8 7.2 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.2 6.5-8.5 6.8 6.4 6.3 7.2 7.7 8.2 6.5-8.5 Temperature (oC) 29 30 26 33.1 33 33 - 30 31 31 33.1 33.4 29 - TDS (ppm) 330 700 360 690 700 500 1200 360 2116 2340 5700 5630 390 1200 Electrical 690 1410 720 1412 1450 990 2500 800 4600 4850 11400 10900 830 2500 Conductivity (uS/m) Fluorides (ppm) 4.4 0.3 1.1 0.5 3.2 2.8 1.5 0.33 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.1 1.5 Turbidity (NTU) 0.14 0.87 28.2 1.2 3.91 4.5 1 1.5 22.2 18.6 1.99 2.6 1.5 1 Colour (CU) 18.7 4.4 57.6 3.8 0.4 1.6 15 16.1 14.2 10.3 2.9 3.1 12.3 15 Chloride (ppm) 16.1±0.00 22.3±0.5 14.3±1.1 6.2±0.00 11.7±0.96 2.4±0.00 250 2.3±0.01 9.5±0.00 3.6±1.1 11.6±0.02 14.3±0.96 2.4±0.00 250
Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 0.11±0.00 ≤0.01 0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 0.11±0.00 ≤0.01 0.01 Total Coliform Nil Nil 3 Nil 1 Nil NIl Nil 6 4 Nil Nil Nil Nil (Counts /100 ml) E-coli (Counts /100 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil ml) Ethyl Benzene BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL - (ppm) Benzene (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01 Toluene (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.7 Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5 Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.5 TPH (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL - Nitrates (ppm) 1.24±0.00 0.96±0.00 3.12±0.0 1.66±0.0 1.99±0.0 0.91±0.0 45 0.65±0.00 0.015±0.0 0.014±0. 0.0017±0.0 0.002±0.0 0.20±0.0018 45 Sulphates (ppm) 0.63±0.00 1.24±0.00 6.79±0.0 1.87±0.0 0.34±0.0 0.29±0.0 400 2.21±0.03 0.20±0.00 0.54±0.0 0.23±0.0 0.0170.001 2.96±0.032 400 Carbonates(ppm) 1.41±0.00 0.99±0.00 0.32±0.0 1.63±0.0 1.21±0.0 1.67±0.0 1.41±0.00 0.99±0.00 0.32±0.0 1.63±0.00 1.21±0.00 1.67±0.00 total Hardness 2.63±0.00 3.69±0.00 1.09±0.0 2.1±0.00 2.64±0.0 2.61±0.0 300 7.6±0.04 3.69±0.00 3.4±0.00 287±33.4 226±25.3 4.3±0.06 300 (ppm) Sodium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 200 ND ND ND 0.06±0.00 0.34±0.00 ND 200 Magnesium (ppm) 0.038±0.0 0.06±0.00 0.01±0.0 ND 0.04±0.0 ND 100 ND ND ND ND 0.04±0.00 ND 100 Site/Parameter Lokichar Lokichar Turkwel Lokichar Nakukulas Ngamia 1 NEMA/ Chief’s Army Water Mkowe Lamu Port Mpeketoni NEMA/ Dispensary Black Gold River Chief’s Village WHO Office Barracks Tower WHO Hotel Camp Limits (Hindi) LIMITS Aluminium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Potassium(ppm) 5.6±0.02 1.02±0.00 5.8±0.6 4.1±0.02 3.1±0.06 2.1±0.00 - 0.355±0.06 0.31±0.04 0.40±0.0 0.45±0.01 0.79±0.02 1.24±0.00 - Calcium(ppm) 3.6±0.00 2.3±0.01 3.3±0.1 0.96±0.0 1.9±0.01 3.09±0.0 150 0.464±0.00 0.468±0.0 0.24±0.0 0.419±0.00 1.653±0.06 0.789±0.01 150 Chromium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.05 Manganese (ppm) 0.05±0.00 0.01±0.00 ND ND 0.01±0.0 0.06±0.0 0.1 0.7±0.00 0.46±0.00 ND ND 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.00 0.1 Iron(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.3 21.88±2.04 11.45±0.2 15.8±3.8 1.13±0.66 2.38±0.96 15.32±1.87 0.3 Cobalt(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Nickel (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.02 Copper (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 2 ND ND ND ND ND ND 2 Zinc(ppm) 0.04±0.00 0.05±0.00 0.69±0.0 0.14±0.0 0.03±0.0 0.03±0.0 5 0.04±0.00 0.05±0.00 0.69±0. 0.14±0.00 0.03±0.00 0.03±0.00 5 Ga (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - As(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.01 Se (ppm) 1.46±0.00 ND 1.11±0.0 0.85±0.0 1.98±0.06 2.77±0.03 0.01 ND ND ND Nd ND ND 0.01 Rb (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Sr(ppm) 22.6±1.7 26.5±2.4 18.4±0.96 22.9±1.7 29.2±1.7 18.2±1.6 - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Ag(ppm) 0.022±0.0 ND ND 0.09±0.0 0.008±0.0 0.026±0.0 - 0.022±0.0 ND ND ND ND 0.24±0.00 - Cd(ppm) ND 0.0045±0.0 0.01±0.0 ND ND ND 0.003 ND 0.003±0. ND ND ND ND 0.003 Cs(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Ti(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Pb(ppm) 0.0009±0.0 ND ND ND ND ND 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.01
Key: Area marked in red revealed high in Fluorides, Turbidity, TDS and Faecal Coliforms above the recommended limits Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4.4.3 Discussion of Results
The results of the water analysis indicated levels of most of the parameters are within the limits. However, fluorides, Turbidity, TDS and Faecal Coliforms are above the limits in some sites. Lamu port water is the Ocean water and therefore it is not classified as drinking water.
4.5 Soil quality test
4.5.1 Overview
Soil samples were collected and taken to University of Nairobi Chemistry lab (NEMA accredited Laboratory) for analysis. The Following parameters were checked: pH, Oil & Grease, Ethyl Benzene, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, TPH, % Total Nitrogen, Total Organic Carbon, Carbonates, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Potassium, Calcium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Ga, As, Rb, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ti, Pb.
4.5.2 Soil Measurements Results
The Tables 4-6 and 4-7 give the results of soil quality measured in different sites on the two study areas.
4.5.3 Discussion on Results
The results shows that the levels of all the parameters measured were within the acceptable limits by the Kenyan Government.
