Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana

Environmental Baseline Assessment in Lokichar and Lamu Marine Terminal Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal 1 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank all those who have contributed to this Environmental and health baseline study in Lokichar oil fields and Lamu marine crude terminal study. In particular, we acknowledge the area chiefs, Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya Forest Research Institute, Lamu Referral hospital, Health centres, Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Forest Service, who have actively participated as key informants and provided information during the study. We would also like to thank Nancy Githaiga – Head of Conservation Programmes, WWF-Kenya for her review and input to the report. 2 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal List of Authors Sumaya Mohamed-Project officer, Oil for development, WWF Kenya Muturi Kamau-National Coordinator-Kenya Oil and Gas Working Group Jackson Kiplagat-Regional Sustainable Investment Manager, WWF Kenya Prof. Jacob Kithinji-Consultant Vitalis Too-Consultant Stanley Chasia- Consultant Enock Osoro- Consultant Design Layout: Anthony Diang’a - Digital Marketing and Design, WWF-Kenya Front-page photo: ©Judy Kosgei / WWF-Kenya This report was supported by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation – (Norad) through WWF Norway. Views in the document do not necessarily reflect those of Norad or WWF-Norway World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), is one of the world´s largest independent environmental organisations with more than 5 million supporters, as many as 25 million followers in social media, offices in more than 100 countries, over 6,000 employees and more than 1.000 active conservation projects. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Publishing office A WWF-Kenya Production WWF-Kenya Production Published in October 2020 by World Wide Fund for Nature - Kenya (WWF-Kenya). Reproduction of this report, partially or in whole, must refer to the report´s title and to WWF-Kenya. This work was carried out in cooperation with local communities and local organisations. Any potential errors and/or deficiencies in the report are the authors own responsibility. © 2020 WWF-Kenya All rights reserved 3 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgment 2 Abbreviations and Acronym 5 Units of Measurement 5 List of Tables 6 Table of Figures 6 Executive Summary 7 1. Introduction 11 1.1 Background 11 1.2 Objectives and Scope Of The Work 11 1.3 Approach and Methodology 11 2. Regulatory Framework 13 2.1 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 13 2.2 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Emca), Cap 387 13 2.3 Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013 14 3. Site Description And Baseline Information 15 3.1 Study Area 15 3.2 Physical Environmental Conditions 15 3.3 Biological Environment 20 3.4 Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment 24 4. Air Quality, Noise, Water and Soil Quality Measurements 28 4.1 Sample Sites 28 4.2 Air Quality Measurements 30 4.3 Noise Levels Measurement 36 4.4 Water Quality 37 4.5 Soil Quality Test 40 5. Effects of Environmental Pollution 42 5.1 Impacts of Increased Noise Levels to Human Health 42 5.2 Impacts of Increased Particulate Matter to Human Health 42 5.3 Health Effects of Sulphur Dioxide (So2) 42 5.4 Health Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) 43 5.5 Disease Caused by Water Pollution 43 5.6 Soil Pollution 43 Conclusions and Recommendations 45 6.1 Conclusions 45 6.2 Recommendations 47 References 49 Appendices 50 4 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYM UNITS OF MEASUREMENT µg Microgram G Grams Ph Negative log10 of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in mol/L Kg Kilograms TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons µg Microgram Ga Gallium ng Nanogram As Arsenic nm Nanometre Ag Silver ml Millilitre Cd Cadmium L Litre Cs Cesium µL Microlitre Ti Titanium µS Micro Siemens Pb Lead ppm Parts per million EA Environmental Audit M3 Meters cubed EIA Environmental Impact Assessment µg/m3 Micrograms per meter cubed EMP Environmental Management Plan?? DB Decibels EN Endangered Species GPS Global Positioning System IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KFS Kenya Forest Service KWS Kenya Wildlife Service Leq Equivalent Continuous Noise Level / Sound Level NEMA National Environmental Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization PM Particulate Matter PPM Parts per Million TCU True Color Unit TDS Total Dissolved Solids TH Total Hardness TON Threshold Odor Number 5 