40 Site Lokichar Lokichar Turkwel Lokichar Nakukulas Ngamia 1 Limits Chief’s Army Water Mkowe Lamu Port Mpeketoni Limits Dispensary Black Gold River Chief’s Village Office Barracks Tower Hotel Camp (Hindi) pH 9.36 9.45 8.57 8.41 9.01 9.96 - 8.6 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.6 - Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 2.1±0.00 3.6±0.02 ≤0.01 - ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 ≤0.01 - Ethyl Benzene BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 200 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 200 (ppm) Benzene (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 5 Toluene (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 25 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 25 Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 45 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 45 Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 45 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 45 TPH BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.6 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.6 % Total Nitrogen 0.13±0.00 0.15±0.00 0.05±0.0 0.04±0.0 0.05±0.0 0.08±0.0 - 0.06±0.00 0.02±0.00 0.15±0.0 0.04±0.0 0.05±0.0 0.05±0.0 - TOTAL ORG C % 1.12±0.03 1.09±0.00 0.38±0.0 0.41±0.0 0.37±0.0 0.64±0.0 - 0.2±0.03 0.06±0.00 0.38±0.0 0.46±0.0 0.37±0.0 0.31±0.0 - Carbonates (ppm) 35.7±1.52 34.5±2.47 15.6±0.6 15.3±0.9 13.3±0.5 17.4±1.1 - 12.1±1.0 13.5±0.46 1.6±0.0 13.1±0.9 13.3±0.5 11.1±1.0 - Sodium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Magnesium (ppm) 3.48±0.2 3.31±0.0 4.07±0.1 4.01±0.0 0.73±0.0 2.73±0.0 - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Aluminium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Potassium (ppm) 3.83±0.0 3.57±0.3 3.11±0.6 3.16±0.0 2.75±0.1 3.63±0.0 - 4.62±0.1 2.58±0.4 3.96±0.8 2.7±0.1 1.96±0.1 0.36±0.0 - Calcium(ppm) 35.7±2.5 34.5±8.6 15.6±1.5 15.3±0.9 13.3±0.6 17.4±1.0 - 10.2±0.6 11.6±1.1 15.1±1.8 9.6±0.0 8.6±0.01 14.2±1.6 - Chromium (ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 500 ND ND ND ND ND ND 500 Manganese (ppm) 1.98±0.0 1.87±0.0 0.75±0.0 0.77±0.0 0.66±0.0 0.86±00 1800 0.36±0.0 0.05±0.0 0.44±0.0 ND 0.17±0.0 0.33±0.0 1800 Iron(ppm) 402.2±26.4 404.6±15.2 439.1±17.7 438.8±10.2 137.2±9.6 361.8±2.7 - 365±13.4 354±14.1 427±21.5 431±18.1 365±27.3 368±15.2 - Cobalt(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Nickel(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100 Copper(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 36 ND ND ND ND ND ND 36 Zinc(ppm) 4.6±0.0 4.8±0.0 4.91±0.0 4.86±0.3 5.46±0.0 4.35±0.3 150 2.1±0.0 2.6±0.4 3.4±0.0 2.7±0.3 2.1±0.1 2.4±0.6 150 Ga ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.5 As(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Rb ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Ag(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Cd(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 2 ND ND ND ND ND ND 2 Cs(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Ti(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND - ND ND ND ND ND ND - Pb(ppm) ND ND ND ND ND ND 80 ND ND ND ND ND ND 80
Table 4 6. Result of Soil Analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County and Crude oil terminal Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
5. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
The effects of environmental pollution considered in this study included the following:
• Noise
• Air pollution: Particulate matter, Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• Chemicals in drinking water
• Soil Pollution
5.1 Impacts of Increased Noise Levels to Human Health
The most significant impacts of high-level noise are: noise induced hearing loss, interference with communication; sleep disturbance, general work performance, annoyance relaxation, thought and concentration. As the development of the oilfield in Lokichar continues the increased traffic is expected to increase noise levels that may cause the negative health effects.
In Lamu Port terminal which was almost complete, the operation phase will lead to increase in traffic in the port hence increase in the noise levels taking into consideration the noise level at the port and Mkowe ranged 67.1-75.0 DB (A) and 70.1-76.6 DB (A) which is on the margin of excess noise.
Taking into consideration of the above conditions we recommend that the level of noise be measured quarterly.
5.2 Impacts of Increased Particulate matter to Human Health
The health effects of inhalable Particulate matter include: cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and lung cancer (WHO, 2005; WHO, 2011).
In Lokichar, the measurement of the particulate matter was done for a period of 30 minutes during the rainy season hence the level of dust was expected/was low. Lokichar is a semi-arid area which experiences long dry seasons with a lot of wind that increases the particulate matter during the dry season hence there is risk of getting health effects due to high particulate matter like upper track infection as evidenced from the social/medical data obtained from the hospital.
In Lamu, the measurement of the particulate matter was done during the rainy season hence the level of dust was low. During the dry seasons with a lot of particulate matter will increase and completion of Lamu Port terminal will result to increased traffic hence the particulate matter levels will increase exposing the people in the area to health problems due to high particulate matter.
Taking into consideration of the above conditions, we recommend that the level of particulate matter be measured during the dry season. We also recommend quarterly monitoring of the particulate matter.
5.3 Health Effects of Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
SO2 can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs and causes irritation of the eyes.
When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid; this is the main component of acid rain which is a cause of deforestation (WHO, 2019).
42 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
The concentration of SO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 15.0 to 15.6 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly.
5.4 Health Effects of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Epidemiological studies have shown that symptoms of bronchitis in asthmatic children increase in association with long-term exposure to NO2. Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America (WHO, 2019). The concentration of NO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.8 to 2.6µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 11.0 to 18.0 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly.
5.5 Disease Caused by Water Pollution
The diseases caused by water pollution include:
• Water-borne diseases - more common water-borne diseases Hepatitis, cholera, dysentery and typhoid.
• Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and affects the central nervous system. Children and pregnant women are most at risk.
• Excess fluorides can cause yellowing of the teeth and damage to the spinal cord and other crippling diseases.
• Excess nitrates cause ‘blue baby’ syndrome and digestive tract cancers.
• Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low exposure levels.
• Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous system and the kidney and other metabolic disruptions.
In Lokichar, the measurement of the water quality parameters was within the recommended levels by WHO and NEMA with an exception of few sites whose fluoride levels were reasonably high. The development of Lokichar town will lead to increase in population in the town hence the quality of water will be compromised due to cases of ODF. The transportation and exploration can result in oil spills and this will also affect the quality of water.
In Lamu, the water quality parameters were within the recommended levels by WHO and NEMA with an exception of few sites whose total dissolved solids, total coliforms count and total hardness levels were reasonably high. Oil spills which can result from handling poses risk to the quality of water.
Taking into consideration the above conditions, we recommend that the water quality parameters be measured quarterly. 5.6 Soil Pollution
Effects of soil pollution include the following:
A potential oil spill has a devastating effect on the soils of the area including altering the chemical (i.e. pH, cation exchange capacity) and physical property i.e. porosity, thus threatening not only food security of the people but also affecting biodiversity including microorganisms present in the soil.
Fertilizer-based soil pollution causes problems due to poisoning, such as burned roots, stunted growth, and mineral deficiencies.
Salt Contamination in Soil- This makes the soil unable to support most crops. Salts are very difficult to
43 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
remove from soil, so this is a pernicious problem.
Groundwater Pollution Effects
Heavy Metal in the soil can cause plant fertility problems, damage to the chromosomes of animals and people, leading to mutations, cancer, and a variety of other problems.
In Lokichar, the soil quality parameters were within the recommended levels by WHO and NEMA. During transportation and exploration of the oil there will be cases of oil spills which will cause soil pollution. In Lamu, the soil parameters were within the recommended levels by WHO and NEMA.
Taking into consideration of the above conditions we recommend that the soil parameters measured be monitored quarterly during full operation of the exploration of the oil and Lamu port.
This report provides comprehensive chemical analysis of air, water and soils and will serves as baseline data for future comparison.
44 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusions
Data from the baseline assessment showed that the developments of oil and gas infrastructure in both Lamu and Lokichar sites could potentially results in the occurrence of certain elements that could be harmful to the immediate environment. In particular, the alteration of riverine habitats is a possibility, which could result in the disturbance of an ecosystem supporting various species of mammals, birds and fish that depend on the few fresh water sources for their survival. Moreover, wildlife migratory routes within Lamu could be altered a result of infrastructural projects near wildlife protected areas while vegetation might be affected by accidental oil spillage. The study provides baseline information to be used for environmental monitoring during construction and operational phases of the projects. The environmental monitoring tracking tools are in appendix III.
The development of the Lokichar oil fields, the Lokichar-Lamu crude oil pipeline as well as the Lamu marine terminal is expected to bring social and economic development at the local and national level, but if not properly managed, can result into lasting impacts to the environment and the people. In order to assess the environment, WWF and partners conducted the assessment and identified the following issues;
1. Inefficient Pollution Prevention Mechanism. High Carbon Dioxide concentration have been noted in Ngamia 1, Ngamia 3 and Amosing fields in Lokichar which was high at 532 ppm. The effects of environmental pollution considered in this study revealed - 2. Increasing levels of Respiratory Tract Infections. Both in Lamu and Lokichar, respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection has been reported. While in Lokichar, it has been established that upper respiratory tract infection is the most prevalent disease in the area having highest case recorded compared to Lamu and is increasing yearly. Eye infection is majorly attributed to the air pollution. Other infections in the area include; Malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia, ear infection, urinary tract infection and skin diseases. 3. Inappropriate hazardous waste management: The hazardous waste is managed in an open area in close proximity to households. During the production stage, in the event the hazardous waste is not properly managed, contamination of both underground and surface water is likely to occur affecting the health of the people and livestock. 4. Increase in traffic at the Lamu port and south Lokichar basin leading tonoise pollution. The most significant impacts of high-level noise are: noise induced hearing loss, interference with communication; sleep disturbance, general work performance, annoyance relaxation, thought and concentration. As the development of the South Lokichar Oil basin continues the increased traffic is expected to increase noise levels that may cause negative health effects. In Lamu Port terminal which was almost complete, the operation phase will lead to increase in traffic in the port hence increase in the noise levels taking into consideration the noise level at the port and Mkowe ranged 67.1-75.0 DB (A) and 70.1-76.6 DB (A) which is on the margin of excess noise. 5. Impact of particulate matter to human health: The health effects of inhalable particulate matter include: cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and lung cancer (WHO, 2011). In Lokichar, the measurement of the particulate matter was done during the rainy season hence the level of dust was low. Lokichar is a semi-arid area which experiences long dry seasons with a lot of wind that increases the particulate matter concentration
45 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
in the air and this increases the health risks associated with high particulate matter for instance upper track infection as indicated in the social/medical data obtained from the hospital. Similarly, in Lamu, particulate matter measurements were conducted during the short rainy season and thus, low levels of dust particles were recorded. The particulate matter should be monitored frequently so as to ascertain the contribution of the ongoing projects to the high levels of PM. This is partly because the project areas are characterized by loose soil material and strong winds which together contributes to particulate matter concentration in the air. 6. Health effect of Sulphur Dioxide: SO2 can affect the respiratory system and the functions of the lungs and causes irritation of the eyes. When SO2 combines with water, it forms sulfuric acid; this is the main component of acid rain which is a cause of deforestation (WHO, 2019). The concentration of SO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.2 to 1.7 µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 15.0 to 15.6 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly. 7. Health Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide: Epidemiological studies have shown that symptoms of bronchitis in asthmatic children increase in association with long-term exposure to NO2. Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America (WHO, 2019). The concentration of NO2 in Lokichar ranged from 1.8 to 2.6µg/m3 while at Lamu the concentration ranged from 11.0 to 18.0 µg/m3 which is within the maximum allowed limit of 80 µg/m3. These levels should be maintained; hence we recommend monitoring of the air quality quarterly. WWF and KOGWG have elaborated recommendations below to help guide the petroleum development phase in the country in order to minimize the potential impact to people and nature in the two project sites.
1. NEMA to undertake quarterly environmental audits for monitoring changes in the environment within the project sites. 2. Oil company to adherence to national and international laws as well as international standards on pollution prevention, hazardous waste management, community health and safety while undertaking petroleum development. 3. Oil companies employ up-to-date technologies to capture excess carbon. This will ensure that Kenya is complying to national legislations and international treaties on combating climate change.
46 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
47 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
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Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume I : Population By County and Sub-County. Retrieved from http://www.knbs.or.ke
Lindvall T and Radford P. E (1973). Measurement of annoyance due to exposure to environmental factors: The fourth Karolinska institute symposium on environmental health. Environmental Research Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 1-36.