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal LIST OF TABLES Table E0 2. Noise levels measurements 10 Table E0 1. Air quality results 11 Table E0 3. Results of water sample analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 12 Table 1 1. Stakeholder list in Lamu and Lokichar 15 Table 2 1. Description of the subsidiary legislation under the EMCA Cap 387 17 Table 3 1. Vegetation classification in Lokichar 26 Table 3 2. A summary of fauna in both Lamu and Lokichar basins 29 Table 3 3. Prevalent diseases in Lokichar and Lamu areas 32 Table 4 1. Sampling sites, GPS coordinates and the main economic activity 36 Table 4 2. Air quality exposure levels 37 Table 4 3. Noise levels measurements 45 Table 4 4. Results of water sample analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 45 Table 4 5. Result of water quality analysis from Lamu crude oil terminal site 46 Table 4 6. Result of soil analysis from Lokichar oil fields in Turkana County 48 Table 4 7. Result of soil analysis from Lamu marine crude oil terminal site in Lamu County 49 TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 3 1. Project site location - Lamu 19 Figure 3 2. Location of Lokichar oil fields study site 20 Figure 3 3.soil characteristics in Lamu study area 22 Figure 3 4. Soil characteristics of Lokichar oil fields study area 23 Figure 3 5.5 - (a) Mangrove trees near the Lamu port terminal, (b) Palm trees and shrubs near Hindi 24 Figure 3 6. Land use/cover - Lamu crude oil terminal 24 Figure 3 7. Vegetation characteristic - Lokichar basin 25 Figure 3 8. Vegetation characteristics study area - Lokichar 26 Figure 3 9. Vegetation characteristics in the Lamu study area 28 Figure 3 10. Settlement patterns and population distribution - Lamu and surroundings 31 Figure 3 11. Settlement patterns and population distribution around Lokichar basin 32 Figure 3 12. Disease prevalent in Lamu County for a period of nine years 33 Figure 3 13. Diseases prevalent in Lokichar, Turkana County for a period of nine years 33 Figure 4 1. Distribution of sampled sites in the Lamu crude oil terminal study area 35 Figure 4 2. Sample sites at Lokichar oil fields study area 36 6 Environmental Assessment Report for the Lokichar Oil Fields in Turkana County and Lamu Marine Crude Oil Terminal EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WWF Kenya and KOGWG commissioned an environmental assessment for the Lokichar oil fields in Turkana and the Lamu marine terminal in Hindi, Lamu County. The objectives of the study were to conduct baselines for water quality, air quality and soil quality. Similarly, the study focused to document the current status of noise, population and settlement patterns, wildlife, vegetation cover and forest cover. It also aimed at establishing the baselines on health and documented the effects of air pollution as well as impacts of increased level of particulate matter to human health. The report provides a tracking tool for environmental quality audits for monitoring changes in the environment over time. A total of 18 sites were sampled in Lamu area within the project site composed on soil, air, water, vegetation, health centers and schools. Wildlife corridors were also sampled and mapped where many giraffe families were spotted grazing near Msanga area. Both soil and water samples were collected concurrently from nearby wells and water distribution points i.e. Hindi at the jetty in Mkowe and inside the Lamu port harbor. Air samples were collected in Mkowe, inside Lamu Port harbor and at the Chief’s office in Hindi/Magogoni Location. While in Lokichar oil fields, a total of six (6) sites were sampled for water, soil, air and health data from the nearby Lokichar dispensary. All samples were picked concurrently for soil and water samples. The parameters were measured using the WHO and NEMA guidelines and standards. The development of the Lokichar oil fields, the Lokichar-Lamu crude oil pipeline as well as the Lamu marine terminal is expected to bring social and economic development at the local and national level, but if not properly managed, can result into lasting impacts to the environment and the people. In order to assess the environment, WWF and partners conducted the assessment and identified the following issues; 1. Inefficient Pollution Prevention Mechanism. High Carbon Dioxide concentration have been noted in Ngamia 1, Ngamia 3 and Amosing fields in Lokichar which was high at 532 ppm. The effects of environmental pollution considered in this study revealed - 2. Increasing levels of Respiratory Tract Infections. Both in Lamu and Lokichar, respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection has been reported.

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