Passchier-Vermeer W and Passchier W (2000). Noise Exposure and Public Health. 2000 Environmental Health Perspectives 108 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):123-31.
Pope C. A, Burnett R. T, Thun M. J (2002). Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9): 1132–1141.
Stanek L. W, Sacks J. D, Dutton S. J, Jean-Jacques B. D (2011). Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: an evaluation of collective results. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45:5655– 5663.
WHO (2019). Fact sheet on air pollution. Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO (2011). Exposure to air pollution (particulate matter) in outdoor air. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2011 (ENHIS Factsheet 3.3) (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0018/97002/ ENHIS_ Factsheet_3.3_ July_ 2011.pdf, accessed 29 November, 2019).
WHO, (2005). Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2006 (http://www.euro. who.int/en/what-we-do/health- topics/environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/ pre2009/air-quality-guidelines.-global-update-2005.- particulate-matter,-ozone,- nitrogen-dioxide-and-sulfur-dioxide, accessed 29 November, 2019).
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48 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Key informant interviews
Appendix II: Field Photos
Appendix III: Environmental Quality Audits Tracking Tools for Monitoring Changes in the Environment over time
Appendix IV: Terms of reference
Appendix V: Environmental Compliance Standards
49 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal Appendix I: Key informant interviews
Name/Organization Remarks Tullow Community Tullow has sponsored students to secondary schools and colleges with more than 300 Centre beneficiaries. More than 45 students have been given scholarship for higher learning. Community liaison Through CSR project Tullow has developed 3 hospitals (level 4) and a dispensary in three sub-counties, that is, Lokichar, Lodwar and Lokori. 3 being level four hospitals. Tullow oil also ensure the get consent from the community on upcoming projects and give them project updates. Workplace accidents are currently minimal since workplace safety standards are observed there are issues on flaring, extra gases are burnt to avoid air pollution. Tullow has adopted a policy in that whenever a tree is cut, 30 or more are ensured planted. Turkana communities are pastoralist and Tullow have known their migratory routes. They monitor them wherever they are, provide them with water and give them important information upcoming projects. This key information includes; 1. General project updates 2. Consent from the community (written or verbal).
The oil Blocks Block 10BA- Covers the sides of Marsabit County. Block 10BB Covering the sides of Lokichar towards Lokori Block 12A- Found in Baringo county Block 12B – Found in Kisumu county Block 13T – Kainuk
10BB and 13T are the active blocks serving as the pilot project. 4,000 people are employed by Tullow Oil Company. However, the number reduced from initial higher number. Majority were the unskilled workers during construction phase. Lokichar area Chief. The area chief indicated that the oil project has impacted positively the lives of Lokichar people and Turkana at large. There is increase in population in especially in Lokichar town and new businesses are seen sprouting. People from different parts of Kenya has developed interest in Lokichar, seeking both employment and establishing business. The locals have set their own rules in conserving the environment. There are specific tree species that are prohibited from cutting or destruction like Accacia tortilis. Mathenge trees are allowed for charcoal burning and other uses. The local bandits have been disarmed by Kenya defense forces and security is now being restored in the region. However, there are some bandits still in possession of firearms. Commercial sex business is observed in Lokichar town as a result of population influx.
Turkana South Sub- Prevalent diseases as per reported cases obtained from the health record County Hospital include; • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) Clinical Officer • Malaria • Eye infections • Malaria in pregnancies • Brucellosis • Abortion (Miscarriages) • Skin disease • Diarrhea • Muscular skeletal conditions • Bites (from snakes, scorpions and other insects) • Pneumonia • Urinary tract infections
50 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Hindi Chiefs office Water is sourced from Hindi-Makongoni water project from a borehole drilled in 1999 -Lamu of about 40 feet in dept. HIV&AIDs is a prevalent disease and affects both genders, young and old. The people own lands averaging 10-15 acres and reduce towards centers and developing towns. Transportation using vehicles is moderate. Fishing and farming are the main economic activities in the Lamu County and the project area in particular. Farming activities are done in small scale including mango trees, maize, beans and vegetable growing. There are rampant cases of wildlife human conflict in the region. Hippos and buffaloes destroy farmer’s plantations and lions as well kill the cattle in the villages. In retaliation lions have been reported to have been poisoned and hippos and buffaloes killed. The region has been blessed, the vegetation regenerates very first as it recovers from drought seasons. Bamba kofi tree (Afzelia quenzensis), near endangered hardwood tree in the region has been banned from harvesting. It is known to produce the best timber products that cannot be destroyed by termites. The locals widely use firewood for fuel and belief it has no effect to their health from their experience
Lokichar RCEA Health Prevalent diseases as per reported cases obtained from the health record include; Centre. • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) • Malaria Clinical Officer • Eye infections • Malaria in pregnancies • Brucellosis • Abortion (Miscarriages) • Skin disease • Diarrhea • Muscular skeletal conditions • Bites (from snakes, scorpions and other insects) • Pneumonia • Urinary tract infections Makongoni health Respiratory tract infections caused by contaminated air by particulate matter such center -Lamu as dust and microorganisms causing allergen city and infections. Other prevalent diseases include: Clinical nurses • Skin disease • Diarrhea • Suspected Malaria • Urinary Tract Infection • Pneumonia • Hypertension • Dental Disorders • Intestinal worms • Arthritis, Joint pains etc. From the population census, male gender was recorded to be higher (76,103) than that of females (67,813). The reason being, most men have immigrated to Lamu County to seek for jobs. Doctor to population ratio (1:36, 343) is considered low and there is a high child mortality rate, In Lamu every 1000 new born, 72 dies. Children below five years also have been reported to have very high mortality rate, 123 deaths from every 1000. It’s mainly due to majority mothers delivering at their homes assisted by traditional doctors and few delivering in hospitals. Fewer health medical assistants during deliveries have been additional factor. However, clinical deliveries were reported to be increasing with the help of immunization/ vaccination will help reduce the high rates of child mortality across the county.
51 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Kenya Forest Research Main tree seedlings produced at the centre Institute. (KEFRI) Afzelia quenzensis (Local Name Bamba kofi) near threatened species as a result of -Lamu, Forest Officer. illegal logging. The tree is known to produce everlasting timber products. Terminalia kilimandscharica (Local name -Mkunguni) Poliyanthia longifilia (Local name -Ashok) Melia volkensii (Local name -Mukau tree) Anacardium occidentale (Local name -Mkanju tree) Azaditachta Indica (Local name -Mwarubaini) Casuarina equeshefollia (Local name -Mvule) Euphorbia tanaensis – threatened species Manilkara sulcuta
Kenya Maritime Gives out licenses to operate sea facilities for safety reasons, navigation, some of the Autority (KMA) -Lamu, conditions include: Maritime researcher They must put in place necessary contingency plan. There must be receptor facilities for all the ships coming in. The mandate of the KMA is to deal with oil spill on the water side. They are responsible and will ensure the LAPSSET Corridor Program and the Lamu port has put in place a contingency plan KMA deals with safety issues on marine side and offers marine resources. They conduct safety training and have a department that is responsible for cleaning the waters in case of oil spills. However, there is no major oil spill ever reported since Lamu does not have major shipping activities. Major shipping is expected on completion of Lamu port. Floating petrol stations are regulated by KMA and must adhere to in preventing water pollution. Methods of cleaning oil contamination Open burning on major oil spillage Oil spill left for the ocean to clean itself naturally in the case of minor spills. Lamu Island KFS Office, The department has majored in mangrove tree species protection and research. Forest Officer The mangroove tree species are considered near endangered as a result of ocean pollution and illegal logging Mangrove trees have got eight (8) species and includes; 1. Aricennia marina 2. Sonneratia aiba 3. Bruguivera gymnorhia 4. Xylocarpus granatum 5. Ceriops tagal 6. Rhizophora mucronal 7. Loop-root mangrove 8. Lumintzera racemose The department has a handbook for procedural oil spill response
52 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
KWS Lamu Island Common endangered wildlife species in Lamu include; • Lion • Vultures • Turtles • Wild dog Hyena Deputy senior warden Elephants are no longer hunted and killed in Lamu due to awareness to the locals and dire penalties on poaching. The locals have learnt to co-exist with elephants. Shark is also an endangered species due to poaching for cultural and economic purposes. Fischer’s turaco bird is threatened through habitat destruction. The bird tours Lamu seasonally for feeding. Thriving wildlife species near the project area. • Buffaloes • Water eagle • Reticulated giraffes • Kombran bird • Leopards • Desert warthog • Cheetahs • Southern branded • Sported hyena • Lesser kudu • Zebras • Boni Forest have been separated and managed separately due to insecurity issues. KDF who kill or destroy wildlife are treated to have violated the Wildlife act, will be prosecuted. No latest wildlife census done. Aerial survey an elephant monitoring indicates about 25 to 30 elephants found. 2 acres of mangrove were cleared to pave way for Lamu port.
53 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
AIR QUALITY TRACKING TOOLS
Sampling Site: Lokichar Dispensary
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/AQ/01
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.645979°, 2.387434°
Altitude:775 Meters
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.77µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 2.6 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 21.33 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 304 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 29 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 30.8 Within the limit
54 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Lokichar Black Gold Hotel
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/AQ/02
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.637790°, 2.369120°
Altitude:762 Meters
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.2 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 2.2 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 25.65 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 304 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.01 Within the limit Humidity % 42 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 29.1 Within the limit
55 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Turkwel River
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/AQ/03
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.408326°, 2.380779°
Altitude:762 Meters
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.3 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.8 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 26.81 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 287 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 26 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 28.6 Within the limit
56 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Nakukulas
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/AQ/05
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.814052°, 2.201935°
Altitude:670 Meters
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.7 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 2.6 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 19.78 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 545 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 25 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 35.1 Within the limit
57 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Ngamia One Village
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/AQ/06
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.813942°, 2.196941°
Altitude:705 Meters
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 1.2 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 2.4 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 15.14 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 532 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.03 Within the limit Humidity % 25 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 34.2 Within the limit
58 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Hindi Chief’s Camp
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/01
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 40.810372°, 2.173334°
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 8.5 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 18 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 15.32 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 567 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 87 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 33.4 Within the limit
59 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Army Barracks
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/02
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 40.888067°, -2.161280°
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 9.9 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 11 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 13.16 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 530 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.06 Within the limit Humidity % 63 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 38.0 Within the limit
60 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Water Tower
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/03
Date:
GPS Coordinates; 40.83466510, -2.09760570
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 10.5 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 13 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 12.89 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 313 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 66 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 36.0 Within the limit
61 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Mkowe
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/04
Date:
GPS Coordinates; 40.83466510, -2.09760570
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 10.5 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 13 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 12.89 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 274 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.35 Within the limit Humidity % 59 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 38 Within the limit
62 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Lamu Port
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/05
Date:
GPS Coordinates; 40.928582°, 2.198383°
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 15.0 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 15.5 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 12.89 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 274 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.35 Within the limit Humidity % 59 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 38 Within the limit
63 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Mpeketoni, British Guest House
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/AQ/06
Date:
GPS Coordinates; 40.699861°, -2.383509°
Parameter WHO NEMA Ambient Air Quality Baseline Remarks Guidelines Tolerance Limits for Concentrations Residential, Rural and other (60 minutes) Areas Sulphur dioxide 500 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 14.0 µg/m3 Within the limit
10 minutes -24 hours
350 µg/m3 60 µg/m3-Annual Average
1 hour
125 µg/m3
24 hours
60 µg/m3
1 year Nitrogen dioxide 120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 14.9 µg/m3 Within the limit
8 hours -24 hours
40 µg/m3 60 µg/m3- Annual Average
1 year Total Suspended 150-230 µg/m3 180 µg/m3 13.8 µg/m3 Within the limit Particulate Matter (dust). 24 hours -24 hours
60-90 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
1 year -Annual Average Carbon Dioxide 365 µg/m3 Within the limit Formaline 0.02 Within the limit Humidity % 65 Within the limit Temp. (0C) 29 Within the limit
64 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
NOISE QUALITY TRACKING TOOLS
Study area Sample site Baseline Results OEL/TLV Noise Levels, Leq DB (A) Lamu Marine Chief’s Camp 51.5-58.2 Within the limit 75 Crude Oil (Hindi) Terminal Army barracks 55.1-59.3 Within the limit Water Tower 57.2 -61.6 Within the limit Mugoye 70.1-76.6 Within the limit Lamu Port 67.1-75.0 Within the limit Mpeketon (British 48.2-55.5 Within the limit guest House) Lokichar Oil Lokicher 59.6-68.2 Within the limit Fields Dispensary Lokichar Black 62.5-70.1 Within the limit Gold Hotel River Turkwel 59.3-62.0 Within the limit Lokichar Chief’s 59.0-63.1 Within the limit Camp Nakukulas 63.6-70.3 Within the limit Site six 64.1-71.4 Within the limit
65 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Water quality tracking tools
Sampling Site: Lokichar Dispensary
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/01
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.645979°, 2.387434°
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 6.8 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 29 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 330 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 690 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 4.4 1.5 Above the limits Turbidity (NTU) 0.14 1 Within the limits Colour (CU) 18.7 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 16.1±0.00 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 1.24±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 0.63±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.41±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 2.63±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) 0.038±0.00 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 5.6±0.02 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 3.6±0.00 150 Within the limits Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese (ppm) 0.05±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.04±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se 1.46±0.00 0.01 Above the limits
66 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 22.6±1.7 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.022±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) 0.0009±0.00 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Lokichar Black Gold Hotel
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/02
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.645979°, 2.387434°
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks PH 7.2 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 30 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 700 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 1410 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 0.3 1.5 Within the limits Turbidity (NTU) 0.87 1 Within the limits Colour (CU) 4.4 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 22.3±0.5 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 0.96±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 1.24±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 0.99±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 3.69±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) 0.06±0.00 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 1.02±0.00 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 2.3±0.01 150 Within the limits
67 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese (ppm) 0.01±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.05±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se ND 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 26.5±2.4 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) ND - Within the limits Cd(ppm) 0.0045±0.0 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Turkwel River
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/03
Date:
GPS Coordinates: 35.645979°, 2.387434°
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 6.8 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 26 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 360 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 720 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 1.1 1.5 Within the limits Turbidity (NTU) 28.2 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 57.6 15 Above the limits Chloride (ppm) 14.3±1.1 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) 3 NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits ‘Tolue’ne (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits
68 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 3.12±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 6.79±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 0.32±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 1.09±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) 0.01±0.00 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 5.8±0.6 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 3.3±0.1 150 Within the limits Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese (ppm) ND 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.69±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se 1.11±0.00 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 18.4±0.96 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.ND - Within the limits Cd(ppm) 0.01±0.00 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
69 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Lokichar Chief’s Camp
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/04
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 7.3 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 33.1 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 690 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 1412 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 0.5 1.5 Within the limits Turbidity (NTU) 1.2 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 3.8 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 6.2±0.00 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 1.66±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 1.87±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.63±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 2.1±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 4.1±0.02 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 0.96±0.00 150 Within the limits Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese (ppm) ND 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.14±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
70 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Se 0.85±0.00 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 22.9±1.7 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.09±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Nakukulas
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/05
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 7.7 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 33 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 700 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 1450 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 3.2 1.5 Above the limits Turbidity (NTU) 3.91 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 0.4 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 11.7±0.96 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) 0.11±0.00 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) 1 NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 1.99±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 0.34±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.21±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 2.64±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) 0.04±0.00 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 3.1±0.06 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 1.9±0.01 150 Within the limits
71 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits M’’’’’’anganese (ppm) 0.01±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.03±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se 1.98±0.06 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 29.2±1.7 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.008±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Ngamia 1 Village
County: Turkana County
S/N: LOF/TKN/WQ/06
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 8.2 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 33 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 500 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity (uS) 990 2500 Within the limits fluorides (ppm) 2.8 1.5 Above the limits Turbidity (NTU) 4.5 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 1.6 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 2.4±0.00 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform (Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits 72 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Nitrates (ppm) 0.91±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates (ppm) 0.29±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.67±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness (ppm) 2.61±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 2.1±0.00 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 3.09±0.00 150 Within the limits Chromium (ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese (ppm) 0.06±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) ND 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel (ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper (ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.03±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se 2.77±0.03 0.01 Above the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr 18.2±1.6 - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.026±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
73 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Chief’s Office (Hindi)
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/01
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 6.8 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 30 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 360 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity(uS) 800 2500 Within the limits Fluorides (ppm) 0.33 1.5 Within the limits Turbidity (NTU) 1.50 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 16.1 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 2.3±0.01 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 0.65±0.00 45 Within the limits Sulphates(ppm) 2.21±0.03 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.41±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness(ppm) 7.6±0.04 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 0.355±0.06 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 0.464±0.00 150 Within the limits Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese(ppm) 0.7±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) 21.88±2.04 0.3 Above the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper(ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.04±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits
74 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se ND 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr ND - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.022±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Army Barracks
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/02
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 6.4 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 31 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 2116 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity(uS) 4600 2500 Within the limits Fluorides (ppm) 0.8 1.5 Within the limits Turbidity (NTU) 22.2 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 14.2 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 9.5±0.00 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) 6 NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 0.015±0.0 45 Within the limits Sulphates(ppm) 0.20±0.00 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 0.99±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness(ppm) 3.69±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 0.31±0.04 - Within the limits
75 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS Calcium(ppm) 0.468±0.0 150 Within the limits Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese(ppm) 0.46±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) 11.45±0.2 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits
Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper(ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.05±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se ND 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr ND - Within the limits Ag(ppm) ND - Within the limits Cd(ppm) 0.003±0. 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
Sampling Site: Water Tower
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/03
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks PH 6.3 6.5-8.5 Below the limits Temperature (oC) 31 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 2340 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity(uS) 4850 2500 Within the limits Fluorides (ppm) 0.9 1.5 Within the limits
Turbidity (NTU) 18.6 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 10.3 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 3.6±1.1 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) 4 NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits
76 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 0.014±0. 45 Within the limits Sulphates(ppm) 0.54±0.0 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 0.32±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness(ppm) 3.4±0.00 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 0.40±0.0 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 0.24±0.0 150 Within the limits Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese(ppm) ND 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) 15.8±3.8 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper(ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.69±0.0 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits Se ND 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr ND - Within the limits Ag(ppm) ND - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
77 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Mkowe
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/04
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks PH 7.2 6.5-8.5 Temperature (oC) 33.1 - TDS (ppm) 5700 1200 Electron Conductivity(uS) 11400 2500 Fluorides (ppm) 0.7 1.5
Turbidity (NTU) 1.99 1 Colour (CU) 2.9 15 Chloride (ppm) 11.6±0.02 250 Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 TPH BDL - Nitrates (ppm) 0.0017±0.00 45 Sulphates(ppm) 0.23±0.0 400 Carbonates(ppm) 1.63±0.00 total Hardness(ppm) 287±33.4 300 Sodium (ppm) 0.06±0.00 200 Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Aluminium (ppm) ND - Potassium(ppm) 0.45±0.01 - Calcium(ppm) 0.419±0.00 150 Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Manganese(ppm) ND 0.1 Iron(ppm) 1.13±0.66 0.3 Cobalt(ppm) ND - Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Copper(ppm) ND 2 Zinc(ppm) 0.14±0.00 5 Ga ND - As(ppm) ND 0.01
78 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks Se Nd 0.01 Rb ND - Sr ND - Ag(ppm) ND - Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Cs(ppm) ND - Ti(ppm) ND - Pb(ppm) ND 0.01
Sampling Site: Lamu Port
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/05
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks PH 7.7 6.5-8.5 Ocean Water Temperature (oC) 33.4 - TDS (ppm) 5630 1200 Electron Conductivity(uS) 10900 2500 Fluorides (ppm) 0.7 1.5
Turbidity (NTU) 2.6 1 Colour (CU) 3.1 15 Chloride (ppm) 14.3±0.96 250 Oil & Grease (ppm) 0.11±0.00 0.01 Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 TPH BDL - Nitrates (ppm) 0.002±0.00 45 Sulphates(ppm) 0.0170.001 400 Carbonates(ppm) 1.21±0.00 total Hardness(ppm) 226±25.3 300 Sodium (ppm) 0.34±0.00 200 Magnesium (ppm) 0.04±0.00 100 Aluminium (ppm) ND - Potassium(ppm) 0.79±0.02 -
79 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO LIMITS Remarks Calcium(ppm) 1.653±0.06 150 Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Manganese(ppm) 0.01±0.00 0.1 Iron(ppm) 2.38±0.96 0.3 Cobalt(ppm) ND - Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Copper(ppm) ND 2 Zinc(ppm) 0.03±0.00 5 Ga ND - As(ppm) ND 0.01 Se ND 0.01 Rb ND - Sr ND - Ag(ppm) ND - Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Cs(ppm) ND - Ti(ppm) ND - Pb(ppm) ND 0.01
80 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Sampling Site: Mpeketoni
County: Lamu County
S/N: LCOT/LM/WQ/06
Date:
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS PH 8.2 6.5-8.5 Within the limits Temperature (oC) 29 - Within the limits TDS (ppm) 390 1200 Within the limits Electron Conductivity(uS) 830 2500 Within the limits Fluorides (ppm) 0.1 1.5 Within the limits
Turbidity (NTU) 1.50 1 Above the limits Colour (CU) 12.3 15 Within the limits Chloride (ppm) 2.4±0.00 250 Within the limits Oil & Grease (ppm) ≤0.01 0.01 Within the limits Total Coliform(Counts /100 ml) Nil NIl Within the limits E-coli(Counts /100 ml) Nil Nil Within the limits Ethyl Benzene (ppm) BDL - Within the limits Benzene (ppm) BDL 0.01 Within the limits Toluene (ppm) BDL 0.7 Within the limits Xylene (o) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits Xylene (m,p) (ppm) BDL 0.5 Within the limits TPH BDL - Within the limits Nitrates (ppm) 0.20±0.0018 45 Within the limits Sulphates(ppm) 2.96±0.032 400 Within the limits Carbonates(ppm) 1.67±0.00 Within the limits total Hardness(ppm) 4.3±0.06 300 Within the limits Sodium (ppm) ND 200 Within the limits Magnesium (ppm) ND 100 Within the limits Aluminium (ppm) ND - Within the limits Potassium(ppm) 1.24±0.00 - Within the limits Calcium(ppm) 0.789±0.01 150 Within the limits Chromium(ppm) ND 0.05 Within the limits Manganese(ppm) 0.01±0.00 0.1 Within the limits Iron(ppm) 15.32±1.87 0.3 Within the limits Cobalt(ppm) ND - Within the limits Nickel(ppm) ND 0.02 Within the limits Copper(ppm) ND 2 Within the limits Zinc(ppm) 0.03±0.00 5 Within the limits Ga ND - Within the limits As(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
81 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Site Baseline NEMA/WHO Remarks LIMITS Se ND 0.01 Within the limits Rb ND - Within the limits Sr ND - Within the limits Ag(ppm) 0.24±0.00 - Within the limits Cd(ppm) ND 0.003 Within the limits Cs(ppm) ND - Within the limits Ti(ppm) ND - Within the limits Pb(ppm) ND 0.01 Within the limits
82 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Appendix IV: Terms of reference
The development of Amosing, Ngamia and Twiga fields as a foundation stage for the south Lokichar basin in Turkana County will require additional drilling of 330 wells and 3000ha of land acquired for the development of this basin. Similarly, the central processing unit, water piping from River Turkwel and interconnected pipelines among the wells as well as the 829km pipeline from Lokichar to Lamu port are among the infrastructural development that will support the production phase of crude oil in Kenya.
In limiting the impact of such infrastructure on people and the Environment, WWF commissioned an environmental baseline assessment to;
1. Conduct a baseline water quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative water quality
2. Conduct a baseline air quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative air quality especially around the oil production or handling areas and environs
3. Conduct a baseline soil quality assessment on selected areas to establish representative soil quality especially around the oil production or handling areas and environs
4. Establish and document the current baseline status for noise, population and settlement patterns, wildlife, vegetation cover and forest cover in the 2 areas
5. Establish the baseline on environmental health
6. Document effects of air pollution, impacts of increased level of particulate matter to human health and any other disease prevalence in the 2 areas including child mortality and miscarriages
7. Develop tracking tools for environmental quality audits for monitoring changes in the environment over time.
83 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Appendix V: Environmental Compliance Standards
National legislation has provided various safeguards/ limits for emissions. Many of these standards such as Effluent Discharge Standards, Noise Emission Standards as stipulated in the NEMA and World Bank/IFC standards are as shown below:
Effluent Discharge Standards
: Effluent discharge standards criteria for NEMA and World Bank/IFC Standards1
Pollutant or Effluent Maximum allowable limits NEMA discharge standard World Bank/ IFC (mg/l) standard (mg/l) Ammonia 100 10 Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 30 50 Chemical oxygen demand 50 250 (COD) Chromium (VI) 0.05 0.1 Chromium (Total) 2 0.5 Iron 1.0 0.5 pH 6.5-8.5 6-9 Oil & grease Nil 10 Hydrogen sulphide 15 ppm Total residual chlorine 0.10 0.2 Total suspended solids (TSS) 30 50 Total Dissolved Solids 1200 Temperature ±30C above ambient temperature ±30C above ambient of receptor temperature of receptor Zinc 0.5 2.0 Boron 1.0 Sulphate 0.1 1.0 Fluoride 1.5 20 Arsenic 0.02 0.1 Cadmium 0.01 0.1
84 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Appendix V: Environmental Compliance Standards
National legislation has provided various safeguards/ limits for emissions. Many of these standards such as Effluent Discharge Standards, Noise Emission Standards as stipulated in the NEMA and World Bank/IFC standards are as shown below:
Effluent Discharge Standards
: Effluent discharge standards criteria for NEMA and World Bank/IFC Standards1
Vehicle Class and Model Year Maximum Emission CO Concentration HP (ppm) (percentage) Class I Gross vehicle weight of 6000 pounds or less 1975-1977 500 5.0 1978-1979 400 4.0 1980 300 3.0 1981+ 220 1.2 Class II Gross vehicle weight of 6001 pounds to 10000 pounds 1975-1977 750 6.5 1978-1979 600 5.5 1980 400 4.5 1981-1984 300 3.0 1985+ 200 1.2
Ambient Air Quality at Property Boundary for General Pollutants3
Pollutant Time weighted Average Property Boundary 1 Particulate matter (PM) Annual Average* 50 µg/m3 24 hours** 70 µg/m3 2. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX); Annual Average* 80 µg/m3 24 hours** 150µg/m3 3. Sulphur oxides (SOX); Annual Average* 50 µg/m3 24 hours** 125 µg/m3 4. Hydrogen Suphide 24 hours** 50 µg/m3 5. Ammonia 24 hours** 100µg/m3
85 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Legend
• μg- microgram
• m3 – cubic metres
• ppm – parts per million
• ppb – parts per billion
• the 24-hour limit may not be exceeded more than three times in one year
• ** 24-hour limit may not be exceeded more than three times in one year micrograms/m3
• *** Note to be exceeded more than once per year average concentration
Note a) For residential premises in designated industrial areas, the above standards do not apply. b) For industries in designated residential areas, standards for residential areas shall apply.
Ambient Air Quality Tolerance Limits 1. Pollutant Time Industrial Residential, Controlled weighted area Rural & areas*** Average Other area Sulphur Annual 80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15µ g/m3 oxides (SOX); Average* 24 hours** 125 µ g/m3 80 µ g/m3 30µ g/m3 Annual 0.019ppm/50 Average µg/m3 24 Hours 0.048pp/135 µg /m3 Instant Peak 500µ g/m Instant Peak 0.191 ppm (10 min) 2. Oxides of Annual 80µ g/m3 60µg/m3 15µg/m3 Nitrogen Average* (NOX) 24 hours** 150µ g/m3 80µ g/m3 30µ g/m3 8 hours Annual 0.2 ppm Average Month 0.3 ppm Average 24 Hours 0.4 ppm One Hour 0.8 ppm Instant Peak 1.4 ppm 3. Nitrogen Annual 150µ g/m3 0.05 ppm Dioxide Average Month 0.08 ppm Average 24 Hours 100µ g/m3 0.1 ppm One Hour 0.2 ppm Instant Peak 0.5 ppm
86 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
4. Suspended Annual 360µg/m3 140 µ g/m3 70µg/m3 particulate Average* matter (SPM) 24 hours** 500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 100µg/m3 mg/Kg Annual 100 µg/m3 Average**** 24 hours*** 180 µ g/m3 5. Respirable Annual 70 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 particulate Average* mat ter (<10m) 24 hours** 150 µg/Nm3 100 µg/Nm3 75 µg/Nm3 (RPM) 6. PM2.5 Annual 35µ g/m3 Average 24 hours 75 µg/m3 7. Lead (Pb) Annual 1.0 µg/Nm3 0.75 µg/Nm3 0.50 µg/m3 Average* 24 hours** 1.5 µg/m3 1.00s µ g/m3 0.75 µg/m3 Month 2.5 Average 8. Carbon 8 hours** 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/m3 monoxide 1 hour 10.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 (CO)/ carbon mg/Kg dioxide (CO2) 24 hours** 9. Hydrogen 24 hours** 150 µg/m3 sulphide 10. Non-methane instant Peak 700ppb 11. Total VOC 24 hours** 600 µg/m3 12. Ozone 1-Hour 200µg/m3 0.12 ppm 8 hours 120µ g/m 1.25 ppm (instant Peak)
World Bank/ IFC standard
The World Bank/IFC guidelines with regard to the maximum ground level concentration of contaminants allowed in ambient air at the site boundary are as below.
Emission from Onshore Oil and Gas Production (milligrams per normal cubic meter, unless otherwise specified)
Parameter Maximum Value VOCs, including benzene 20 Hydrogen sulphide 30 Sulphur oxides (for oil production) 1,000 Gas fired 320(86ng/J) Oil fired 460(or 130ng/J) Odour Not offensive at the receptor end (Hydrogen sulphide at the property boundary should be less than 5 mg/m3)
87 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal
Noise standards
EMCA Noise and excessive vibration pollution regulation 2009 and World Bank IFC Standards have provided recommended ambient noise levels for different land uses as represented in table below
Recommended Ambient Noise Levels for Different Land Uses
Receptor Maximum allowable noise in decibels NEMA World Bank/ IFC standard Day Night Day Night time time (0700-2200Hrs) (2200-0700) A Silent Zone 40 35 B Places of worship 40 35 C Residential: Indoor 45 35 55 45 Outdoor D Mixed residential (with 55 35 some commercial and places of entertainment) E Commercial 60 35 70 70
88 Rapid Risk Assessment (RRA) of the Lokichar – Lamu Crude Oil Pipeline (LLCOP) ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ASSESSMENTS IN LOKICHAR OIL FIELDS AND LAMU MARINE CRUDE OIL TERMINAL CRUDE MARINE LAMU AND OIL FIELDS IN LOKICHAR ASSESSMENTS BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL WWW.WWFKENYA.ORG
Why we are here. To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
www.panda.org/cea
WWF Kenya .:|:. The Mvuli, Mvuli Road off Wayaki Way Nairobi, Kenya .P.O. Box 62440 - 00200, Tel +254 20 387 7355 .:|:. [email protected] .:|:. wwfkenya.org/
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